[31] E. L. Stevenson: Portolan Charts, _Publs. Hispanic Soc. of Amer.
No. 82_, New York, 1911, pp. 5–6.
[32] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of
Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm,
1897, p. 8.
[33] Fridtjof Nansen: In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early
Times, transl. by A. G. Chater, 2 vols., New York, 1911; reference in
Vol. 1, p. 38.
[34] _Ibid._, pp. 40–41.
[35] Nansen, In Northern Mists, p. 41.
[36] [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil
d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales ..., Paris, [1842–62], Pl.
X, 1.
[37] J. C. Soley: Circulation of the North Atlantic in February and in
August [sheet of text with charts on the reverse]. Supplement to the
Pilot Chart of the North Atlantic Ocean for 1912, Hydrographic Office,
Washington, D. C.
Otto Krümmel: Die nordatlantische Sargassosee, _Petermanns Mitt._, Vol.
37, 1891, pp. 129–141, with map.
Gerhard Schott: Géographie des Atlantischen Ozeans, Hamburg, 1912, pp.
162–164 and 268–269, Pls. 16 and 26.
[38] Krümmel (paper cited in footnote 26) suggests applying the name
Sargasso Sea to the area limited by the curve of 5 per cent probability
of occurrence on his map (our Fig. 1). This area amounts to 4,500,000
square kilometers, or somewhat less than half the area of Europe.
Schott (see footnote 26), p. 140, gives 8,635,000 square kilometers as
the area of his natural region Sargasso Sea, which is based not only
on the occurrence of gulfweed but also on the prevailing absence of
currents and on the relatively high temperature of the water in all
depths.--EDIT. NOTE.
[39] T. A. Janvier: In the Sargasso Sea, New York, 1896, p. 26.
[40] _Ibid._, p. 27.
[41] Murray, pp. 140–141.
[42] Soley, column 2, lines 3–5.
[43] Reprint of Hydrographic Information: Questions and Answers, No. 2,
June 2, 1910, Hydrographic Office, Washington, D. C., p. 17.
[44] Anecdota Exoniensia: Lives of the Saints, from the Book of
Lismore, edited, with a translation, notes, and indices, by Whitley
Stokes, Oxford, 1890, p. 252.
[45] T. J. Westropp: Brasil and the Legendary Islands of the North
Atlantic: Their History and Fable, _Proc. Royal Irish Acad._, Vol. 30,
Section C, 1912–13, pp. 223–260; reference on p. 230.
[46] Westropp, Brasil, p. 229.
[47] The Anglo-Norman Trouvères of the 12th and 13th Centuries,
_Blackwood’s Edinburgh Mag._, Vol. 39, 1836, pp. 806–820; reference on
p. 808.
[48] Alexander von Humboldt: Examen critique de l’histoire de la
géographie du nouveau continent et des progrès de l’astronomie nautique
aux quinzième et seizième siècles, 5 vols., Paris, 1836–39; reference
in Vol. 2, p. 166.
[49] R. D. Benedict: The Hereford Map and the Legend of St. Brandan,
_Bull. Amer. Geogr. Soc._, Vol. 24, 1892, pp. 321–365; reference on p.
344.
[50] Edrisi’s “Geography,” in two versions, the first based on two,
the second on four manuscripts, viz.: (1) P. A. Jaubert (translator):
Géographie d’Edrisi, traduite de l’Arabe en Français, 2 vols. (Recueil
de Voyages et de Mémoires publié par la Société de Géographie, Vols.
5 and 6), Paris, 1836 and 1840; reference in Vol. 2, p. 27; (2) R.
Dozy and M. J. De Goeje (translators): Description de l’Afrique et de
l’Espagne par Edrisi: Texte arabe publié pour la première fois d’après
les man. de Paris et d’Oxford, Leiden, 1866.
[51] Konrad Miller: Die Weltkarte des Beatus (776 n. Chr.), with
facsimile of one derivative, Heft 1 of his “Mappaemundi: Die ältesten
Weltkarten,” Stuttgart, 1895. The 9 other derivatives on Pls. 2–9 of
Heft 2 (Atlas von 16 Lichtdrucktafeln, Stuttgart, 1895).
[52] The Guanches of Tenerife: The Holy Image of Our Lady of Candelaria
and the Spanish Conquest and Settlement, by the Friar Alonso de
Espinosa of the Order of Preachers, translated and edited, with notes
and an introduction, by Sir Clements Markham, _Hakluyt Soc. Publs._,
2nd Ser., Vol. 21, London, 1907, p. 29.
[53] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of
Charts and Sailing-Directions, Stockholm, 1897, Pl. 8.
[54] The Geography of Strabo, literally translated with notes: the
first six books by H. C. Hamilton, the remainder by W. Falconer, 3
vols., H. C. Bohn, London, 1854–57; reference in Vol. 1, p. 226.
[55] The Historical Library of Diodorus the Sicilian, in 15 Books, to
which are added the fragments of Diodorus, and those published by H.
Valesius, I. Rhodomannus, and F. Ursinus; transl. by G. Booth, Esq., 2
vols., London, 1814; reference in Vol. 1, Bk. 5, Ch. 2, pp. 308–309.
[56] [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil
d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales ..., Paris, [1842–62], Pl.
X, 1.
[57] Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt- und Seekarten
italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios containing
photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–86; reference in Portfolio 5
(Facsimile del Portolano Laurenziano-Gaddiano dell’ anno 1351), Pl. 4.
[58] Book of the Knowledge of All the Kingdoms, Lands, and Lordships
That Are in the World, and the Arms and Devices of Each Land and
Lordship, or of the Kings and Lords Who Possess Them, written by a
Spanish Franciscan in the middle of the 14th century, published for
the first time with notes by Marcos Jiménez de la Espada in 1877,
translated and edited by Sir Clements Markham, _Hakluyt Soc. Publs._,
2nd Ser., Vol. 29, London, 1912; reference on p. 29.
[59] Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 8 (Facsimile del Portolano di Giacomo
Giraldi di Venezia dell’anno 1426), Pl. 4.
[60] First published by the author in the _Geogr. Rev._, Vol. 8, 1919,
Pl. 1, facing p. 40.
[61] Gustavo Uzielli: Mappamondi, carte nautiche e portolani del
medioevo e dei secoli delle grandi scoperte marittime construiti da
italiani o trovati nelle biblioteche d’Italia, Part II (pp. 280–390)
of “Studi Bibliografici e Biografici sulla Storia della Geografia
in Italia,” published on the occasion of the Second International
Geographical Congress, Paris, 1875, by the Società Geografica Italiana,
Rome, 1875; reference on Pl. 8 (the second edition, Rome, 1882, does
not contain the plates).
[62] Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung für
die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892;
reference in atlas, Pl. 5.
[63] _Ibid._, atlas, Pl. 4.
[64] W. H. Babcock: Indications of Visits of White Men to America
before Columbus, _Proc. 19th Internatl. Congr. of Americanists held at
Washington, Dec. 27–31, 1915_, [Smithsonian Institution], Washington,
D. C., 1917, pp. 469–478; map on p. 476.
[65] Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 11, Pls. 3 and 4.
[66] _Ibid._, Portfolio 13, Pl. 5.
[67] E. G. Ravenstein: Martin Behaim, His Life and His Globe, London,
1908, p. 59.
[68] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 7.
[69] S. E. Dawson: The Voyages of the Cabots in 1497 and 1498; With an
Attempt to Determine Their Landfall and to Identify Their Island of St.
John, _Trans. Royal Soc. of Canada_, Vol. 12, Section II, 1894; map
on p. 86. The map is also reproduced by Jomard, in the work cited in
footnote 13.
[70] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of
Cartography, transl. by J. A. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm,
1889, Pl. 46.
[71] Alberto Magnaghi: La carta nautica costruita nel 1325 da Angelino
Dalorto, with facsimile, Florence, 1898 (published on the occasion
of the Third Italian Geographical Congress). Cf. also: _idem_: Il
mappamondo del genovese Angellinus de Dalorto (1325): Contributo alla
storia della cartografia mediovale, _Atti del Terzo Congr. Geogr.
Italiano, tenuto in Firenzi dal 12 al 17 Aprile, 1898_, Florence,
1899, Vol. 2, pp. 506–543; and _idem_: Angellinus de Dalorco (_sic_),
cartografo italiano della prima metà del secolo XIV, _Riv. Geogr.
Italiana_, Vol. 4, 1897, pp. 282–294 and 361–369.
[72] James Hardiman: The History of the Town and County of Galway from
the Earliest Period to the Present Time, Dublin, 1820, p. 2.
[73] [M. F.] Santarem: Atlas composé de mappemondes, de portulans, et
de cartes hydrographiques et historiques depuis le VI^e jusqu’au XVII^e
siècle ... devant servir de preuves à l’histoire de la cosmographie et
de la cartographie pendant le Moyen Age ..., Paris, 1842–53, Pls. 43–48
(Quaritch’s notation); reference on Pl. 46.
[74] Alexander von Humboldt: Examen critique de l’histoire de la
géographie du nouveau continent, 5 vols., Paris, 1836–39.; reference
in Vol. 2, pp. 216–223. See also Fridtjof Nansen: In Northern Mists:
Arctic Exploration in Early Times, transl. by A. G. Chater, 2 vols, New
York. 1911; reference in Vol. 2, p. 229.
[75] L. A. Muratori: Antiquitates Italicae Medii Aevi, 6 vols., Milan,
1738–42; reference in Vol. 2, pp. 891 and 894.
[76] Sir Henry Yule: The Book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian Concerning
the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East, 3rd edit., revised ... by Henri
Cordier, 2 vols., London, 1903; reference in Vol. 2, p. 299. See also
pp. 306, 313, and 315 (note 4).
[77] Antonio de Capmany: Memorias historicas sobre la marina, comercio,
y artes de la antigua ciudad de Barcelona, 4 vols., Madrid, 1779–92;
reference in Vol. 2, pp. 4, 17, and 20.
[78] T. J. Westropp: Early Italian Maps of Ireland from 1300 to 1600.
With Notes on Foreign Settlers and Trade, _Proc. Royal Irish Acad._,
Vol. 30, Section C, 1912–13, pp. 361–428; reference on p. 393.
[79] Humboldt, Examen critique, Vol. 2, p. 223.
[80] See Soncino’s second letter to the Duke of Milan, published in
many works on John Cabot; e. g. in “The Northmen, Columbus, and Cabot,
985–1503,” edited by J. E. Olsen and E. G. Bourne (Series: Original
Narratives of Early American History), New York, 1906; reference on p.
426.
[81] [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil
d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales ..., Paris, [1842–62], Pl.
X, 1.
[82] Book of the Knowledge of All the Kingdoms, Lands, and Lordships
That Are in the World, and the Arms and Devices of Each Land and
Lordship, or of the Kings and Lords Who Possess Them, written by a
Spanish Franciscan in the middle of the 14th century, published for
the first time with notes by Marcos Jiménez de la Espada in 1877,
translated and edited by Sir Clements Markham, _Hakluyt Soc. Publs._,
2nd Ser., Vol. 29, London, 1912, p. 29.
[83] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of
Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm,
1897, Pl. 22.
[84] _Ibid._, Pl. 26.
[85] _Ibid._, Pl. 15.
[86] Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt- und Seekarten
italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios containing
photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–86; reference in Portfolio 11
(Facsimile della Carta nautica de Andrea Bianco dell’ anno 1448), Pl. 3.
[87] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 8.
[88] Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 5 (Facsimile del Portolano
Laurenziano-Gaddiano dell’ anno 1351), Pl. 5.
[89] W. H. Babcock: Indications of Visits of White Men to America
before Columbus, _Proc. 19th Internatl. Congr. of Americanists, Held at
Washington, Dec. 27–31, 1915_ [Smithsonian Institution], Washington, D.
C., 1917, pp. 469–478; map on p. 476.
[90] Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 8 (Facsimile del Portolano di Giacomo
Giraldi di Venezia dell’ anno 1426), Pl. 5.
[91] The section of which the author has a photograph (first published
in the _Geogr. Rev._, Vol. 8, 1919, opposite p. 40, and here
reproduced, Fig. 3, somewhat curtailed) does not extend far enough to
show the island of Brazil.
[92] Gustavo Uzielli: Mappamondi, carte nautiche e portolani del
medioevo e dei secoli delle grandi scoperte marittime construiti da
italiani o trovati nelle biblioteche d’Italia, Part II (pp. 280–390)
of “Studi Bibliografici e Biografici sulla Storia della Geografia
in Italia,” published on the occasion of the Second International
Geographical Congress, Paris, 1875, by the Società Geografica Italiana,
Rome, 1875; reference on Pl. 8 (the second edition, Rome, 1882, does
not contain the plates).
[93] In the Kohl collection of maps relating to America, No. 17, in the
Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.
[94] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 20; Theobald Fischer, Portfolio
II, Pl. 3.
[95] Original in Majorca. A good copy is owned by T. Solberg, Register
of Copyrights, Washington, D. C.
[96] Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung für
die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892;
reference in atlas, Pl. 5.
[97] E. L. Stevenson: Facsimiles of Portolan Charts Belonging to the
Hispanic Society of America, _Publs. Hispanic Soc. of Amer. No. 104_,
New York, 1916, Pl. 2.
[98] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4, map 1.
[99] _Ibid._, Pl. 7.
[100] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus. Pl. 11.
[101] _Ibid._, p. 164.
[102] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4, map 8.
[103] Justin Winsor: Cartier to Frontenac, Geographical Discovery in
the Interior of North America in Its Historical Relations, 1534–1700.
With Full Cartographical Illustrations from Contemporary Sources,
Boston and New York, 1894; reference on p. 28.
[104] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4, map 5.
[105] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 29.
[106] Nansen, In Northern Mists, Vol. 2, p. 228.
[107] T. J. Westropp: Brasil and the Legendary Islands of the North
Atlantic: Their History and Fable, _Proc. Royal Irish Acad._, Vol. 30,
Section C, 1912–13, pp. 223–260.
[108] Winsor, Cartier to Frontenac. p. 60.
[109] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 27.
[110] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 19, map 3.
[111] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Bidrag till Nordens äldsta Kartografi.
Stockholm, 1892, Pl. 5. Also (reduced) in Nansen’s “In Northern Mists,”
Vol. 2, p. 280, and in T. J. Westropp’s “Brasil.” Pl. 20, facing p. 260.
[112] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus. p. 90; also discussed by Joseph
Fischer: The Discoveries of the Norsemen in America, With Special
Relation to Their Early Cartographical Representation, transl. by B. H.
Soulsby, and London, 1903.
[113] Winsor, Cartier to Frontenac, p. II.
[114] See Ayala’s letter to Ferdinand and Isabella, copied in many
Cabot narratives; e. g. in the work cited above in footnote 10, p. 430,
and at the beginning of the next chapter.
[115] G. E. Weare: Cabot’s Discovery of North America, London, 1897, p.
59.
[116] Alberto Magnaghi: La carta nautica costruita nel 1325 da Angelino
Dalorto, with facsimile, Florence, 1898 (published on the occasion
of the Third Italian Geographical Congress). Cf. also: _idem_: Il
mappamondo del genovese Angellinus de Dalorto (1325): Contributo alla
storia della cartografia mediovale, _Atti del Terzo Congr. Geogr.
Italiano, tenuto in Firenze dal 12 al 17 Aprile, 1898_, Florence,
1899, Vol. 2, pp. 506–543; and _idem_: Angellinus de Dalorco (_sic_),
cartografo italiano della prima metà del secolo XIV, _Riv. Geogr.
Italiana_, Vol. 4, 1897, pp. 282–294 and 361–369.
[117] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of
Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm,
1897, Pl. 2.
[118] Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung
für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin,
1892; reference in atlas, Pl. 4, map 8.
[119] E. g. by Nordenskiöld, _op. cit._, p. 164.
[120] Ferdinand Columbus: The History of the Life and Actions of Adm.
Christopher Columbus, and of His Discovery of the West-Indies, Call’d
the New World, Now in Possession of His Catholic Majesty. Written by
His Own Son, transl. from the Italian and contained in “A Collection of
Voyages and Travels, Some Now First Printed from Original Manuscripts,
Others Now First Published in English,” by Awnsham Churchill and John
Churchill (6 vols., London, 1732), Vol. 2, pp. 501–628; reference on p.
512.
[121] [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil
d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales ... Paris, [1842–62], Pl.
X, 1.
[122] Gustavo Uzielli: Mappamondi, carte nautiche e portolani del
medioevo e dei secoli delle grandi scoperte marittime construiti da
italiani o trovati nelle biblioteche d’Italia, Part II (pp. 280–390)
of “Studi Bibliografici e Biografici sulla Storia della Geografia
in Italia,” published on the occasion of the Second International
Geographical Congress, Paris, 1875, by the Società Geografica Italiana,
Rome, 1875; reference on Pl. 8 (the second edition, Rome, 1882, does
not contain the plates).
[123] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4, map 1.
[124] W. H. Babcock: Indications of Visits of White Men to America
before Columbus, _Proc. 19th Internatl. Congr. of Americanists, Held at
Washington, Dec. 27–31, 1915,_ [Smithsonian Institution], Washington,
D. C., 1917, pp. 469–478; map on p. 476.
[125] E. G. Ravenstein: Martin Behaim: His Life and His Globe, London,
1908, p. 77.
[126] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of
Cartography, transl. by J. A. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm,
1889, p. 65 and Pl. 32.
[127] Ferdinand Columbus, p. 514.
[128] Antonio Galvano: The Discoveries of the World from Their First
Original unto the Year of Our Lord 1555, _Hakluyt Soc. Publs._, 1st
Series, Vol. 30, London, 1862, p. 72.
[129] Manuel de Faria y Sousa: The History of Portugal, transl. by
Capt. John Stevens, London, 1698; reference in Bk. 2, Ch. 6, p. 112.
[130] Manuel de Faria y Sousa: Epitome de las Historias Portuguesas, 2
vols., Madrid, 1628; reference in Part II, Ch. 7, p. 257.
[131] E. L. Stevenson: Atlas of Portolan Charts: Facsimile of
Manuscript in British Museum, _Publs. Hispanic Soc. of Amer. No. 81_,
New York, 1911, folio 1b.
[132] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 17.
[133] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Facsimile-Atlas, Pl. 46.
[134] _Ibid._, Pl. 47.
[135] A. S. Brown: Guide to Madeira and the Canary Islands (with notes
on the Azores), 5th edit., London, 1898, p. 148.
[136] N. Buache: Recherches sur l’ile Antillia et sur l’époque de
découverte d’Amérique, _Mémoires de l’Institut des Sciences, Lettres,
et Arts_, Vol. 6, 1806, pp. 1–29, following p. 84 of Section entitled
“Histoire” and appended list. See p. 13.
[137] Alexander von Humboldt: Examen critique de l’histoire de la
géographie du nouveau continent et des progrès de l’astronomie nautique
aux quinzième et seizième siècles, 5 vols., Paris, 1836–39; reference
in Vol. 2, p. 281.
[138] Joseph Bullar and Henry Bullar: A Winter in the Azores and a
Summer in the Baths of the Furnas, 2 vols., London, 1841; reference in
Vol. 2, pp. 242–247.
[139] Alexander von Humboldt: Examen critique de l’histoire de la
géographie du nouveau continent et des progrès de l’astronomie nautique
aux quinzième et seizième siècles, 5 vols., Paris, 1836–39; reference
in Vol. 2, p. 163.
[140] Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung
für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols (text and atlas), Berlin,
1892; reference in atlas, Pl. 12, map 1.
[141] [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil
d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales.... Paris, [1842–62], Pl.
X, 1.
[142] Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt- und Seekarten
italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios containing
photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–86; reference in Portfolio 11
(Facsimile della carta nautica di Andrea Bianco dell’ anno 1448), Pl.
3. See also Kretschmer, text, p. 184.
[143] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of
Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm,
1897, Pl. 8.
[144] _Ibid._, Pl. 11.
[145] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 5.
[146] Listed as No. 17 in Justin Winsor: The Kohl Collection (now
in the Library of Congress) of Maps Relating to America, Library of
Congress, Washington, D. C., 1904, p. 27.
[147] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 15.
[148] _Ibid._, Pl. 18.
[149] Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 8 (Facsimile del Portolano di Giacomo
Giraldi di Venezia dell’ anno 1426).
[150] The section of which the author has a photograph (first
published in the _Geogr. Rev._, Vol. 8, 1919, opposite p. 40, and here
reproduced, Fig. 3, somewhat curtailed) does not extend far enough to
show the island.
[151] Gustavo Uzielli: Mappamondi, carte nautiche e portolani del
medioevo e dei secoli delle grandi scoperte marittime construiti da
italiani o trovati nelle biblioteche d’Italia, Part II (pp. 280–390)
of “Studi Bibliografici e Biografici sulla Storia della Geografia
in Italia,” published on the occasion of the Second International
Geographical Congress, Paris, 1875, by the Società Geografica Italiana,
Rome, 1875; reference on Pl. 8 (the second edition, Rome, 1882, does
not contain the plates).
[152] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 20.; Theobald Fischer,
Portfolio 11, Pl. 3.
[153] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 33.
[154] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4, map 1.
[155] E. L. Stevenson: Facsimiles of Portolan Charts Belonging to the
Hispanic Society of America, _Publs. Hispanic Soc. of Amer. No. 104_,
New York, 1916, Pl. 2.
[156] W. H. Babcock: Indications of Visits of White Men to America
before Columbus, _Proc. 19th Internatl. Congr. of Americanists, Held at
Washington, Dec. 27–31, 1915_, [Smithsonian Institution,] Washington,
D. C., 1917, pp. 469–478; map on p. 476.
[157] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 22.
[158] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 9, map 3; also in A. E. Nordenskiöld:
Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Cartography, transl. by J. A.
Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm, 1889, Pl. 32.
[159] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 14, map 5.
[160] _Ibid._, Pl. 15.
[161] _Ibid._, Pl. 12, map 2.
[162] _Ibid._, Pl. 4, map 5.
[163] _Ibid._, Pl. 17; also A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 51.
[164] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 27.
[165] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 19, map 3.
[166] Justin Winsor: Cartier to Frontenac: Geographical Discovery in
the Interior of North America in Its Historical Relations, 1534–1700,
with Full Cartographical Illustrations from Contemporary Sources,
Boston and New York, 1894, p. 60.
[167] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Fig. 76, p. 163.
[168] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas, Pl. 46.
[169] _Ibid._, Pl. 47.
[170] Copy in map collection of American Geographical Society.
[171] Atlas universel, par M. Robert, Géographe ordinaire du Roy, et
par M. Robert de Vaugondy, son fils, ... Paris, 1757, Pl. 13.
[172] [E. M.] Blunt’s New Chart of the Atlantic or Western Ocean, New
York, 1814.
[173] Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 5 (Facsimile del Portolano
Laurenziano-Gaddiano dell’ anno 1351), Pl. 4.
[174] Book of the Knowledge of All the Kingdoms, Lands, and Lordships
That Are in the World, and the Arms and Devices of Each Land and
Lordship, or of the Kings and Lords Who Possess Them, written by a
Spanish Franciscan in the middle of the 14th century, published for
the first time with notes by Marcos Jiménez de la Espada in 1877,
translated and edited by Sir Clements Markham, _Hakluyt Soc. Publs._,
2nd Ser., Vol. 29, London, 1912, p. 29.
[175] Fridtjof Nansen: In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early
Times, transl. by A. G. Chater, 2 vols., New York, 1911; reference in
Vol. 1, pp. 192 and 194.
[176] Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung
für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin,
1892; reference in atlas, Pl. 14, map 5.
[177] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Bidrag till nordens äldsta kartografi,
Stockholm, 1892, Pl. 5. Also (reduced) in Nansen (Vol. 2, p. 285),
and in T. J. Westropp: Brasil and the Legendary Islands of the North
Atlantic: Their History and Fable, _Proc. Royal Irish Acad._, Vol. 30,
Section C, 1912–13, pp. 223–260; see Pl. 20, opp. p. 260.
[178] Thormodus Torfaeus: Gronlandia Antiqua seu veteris Gronlandiae
descriptio, Copenhagen, 1706; Tabula I, facing p. 20.
[179] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 13.
[180] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of
Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm,
1897, Pl. 27.
[181] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 19, map 3.
[182] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of
Cartography, transl. by J. A. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm,
1889, p. 67.
[183] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 17.
[184] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Facsimile-Atlas, Pl. 46.
[185] _Ibid._, Pl. 47.
[186] Quoted by Nansen in his “In Northern Mists,” Vol. 1, p. 260.
[187] Henry Rink: Danish Greenland, Its People and Its Products,
London, 1877, pp. 306–312 and _passim_.
[188] William Hovgaard: The Voyages of the Norsemen to America
(Scandinavian Monographs, Vol. 1), American-Scandinavian Foundation,
New York, 1914, pp. 25 and 26.
[189] Finnur Jónsson: Grönlands gamle Topografi efter Kilderne:
Österbygden og Vesterbygden, _Meddelelser on Grönland_, Vol. 20 (text,
pp. 267–329), Pls. 2 and 3, 1899.
[190] _Op. cit._, p. 27.
[191] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Facsimile-Atlas, p. 49. Also copied by Joseph
Fischer: The Discoveries of the Norsemen in America, With Special
Relation to Their Early Cartographical Representation, transl. by B. H.
Soulsby, London, 1903, p. 70.
[192] Joseph Fischer, Pls. 1–8. See also the map of Henricus Martillus
Germanus (1489) in E. G. Ravenstein: Martin Behaim, His Life and His
Globe, London, 1908, p. 67. The name Greenland does not appear on the
latter map, but the peninsula is there.
[193] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4, map 4; better facsimile reproductions
in the works by Major and Lucas cited in footnotes 1 and 2, Ch. IX.
[194] Thormodus Torfaeus: Gronlandia Antiqua, seu veteris Gronlandiae
descriptio. Copenhagen, 1706, Tabula II, after p. 20. Also reproduced
by Gustav Storm: Studies on the Vineland Voyages, _Mémoires Soc. Royale
des Antiquaires du Nord_ (Copenhagen), N. S., 1884–89, pp. 307–370 (map
on p. 333); by Fridtjof Nansen: In Northern Mists, Vol. 2, p. 7; and
by W. H. Babcock: Early Norse Visits to North America, _Smithsonian
Misc. Colls._, Vol. 59, No. 19, Washington, D. C., 1913, map facing p.
62; by Hovgaard, _op. cit._, opp. p. 118. These are two versions, the
one appearing in Torfaeus (1706), reproduced herewith (Fig. 18) and
by Nansen, the other a copy of about 1670 belonging to Bishop Thordr
Thorláksson, now preserved in the Royal Library of Copenhagen (Old
Collection, No. 2881, 4to), of Stefánsson’s original map, which was
lost. The earlier version is reproduced by Storm, Babcock, and Hovgaard.
[195] Hovgaard. p. 39.
[196] Often quoted, e. g. by Hovgaard, p. 37.
[197] Pp. 69–124 in Gustav Storm: Monumenta historica Norvegiae,
Christiania, 1880; reference on p. 76. In English, e. g. in Hovgaard,
p. 167.
[198] Portolano Laurenziano-Gaddiano, 1351; see Pl. 5 of facsimile in
Portfolio 5 of Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt- und
Seekarten italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios
containing photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–1886.
Catalan atlas, 1375, Pls. 11–14 in A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An
Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by
F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897.
Pareto map, 1455, Pl. 5 in atlas accompanying Konrad Kretschmer:
Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des
Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892 (our Fig. 21).
[199] M. A. P. d’Avezac: Notice des découvertes faites au Moyen-Age
dans l’Océan Atlantique antérieurement aux grandes explorations
portugaises du quinzième siècle, Paris, 1845, pp. 8–9. See “I de
Madera” on Benincasa map, 1482, in Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4 (our Fig.
22).
[200] Fully set forth in A. M. Reeves: The Finding of Wineland the
Good, London, 1890; summarized in W. H. Babcock: Early Norse Visits to
North America, _Smithsonian Misc. Colls._, Vol. 59, No. 19, Washington,
D. C., 1913, pp. 64 _et seq._
[201] Reeves, pp. 42 _et seq._ This work gives facsimiles of the pages
in Hauk’s Book dealing with the saga of Eric the Red, as well as the
printed text in Icelandic, also a translation and notes distinguishing
slight divergencies of Arna Magnæan MS. 557. I have followed the latter
as slightly preferable and equally authentic and archaic in substance.
William Hovgaard (The Voyages of the Norsemen to America, New York,
1914, p. 103) translates a little differently from Reeves in details
but gives much the same purport.
[202] For example by Joseph Fischer: The Discoveries of the Norsemen
in America, With Special Relation to Their Early Cartographical
Representation, transl. by B. H. Soulsby, London, 1903, pp. 7–8.
[203] Thus quoted in Reeves, p. 15. See also Hovgaard, p. 79, where the
obscure phrase in quotation marks above is rendered “Karlsefni cut wood
for a house ornament.”
[204] Thormodus Torfaeus: Gronlandia Antiqua, seu veteris Gronlandiae
descriptio, Copenhagen, 1706, Tabula II, after p. 20. See also footnote
20, Chapter VII.
[205] Fridtjof Nansen: In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early
Times, transl. by A. G. Chater, New York, 1911, 2 vols.: reference
in Vol. 1, p. 323. Cf. R. Whitbourne: A Discourse and Discovery of
Newfoundland, London, 1622.
[206] E. L. Stevenson: Maps Illustrating Early Discovery and
Exploration in America, 1502–1530, Reproduced by Photography from the
Original Manuscripts, text and 12 portfolios, New Brunswick, N. J.,
1906; reference in Portfolio 1.
[207] E. L. Stevenson: Marine World Chart of Nicolo de Canerio
Januensis, 1502 (circa), 2 vols. (text, 1908, and facsimile in
portfolio, 1907), Amer. Geogr. Soc. and Hispanic Soc. of Amer., New
York, 1907–08.
[208] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Bidrag till nordens äldsta kartografi,
Stockholm, 1892, Pl. 5. Also (reduced) in Nansen: In Northern Mists,
Vol. 2, p. 280, and in T. J. Westropp: Brasil and the Legendary Islands
of the North Atlantic: Their History and Fable (_Proc. Royal Irish
Acad._, Vol. 30, Section C, 1912–13, pp. 223–260), Pl. 20, facing p.
260.
[209] Alberto Maghaghi: La carta nautica costruita nel 1325 da Angelino
Dalorto, with facsimile, Florence, 1898 (published on the occasion
of the Third Italian Geographical Congress). Cf. also: _idem_: Il
mappamondo del genovese Angellinus de Dalorto (1325): Contributo alla
storia della cartografia mediovale, _Atti del Terzo Congr. Geogr.
Italiano, tenuto in Firenze dal 12 al 17 Aprile, 1898_, Florence,
1899, Vol. 2, pp. 506–543; and _idem_: Angellinus de Dalorco (_sic_),
cartografo italiano della prima metà del secolo XIV, _Riv. Geogr.
Italiana_, Vol. 4, 1897, pp. 282–294 and 361–369.
[210] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus, Pl. 27.
[211] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 19, map 3.
[212] Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 11, Pl. 3.
[213] R. H. Major, transl. and edit.: The Voyages of the Venetian
Brothers, Nicolò and Antonio Zeno, to the Northern Seas, in the XIVth
Century, etc., _Hakluyt Soc. Publs._, 1st Ser., Vol. 50, London, 1873;
and F. W. Lucas: The Annals of the Voyages of the Brothers Nicolò and
Antonio Zeno in the North Atlantic, etc., London, 1898--representing
opposite sides of the discussion.
[214] George Cartwright: Journal of Transactions and Events During a
Residence of Nearly Sixteen Years on the Coast of Labrador, 3 vols.,
Newark (Engl.), 1792. Republished as “Captain Cartwright and His
Labrador Journal,” with an introduction by W. T. Grenfell, Boston.
1911; reference on pp. 16–25.
[215] R. H. Major, transl. and edit.: The Voyages of the Venetian
Brothers, Nicolò and Antonio Zeno, to the Northern Seas, in the XIVth
Century, etc., _Hakluyt Soc. Publs._, 1st Ser., Vol. 50, London, 1873.
[216] F. W. Lucas: The Annals of the Voyages of the Brothers Nicolò and
Antonio Zeno in the North Atlantic, etc., London, 1898, p. 152.
[217] _Ibid._, Pls. 13 (Mercator’s large-scale world map, 1569) and 14
(Ortelius’ large-scale world map, 1570). Ortelius’ small-scale world
map, 1570, of a section of which our Fig. 10 is a reproduction, is
facsimiled in A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History
of Cartography, transl. by J. A. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm,
1889, Pl. 46.
[218] Major, pp. 19–24.
[219] Recently on exhibition, but not accessible at present.
[220] Eugène Beauvois: La découverte du nouveau monde par les
irlandais, Nancy. 1877, p. 90.
[221] Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung
für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin,
1892; reference in atlas, Pl. 4, map 5.
[222] A. M. Reeves: The finding of Wineland the Good. London, 1890, pp.
94–95.
[223] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of
Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm,
1897, Pl. 27.
[224] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 19, map 3.
[225] Justin Winsor: Cartier to Frontenac: Geographical Discovery in
the Interior of North America in Its Historical Relations, 1534–1700,
with Full Cartographical Illustrations from Contemporary Sources,
Boston, 1894, pp. 60–61.
[226] Lucas, p. 124.
[227] Lucas, p. 74.
[228] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, text maps 34 and 35, on pp. 85 and
87, and Pl. 32; _idem_: Facsimile-Atlas, Pl. 30. The first three maps
are also reproduced in _idem_: Bidrag till Nordens äldsta Kartografi,
Stockholm, 1892, Pls. 3, 1, 2.
[229] Joseph Fischer: The Discoveries of the Norsemen in America with
Special Relation to Their Early Cartographical Representation, transl.
by B. H. Soulsby, London, 1903, pp. 71 and 72 and Pls. 1–6.
[230] J. G. Kohl: A History of the Discovery of the East Coast of North
America, Particularly the Coast of Maine, from the Northmen in 990 to
the Charter of Gilbert in 1578 (Documentary History of the State of
Maine, Vol. 1). _Colls. Maine Hist. Soc._, 2d Ser., Portland, 1869, p.
105.
[231] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4, map 5.
[232] [M. F.] Santarem: Atlas composé de mappemondes, de portulans, et
de cartes hydrographiques et historiques depuis le VI^e jusqu’au XVII^e
siècle ... devant servir de preuves à l’histoire de la cosmographie
et de la cartographie pendant le Moyen Age ..., Paris. 1842–53, Pl. 9
(Quaritch’s notation).
[233] E. L. Stevenson: Maps Illustrating Early Discovery and
Exploration in America, 1502–1530, Reproduced by Photography from the
Original Manuscripts, text and 12 portfolios, New Brunswick. N. J.,
1906; reference in Portfolio 1.
[234] Ferdinand Columbus: The History of the Life and Actions of Adm.
Christopher Columbus, and of His Discovery of the West-Indies, Call’d
the New World, Now in Possession of His Catholic Majesty. Written by
His Own Son, transl. from the Italian and contained in “A Collection of
Voyages and Travels, Some Now First Printed from Original Manuscripts,
Others Now First Published in English,” by Awnsham Churchill and John
Churchill (6 vols., London, 1732), Vol. 2, pp. 501–628; reference on p.
507.
[235] E. L. Stevenson: Atlas of Portolan Charts: Facsimile of
Manuscript in British Museum, _Publs. Hispanic Soc. of Amer. No. 81_,
New York, 1911, folios 1b and 8b.
[236] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Bidrag till Nordens äldsta Kartografi,
Stockholm, 1892, Pl. 5.
[237] E. g. in [Henry Harrisse]: Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima:
Additions, Paris, 1872, pp. xvi-xviii; and Ferdinand Columbus: The
History of the Life and Actions of Adm. Christopher Columbus, and
of His Discovery of the West-Indies, Call’d the New World, Now in
Possession of His Catholic Majesty. Written by His Own Son, transl.
from the Italian and contained in “A Collection of Voyages and Travels,
Some Now First Printed from Original Manuscripts, Others Now First
Published in English,” by Awnsham Churchill and John Churchill (6
vols., London, 1732), Vol. 2, pp. 501–628; reference on p. 512.
[238] Henry Vignaud: The Columbian Tradition on the Discovery of
America and of the Part Played Therein by the Astronomer Toscanelli,
Oxford, 1920, pp. 9–10; and _idem_: Le vrai Christophe Colomb et la
légende, Paris, 1921, Ch. IX.
[239] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of
Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm,
1897, p. 177.
[240] E. G. Ravenstein: Martin Behaim: His Life and His Globe, London,
1908, p. 77.
[241] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of
Cartography, transl. by J. A. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm,
1889, p. 65 and Pl. 32.
[242] Pietro Martyr d’Anghiera: The Decades of the New World or West
India, transl. by Rycharde Eden, London, 1597, First Decade, p. 6. For
a modern edition of this work see “De Orbe Novo: The Eight Decades of
Peter Martyr D’Anghera,” transl. by F. A. MacNutt, 2 vols., New York,
1912.
[243] E. L. Stevenson: Marine World Chart of Nicolo de Canerio
Januensis, 1502 (circa), 2 vols. (text, 1908, and facsimile in
portfolio, 1907), Amer. Geogr. Soc. and Hispanic Soc. of Amer., New
York, 1907–08.
[244] Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung
für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin,
1892; see atlas, Pl. 8, map 2.
[245] Friedrich Kunstmann: Ueber einige der ältesten Karten Amerikas,
pp. 125–151 in his “Die Entdeckung Amerikas, nach den ältesten
Quellen geschichtlich dargestellt,” with an atlas: Atlas zur
Entdeckungsgeschichte Amerikas, aus Handschriften der K. Hof- und
Staats-Bibliothek, der K. Universitaet und des Hauptconservatoriums der
K. B. Armee herausgegeben von Friedrich Kunstmann, Karl von Spruner,
Georg M. Thomas, Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich, 1859;
reference on Pl. 4 of atlas.
[246] Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt- und Seekarten
italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios containing
photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–86; reference in Portfolio 13
(Facsimile del planisfero del mondo conosciuto, in lingua catalana, del
xv secolo), Pl. 5.
[247] [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil
d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales ... Paris, [1842–62], Pl.
X, 1. In Santarem’s atlas (cf. Ch. IX, footnote 18), Pl. 31, the name
is interpreted as “Atullis.”
[248] E. L. Stevenson: Atlas of Portolan Charts: Facsimile of
Manuscript in British Museum, _Publs. Hispanic Soc. of Amer. No. 81_,
New York, 1911, folio 9a.
[249] _Ibid._, folio 1b.
[250] Vicenzio Formaleoni: Description de deux cartes anciennes tirées
de la Bibliothèque de St. Marc à Venise, pp. 91–168 of the same
author’s “Essai sur la marine ancienne des Vénitiens,” transl. by the
Chevalier d’Henin, Venice, 1788; reference on p. 122 and Pl. III.
[251] Alexander von Humboldt: Examen critique de l’histoire de la
géographie du nouveau continent, et des progrès de l’astronomie
nautique aux quinzième et seizième siècles, 5 vols., Paris, 1836–39;
reference in Vol. 2, p. 193. The other mentions of Humboldt in this
chapter refer to the same volume, pp. 178–211, except allusions to his
correspondence with the Weimar librarian.
[252] _Ibid._, p. 211.
[253] [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil
d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales..., Paris, [1842–62], Pl.
X, 1.
[254] Periplus, p. 177.
[255] W. H. Babcock: Indications of Visits of White Men to America
before Columbus, _Proc. 19th Internatl. Congr. of Americanists, Held at
Washington, Dec. 27–31, 1915_, [Smithsonian Institution,] Washington,
D. C., 1917. map on p. 476.
[256] Gustavo Uzielli: Mappamondi, carte nautiche e portolani del
medioevo e dei secoli delle grandi scoperte marittime construiti da
italiani o trovati nelle biblioteche d’Italia, Part II (pp. 280–390)
of “Studi Bibliografici e Biografici sulla Storia della Geografia
in Italia,” published on the occasion of the Second International
Geographical Congress, Paris, 1875, by the Società Geografica Italiana,
Rome, 1875; reference on Pl. 8 (the second edition, Rome, 1882, does
not contain the plates).
[257] E. L. Stevenson: Facsimiles of Portolan Charts Belonging to the
Hispanic Society of America, _Publs. Hispanic Soc. of Amer. No. 104_,
New York, 1916, Pl. 2.
[258] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 20. Cf. also Kretschmer, atlas,
Pl. 4. map 2.
[259] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 5.
[260] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4.
[261] See footnotes 18 and 19.
[262] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Facsimile-Atlas, p. 73, map in text.
[263] Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 8 (Facsimile del Portolano di Giacomo
Giraldi di Venezia dell’ anno 1426).
[264] Original in Majorca. A good copy is owned by T. Solberg, Register
of Copyrights, Washington, D. C.
[265] Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 15 (Facsimile del Mappamondo di Fra
Mauro dell’ anno 1457 [1459]).
[266] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 7.
[267] Book of the Knowledge of All the Kingdoms, Lands, and Lordships
That Are in the World, and the Arms and Devices of Each Land and
Lordship, or of the Kings and Lords Who Possess Them, written by a
Spanish Franciscan in the middle of the 14th century, published for
the first time with notes by Marcos Jiménez de la Espada in 1877,
translated and edited by Sir Clements Markham, _Hakluyt Soc. Publs._,
2nd Ser., Vol. 29, London, 1912; reference on p. 29.
[268] Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt- und Seekarten
italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios containing
photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–86; reference in Portfolio 5
(Facsimile del Portolano Laurenziano-Gaddiano dell’ anno 1351), Pl. 4.
[269] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of
Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm,
1897, Pl. 11. Our reproduction (Fig. 5) does not extend far enough
south to show the islands.
[270] Edrisi’s “Geography,” in two versions, the first based on two,
the second on four manuscripts, viz.: (1) P. A. Jaubert (translator):
Géographie d’Edrisi, traduite de l’Arabe en Français, 2 vols. (Recueil
de Voyages et de Mémoires publié par la Société de Géographie, Vols.
5 and 6), Paris, 1836 and 1840; reference in Vol. 1, p. 201; (2) R.
Dozy et M. J. De Goeje (translators): Description de l’Afrique et de
L’Espagne par Edrisi: Texte arabe publié pour la première fois d’après
les man. de Paris et d’Oxford, Leiden, 1866, pp. 63–64.
[271] [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil
d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales ..., Paris, [1842–62],
Pl. X, 1. Also W. H. Babcock: Early Norse Visits to North America,
_Smithsonian Misc. Colls._, Vol. 59, No. 19, Washington, D. C., 1913,
Pls. 1 and 2.
[272] The Historical Library of Diodorus the Sicilian, in 15 Books: to
which are added the fragments of Diodorus, and those published by H.
Valesius, I. Rhodomannus, and F. Ursinus, transl. by G. Booth, Esq., 2
vols., London, 1814; reference in Vol. 1, Bk. 5, Ch. 2, pp. 308–309.
[273] Alexander von Humboldt: Examen critique de l’histoire de la
géographie du nouveau continent et des progrès de l’astronomie nautique
aux quinzième et seizième siècles, 5 vols., Paris, 1836–39; reference
in Vol. 2, pp. 237–240.
[274] _Det Götheborgska Wetenskaps och Witterhets Samhällets
Handlingar_, Vol. 1, 1778, pp. 106–108, and Pl. 6. See also Moedas
phenicias e cyrenaicas encontradas em 1749 na ilha do Corvo, _Archivo
dos Açores_, Vol. 3, pp. 11–113.
[275] Conrad Malte-Brun: Précis de géographie universelle, 8 vols.,
Paris, 1810–29; reference in Vol. 1 of that edition, constituting
“L’Histoire de la Géographie,” 1810, p. 596.
[276] Edrisi, (Dozy and De Goeje), p. 1.
[277] S. Morewood: Philosophic and Statistical History of Inventions
and Customs, ... Inebriating Liquors, Dublin, 1838, p. 322.
[278] Humboldt, Examen critique, Vol. 2, p. 227.
[279] André Thevet: La cosmographie universelle, 2 vols., Paris, 1575;
reference in Vol. 2, p. 1022.
[280] The Geography of Strabo, transl. by H. C. Hamilton and W.
Falconer (Bohn’s Classical Library), 3 vols., London, 1854; reference
in Vol. 1, pp. 255–257.
[281] Captain Boid: A Description of the Azores, or Western Islands,
London, 1834, pp. 316–317.
[282] Borges de F. Henriques: A Trip to the Azores or Western Islands,
Boston, 1867, pp. 35–36.
[283] Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 5, Pl. 4.
[284] _Idem_, Portfolio 7, Pl. 4.
[285] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 11 (not shown on Fig. 5).
[286] Gustavo Uzielli: Mappamondi, carte nautiche e portolani del
medioevo e dei secoli delle grandi scoperte marittime construiti da
italiani o trovati nelle biblioteche d’Italia, Part II (pp. 280–390)
of “Studi Bibliografici e Biografici sulla Storia della Geografia
in Italia,” published on the occasion of the Second International
Geographical Congress, Paris, 1875, by the Società Geografica Italiana,
Rome, 1875; reference on Pl. 8 (the second edition, Rome, 1882, does
not contain the plates). Also Babcock, Early Norse Visits to North
America, Pl. 4. See our Fig. 20.
[287] Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung
für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin,
1892; reference in atlas, Pl. 4. See our Fig. 22.
[288] Borges de F. Henriques, pp. 35–36.
[289] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of
Cartography, transl. by J. A. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm,
1889, Pl. 32.
[290] E. J. Payne, edit.: Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen to America:
Select Narratives from the Principal Navigations of Hakluyt, Ser. 1,
Hawkins, Frobisher, Drake, 2d edit., Oxford, 1893, p. 183. Cf. also E.
W. Dahlgren’s note in _Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotian Inst. of Sci._,
Vol. 11, 1902–06, p. 551.
[291] Miller Christy: On “Busse Island,” in C. C. A. Gosch: Danish
Arctic Expeditions 1605 to 1620, Bk. I: Expeditions to Greenland,
_Hakluyt Soc. Publs._, 1st Series, Vol. 96, London, 1897, Appendix B,
pp. 164–202; reference on p. 167.
[292] Miller Christy, pp. 171 and 173.
[293] Nieuwe wassende zee caart van de Noord-Oceaen, med een gedeelte
van de Atlantische, etc., Amsterdam, 1745 (as cited by Miller Christy,
_op. cit._, p. 178, footnote 1).
[294] H. S. Poole: The Sunken Land of Bus, _Proc. and Trans. Nova
Scotian Inst. of Sci._, Vol. 11, 1902–06, pp. 193–198. See also: Sir
John Murray and R. E. Peake: On Recent Contributions to the Knowledge
of the Floor of the Atlantic Ocean, Royal Geogr. Soc., London, 1904;
references on pp. 8 and 10 and inset “Soundings Taken by S. S. Minia,
1903” of the accompanying chart.
[295] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of
Charts and Sailing Directions, transl. in F. A. Bather, Stockholm,
1897, Pl. 20.
[296] Justin Winsor: Cartier to Frontenac: Geographical Discovery in
the Interior of North America In its Historical Relations, 1534–1700,
with Full Cartographical Illustrations from Contemporary Sources,
Boston and New York, 1894, pp. 60–61.
[297] Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung
für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin,
1892; reference in atlas, Pl. 16.
[298] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 23.
[299] Nordenskiöld, Facsimile-Atlas, Pl. 46.
[300] Drei Karten von Gerhard Mercator: Europa--Britische
Inseln--Weltkarte: Facsimile-Lichtdruck nach den Originalen der
Stadtbibliothek zu Breslau, Geogr. Soc., Berlin, 1891; reference on
Weltkarte, Pls. 3 and 9. See also: [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la
géographie, ou recueil d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales
..., Paris, [1842–62], Pl. XXI, 2.
[301] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 17.
[302] Friedrich Kunstmann: Die Entdeckung Amerikas, nach den
ältesten Quellen geschichtlich dargestellt, with an atlas: Atlas zur
Entdeckungsgeschichte Amerikas, aus Handschriften der K. Hof- und
Staats-Bibliothek, der K. Universitaet und des Hauptconservatoriums der
K. B. Armee herausgegeben von Friedrich Kunstmann, Karl von Spruner,
Georg M. Thomas, Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich, 1859;
reference in atlas, Pl. 13.
[303] Alberto Magnaghi: La carta nautica costruita nel 1325 da Angelino
Dalorto, with facsimile, Florence, 1898 (published on the occasion
of the Third Italian Geographical Congress). Cf. also: _idem_: Il
mappamondo del genovese Angellinus de Dalorto (1325): Contributo all
storia della cartografia mediovale, _Atti del Terzo Congr. Geogr.
Italiano, tenuto in Firenzi dal 12 al 17 Aprile, 1898_, Florence,
1899, Vol. 2, pp. 506–543; and _idem_: Angellinus de Dalorco (_sic_),
cartografo italiano della prima metà del secolo XIV, _Riv. Geogr.
Italiana_, Vol. 4, 1897, pp. 282–294 and 361–369.
[304] Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 8.
[305] Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt- und Seekarten
italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios containing
photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–86; reference in Portfolio 5
(Facsimile del Portolano Laurenziano-Gaddiano dell’ anno 1351), Pl. 4.
[306] [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil
d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales.... Paris, [1842–62], Pl.
X, 1.
[307] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 5.
[308] Gustavo Uzielli: Mappamondi, carte nautiche e portolani del
medioevo e dei secoli delle grandi scoperte marittime construiti da
italiani o trovati nelle biblioteche d’Italia, Part II (pp. 280–390)
of “Studi Bibliografici e Biografici sulla Storia della Geografia
in Italia,” published on the occasion of the Second International
Geographical Congress, Paris, 1875, by the Società Geografica Italiana,
Rome, 1875; reference on Pl. 8 (the second edition, Rome, 1882, does
not contain the plates).
[309] Drei Karten von Gerhard Mercator, Berlin, 1891; reference on
Weltkarte, Pl. 13.
[310] Nordenskiöld, Facsimile-Atlas, map 82 on p. 131.
[311] _Ibid._, Pl. 49.
[312] Early Norse Visits to North America, _Smithsonian Misc. Colls._,
Vol. 59, No. 19, Washington, D. C., 1913; Recent History and Present
Status of the Vinland Problem, _Geogr. Rev._, Vol. 11, 1921, pp.
265–282; and Chapters VII and VIII, above.
[313] Eugène Beauvois: La découverte du nouveau monde par les
irlandais, Nancy, 1875.
[314] Gustav Storm: Studies on the Vineland Voyages, _Mémoires Soc.
Royale des Antiquaires du Nord_ (Copenhagen), N. S., 1884–89, pp.
307–370.
[315] Alexander von Humboldt: Examen critique de l’histoire de la
géographie du nouveau continent et des progrès de l’astronomie nautique
aux quinzième et seizième siècles, 5 vols., Paris, 1836–39; reference
in Vol. 2, p. 107.
[316] Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt- und
Seekarten italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios
containing photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–86; reference in Portfolio
9 (Facsimile dell’ Atlante di Andrea Bianco dell’ anno 1436), Pl. 7.
INDEX
Adam of Bremen, 106;
on Greenland, 94
Anghiera. _See_ Martyr, Peter
Animal and bird names, 44
Antela, 149
Antiglia, map opp. 74, 75, 147
Antilles, 144;
identity with Antillia, 162
Antillia, 188;
as an early map item, 144;
Atlantis and, 148;
on Beccario map of 1426, 151;
on Beccario map of 1435, 70, 151;
on Benincasa map of 1482, 70, 159;
on Bianco map of 1436, 156;
Humboldt’s hypothesis of origin of name, 148;
identity with the Antilles, 162;
on Laon globe of 1493, 161;
of the mainland, 147;
Martyr’s (Peter) identification, 145;
origin of the name, 148;
other identifications, 146;
on Pareto map of 1455, 157;
on Roselli map of 1468, 155;
on Ruysch map of 1508, 145;
Seven Cities (island) and, 69, 188;
spelling of the word, 146;
unmentioned on certain notable maps, 161;
on Weimar map, 150, 159
Arctic monastery, 136–137, 138
Ari Frode, 101
Arna-Magnaean MS. No. 194, 116, 119
Arna-Magnaean MS. No. 557, on Markland, 115
Athens and Atlantis, 1, 33
Atlantic continental mass, theory of Termier, 19
Atlantic submarine banks, 24
Atlantis, Antillia and, 148;
improbability of existence, 18;
invasion of the Mediterranean, 16;
location and size, 17;
Plato’s account, 3, 11, 32, 187;
Sargasso Sea as, 29;
submergence, question of, 22;
Termier on, 14
Avezac, M. A. P. d’, 8, 114
Avienus, 27
Ayala, Pedro de, 65, 68
Azores, description, 164;
floral and faunal indications of mainland connection, 21;
Mayda and, 92;
names of islands, 21;
occurrence of name “Seven Cities” in, 78;
two series on Bianco map of 1448, 122
Babcock, W. H., “Early Norse Visits,” 6, 115, 172, 184;
“Indications of Visits,” 46, 57, 71, 86, 150
Baffin Land, 111, 184
Bahamas, 155, 163, 188
Barra, 181, 183
Basques, 8
Beauvois, Eugène, 131, 184
Beccario map of 1426, Antillia on, 151;
reproduction of a photographed section (ill.), opp. 45;
St. Brendan’s Islands on, 45
Beccario map of 1435, Antilles, four islands, on, 153;
Antillia on, 70, 151, 153;
Daculi on, 183;
reproduction of section (ill.), 152
Behaim globe of 1492, St. Brendan’s Islands on, 47
Benedict, R. D., 38
Benincasa map of 1482, Antillia on, 70, 159;
reproduction of section (ill.), 160
Beothuks, 123, 131
Bermuda and Mayda, 93, 188
Bianco map of 1436, Antillia on, 156;
reproduction of section (ill.), 179;
Stokafixa on, 185
Bianco map of 1448, St. Brendan’s Islands on, 46;
two series of Azores, 122
Bimini (Beimini), 146
Bird names, 44
Birds, isle of, 166
Blaskets, 181
Blunt, E. M., 91
Boid, Captain, 170
Book of the Spanish Friar, 44, 55, 92, 165;
on the Azores, 165
Bourne, E. G., 55
Bra, 181
Brazil (island), on Catalan map of 1375, 58;
on Catalan map of about 1480, 61;
on Dalorto map of 1325, 50, 56, 121;
early maps, occurrence, 55;
location and shape, 57;
in place of Markland, 121;
Mayda and, 83;
on Nicolay map of 1560, 61, 121;
Norse and Irish omission of name, 66;
St. Lawrence, Gulf of, and, 59, 187;
Seven Cities (island) and, 68;
on Sylvanus map of 1511, 65;
two on the same map, 121–122
Brazil (word), derivation, 50, 52;
spellings, 50;
various applications, 121
Brendan (Brandan; Brenainn), St., adventures, Lismore version, 34;
explanations of Brendan narratives, 35;
exploration, 34, 48, 187;
probable basis of fact in narratives, 38
Brendan’s (St.) Islands, 34;
on Beccario map of 1426, 45;
on Behaim globe of 1492, 47;
on Bianco map of 1448, 46;
on Dulcert map of 1339, 42;
Hereford map testimony, 38;
on later maps, 48;
on the Pizigani map of 1367, 43
Bretons, exploration, 8, 84
Brown, A. S., 78
Buache, N., 78
Bullar, Joseph and Henry, 79
Buss Island, 174, disappearance from map, 177;
discovery, 175;
map (ill.), 176
Cabot, John, 10, 55
Canary Islands, mainland connection, question of, 21;
tradition concerning St. Brendan, 39
Canerio map, 146
Cape Breton, 118–119, 127, 132, 135, 185;
Mayda and, 92, 93
Cape Cod, Mayda and, 92, 188
Capmany, Antonio de, 54
Carthaginians, Corvo and, 167;
statues and coins, 169
Cartier, Jacques, 59
Cartwright, George, 123
Catalan map of 1375, Brazil (island) on, 58;
Mayda on, 84;
reproduction (ill.), 58
Catalan map of about 1480, Brazil (island) on, 61;
Fixlanda (Iceland) on, 141;
Greenland on, 62, 96, 120;
reproduction of section (ill.), 64
Catholique, La, 180
Cerne, 27
Chau Ju-Kua, 2
Chesapeake Bay, 119
Christy, Miller, 175, 176, 177
Churchill Collection, 140
Clavus map of 1427, Greenland on, 105, 139;
reproduction of section (ill.), 104
Coins found in Corvo, 167
Columbus, Christopher, 10
Columbus, Ferdinand, “Life of Christopher Columbus,” 69, 71, 140, 144
Conigi, Li, 8, 165, 172, 182
Coombs, Captain, 100
Coppo map of 1528, Greenland on, 96;
reproduction (ill.), 97
Corvo, 22;
ancient memorials, 166;
comparative representations on maps (ill.), 172;
equestrian statues, 168;
Mayda and, 92;
origin of name, 164;
Pizigani map of 1367 and, 168
Cuba, 153, 162, 163, 188
Daculi, 181;
on Pareto map of 1455, 183
Dalorto map of 1325, Brazil (island) on, 50, 56, 121;
mythical islands on, 181;
reproduction (ill.), 51
Dawson, S. E., 48
Demons, 37, 89;
islands of, 178
Desceliers map of 1546, Greenland on, 99;
Mayda on, 87;
reproduction of section (ill.), 76;
saintly islands on, 180;
Seven Cities (island) on, 75
Devil Rock, 91
Diodorus Siculus, 1, 4, 16, 42, 166
Disko, 184
Dragons, 37, 83, 149
Drogio, first mention, 124, 127;
meaning, 133;
region designated, 132;
spelling, 132;
on Zeno map of 1558, 126
Dulcert map of 1339, St. Brendan’s Islands on, 42
Edrisi, “Geography,” 7, 39, 166, 168;
on the isle of birds, 166
Egerton MS. 2803. _See_ World map in portolan atlas of about 1508
_Emmanuel_ (ship), 175
Emperadada, Encorporada, Encorporade (Incorporado), 180
Equestrian statues, 168
Eric the Red, 101, 108, 109, 115
Eskimos, 110, 111
Espinosa, Alonso de, 39
Esthlanda, 131
Estotiland, 122; derivation, conjectures, 130;
first mention, 124, 127;
on Prunes map of 1553, 131;
region designated, 130;
on Zeno map of 1558, 126
Estotilanders, 131
Faria y Sousa, Manuel de, 73;
on Corvo, 169
Fischer, Joseph, 61, 105, 116, 139
Fischer, Theobald, 44, 45, 46, 47, 56, 57, 84, 86, 92, 114, 122, 147,
161, 165, 172, 182, 185
Fixlanda, 96, 185;
on Catalan map of 1480, 141
Flores, 8, 171, 172, 182
Florida, 146, 155, 163, 188
Formaleoni, Vicenzio, 148
Fortunate Islands, 38, 39.
_See also_ Brendan’s (St.) Islands
Freducci, Conde, 150
Frisland, 136, 175, 185;
Buss Island and, 177;
confusion with Iceland, 141;
occurrence of name, 140;
on Zeno map of 1558, 141
Galvano, Antonio, 72
Germain, Louis, 21
Germanus, Donnus Nicolaus, world map (after 1466), Greenland on, 105,
139;
reproduction of section (ill.), opp. 105
Ginnungagap, 178
Gnupsson, Eric, 109
Gosch, C. C. A., 175
Grand Banks, 185
Grand Manan, 188
Great Abaco, 155, 162–163
Great Iceland, 184
Greeks, early exploration, 4
Green Island, 95;
on sixteenth-century maps, 97;
various islands;
shrinkage of the name, 99
Greenland, Adam of Bremen’s account, 94;
on Catalan map of about 1480, 62, 96, 120;
on Clavus map of 1427, 105, 139;
on Coppo map of 1528, 96;
on Desceliers map of 1546, 99;
on Germanus (D. N.) map, 105, 139;
insular character, 95;
intercourse with Markland, 119;
life of Icelandic colony, 106;
on Nicolay map of 1560, 98;
Norse settlements, 137;
Norse settlements (with map), 103;
origin of name, 101;
on Ortelius map of 1570, 99;
as a peninsula, 105;
on Sigurdr Stefánsson map, 106;
Thorláksson map of 1606 (ill.), 98;
on Zeno map of 1558, 105, 139
Greenlanders, early explorations, 109
Grocland, 184
Gunnbjörn’s skerries, 174
Haiti, 162
Hall, James, 177
Hand of Satan, 156, 178
Hardiman, James, 50
Harrisse, Henry, 144
Hauk’s Book on Markland, 114
Hebrides, 181, 182, 183
Helluland, 115, 116, 188
Henriques, Borges de F., 171, 173
Hereford map of 1275, St. Brendan’s Islands on, 38
Himilco, 27
Holmes, W. H., 3
Hood, Thomas, 180
Hovgaard, William, on Icelandic settlement of Greenland, 102, 109,
110, 115, 116;
suggestion of two Winelands, 119
Humboldt, Alexander von, on Antillia, 148;
on Bianco map of 1436, 157;
on Corvo, 167;
“Examen critique,” 37, 52, 55, 78, 81, 148, 167, 169, 185
Hydrographic Office, 30, 31, 32
I in Mar, 155, 188
Icaria, 136;
on Zeno map of 1558, 142
Iceland, confusion on maps, 141;
Great Iceland, 184;
Greenland discovery and relations, 101;
on Zeno map of 1558, 141
Illa Verde, 96.
_See also_ Greenland
Imagination in cartography, 143
Incorporado, 180
Ireland, submerged lands about, 25
Irish sea-roving, 5
Island of the Seven Cities. _See_ Seven Cities (island)
Islands, cataclysms, 174;
mythical and scattered, 174
Italians, exploration, 8
Jamaica, 163, 188
Janvier, T. A., 30
Jomard, E. F., 8, 30, 43, 55, 70, 83, 147, 149, 166, 179, 182
Jónsson, Finnur, 102–103
Jowett, Benjamin, 11, 18
Karlsefni, Thorfinn, 109, 115, 116;
geography of narrative and later records, 117
Kilda, St., 142, 183
Kjalarness, 116, 118
Kohl, J. G., 139
Kohl collection, 57, 85
Krakens, 149
Kretschmer, Konrad, 45, 48, 57, 58, 60, 61, 69, 70, 75, 82, 84, 86,
87, 96, 97, 98, 99, 105, 114, 117, 121, 131, 132, 140, 146,
157, 159, 162, 172, 178, 179, 180, 183
Krümmel, Otto, 30
Kunstmann, Friedrich, 146, 180
Labrador as Markland, 117
La Catholique, 180
La Man Satanaxio, 156, 178
Laon globe of 1493, Antillia on, 161
Legname, 8, 114
Leif Ericsson, 109
Li Conigi, 8, 165, 172, 182
Lismore, Book of, 34
Lucas, F. W., 122, 125;
on Drogio, 133;
on the Zeno narrative, 137, 138
Madeira Islands, as the Fortunate Islands of St. Brendan, 42;
name, 44, 114
Magnaghi, Alberto, 50, 69, 121, 181
Major, R. H., 122, 124, 129;
study of the Zeno narrative, 136
Malte-Brun, Conrad, 167
Man or Mam, 83. _See also_ Mayda
Maps (ills.), Beccario of 1426, opp. 45;
Beccario of 1435, 152;
Benincasa of 1482, 160;
Bianco of 1436, 179;
Buss Island of 1673, 176;
Catalan of 1375, 58;
Catalan of about 1480, 64;
Clavus of 1427, 104;
Coppo of 1528, 97;
Corvo representations, 172;
Dalorto of 1325, 51;
Desceliers of 1546, 76;
Egerton MS. 2803, opp. 74;
Germanus (D. N.), after 1466, opp. 105;
Greenland, Norse settlements, 103;
Nicolay of 1560, 62;
Ortelius of 1570, 77;
Pareto of 1455, 158;
Pizigani of 1367, 40–41;
Ptolemy of 1513, 82;
Prunes of 1553, 88;
Sargasso Sea, 28;
Stefánsson of 1590, 107;
Thorláksson of 1606, 98;
Zeno of 1558, 126
Marco Polo, 53
Markland, Brazil (island) in place of, 121;
Hauk’s Book account, 114;
intercourse with Greenland, 119;
Labrador as, 117;
name, 114;
Newfoundland as, 114, 188;
Nova Scotia as, 118;
on Sigurdr Stefánsson map, 116;
Zeno narrative and, 122
Martyr, Peter, d’Anghiera, “Decades,” 145;
identification of Antillia, 145
Mayda, Azores and, 92;
basis of fact about, 91, 188;
Brazil (island) and, 83;
on Catalan map of 1375, 84;
“Man” and, 84;
modern maps, persistence on, 90;
name, spelling and origin, 81;
on Ortelius map of 1570, 90;
on Pizigani map of 1367, 83;
on Prunes map of 1553, 87;
problem of, 81;
on Ptolemy map of 1513, 82;
transference, on maps, to American waters, 87;
Vlaenderen and, 89
Mediterranean Sea, Atlantean invasion, 16
Mercator, Gerhard, world map of 1569, 125, 179, 184
Miller, Konrad, 39
_Minia_ (ship), 178
Monastery in the Arctic, 136–137, 138
Montonis, 56, 181
Moorish voyages, 7
Morewood, S., 168
Mount Hope Bay, 188
Muratori, L. A., 53
Murray, Sir John, 24;
on the Sargasso Sea, 31
Murray, Sir John, and R. E. Peake, 177–178
Nansen, Fridtjof, 27, 29, 60, 61, 94, 101, 117
Navarro, L. F., 22
Navigation, early obstruction, 27
Negra’s Rock, 90, 91, 175, 186
Neome (Fair Island), 136, 140
Newfoundland, 185; as Markland, 114, 117;
on Nicolay map of 1560, 132
Nicolay map of 1560, Brazil (island) on, 61, 121;
Greenland on, 98;
Mayda on, 87;
Newfoundland on, 132;
reproduction of section (ill.), 62
Nordenskiöld, A. E., on Antillia, 144;
“Bidrag,” 61, 96, 120, 139, 141;
“Facsimile-Atlas,” 1, 48, 71, 75, 90, 99, 105, 125, 145, 161, 174,
179, 184;
“Periplus,” 27, 42, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61,69, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 98,
114, 121, 132, 139, 145, 150, 156, 165, 172, 178, 182;
on the Weimar map, 150
Norsemen, early exploration, 5;
early settlements in Greenland, 103 (with map), 137;
Eskimos and, 111
Nova Scotia as Markland, 118
Olsen, J. E., 55
Ortelius map of 1570, demon islands on, 179;
Greenland on, 99;
Mayda on, 90;
reproduction of section (ill.), 77;
Seven Cities (island) on, 75;
Zeno additions on, 125
Pareto map of 1455, Antillia on, 157;
Daculi on, 183;
reproduction of section (ill.), 158
Payne, E. J., 175
Perseus, 16, 17
Peter Martyr. _See_ Martyr, Peter
Phoenicians, Corvo and, 167;
early explorations, 1, 3
Pizigani map of 1367, Corvo and, 168;
Daculi and Bra on, 182;
Mayda on, 83;
reproduction (ill.), 40–41;
St. Brendan’s Islands on, 43
Plato on Atlantis, 3, 11, 32, 187
Podolyn, Johan, 167
Poole, H. S., 177
Porlanda (Pomona), 136, 140
Porto Rico, 162
Porto Santo, 43
Portuguese discovery, 9;
refugees and Seven Cities island, 71
Promontorium Vinlandiae, 118, 119
Prunes map of 1553, Estotiland on, 131;
Mayda on, 87;
reproduction of section (ill.), 88;
Zeno islands on, 140
Ptolemy map of 1513, Mayda on, 82;
reproduction of section (ill.), 82
Ravenstein, E. G., 47, 71, 105, 145
Reeves, A. M., 115, 116, 131
Reylla, 188;
on Beccario map of 1435, 154;
on Roselli map of 1468, 155
Rink, Henry, on Greenland, 102, 104
Robert, M., 90
Rockall, 91, 100
Rocks, sunken, 91, 100
Romans, early exploration, 5
Roselli map of 1468, Antillia on, 155
Runic inscription in Greenland, 109–110
Ruysch map of 1508, Antillia inscription, 145;
island destroyed by combustion, 174
St. Anne, 180, 181
St. Brendan. _See_ Brendan
St. Kilda, 142, 183
St. Lawrence, Gulf of, possible identification of Brazil (island)
with, 59
St. Michael, (Azores), 78, 168, 169, 188
St. X, 180
Saintly islands, 180
Salvagio, 188;
on Beccario map of 1435, 154
Santarem, M. F., 52, 140
Sargasso Sea, 3, 18, 187;
as Atlantis, 29;
map (ill.), 28
Satanaxio, 156, 178, 188
Scandinavians. _See_ Norsemen
Scharff, R. F., 21
Schott, Gerhard, 30
Schuchert, Charles, 23
Schuller, Rudolph, 13
Scorafixa, 185
Scylax of Caryanda, 27
Seller, John, 176
Seven Cities (island), 68, 188;
Antillia and, 69;
Brazil (island) and, 68;
on Desceliers map of 1546, 75;
home of Portuguese refugees, 71;
later reappearance as an island, 75;
mainland location, 74;
name in the Azores, 78;
on Ortelius map of 1570, 75
Shepherd, Thomas, 177
Shetland, 131, 181
Ships, early, 2
Skraelings, 111
Solberg, T., 57, 161
Soley, J. C., 30, 31
Spanish Friar. _See_ Book of the Spanish Friar
Stefánsson (Sigurdr) map of 1590 (?), Greenland on, 106;
Helluland, Markland, and Vinland on, 116;
reproduction (ill.), 107
Stevens, John, 73
Stevenson, E. L., “Atlas of Portolan Charts,” 74, 141, 147;
“Facsimiles of Portolan Charts,” 57, 86, 155;
“Maps Illustrating Early Discovery,” 117, 140;
“Marine World Chart of Nicolo de Canerio Jannensis,” 146;
“Portolan Charts,” 27
Stokafixa, 185
Stokes, Whitley, 34
Storm, Gustav, 111, 184
Strabo, 42, 169
Straumey, 188
Straumfiord, 188
Submarine banks, 24
Sylvanus map of 1511, Brazil (island) on, 65
Tachylyte, 23
Termier, Pierre, on Atlantis, 14;
theory of ancient Atlantic continent, 19, 21, 23
Thevet, André, 169
Thorláksson map of 1606, reproduction (ill.), 98
Tobago, 99
Torfaeus’ “Gronlandia,” 96–97, 98, 106, 107, 116
Toscanelli, Paolo, 69, 144
Trouvères, 36
Tulloch, Captain, 100
Uzielli, Gustavo, 45, 57, 70, 86, 151, 172, 183
Valsequa map of 1439, 57
Van Keulen’s chart of 1795, 177
Vespucius, 10
Vignaud, Henry, “Columbian Tradition,” 10;
on the Toscanelli letter, 144
Vinland, 188;
Hovgaard’s suggestion, 119
Vlaenderen and Mayda, 89
Weare, G. E., 68
Weimar map (after 1481), Antillia on, 150, 159
Westropp, T. J., “Brasil,” 26, 34, 36, 60, 61, 96;
“Early Italian maps,” 54;
on submerged lands near Iceland, 25
Wiars, Thomas, 175
Wineland the Good, 116. _See also_ Vinland
Winsor, Justin, 59, 60, 65, 85, 89, 132, 178
Wonderstrands, 116, 188
World map in portolan atlas of about 1508, Antiglia on, 147;
Iceland on, 141;
reproduction of section (ill.), opp. 74;
Seven Cities (island) on, 74
Yule, Sir Henry, 53
Zaltieri map of 1566, 61, 87, 98, 132
Zeno, Antonio and Nicolò, 9, 124
Zeno, Nicolò, the younger, 124, 134, 135, 143
Zeno map of 1558, Finland and Iceland on, 141;
Greenland on, 105, 139;
Icaria on, 142;
reproduction (ill.), 126
Zeno narrative, account of the book, 124;
brief summary, 135;
discrepancies of the fisherman’s story, 133;
geographical implication, 129;
Lucas’ study, 137;
Major’s study, 136;
Markland and, 122;
narrative quoted, 128
* * * * * *
Transcriber’s note:
Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a
predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they
were not changed.
Simple typographical errors were corrected; unpaired quotation
marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left
unpaired.
Footnotes originally were at the bottoms of pages. Here, they are just
before the Index.
Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs
and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support
hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to
the corresponding illustrations.
The text in some maps is in different orientations, and sometimes
indecipherable. Transcriber could not determine the correct orientation
of the map in Fig. 7, and chose one that made some of the larger words
upright.
The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page
references. Redundant hemi-title “Index” removed by Transcriber.