in any civil action when he has delivered up his property for
the benefit of his creditors in the manner prescribed by law;
Vermont. C. 2, 33;
Rhode Island. C. 1, 11;
Pennsylvania. C. 1, 16;
Illinois. C. 2, 12;
Kentucky. C. 13, 19;
Colorado. C. 2, 12.
... But the above principles are subject to the following
exceptions in the several states respectively:
(1) a debtor may be imprisoned in criminal actions: Tennessee.
So (2) for the non-payment of fines or penalties imposed by
law: Missouri.
So (3) generally, in civil or criminal actions, for fraud:
Vermont,
Rhode Island,
New Jersey,
Pennsylvania,
Ohio,
Indiana,
Illinois,
Michigan,
Iowa,
Minnesota,
Kansas,
Nebraska,
North Carolina,
Kentucky,
Arkansas,
California,
Oregon,
Nevada,
Colorado,
South Carolina,
Florida,
Arizona.
And so, in two, the legislature has power to provide for the
punishment of fraud and for reaching property of the debtor
concealed from his creditors:
Georgia. C. 1, 2, 6;
Louisiana. C. 223.
So (4) absconding debtors may be imprisoned: Oregon.
Or debtors (5) in cases of libel or slander: Nevada.
(6) In civil cases of tort generally: California, Colorado.
(7) In cases of malicious mischief: California.
(8) Or of breach of trust: Michigan, Arizona.
(9) Or of moneys collected by public officers,
or in any professional employment: Michigan, Arizona."
_F. J. Stimson, American Statute Law:
Digest of Constitutions and Civil Public
Statutes of all the States and Territories relating
to Persons and Property, in force January 1, 1886,
art. 8._
----------DEBT: End----------
DÉCADI OF THE FRENCH REPUBLICAN CALENDAR.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (OCTOBER).
The new republican calendar.
DECAMISADOS, The.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1814-1827.
DECATUR, Commodore Stephen.
Burning of the "Philadelphia."
See BARBARY STATES: A. D. 1803-1805.
In the War of 1812.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1812-1813; 1814.
DECCAN, The.
See INDIA: THE NAME;
and IMMIGRATION AND CONQUESTS OF THE ARYAS.
DECELIAN WAR, The.
See GREECE: B. C. 413.
DECEMVIRS, The.
See ROME: B. C. 451-449.
DECIUS: Roman Emperor. A. D. 249-251.
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (American).
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1776 (JANUARY-JUNE),
and (JULY);
also, INDEPENDENCE HALL.
{653}
DECLARATION OF PARIS, The.
"At the Congress of Paris in 1856, subsequently to the
conclusion of the treaty, which ended the Crimean war [see
RUSSIA: A. D. 1854-1856], a declaration of principles was
signed on April 16th, by the plenipotentiaries of all the
powers represented there, which contained four articles:
'First. Privateering is and remains abolished. Second, The
neutral flag covers enemies' goods, with the exception of
contraband of war. Third, Neutral goods, except of contraband
of war, are not liable to capture under an enemy's flag.
Fourth, Blockades, to be binding, must be effective--that is
to say, maintained by a force really sufficient to prevent
access to the coast of the enemy.' The adherence of other
powers was requested to these principles," and all joined in
signing it except the United States, Spain, and Mexico. The
objection on the part of the United States was stated in a
circular letter by Mr. Marcy, then Secretary of State, who
"maintained that the right to resort to privateers is as
incontestable as any other right appertaining to belligerents;
and reasoned that the effect of the declaration would be to
increase the maritime preponderance of Great Britain and
France, without even benefiting the general cause of
civilization; while, if public ships retained the right of
capturing private property, the United States, which had at
that time a large mercantile marine and a comparatively small
navy, would be deprived of all means of retaliation. ... The
President proposes, therefore [wrote Mr. Marcy] to add to the
first proposition contained in the declaration of the Congress
of Paris the following words: 'and that the private property
of the subjects and citizens of a belligerent on the high seas
shall be exempted from seizure by public armed vessels of the
other belligerent, except it be contraband.' ... Among the
minor states of Europe there was complete unanimity and a
general readiness to accept our amendment to the rules"; but
England opposed, and the offered amendment was subsequently
withdrawn. "Events ... have shown that ... our refusal to
accept the Declaration of Paris has brought the world nearer
to the principles which we proposed, which became known as the
'Marcy amendment for the abolition of war against private
property on the seas.'"
_E. Schuyler. American Diplomacy, chapter 7._
ALSO IN:
_F. Wharton, Digest of the International law of the United
States, chapter 17, section 342 (volume 3)._
_H. Adams, Historical Essays, chapter 6._
See, also, PRIVATEERS.
DECLARATION OF RIGHTS.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1689 (JANUARY-FEBRUARY).
DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN,
French Revolutionary.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1789 (AUGUST-OCTOBER).
DECLARATORY ACT, The.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1766.
DECRETA, Roman imperial.
See CORPUS JURIS CIVILIS.
DECRETALS, The False.
See PAPACY: A. D. 829-847.
DECUMÆ.
See VECTIGAL.
DECUMATES LAND.
See AGRI DECUMATES,
also ALEMANNI;
and SUEVI.
DECURIONES.
See CURIA, MUNICIPAL, OF THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE.
DEDITITIUS.--COLONUS.--SERVUS.
"The poor Provincial [of the provinces of the Roman empire at
the time of the breaking up in the fifth century] who could
not fly to the Goths because his whole property was in land,
hunted to despair by the tax-gatherer, would transfer that
land to some wealthy neighbour, apparently on condition of
receiving a small life annuity out of it. He was then called
the Dedititius (or Surrenderer) of the new owner, towards whom
he stood in a position of a certain degree of dependence. Not
yet, however, were his sorrows or those of his family at an
end, for the tax-gatherer still regarded him as responsible
for his land. ... On his death his sons, who had utterly lost
their paternal inheritance, and still found themselves
confronted with the claim for taxes, were obviously without
resource. The next stage of the process accordingly was that
they abdicated the position of free citizens and implored the
great man to accept them as Coloni, a class of labourers,
half-free, half-enslaved, who may perhaps with sufficient
accuracy be compared to the serfs 'adscripti glebæ' of the
middle ages. ... Before long they became mere slaves (Servi)
without a shadow of right or claim against their new lords."
_T. Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, book 1, chapter 10._
With the "increase of great estates and simultaneous increase
in the number of slaves (so many Goths were made slaves by
Claudius [A. D. 268-270], to give one instance, that there was
not a district without them), the small proprietors could no
longer maintain the fruitless struggle, and, as a class,
wholly disappeared. Some, no doubt, became soldiers; others
crowded into the already overflowing towns; while others
voluntarily resigned their freedom, attached themselves to the
land of some rich proprietor, and became his villeins, or
coloni. But this was not the chief means by which this class
was formed and increased. ... After a successful war these
serfs were given ... to landed proprietors without payment;
and in this way not only was the class of free peasants
diminished or altogether destroyed--a happier result--the
slave system was directly attacked. The coloni themselves were
not slaves. The codes directly distinguish them from slaves,
and in several imperial constitutions they are caned
'ingenui.' They could contract a legal marriage and could hold
property. ... On the other hand, the coloni were like slaves
in that they were liable to personal punishment. ... A colonus
was indissolubly attached to the land, and could not get quit
of the tie, even by enlisting as a soldier. The proprietor
could sell him with the estate, but had no power whatever of
selling him without it; and if he sold the estate, he was
compelled to sell the coloni along with it. ... The position
of these villeins was a very miserable one. ... These coloni
in Gaul, combined together, were joined by the free peasants
still left [A. D. 287], whose lot was not less wretched than
their own, and forming into numerous bands, spread themselves
over the country to pillage and destroy. They were called
Bagaudæ, from a Celtic word meaning a mob or riotous assembly;
and under this name recur often in the course of the next
century both in Gaul and Spain."
_W. T. Arnold, The Roman System of Provincial
Administration, ch.4._
DEEMSTERS.
See MANX KINGDOM, THE.
DEFENDERS.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1784.
DEFENESTRATION AT PRAGUE, The.
See BOHEMIA: A. D. 1611-1618.
DEFTERDARS.
See SUBLIME PORTE.
DEICOLÆ, The.
See CULDEES.
DEIRA, The kingdom of.
One of the kingdoms of the Angles, covering what is now called
the East Riding of Yorkshire, with some territory beyond it.
Sometimes it was united with the kingdom of Bernicia, north of
it, to form the greater kingdom of Northumbria.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 547-633.
{654}
DEKARCHIES.
See SPARTA: B. C. 404-403.
DEKELEIA.--DEKELEIAN WAR.
See GREECE: B. C. 413.
DELATION.--DELATORS.
Under the empire, there was soon bred at Rome an infamous
class of men who bore a certain resemblance--with significant
contrasts likewise--to the sycophants of Athens. They were
known as delators, and their occupation was delation. "The
delator was properly one who gave notice to the fiscal
officers of moneys that had become due to the treasury of the
state, or more strictly to the emperor's fiscus." But the
title was extended to informers generally, who dragged their
fellow-citizens before the tribunals for alleged violations of
law. Augustus made delation a profession by attaching rewards
to the information given against transgressors of his marriage
laws. Under the successor of Augustus, the sullen and
suspicious Tiberius, delation received its greatest
encouragement and development. "According to the spirit of
Roman criminal procedure, the informer and the pleader were
one and the same person. There was no public accuser, ... but
the spy who discovered the delinquency was himself the man to
demand of the senate, the prætor or the judge, an opportunity
of proving it by his own eloquence and ingenuity. The odium of
prosecution was thus removed from the government to the
private delator."
_C. Merivale, History of the Romans, chapter 44._
See, also, ROME: A. D. 14-37.
DELAWARE BAY: A. D. 1609.
Discovered by Henry Hudson.
See AMERICA: A. D. 1609.
DELAWARE BAY:
The error perpetuated in its name.
"Almost every writer on American history that I have met with
appears to have taken pains to perpetuate the stereotyped
error that 'Lord Delawarr touched at this bay in his passage
to Virginia in 1610.' ... Lord Delawarr himself, in his letter
of the 7th of July, 1610, giving an account of his voyage to
Virginia, not only makes no mention of that bay, or of his
approaching it, but expressly speaks of his first reaching the
American coast on the '6th of June, at what time we made land
to the southward of our harbor, the Chesiopiock Bay.' The
first European who is really known to have entered the bay,
after Hudson, was Capt. Samuel Argall [July 1610]. ... The
name of Lord Delawarr, however, seems to have been given to
the bay soon afterwards by the Virginians."
_J. R. Brodhead,
History of the State of New York, volume 1, appendix, note D._
----------DELAWARE BAY: End----------
DELAWARE: A. D. 1629-1631.
The Dutch occupancy and first settlement.
The first attempt at settlement on the Delaware was made by
the Dutch, who claimed the country in right of Hudson's
discovery and Mey's exploration of the Bay, notwithstanding
the broad English claim, which covered the whole of it as part
of an indefinite Virginia. In 1629, pursuant to the patroon
ordinance of the Dutch West India Company, which opened New
Netherland territory to private purchasers, "Samuel Godyn and
Samuel Blommaert, both directors of the Amsterdam Chamber,
bargained with the natives for the soil from Cape Henlopen to
the mouth of Delaware river; in July, 1630, this purchase of
an estate more than thirty miles long was ratified at Fort
Amsterdam by Minuit [then Governor of New Netherland] and his
council. It is the oldest deed for land in Delaware, and
comprises the water-line of the two southern counties of that
state. ... A company was soon formed to colonize the tract
acquired by Godyn and Blommaert. The first settlement in
Delaware, older than any in Pennsylvania, was undertaken by a
company, of which Godyn, Van Rensselaer, Blommaert, the
historian De Laet, and a new partner, David Petersen de Vries,
were members. By joint enterprise, in December, 1630, a ship
of 18 guns, commanded by Pieter Heyes, and laden with
emigrants, store of seeds, cattle and agricultural implements,
embarked from the Texel, partly to cover the southern shore of
Delaware Bay with fields of wheat and tobacco, and partly for
a whale fishery on the coast. ... Early in the spring of 1631,
the ... vessel reached its destination, and just within Cape
Henlopen, on Lewes Creek, planted a colony of more than thirty
souls. The superintendence of the settlement was intrusted to
Gillis Hosset. A little fort was built and well beset with
palisades: the arms of Holland were affixed to a pillar; the
country received the name Swaanendael; the water that of
Godyn's Bay. The voyage of Heyes was the cradling of a state.
That Delaware exists as a separate commonwealth is due to this
colony. According to English rule, occupancy was necessary to
complete a title to the wilderness; and the Dutch now occupied
Delaware. On the 5th of May, Heyes and Hosset, in behalf of
Godyn and Blommaert, made a further purchase from Indian
chiefs of the opposite coast of Cape May, for twelve miles on
the bay, on the sea, and in the interior; and, in June, this
sale of a tract twelve miles square was formally attested at
Manhattan. Animated by the courage of Godyn, the patroons of
Swaanendael fitted out a second expedition under the command
of De Vries. But, before he set sail, news was received of the
destruction of the fort, and the murder of its people. Hasset,
the commandant, had caused the death of an Indian chief; and
the revenge of the savages was not appeased till not one of
the emigrants remained alive. De Vries, on his arrival, found
only the ruins of the house and its palisades, half consumed
by fire, and here and there the bones of the colonists."
_G. Bancroft, History of the United States,
part 2, chapter 13 (volume 1)._
ALSO IN:
_J. R. Brodhead, History of the State of New York,
volume 1, chapter 7._
DELAWARE: A. D. 1632.
Embraced in the Maryland grant to Lord Baltimore.
See MARYLAND: A. D. 1632.
DELAWARE: A. D. 1634.
Embraced in the Palatine grant of New Albion.
See NEW ALBION.
DELAWARE: A. D. 1638-1640.
The planting of the Swedish colony.
"William Usselinx, a distinguished merchant in Stockholm, was
the first to propose to the Swedish government a scheme for
planting a colony in America. He was a native of Antwerp, and
had resided in Spain, Portugal and the Azores, at a time when
the spirit of foreign adventure pervaded every class of
society. ... In the year 1624 he proposed to the Swedish
monarch, Gustavus Adolphus, a plan for the organization of a
trading company, to extend its operations to Asia, Africa,
America and Terra Magellanica. ...
{655}
Whether Usselinx had ever been in America is uncertain, but he
had, soon after the organization of the Dutch West India
Company, some connection with it, and by this and other means
was able to give ample information in relation to the country
bordering on the Delaware, its soil, climate, and productions.
... His plan and contract were translated into the Swedish
language by Schrader, the royal interpreter, and published to
the nation, with an address strongly appealing both to their
piety and their love of gain. The king recommended it to the
States, and an edict dated at Stockholm, July 2d, 1626, was
issued by royal authority, in which people of all ranks were
invited to encourage the project and support the Company.
Books were opened for subscription to the stock ... and
Gustavus pledged the royal treasure for its support to the
amount of 400,000 dollars. ... The work was ripe for
execution, when the German war [the Thirty Years War], and
afterwards the king's death, prevented it, and rendered the
fair prospect fruitless. ... The next attempt on the part of
the Swedes to plant a colony in America was more successful.
But there has been much difference among historians in
relation to the period when that settlement was made. ... It
is owing to the preservation, among the Dutch records at
Albany, of an official protest issued by Kieft, the Governor
at New Amsterdam, that we do certainly know the Swedes were
here in the spring of 1638. Peter Minuit, who conducted to our
shore the first Swedish colony, had been Commercial Agent, and
Director General of the Dutch West India Company, and Governor
of the New Netherlands. ... At this time Christina, the infant
daughter of Gustavus Adolphus, had ascended the throne of
Sweden. ... Under the direction of Oxenstiern, the celebrated
chancellor of Sweden, whose wisdom and virtue have shed a
glory on the age in which he lived, the patent which had been
granted in the reign of Gustavus to the company formed under
the influence of Usselinx was renewed, and its privileges
extended to the citizens of Germany. Minuit, being now out of
employment, and probably deeming himself injured by the
conduct of the Dutch Company [which had displaced him from the
governorship of the New Netherlands, through the influence of
the patroons, and appointed Wouter Van Twiller, a clerk, to
succeed him], had determined to offer his services to the
crown of Sweden. ... Minuit laid before the chancellor a plan
of procedure, urged a settlement on the Delaware, and offered
to conduct the enterprise. Oxenstiern represented the case to
the queen ... and Minuit was commissioned to command and
direct the expedition."
_B. Ferris, History of the Original Settlements on the
Delaware, part 1, chapter 2-3._
"With two ships laden with provisions and other supplies
requisite for the settlement of emigrants in a new country,
and with fifty colonists, Minuit sailed from Sweden late in
1637, and entered Delaware Bay in April, 1638. He found the
country as he had left it, without white inhabitants. Minqua
Kill, now Wilmington, was selected as the place for the first
settlement, where he bought a few acres of land of the
natives, landed his colonists and stores, erected a fort, and
began a small plantation. He had conducted his enterprise with
some secrecy, that he might avoid collision with the Dutch;
but the watchful eyes of their agents soon discovered him, and
reported his presence to the director at New Amsterdam. Kieft
[successor to Van Twiller] had just arrived, and it became one
of his first duties to notify a man who had preceded him in
office that he was a trespasser and warn him off. Minuit,
knowing that Kieft was powerless to enforce his protest, being
without troops or money, paid no attention to his missive, and
kept on with his work. ... He erected a fort of considerable
strength, named Christina, for the Swedish queen, and
garrisoned it with 24 soldiers. Understanding the character of
the Indians, he conciliated their sachems by liberal presents
and secured the trade. In a few months he was enabled to load
his ships with peltries and despatch them to his patrons. ...
The colony had to all appearance a promising future. ...
Within two years, however, their prospects were clouded. The
Company had failed to send out another ship with supplies and
merchandise for the Indian trade. Provisions failed, trade
fell off, and sickness began to prevail. ... They resolved to
remove to Manhattan, where they could at least have 'enough to
eat.' On the eve of 'breaking up' to carry their resolution
into effect, succor came from an unexpected quarter. The fame
of New Sweden, as the colony was called, of its fertile lands
and profitable trade, had reached other nations of Europe. In
Holland itself a company was formed to establish a settlement
under the patronage of the Swedish Company." This Dutch
company "freighted a ship with colonists and supplies, which
fortunately arrived when the Swedish colony was about to be
broken up and the country abandoned. The spirits of the Swedes
were revived. ... Their projected removal was indefinitely
deferred and they continued their work with fresh vigor. The
Dutch colonists were located in a settlement by themselves,
only a few miles from Fort Christina. They were loyal to the
Swedes. ... In the autumn of the same year, 1640, Peter
Hollaendare, who had been appointed deputy governor of the
colony, and Moens Kling, arrived from Sweden with three ships
laden with provisions and merchandise for the straitened
colonists. They also brought out a considerable company of new
emigrants. New Sweden was now well established and prosperous.
More lands were bought, and new settlements were made. Peter
Minuit died the following year."
_G. W. Schuyler, Colonial New York, volume 1,
introduction, section 2._
ALSO IN:
_I. Acrelius, History of New Sweden
(Penn. Historical Society Mem., volume 11) chapter 1._
_Documents relative to Colonial History of New York,
volume 12._
_G. B. Keen, New Sweden (Narrative and Critical
History of America, volume 4, chapter 9)._
_J. F. Jameson, Willem Usselinx (Papers of the
American Historical Association., volume 2, number 3)._
DELAWARE: A. D. 1640-1643.
Intrusions of the English from New Haven.
See NEW JERSEY: A. D. 1640-1655.
DELAWARE. A. D. 1640-1656.
The struggle between the Swedes and the Dutch and the final
victory of the latter.
"The [Swedish] colony grew to such importance that John
Printz, a lieutenant-colonel of cavalry, was sent out in 1642
as governor, with orders for developing industry and trade. He
took pains to command the mouth of the river, although the
Dutch had established Fort Nassau on its eastern bank, and the
Swedish settlements were on the western bank exclusively.
{656}
Collisions arose between the Dutch and the Swedes, and when
the former put up the arms of the States General on the
completion of a purchase of lands from the Indians, Printz in
a passion ordered them to be torn down. The Swedes gained in
strength while the Dutch lost ground in the vicinity. In 1648
the Dutch attempted to build a trading post on the Schuylkill,
when they were repulsed by force by the Swedes. Individuals
seeking to erect houses were treated in the same way. The
Swedes in turn set up a stockade on the disputed ground.
Director Stuyvesant found it necessary in 1651 to go to confer
with Printz with a view to holding the country against the
aggressive English. The Indians were called into council and
confirmed the Dutch title, allowing the Swedes little more
than the site of Fort Christina. Fort Casimir was erected
lower down the river, to protect Dutch interests. The two
rulers agreed to be friends and allies, and so continued for
three years. The distress of the Swedish colony led to appeals
for aid from the home country whither Governor Printz had
returned. In 1654 help was given, and a new governor, John
Claude Rysingh, marked his coming by the capture of Fort
Casimir, pretending that the Dutch West India Company
authorized the act. The only revenge the Dutch could take was
the seizure of a Swedish vessel which by mistake ran into
Manhattan Bay. But the next year orders came from Holland
exposing the fraud of Rysingh, and directing the expulsion of
the Swedes from the South River. A fleet was organized and
Director Stuyvesant recovered Fort Casimir without firing a
gun. After some parley Fort Christina was also surrendered.
Such Swedes as would not take the oath of allegiance to the
Dutch authorities were sent to the home country. Only twenty
persons accepted the oath, and of three clergymen two were
expelled, and the third escaped like treatment by the sudden
outbreak of Indian troubles. In 1656 the States General and
Sweden made these transactions [a] matter of international
discussion. The Swedes presented a protest against the action
of the Dutch, and it was talked over, but the matter was
finally dropped. In the same year the West India Company sold
its interests on the South River to the city of Amsterdam, and
the colony of New Amstel was erected, so that the authority of
New Netherland was extinguished."
_E. H. Roberts, New York, volume 1, chapter 7._
ALSO IN:
_E. Armstrong, Introduction to the Record of Upland
(Historical Society of Pennsylvania Memoirs, volume 7)._
_B. Ferris, History of the Original Settlements on the
Delaware, part 1, chapter 6-7._
_S. Hazard, Annals of Pennsylvania, pages 62-228._
_Report of the Amsterdam Chamber of the W. I. Co.
(Documents relative to Colonial History of New York,
volume 1, pages 587-646)._
DELAWARE: A. D. 1664.
Conquest by the English, and annexation to New York.
"Five days after the capitulation of New Amsterdam
[surrendered by the Dutch to the English, Aug. 29, 1664 see
NEW YORK: A. D. 1664] Nicolls, with Cartwright and Maverick
... commissioned their colleague, Sir Robert Carr, to go,"
with three ships and an adequate military force, "and reduce
the Delaware settlements. Carr was instructed to promise the
Dutch the possession of all their property and all their
present privileges, 'only that they change their masters.' To
the Swedes he was to 'remonstrate their happy return under a
monarchical government, and his majesty's good inclination to
that nation.' To Lord Baltimore's officers in Maryland, he was
to declare that their proprietor's pretended right to the
Delaware being 'a doubtful case,' possession would be kept for
the king 'till his majesty is informed and satisfied
otherwise.' ... The Swedes were soon made friends," but the
Dutch attempted [October] some resistance, and yielded only
after a couple of broadsides from the ships had killed three
and wounded ten of their garrison. "Carr now landed ... and
claimed the pillage for himself as 'won by the sword.'
Assuming an authority independent of Nicolls, he claimed to be
the 'sole and chief commander and disposer' of all affairs on
the Delaware." His acts of rapacity and violence, when
reported to his fellow commissioners, at New York, were
condemned and repudiated, and Nicolls, the presiding
commissioner, went to the Delaware in person to displace him.
"Carr was severely rebuked, and obliged to give up much of his
ill-gotten spoil. Nevertheless, he could not be persuaded to
leave the place for some time. The name of New Amstel was now
changed to New Castle, and an infantry garrison established
there. ... Captain John Carr was appointed commander of the
Delaware, in subordination to the government of New York, to
which it was annexed 'as an appendage'; and thus affairs
remained for several years."
_J. R. Brodhead, History of the State of New York,
volume 2, chapter 2._
DELAWARE: A. D. 1673.
The Dutch reconquest.
See NEW YORK: A. D. 1673.
DELAWARE: A. D. 1674.
Final recovery by the English.
See NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1674.
DELAWARE: A. D. 1674-1760.
In dispute between the Duke of York and the
Proprietary of Maryland.
Grant by the Duke to William Penn:
See PENNSYLVANIA; A. D. 1682; 1685; and 1760-1767.
DELAWARE: A. D. 1691-1702.
The practical independence of Penn's "lower counties" acquired.
"In April, 1691, with the reluctant consent of William Penn,
the 'territories,' or 'lower counties,' now known as the State
of Delaware, became for two years a government by themselves
under Markham. ... The disturbance by Keith [see PENNSYLVANIA;
A. D. 1692-1696] creating questions as to the administration
of justice, confirmed the disposition of the English
government to subject Pennsylvania to a royal commission; and
in April 1693, Benjamin Fletcher, appointed governor by
William and Mary, once more united Delaware to Pennsylvania."
But Penn, restored to his authority in 1694, could not resist
the jealousies which tended so strongly to divide the Delaware
territories from Pennsylvania proper. "In 1702, Pennsylvania
convened its legislature apart, and the two colonies were
never again united. The lower counties became almost an
independent republic; for, as they were not included in the
charter, the authority of the proprietary over them was by
sufferance only, and the executive power intrusted to the
governor of Pennsylvania was too feeble to restrain the power
of their people. The legislature, the tribunals, the
subordinate executive officers of Delaware knew little of
external control."
_G. Bancroft, History of the United States.
(author's last revision), part 3, chapter 2 (volume 2)._
The question of jurisdiction over Delaware was involved
throughout in the boundary dispute between the proprietaries
of Pennsylvania and Maryland.
See PENNSYLVANIA; A. D. 1685; and 1760-1767.
{657}
DELAWARE: A. D. 1760-1766.
The question of taxation by Parliament.
The Stamp Act and its repeal.
The Declaratory Act.
The First Continental Congress.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1760-1775; 1763-1764; 1765; and 1766.
DELAWARE: A. D. 1766-1774
Opening events of the Revolution.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1766-1767 to 1774;
and BOSTON: A. D. 1768 to 1773.
DELAWARE: A. D. 1775.
The beginning of the war of the American Revolution.
Lexington.
Concord.
Action taken on the news.
Ticonderoga.
The siege of Boston.
Bunker Hill.
The Second Continental Congress.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1775.
DELAWARE: A. D. 1776.
Further introduction of slaves prohibited.
See SLAVERY, NEGRO: A. D.1776-1808.
DELAWARE: A. D. 1776-1783.
The War of Independence.
Peace with Great Britain.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1776 to 1783.
DELAWARE: A. D. 1777-1779.
Withholding ratification from the Articles of Confederation.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1781-1786.
DELAWARE: A. D. 1787.
The adoption and ratification of the Federal Constitution.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1787, and 1787-1789.
DELAWARE: A. D. 1861 (April).
Refusal of troops on the call of President Lincoln.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861 (APRIL).
----------DELAWARE: End----------
DELAWARE RIVER,
Washington's passage of the.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1776-1777.
DELAWARES, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: DELAWARES.
DELFT: Assassination of the Prince of Orange (1584).
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1581-1584.
DELHI: 11th Century.
Capture by Mahmoud of Gazna.
See TURKS: A. D. 999-1183.
DELHI: A. D. 1192-1290.
The capital of the Mameluke or Slave dynasty.
See INDIA: A. D. 977-1290.
DELHI: A. D. 1399.
Sack and massacre by Timour.
See TIMOUR.
DELHI: A. D. 1526-1605.
The founding of the Mogul Empire by Babar and Akbar.
See INDIA: A. D. 1399-1605.
DELHI: A. D. 1739.
Sack and massacre by Nadir Shah.
See INDIA: A. D. 1662-1748.
DELHI: A. D. 1760-1761.
Taken and plundered by the Mahrattas.
Then by the Afghans.
Collapse of the Mogul Empire.
See INDIA: A. D. 1747-1761.
DELHI: A. D. 1857.
The Sepoy Mutiny.
Massacre of Europeans.
Explosion of the magazine.
English siege and capture of the city.
See INDIA: A. D. 1857 (MAY-AUGUST)
and (JUNE-SEPTEMBER).
----------DELHI: End----------
DELIAN CONFEDERACY.
See GREECE: B. C. 478--477;
and ATHENS: B. C. 466-454, and after.
DELIAN FESTIVAL.
See DELOS.
DELIUM, Battle of (B. C. 424).
A serious defeat suffered by the Athenians in the
Peloponnesian War, B. C. 424, at the hands of the Thebans and
other Bœotians. It was consequent upon the seizure by the
Athenians of the Bœotian temple of Delium--a temple of
Apollo--on the sea-coast, about five miles from Tanagra, which
they fortified and intended to hold. After the defeat of the
army which was returning from this exploit, the garrison left
at Delium was besieged and mostly captured. Among the hoplites
who fought at Delium was the philosopher Socrates. The
commander Hippocrates was slain.
_Thucydides, History, book 4, section 89-100._
ALSO IN:
_G. Grote, History of Greece, part 2, chapter 53._
See GREECE: B. C. 424-421.
DELOS.
Delos, the smallest island of the group called the Cyclades,
but the most important in the eyes of the Ionian Greeks, being
their sacred isle, the fabled birthplace of Apollo and long
the chief seat and center of his worship. "The Homeric Hymn to
Apollo presents to us the island of Delos as the centre of a
great periodical festival in honour of Apollo, celebrated by
all the cities, insular and continental, of the Ionic name.
What the date of this hymn is, we have no means of
determining: Thucydides quotes it, without hesitation, as the
production of Homer, and, doubtless, it was in his time
universally accepted as such,--though modern critics concur in
regarding both that and the other hymns as much later than the
Iliad and Odyssey. It cannot probably be later than 600 B. C.
The description of the Ionic visitors presented to us in this
hymn is splendid and imposing; the number of their ships, the
display of their finery, the beauty of their women, the
athletic exhibitions as well as the matches of song and
dance,--all these are represented as making an ineffaceable
impression on the spectator: 'the assembled Ionians look as if
they were beyond the reach of old age or death.' Such was the
magnificence of which Delos was the periodical theatre, and
which called forth the voices and poetical genius not merely
of itinerant bards, but also of the Delian maidens in the
temple of Apollo, during the century preceding 560 B. C. At
that time it was the great central festival of the Ionians in
Asia and Europe."
_G. Grote, History of Greece, part 2, chapter 12._
During the war with Persia, Delos was made the common treasury
of the Greeks; but Athens subsequently took the custody and
management of the treasury to herself and reduced Delos to a
dependency. The island was long the seat of an extensive
commerce, and Delian bronze was of note in the arts.
DELOS: B. C. 490.
Spared by the Persians.
See GREECE: B. C. 490.
DELOS: B. C. 477.
The Delian Confederacy.
See GREECE: B. C. 478-477;
and ATHENS: B. C. 466-454, and after.
DELOS: B. C. 461-454 (?).
Removal of the Confederate treasury to Athens.
See ATHENS: B. C. 466-454.
DELOS: B. C. 425-422.
Purifications.
"In the midst of the losses and turmoil of the [Peloponnesian]
war it had been determined [at Athens] to offer a solemn
testimony of homage to Apollo on Delos, [B. C. 425]--a homage
doubtless connected with the complete cessation of the
pestilence, which had lasted as long as the fifth year of the
war. The solemnity consisted in the renewed consecration of
the entire island to the divine Giver of grace; all the
coffins containing human remains being removed from Delos, and
Rhenea appointed to be henceforth the sole burial-place. This
solemnity supplemented the act formerly performed by the
orders of Pisistratus, and it was doubtless in the present
instance also intended, by means of a brilliant renewal of the
Delian celebration, to strengthen the power of Athens in the
island sea, to give a festive centre to the Ionic world. ...
But the main purpose was clearly one of morality and religion.
It was intended to calm and edify the minds of the citizens."
_E. Curtius, History of Greece, book 4, chapter 2._
{658}
Three years later (B. C. 422) the Athenians found some reason
for another purification of Delos which was more radical,
consisting in the expulsion of all the inhabitants from the
island. The unfortunate Delians found an asylum at Adramyttium
in Asia, until they were restored to their homes next year,
through the influence of the Delphic oracle.
_Thucydides, History, book 5, section 1._
DELOS: B. C. 88.
Pontic Massacre.
Early in the first war of Mithridates with the Romans (B. C.
88), Delos, which had been made a free port and had become the
emporium of Roman commerce in the east, was seized by a Pontic
fleet, and pillaged, 20,000 Italians being massacred on the
island. The treasures of Delos were sent to Athens and the
island restored to the Athenian control.
_W. Ihne, History of Rome, book 7, chapter 17._
DELOS: B. C. 69.
Ravaged by Pirates.
"Almost under the eyes of the fleet of Lucullus, the pirate
Athenodorus surprised in 685 [B. C. 69] the island of Delos,
destroyed its far-famed shrines and temples, and carried off
the whole population into slavery."
_T. Mommsen, History of Rome, book 5, chapter 2._
DELOS: Slave Trade-under the Romans.
"Thrace and Sarmatia were the Guinea Coast of the Romans. The
entrepôt of this trade was Delos, which had been made a free
port by Rome after the conquest of Macedonia. Strabo tells us
that in one day 10,000 slaves were sold there in open market.
Such were the vile uses to which was put the Sacred Island,
once the treasury of Greece."
_H. G. Liddell, History of Rome, book 5, chapter 48._
----------DELOS: End----------
DELPHI.--KRISSA (CRISSA).--KIRRHA (CIRRHA).
"In those early times when the Homeric Hymn to Apollo was
composed the town of Krissa [in Phocis, near Delphi] appears
to have been great and powerful, possessing all the broad
plain between Parnassus, Kirphis, and the gulf, to which
latter it gave its name,--and possessing also, what was a
property not less valuable, the adjoining sanctuary of Pytho
itself, which the Hymn identifies with Krissa, not indicating
Delphi as a separate place. The Krissæans, doubtless, derived
great profits from the number of visitors who came to visit
Delphi, both by land and by sea, and Kirrha was originally
only the name for their seaport. Gradually, however, the port
appears to have grown in importance at the expense of the
town; ... while at the same time the sanctuary of Pytho with
its administrators expanded into the town of Delphi, and came
to claim an independent existence of its own. ... In addition
to the above facts, already sufficient in themselves as seeds
of quarrel, we are told that the Kirrhæans abused their
position as masters of the avenue to the temple by sea, and
levied exorbitant tolls on the visitors who landed there. ...
Besides such offence against the general Grecian public, they
had also incurred the enmity of their Phocian neighbours by
outrages upon women, Phocian as well as Argeian, who were
returning from the temple. Thus stood the case, apparently,
about 595 B. C., when the Amphiktyonic meeting interfered ...
to punish the Kirrhæans. After a war of ten years, the first
Sacred War in Greece, this object was completely accomplished,
by a joint force of Thessalians under Eurylochus, Sikyonians
under Kleisthenes, and Athenians under Alkmæon; the Athenian
Solon being the person who originated and enforced, in the
Amphiktyonic council, the proposition of interference. Kirrha
... was destroyed, or left to subsist merely as a landing
place; and the whole adjoining plain was consecrated to the
Delphian god, whose domains thus touched the sea. ... The fate
of Kirrha in this war is ascertained: that of Krissa is not so
clear, nor do we know whether it was destroyed, or left
subsisting in a position of inferiority with regard to Delphi.
From this time forward, the Delphian community appears as
substantive and autonomous, exercising in their own right the
management of the temple; though we shall find, on more than
one occasion, that the Phocians contest this right. ... The
spoils of Kirrha were employed by the victorious allies in
founding the Pythian Games. The octennial festival hitherto
celebrated at Delphi in honour of the god, including no other
competition except in the harp and the pæan, was expanded into
comprehensive games on the model of the Olympic, with matches
not only of music, but also of gymnastics and
chariots,--celebrated, not at Delphi itself, but on the
maritime plain near the ruined Kirrha,--and under the direct
superintendence of the Amphiktyons themselves. ... They were
celebrated in the latter half of summer, or first half of
every third Olympic year. ... Nothing was conferred but
wreaths of laurel."
_G. Grote, History of Greece, part 2, chapter 28._
See, also, ATHENS: B. C. 610-586;
PYTHO; ORACLES OF THE GREEKS;
and AMPHIKTYONIC COUNCIL.
DELPHI: B. C. 357-338.
Seizure by the Phocians.
The Sacred Wars.
Deliverance by Philip of Macedon.
War with Amphissa.
See GREECE: B. C. 357-336.
DELPHI: B. C. 279.
Discomfiture of the Gauls.
See GAULS: B. C. 280-279.
----------DELPHI: End----------
DELPHIC ORACLE, The.
See ORACLES OF THE GREEKS.
DELPHIC SIBYL, The.
See SIBYLS.
DEMES.--DEMI.
See PHYLÆ; also, ATHENS: B. C. 510-507.
DEMETES, The.
One of the tribes of ancient Wales.
See BRITAIN, CELTIC TRIBES.
DEMETRIUS,
The Impostor.
See RUSSIA: A. D. 1533-1682.
Demetrius Poliorcetes, and the wars of the Diadochi.
See MACEDONIA: B. C. 315-310, 310-301;
also GREECE: B. C. 307-301;
and RHODES: B. C. 305--304.
DEMIURGI.--COSMOS.--TAGOS OR TAGUS.
Of the less common titles applied among the ancient Greeks to
their supreme magistrates, are "Cosmos, or Cosmios, and Tagos
(signifying Arranger and Commander), the former of which we
find in Crete, the latter in the Thessalian cities. With the
former we may compare the title of Cosmopolis, which was in
use among the Epizephyrian Locrians. A more frequent title is
that of Demiurgi, a name which seems to imply a constitution
no longer oligarchical, but which bestowed certain rights on
the Demos. In the time of the Peloponnesian war magistrates of
this kind existed in Elis and in the Arcadian Mantinæa. ...
The title is declared by Grammarians to have been commonly
used among the Dorians. ... A similar title is that of
Demuchus, which the supreme magistrates of Thespiæ in Bœotia
seem to have borne. ... The Artyni at Epidaurus and Argos we
have already mentioned."
_G. Schömann, Antiquity of Greece: The State,
part 2, chapter 5._
{659}
DEMOCRATIC OR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICAN PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1789-1792; 1825-1828; 1845-1846.
DEMOSTHENES,
the general at Sphacteria and at Syracuse.
See GREECE: B. C. 425,
and SYRACUSE: B. C. 415-413;
and ATHENS: B. C. 415-413.
Demosthenes the orator,
The Phillipics, and the Death of.
See GREECE: B. C. 357-336, 351-348,
and 323--322;
and ATHENS: B. C. 359-338, and 336-322.
DEMOTIC WRITING.
See HIEROGLYPHICS.
DEMUCHUS.
See DEMIURGI.
DENAIN. Battle of (1712).
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1710-1712.
DENARIUS, The.
See AS.
DENDERMONDE.
Surrender to the Spaniards (1584).
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1584-1585.
DENIS, King of Portugal, A. D. 1279-1323.
DENMARK.
See SCANDINAVIAN STATES.
DENNEWITZ, OR JÜTERBOGK, Battle of.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1813 (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER).
DENNIKON, Peace of (1531).
See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1531-1648.
DENVER, The founding of.
See COLORADO: A. D. 1806-1876.
DEORHAM, Battle of.
Fought A. D. 577, near Bath, England, between the invading
West Saxons and the Britons. The victory of the former gave
them possession of the lower valley of the Severn and
practically completed the Saxon conquest of England.
_J. R. Green, The Making of England, pages 125-131._
DERBEND, Pass of.
See JUROIPACH.
DERBY-DISRAELI MINISTRIES The.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1851-1852; 1858-1859;
and 1868-1870.
DERRY.
See LONDONDERRY.
DE RUSSY, Fort, Capture of.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1864 (MARCH-MAY: LOUISIANA).
DESERET, The proposed state of.
See UTAH: A. D. 1849-1850.
DESMONDS, The.
See GERALDINES.
DESMOULINS, Camille, and the French Revolution.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1789 (JULY); 1790;
1792 (AUGUST), to 1793-1794 (NOVEMBER-JUNE).
DESPOT OF EPIRUS.
"The title of despot, by which they [the mediæval princes of
Epirus] are generally distinguished, was a Byzantine honorary
distinction, never borne by the earlier members of the family
until it had been conferred on them by the Greek Emperor."
_G. Finlay, History of Greece from its conquest by the
Crusaders, chapter 6, section I._
See EPIRUS: A. D. 1204-1350.
DESPOTS,
Greek.
See TYRANTS.
Italian.
See ITALY: A. D. 1250-1520.
DESSAU, Battle of (1626).
See GERMANY: A. D. 1624-1626.
DESTRIERS.--PALFREYS.
"A cavaliere or man-at-arms was accompanied by one 'Destriero'
or strong war-horse, and one or two, sometimes three, mounted
squires who led the animal fully caparisoned; or carried the
helmet; lance and shield of their master: these 'Destrieri'
('rich and great horses' as Villani calls them), were so named
because they were led on the right hand without any rider, and
all ready for mounting: the squire's horses were of an
inferior kind called 'Ronzini,' and on the 'Palafreni' or
palfreys the knight rode when not in battle."
_H. E. Napier, Florentine History, volume 1, page 633._
DESTROYING ANGELS, OR DANITES.
See MORMONISM: A. D. 1830-1846.
DETROIT:
First occupied by the Coureurs de Bois.
See COUREURS DE BOIS.
DETROIT: A. D. 1686-1701.
The first French forts.
Cadillac's founding of the city.
At the beginning of the war called "Queen Anne's War" (1702)
"Detroit had already been established. In June, 1701, la Mothe
Cadillac, with a Jesuit father and 100 men, was sent to
construct a fort and occupy the country; hence he is spoken of
as the founder of the city. In 1686, a fort [called Fort St.
Joseph] had been constructed to the south of the present city,
where Fort Gratiot now stands, but it soon fell into decay and
was abandoned. It was not the site selected by Cadillac."
_W. Kingsford, History of Canada, volume 2, page 408._
"Fort St. Joseph was abandoned in the year 1688. The
establishment of Cadillac was destined to a better fate and
soon rose to distinguished importance among the western
outposts of Canada."
_F. Parkman, The Conspiracy of Pontiac, volume 1, page 218._
DETROIT: A. D. 1701-1755.
Importance to the French.
See CANADA: A. D. 1700-1735.
DETROIT: A. D. 1712.
Siege by the Foxes and Massacre of that tribe.
See CANADA: A. D. 1711-1713.
DETROIT: A. D. 1760.
The French settlement when surrendered to the English.
"The French inhabitants here are settled on both sides of the
river for about eight miles. When I took possession of the
country soon after the surrender of Canada [see CANADA: A. D.
1760], they were about 2,500 in number, there being near 500
that bore arms (to whom I administered oaths of allegiance)
and near 300 dwelling houses. Our fort here is built of
stockadoes, is about 25 feet high, and 1,200 yards in
circumference. ... The inhabitants raise wheat and other grain
in abundance, and have plenty of cattle, but they enrich
themselves chiefly by their trade with the Indians, which is
here very large and lucrative."
_Major R. Rogers, Concise Account of North America,
page 168._
DETROIT: A. D. 1763.
Pontiac's Siege.
See PONTIAC'S WAR.
DETROIT: A. D. 1775-1783.
Held by the British throughout the War of Independence.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1778-1779,
CLARK'S CONQUEST.
DETROIT: A. D. 1805.
Made the seat of government of the Territory of Michigan.
See INDIANA: A. D. 1800-1818.
DETROIT: A. D. 1812.
The surrender of General Hull.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1812 (JUNE-OCTOBER).
DETROIT: A. D 1813.
American recovery.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1812-1813.
{660}
DETTINGEN, Battle of (1743).
See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1743.
DEUSDEDIT, Pope, A. D. 615-618.
DEUTSCH. Origin of the name.
See GERMANY: THE NATIONAL NAME.
DEUTSCHBROD, Battle of (1422).
See BOHEMIA: A. D. 1419-1434.
DEVA.
One of the Roman garrison towns in
Britain, on the site of which is modern Chester,
taking its name from the castra or fortified
station of the legions. It was the station of
the 20th legion.
T. Mommsen, History of Rome, book 8, chapter 5.
DEVE-BOYUN, Battle of (1878).
See TURKS: A. D. 1877-1878.
DEVIL'S CAUSEWAY, The.
The popular name of an old Roman road in England which runs
from Silchester to London.
DEVIL'S HOLE,
The ambuscade and massacre at.
On the 13th of September, 1763, during the progress of
Pontiac's War, a train of wagons and packhorses, traversing
the Niagara portage between Lewiston and Fort Schlosser,
guarded by an escort of 24 soldiers, was ambuscaded by a party
of Seneca warriors at the place called the Devil's Hole, three
miles below the Niagara cataract. Seventy of the whites were
slain, and only three escaped.
_F. Parkman, The Conspiracy of Pontiac, chapter 21 (volume 2)._
DEVON COMMISSION, The.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1843-1848.
DEVONSHIRE, in the British age.
See DUMNONII.
DE WITT, John,
The administration and the murder of.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1651-1660, to 1672-1674.
DHIHAD.
See DAR-UL-ISLAM.
DIACRII, The.
See ATHENS: B. C. 594.
DIADOCHI, The.
The immediate successors of Alexander the Great, who divided
his empire, are sometimes so-called. "The word diadochi means
'successors,' and is used to include Antigonus, Ptolemy,
Seleucus, Lysimachus, etc.--the actual companions of
Alexander."
_J. P. Mahaffy, Story of Alexander's Empire, chapter 5._
See MACEDONIA: B. C. 323-316.
DIAMOND, Battle of the (1795).
See IRELAND: A. D. 1795-1796.
DIAMOND DISCOVERY IN SOUTH AFRICA (1867).
See GRIQUAS.
DIAMOND NECKLACE, The affair of the.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1784-1785.
DIASPORA, The.
A name applied to the Jews scattered throughout the Roman
world.
DIAZ, Porfirio, The Mexican presidency of.
See MEXICO: A. D. 1867-1888.
DICASTERIA.
The great popular court, or jury, in ancient Athens, called
the Heliæa, or Heliastæ consisting at one time of six thousand
chosen citizens, was divided into ten sections, called
Dicasteria. Their places of meeting also bore the same name.
_G. F. Schömann, Antiquity of Greece:
The State, part 3, chapter 3._
See ATHENS: B. C.445-431.
DICKINSON, John, in the American Revolution.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1767-1768; 1774 (SEPTEMBER);
1776 (JULY).
DICTATOR, Roman.
See CONSULS, ROMAN.
DIDIAN LAW, The.
See ORCHIAN, FANNIAN, DIDIAN LAWS.
DIDIER, OR DESIDERIUS,
King of the Lombards, A. D. 759-774.
DIDYMÆUM, The oracle of.
See ORACLES OF THE GREEKS.
DIEDENHOFEN, Battle of (1639).
See GERMANY: A. D. 1634-1639.
DIEPPE.
Bombardment and destruction by an English fleet.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1694.
DIES ATRI.
The days on which the Romans thought it unlucky to undertake
business of importance--for example, the day after the
Calends, Nones and Ides of each month--were called Dies Atri.
_W. Ramsay, Manual of Roman Antiquity, chapter 11._
DIES FASTI.
Dies Nefasti.
Dies Festi.
See FASTI, and LUDI.
DIET.
"An assembly, council, ... Parliament. ... The peculiar sense
of the word undoubtedly arose from a popular etymology that
connected it with the Latin 'dies,' a day, especially a set day, a
day appointed for public business; whence, by extension, a
meeting for business, an assembly."
_W. W. Skeat, Etymological Dictionary_
DIET:
The Germanic.
"The annual general councils and special councils of Charles
the Great did not long survive him, and neither his
descendants nor their successors revived them. They were
compelled, to be sure, both by custom and by policy to advise
with the chief men of the kingdom before taking any important
step or doing anything that depended for success on their
consent and cooperation, but they varied the number of their
counsellors and the time, place, and manner of consulting them
to suit their own convenience. Great formal assemblies of
counsellors summoned from all parts of the realm were termed
Imperial Diets (Reichstage); small, or local, or informal
assemblies of a similar kind were known as Court Diets
(Hoftage). Princes and other royal vassals, margraves,
palsgraves, Graves, barons, and even royal Dienstmannen were
indiscriminately summoned, but the Diets were in no sense
representative bodies until the Great Interregnum [see
GERMANY: A. D. 1250-1272] when certain cities acquired such
influence in public affairs that they were invited to send
delegates. The first Diet in which they participated was held
at Worms in February, 1255, by King William of Holland. Most
of the cities of the Rhenish League were there represented,
and they constituted an important factor of the assembly. The
affairs of the church shared attention with temporal affairs
in the Diets until the Popes succeeded in making good their
claims to supremacy in spiritual matters. Thereafter they were
altogether left to synods and church councils. ... Imperial
Diets and Court Diets continued to be held at irregular
intervals, whenever and wherever it pleased the king to
convene them, but Imperial Diets were usually held in Imperial
cities. These were not such heterogenous assemblies as
formerly, for few royal vassals, except princes, and no royal
Dienstmannen whatever were now invited to attend. Graves and
barons, and prelates who were not princes, continued to be
summoned, but the number and influence of the Graves and
barons in the Diets steadily waned. Imperial cities were for
many years only occasionally asked to participate, that is to
say, only when the king had especial need of their good
offices, but in the latter half of the 14th century they began
to be regularly summoned.
{661}
Imperial Diets were so frequently held during the Hussite War
and thereafter, that it became pretty well settled what
persons and what cities should take part in them, and only
those persons and those cities that were entitled to take part
in them were regarded as Estates of the realm. In the 15th
century they developed into three chambers or colleges, viz.,
the College of Electors [see GERMANY: A. D. 1125-1152], the
College of Princes, Graves, and Barons, usually called the
Council of Princes of the Empire (Reichsfürstenrath), and the
College of Imperial Cities. The Archbishop of Mentz presided
in the College of Electors, and the Archbishop of Salzburg and
the Duke of Austria presided alternately in the Council of
Princes of the Empire. The office of presiding in the College
of Imperial Cities devolved upon the Imperial city in which
the Diet sat. The king and members of both the upper Colleges
sometimes sent deputies to represent them, instead of
attending in person. In 1474 the cities adopted a method of
voting which resulted in a division of their College into two
Benches, called the Rhenish Bench and the Swabian Bench,
because the Rhenish cities were conspicuous members of the
one, and the Swabian cities conspicuous members of the other.
In the Council of Princes, at least, no regard was had to the
number of votes cast, but only to the power and influence of
the voters, whence a measure might pass the Diet by less than
a majority of the votes present. Having passed, it was
proclaimed as the law of the realm, upon receiving the king's
assent, but was only effective law in so far as the members of
the Diet, present or absent, assented to it. ... Not a single
Imperial Diet was summoned between 1613 and 1640. The king
held a few Court Diets during that long interval, consisting
either of the Electors alone, or of the Electors and such
other Princes of the Empire as he chose to summon. The
conditions of membership, and the manner of voting in the
College of Electors and the College of Imperial Cities
remained unchanged. ... The cities long strove in vain to have
their votes recognized as of equal weight with the others, but
the two upper Colleges insisted on regarding them as summoned
for consultation only, until the Peace of Westphalia settled
the matter by declaring that 'a decisive vote (votum
decisivum) shall belong to the Free Imperial Cities not less
than to the rest of the Estates of the Empire.' Generally, but
not always, the sense of each College was expressed by the
majority of votes cast. The Peace of Westphalia provided that
'in religious matters and all other business, when the Estates
cannot be considered one body (corpus), as also when the
Catholic Estates and those of the Augsburg Confession go into
two parts (in duas partes euntibus), a mere amicable agreement
shall settle the differences without regard to majority of
votes.' When the 'going into parts,' (itio in partes) took
place each College deliberated in two bodies, the Corpus
Catholicorum and the Corpus Evangelicorum. The king no longer
attended the Imperial Diets in person, but sent commissioners
instead, and it was now the common practice of members of both
the upper Colleges to send deputies to represent them."
_S. E. . Turner, Sketch of the Germanic
Constitution, chapter 4, 5, and 6._
"The establishment of a permanent diet, attended, not by the
electors in person, but by their representatives, is one of
the most striking peculiarities of Leopold's reign" (Leopold
I., 1657-1705). This came about rather accidentally than with
intention, as a consequence of the unusual prolongation of the
session of a general diet which Rudolph convoked at Ratisbon,
soon after his accession to the throne. "'So many new and
important objects ... occurred in the course of the
deliberations that the diet was unusually prolonged, and at
last rendered perpetual, as it exists at present, and
distinguishes the Germanic constitution as the only one of its
kind--not only for a certain length of time, as was formerly,
and as diets are generally held in other countries, where
there are national states; but the diet of the Germanic empire
was established by this event for ever. The diet acquired by
this circumstance an entirely different form. So long as it
was only of short duration, it was always expected that the
emperor, as well as the electors, princes, counts and
prelates, if not all, yet the greatest part of them, should
attend in person. ... It is true, it had long been customary
at the diets of Germany, for the states to deliver their votes
occasionally by means of plenipotentiaries; but it was then
considered only as an exception, whereas it was now
established as a general rule, that all the states should send
their plenipotentiaries, and never appear themselves. ... The
whole diet, therefore, imperceptibly acquired the form of a
congress, consisting solely of ministers, similar in a great
degree to a congress where several powers send their envoys to
treat of peace. In other respects, it may be compared to a
congress held in the name of several states in perpetual
alliance with each other, as in Switzerland, the United
Provinces, and as somewhat of a similar nature exists at
present in North America; but with this difference,--that in
Germany the assembly is held under the authority of one common
supreme head, and that the members do not appear merely as
deputies, or representatives invested with full power by their
principals, which is only the case with the imperial cities;
but so that every member of the two superior colleges of the
empire is himself an actual sovereign of a state, who permits
his minister to deliver his vote in his name and only
according to his prescription.'"
S. A. Dunham, History of the Germanic Empire,
book 3, chapter 3 (volume 3)--(quoting Putter's Historical
Development of the Germanic Constitution.)
Of the later Diet, of the Germanic Confederation, something
may be learned under GERMANY: A. D. 1814-1820, and 1848
(MARCH-SEPTEMBER).
----------DIET: End----------
DIFFIDATION, The Right of.
See LANDFRIEDE.
DIGITI.
See FOOT, THE ROMAN.
DIJON, Battle at.
See BURGUNDIANS: A. D. 500.
DIJON, Origin of.
Dijon, the old capital of the Dukes of Burgundy, was
originally a strong camp-city--an "urbs quadrata"--of the
Romans, known as the Castrum Divionense. Its walls were 30
feet high, 15 feet thick, and strengthened with 33 towers.
_T. Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders, book 4, chapter 9._
DILEMITES, The.
See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 815-945.
DIMETIA.
See BRITAIN: 6th CENTURY.
DINAN, Battle of (1597).
See FRANCE: A. D. 1593-1598.
{662}
DINANT, Destruction of.
In the 15th century, down to the year 1466, Dinant was a
populous and thriving town. It was included in the little
state of the prince-bishop of Liege, and was involved in the
war of the Duke of Burgundy with Liege, which ruined both
Liege and Dinant. "It was inhabited by a race of industrious
artisans, preëminent for their skill in the manufacture of
copper. The excellence of their workmanship is attested by
existing specimens--organ-screens, baptismal fonts, and other
ecclesiastical decorations. But the fame of Dinant had been
chiefly spread by its production of more common and useful
articles, especially of kitchen utensils,--'pots and pans and
similar wares,'--which, under the name of 'Dinanderie,' were
known to housewives throughout Europe." In the course of the
war a party of rude young men from Dinant gave deep,
unforgivable provocation to the Duke of Burgundy by
caricaturing and questioning the paternity of his son, the
count of Charolais, afterwards Duke Charles the Bold. To
avenge this insult nothing less than the destruction of the
whole city would satisfy the implacable and ferocious
Burgundians. It was taken by the count of Charolais in August,
1466. His first proceeding was to sack the town, in the most
thorough and deliberate manner. Then 800 of the more obnoxious
citizens were tied together in pairs and drowned in the Meuse,
while others were hanged. This accomplished, the surviving
women, children and priests were expelled from the town and
sent empty-handed to Liege, while the men were condemned to
slavery, with the privilege of ransoming themselves at a heavy
price, if they found anywhere the means. Finally, the torch
was applied, Dinant was burned, and contractors were
subsequently employed by the Duke for several months, to
demolish the ruins and remove the very materials of which the
city had been built.
_J. F. Kirk, History of Charles the Bold, book 1, chapter 8-9._
ALSO IN:
_E. de Monstrelet (Johnes), Chronicles,
book 3, chapter 138-139._
_Philip de Commines, Memoirs, book 2, chapter 1._
DINWIDDIE COURT HOUSE, Action at.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1865 (MARCH-APRIL: VIRGINIA).
DIOBOLY, The.
Pericles "was the proposer of the law [at Athens] which
instituted the 'Dioboly,' or free gift of two obols to each
poor citizen, to enable him to pay the entrance-money at the
theatre during the Dionysia."
_C. W. C. Oman, History of Greece, page 271._
See ATHENS: B. C. 435-431.
DIOCESES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
"The civil government of the empire was distributed [under
Constantine and his successors] into thirteen great dioceses,
each of which equalled the just measure of a powerful kingdom.
The first of these dioceses was subject to the jurisdiction of
the Count of the East. The place of Augustal Præfect of Egypt
was no longer filled by a Roman knight, but the name was
retained. ... The eleven remaining dioceses--of Asiana,
Pontica, and Thrace; of Macedonia, Dacia and Pannonia, or
Western Illyricum; of Italy and Africa; of Gaul, Spain, and
Britain--were governed by twelve vicars or vice-præfects."
_E. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chapter 17.
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25717_
See PUÆTORIAN PRÆFECTS.
DIOCLETIAN, Roman Emperor.
See ROME: A. D. 284-305..
DIOCLETIAN: Abdication.
"The ceremony of his abdication was performed in a spacious
plain about three miles from Nicomedia [May 1, A. D. 305]. The
Emperor ascended a lofty throne, and, in a speech full of
reason and dignity, declared his intention, both to the people
and to the soldiers who were assembled on this extraordinary
occasion. As soon as lie had divested himself of the purple,
he withdrew from the gazing multitude, and, traversing the
city in a covered chariot, proceeded without delay to the
favourite retirement [Salona] which he had chosen in his
native country of Dalmatia."
_E. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chapter 13.
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25717_
See, also, SALONA.
DIOKLÉS, Laws of.
A code of laws framed at Syracuse, immediately after the
Athenian siege, by a commission of ten citizens the chief of
whom was one Dioklês. These laws were extinguished in a few
years by the Dyonisian tyranny, but revived after a lapse of
sixty years. The code is "also said to have been copied in
various other Sicilian cities, and to have remained in force
until the absorption of all Sicily under the dominion of the
Romans."
_G. Grote, History of Greece, part 2, chapter 81._
DIONYSIA AT ATHENS.
"The four principal Attik Dionysiak festivals were (1) the
Dionysia Mikra, the Lesser or Rural Dionysia; (2) the Dionysia
Lenaia; (3) the Anthesteria; and (4) the Dionysia Megala, the
Greater or City Dionysia. The Rural Dionysia, celebrated
yearly in the month Posideon (Dec.-January) throughout the
various townships of Attike, was presided over by the demarch
or mayor. The celebration occasioned a kind of rustic
carnival, distinguished like almost all Bakchik festivals, by
gross intemperance and licentiousness, and during which slaves
enjoyed a temporary freedom, with licence to insult their
superiors and behave in a boisterous and disorderly manner. It
is brought vividly before us in the 'Acharnes' of
Aristophanes. ... The Anthesteria, or Feast of Flowers,
celebrated yearly in the month Anthesterion (February-March), ...
lasted for three days, the first of which was called
Pithoigia, or Tap-barrel-day, on which they opened the casks
and tried the wine of the previous year. ... The Dionysia
Megala, the Greater or City Dionysia, celebrated yearly in the
month Elaphebolion (March-April) was presided over by the
Archon Eponymos, so-called because the year was registered in
his name, and who was first of the nine. The order of the
solemnities was as follows:
I. The great public procession.
II. The chorus of Youths.
III. The Komos, or band of Dionysiak revellers, whose
ritual is best illustrated in Milton's exquisite poem.
IV. The representation of Comedy and Tragedy; for at
Athenai the stage was religion and the theatre a temple.
At the time of this great festival the capital was filled with
rustics from the country townships, and strangers from all
parts of Hellas and the outer world."
_R. Brown, The Great Dionysiak Myth, chapter 6._
DIONYSIAN TYRANNY AT SYRACUSE, The.
See SYRACUSE: B. C. 397-396, and 344.
DIPLAX, The.
See PEPLUM.
DIPYLUM, The.
See CERAMICUS OF ATHENS.
DIRECTORY, The French.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1795 (JUNE-SEPTEMBER);
(OCTOBER-DECEMBER); 1797 (SEPTEMBER).
{663}
DISINHERITED BARONS, The.
See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1332-1333.
DISRAELI-DERBY AND BEACONSFIELD MINISTRIES.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1851-1852: 1858-1859;
1868-1870: and 1873-1880.
DISRUPTION OF THE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND.
See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1843.
DISSENTERS, OR NONCONFORMISTS, English:
First bodies organized.
Persecutions under Charles II. and Anne.
Removal of Disabilities.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1559-1566; 1662-1665:
1672-1673: 1711-1714; 1827-1828.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE SURPLUS, The.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1835-1837.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, The.
See WASHINGTON (CITY): A. D. 1791.
DIVAN, The.
See SUBLIME PORTE.
DIVODURUM.
The Gallic name of the city afterwards called
Mediomatrici--now Metz.
DIVONA.
Modern Cahors.
See CADURCI.
DIWANI.
See INDIA: A. D. 1757-1772.
DIX, General John A.:
Message to New Orleans.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1860-1861 (DECEMBER-FEBRUARY).
DJEM, OR JEM, Prince, The Story of.
See TURKS: A. D. 1481-1520.
DOAB, The English acquisition of the.
See INDIA: A. D. 1798-1805.
DOBRIN, Knights of the Order of the Brethren of.
See PRUSSIA: 13TH CENTURY.
DOBRUDJA, The.
The peninsula formed between the Danube, near its mouth, and
the Black Sea.
DOBUNI, The.
A tribe of ancient Britons who held a region between the two
Avons.
See BRITAIN, CELTIC TRIBES.
DOCETISM.
"We note another phase of gnosticism in the doctrine so
directly and warmly combated in the epistles of John: we refer
to docetism--that is, the theory which refused to recognize
the reality of the human body of Christ."
_E. Reuss, History of Christian Theology in the Apostolic
Age, page 323._
DODONA.
See HELLAS.
DOGE.
See VENICE: A. D. 697-810.
DOGGER BANKS, Naval Battle of the (1781).
See NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1746-1787.
DOKIMASIA.
"All magistrates [in ancient Athens] whether elected by
cheirotonia or by lot, were compelled, before entering upon
their office, to subject themselves to a Dokimasia, or
scrutiny into their fitness for the post."
_G. F. Schöman, Antiquity of Greece:
The State, part 3, chapter 3._
DÖLICHOCEPHALIC MEN.
A term used in ethnology, signifying "long-headed," as
distinguishing one class of skulls among the remains of
primitive men, from another class called brachycephalic, or
"broad-headed."
DOLLINGER, Doctor, and the dogma of Papal Infallibility.
See PAPACY: A. D. 1869-1870.
DOLMENS.
See CROMLECHS.
DOMESDAY, OR DOOMSDAY BOOK.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1085-1086.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, The.
See HAYTI: A. D. 1804-1880.
DOMINICANS.
See MENDICANT ORDERS:
also, INQUISITION: A. D. 1203-1525.
DOMINION OF CANADA.-DOMINION DAY.
See CANADA: A. D. 1867.
DOMINUS.
See IMPERATOR, FINAL SIGNIFICATION OF
THE ROMAN TITLE.
DOMITIAN, Roman Emperor, A. D. 81-96.
DOMITZ, Battle of (1635).
See GERMANY: A. D. 1634-1639.
DON JOHN OF AUSTRIA.
See JOHN (DON) OF AUSTRIA.
DON PACIFICO AFFAIR, The.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1849-1850;
and GREECE: A. D. 1846-1850.
DONALD BANE, King of Scotland, A. D. 1093-1098
(expelled during part of the period by Duncan II.)
DONATI, The.
See FLORENCE: A. D. 1295-1300, and 1301-1313.
DONATION OF CONSTANTINE.
See PAPACY: A. D. 774 (?).
DONATION OF THE COUNTESS MATILDA.
See PAPACY: A. D. 1077-1102.
DONATIONS OF PEPIN AND CHARLEMAGNE.
See PAPACY: A. D. 755-774.
DONATISTS, The.
"The Donatist controversy was not one of doctrine, but of
ecclesiastical discipline; the contested election for the
archbishopric of Carthage. Two competitors, Cecilius and
Donatus, had been concurrently elected while the church was
yet in a depressed state, and Africa subject to the tyrant
Maxentius [A. D. 306-312]. Scarcely had Constantine subdued
that province, when the two rivals referred their dispute to
him. Constantine, who still publicly professed paganism, but
had shown himself very favourable to the Christians,
instituted a careful examination of their respective claims,
which lasted from the year 312 to 315, and finally decided in
favour of Cecilius. Four hundred African bishops protested
against this decision; from that time they were designated by
the name of Donatists. ... In compliance with an order of the
emperor, solicited by Cecilius, the property of the Donatists
was seized and transferred to the antagonist body of the
clergy. They revenged themselves by pronouncing sentence of
excommunication against all the rest of the Christian world.
... Persecution on one side and fanaticism on the other were
perpetuated through three centuries, up to the period of the
extinction of Christianity in Africa. The wandering preachers
of the Donatist faction had no other means of living than the
alms of their flocks. ... As might be expected, they outdid
each other in extravagance, and soon gave in to the most
frantic ravings: thousands of peasants, drunk with the effect
of these exhortations, forsook their ploughs and fled to the
deserts of Getulia. Their bishops, assuming the title of
captains of the saints, put themselves at their head, and they
rushed onward, carrying death and desolation into the adjacent
provinces: they were distinguished by the name of
Circumcelliones: Africa was devastated by their ravages."
_J. C. L. de Sismondi, Fall of the Roman Empire, chapter 4._
ALSO IN:
_P. Schaff, History of the Christian Church,
volume 2, chapter 6._
DONAUWÖRTH: A. D. 1632.
Taken by Gustavus Adolphus.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1631-1632.
DONAUWÖRTH: A. D. 1704.
Taken by Marlborough.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1704.
----------DONAUWÖRTH: End----------
DONELSON, Fort, Capture of.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (JANUARY-FEBRUARY:
KENTUCKY-TENNESSEE).
{664}
DONGAN CHARTER, The.
See NEW YORK (CITY): A. D. 1686.
DONUM.
See TALLAGE.
DONUS I., Pope, A. D. 676-678.
Donus II., Pope, A. D. 974-975.
DONZELLO.
See DÂMOISEL.
DOOMS OF INE, The.
"These laws were republished by King Alfred as 'The Dooms of
Ine' who [Ine] came to the throne in A. D. 688. In their first
clause they claim to have been recorded by King Ine with the
counsel and teaching of his father Cenred and of Hedde, his
bishop (who was Bishop of Winchester from A. D. 676 to 705)
and of Eorcenweld, his bishop (who obtained the see of London
in 675); and so, if genuine, they seem to represent what was
settled customary law in Wessex during the last half of the
seventh century."
_F. Seebohm, English Village Community, chapter 4._
DOOMSDAY, OR DOMESDAY BOOK.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1085-1086.
DOORANEES, OR DURANEES, The
See INDIA: A. D. 1747-1761.
DORDRECHT, OR DORT, Synod of.
See DORT;
also, NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1603-1619.
DORIA, Andrew, The deliverance of Genoa by.
See ITALY: A. D. 1527-1529.
DORIANS AND IONIANS, The.
"Out of the great Pelasgian population [see PELASGIANS], which
covered Anterior Asia Minor and the whole European peninsular
land, a younger people had issued forth separately, which we
find from the first divided into two races. These main races
we may call, according to the two dialects of the Greek
language, the Dorian and the Ionian, although these names are
not generally used until a later period to designate the
division of the Hellenic nation. No division of so thorough a
bearing could have taken place unless accompanied by an early
local separation. We assume that the two races parted company
while yet in Asia Minor. One of them settles in the
mountain-cantons of Northern Hellas, the other along the
Asiatic coast. In the latter the historic movement begins.
With the aid of the art of navigation, learnt from the
Phœnicians the Asiatic Greeks at an early period spread over
the sea; domesticating themselves in lower Egypt, in countries
colonized by the Phœnicians, in the whole Archipelago, from
Crete to Thrace; and from their original as well as from their
subsequent seats send out numerous settlements to the coast of
European Greece, first from the East side, next, after
conquering their timidity, also taking in the country, beyond
Cape Malea from the West. At first they land as pirates and
enemies, then proceed to permanent settlements in gulfs and
straits of the sea, and by the mouths of rivers, where they
unite with the Pelasgian population. The different periods of
this colonization may be judged of by the forms of divine
worship, and by the names under which the maritime tribes were
called by the natives. Their rudest appearance is as Carians;
as Leleges their influence is more beneficent and permanent."
_Dr. E. Curtius, History of Greece, book 1, chapter 2._
In the view of Dr. Curtius, the later migration of Ionian
tribes from Southern Greece to the coasts of Asia
Minor,--which is an undoubted historic fact,--was really a
return "into the home of their ancestors"--"the ancient home
of the great Ionic race." Whether that be the true view or
not, the movement in question was connected, apparently, with
important movements among the Dorian Greeks in Greece itself.
These latter, according to all accounts, and the agreement of
all historians, were long settled in Thessaly, at the foot of
Olympus (see GREECE: THE MIGRATIONS). It was there that their
moral and political development began; there that they learned
to look at Olympus as the home of the gods, which all Greeks
afterwards learned to do from them. "The service rendered by
the Dorian tribe," says Dr. Curtius, "lay in having carried
the germs of national culture out of Thessaly, where the
invasion of ruder peoples disturbed and hindered their farther
growth, into the land towards the south, where these germs
received an unexpectedly new and grand development. ... A race
claiming descent from Heracles united itself in this
Thessalian coast-district with the Dorians and established a
royal dominion among them. Ever afterwards Heraclidæ and
Dorians remained together, but without ever forgetting the
original distinction between them. In their seats by Olympus
the foundations were laid of the peculiarity of the Dorians in
political order and social customs; at the foot of Olympus was
their real home."-
_Dr. E. Curtius, History of Greece, book 1, chapter 4._
From the neighborhood of Olympus the Dorians moved southwards
and found another home in "the fertile mountain-recess between
Parnassus and Œta, ... the most ancient Doris known to us by
name." Their final movement was into Peloponnesus, which was
"the most important and the most fertile in consequences of
all the migrations of Grecian races, and which continued, even
to the latest periods to exert its influence upon the Greek
character." Thenceforwards the Dorians were the dominant race
in Peloponnesus, and to their chief state, Lacedæmonia, or
Sparta, was generally conceded the headship of the Hellenic
family. This Doric occupation of Peloponnesus, the period of
which is supposed to have been about 1100 B. C., no doubt
caused the Ionic migration from that part of Greece and
colonization of Asia Minor.
_C. O. Müller, History and Antiquities of the Doric race,
book 1, chapter 3._
The subsequent division of the Hellenic world between Ionians
and Dorians is thus defined by Schömann: "To the Ionians
belong the inhabitants of Attica, the most important part of
the population of Eubœa, and the islands of the Ægean included
under the common name of Cyclades, as well as the colonists
both on the Lydian and Carian coasts of Asia Minor and in the
two larger islands Of Chios and Samos which lie opposite. To
the Dorians within the Peloponnese belong the Spartans, as
well as the dominant populations of Argos, Sicyon, Philus,
Corinth, Troezene and Epidaurus, together with the island of
Ægina; outside the Peloponnese, but nearest to it, were the
Megarid, and the small Dorian Tetrapolis [also called
Pentapolis and Tripolis] near Mount Parnassus; at a greater
distance were the majority of the scattered islands and a
large portion of the Carian coasts of Asia Minor and the
neighbouring islands, of which Cos and Rhodes were the most
important. Finally, the ruling portion of the Cretan
population was of Dorian descent."
_G. F. Schömann, Antiquities of Greece:
The State, part 1, chapter 1._
See, also,
GREECE: THE MIGRATIONS; ASIA MINOR:
THE GREEK COLONIES; HERACLIDÆ; SPARTA;
and ÆOLIANS.
{665}
DORIS AND DRYOPIS.
"The little territory [in ancient Greece] called Doris and
Dryopis occupied the southern declivity of Mount Œta, dividing
Phokis on the north and northwest from the Ætolians, Ænianes
and Malians. That which was called Doris in the historical
times, and which reached in the times of Herodotus nearly as
far eastward as the Maliac gulf, is said to have formed a part
of what had been once called Dryopis; a territory which had
comprised the summit of Œta as far as the Sperchius,
northward, and which had been inhabited by an old Hellenic
tribe called Dryopes. The Dorians acquired their settlement in
Dryopis by gift from Hêraklês, who, along with the Malians (so
ran the legend), had expelled the Dryopes and compelled them
to find for themselves new seats at Hermionê, and Asinê, in
the Argolic peninsula of Peloponnesus,--at Styra and Karystus
in Eubœa,--and in the island of Kythnus; it is only in these
five last-mentioned places that history recognizes them. The
territory of Doris was distributed into four little
townships,--Pindus, or Akyphas, Bœon, Kytinion and Erineon.
... In itself this tetrapolis is so insignificant that we
shall rarely find occasion to mention it; but it acquired a
factitious consequence by being regarded as the metropolis of
the great Dorian cities in Peloponnesus, and receiving on that
ground special protection from Sparta."
_G. Grote, History of Greece, part 2, chapter 3._
ALSO IN:
_C. O. Müller, History and Antiquity of the Doric Race,
book 1, chapter 2._
See also, DORIANS AND IONIANS.
DORMANS, Battle of (1575).
See FRANCE: A. D. 1573-1576.
DORNACH, Battle of (1499).
See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1396-1499.
DORR REBELLION, The.
See RHODE ISLAND: A. D. 1841-1843.
DORT, OR DORDRECHT, The Synod of.
"In the low-countries the supreme government, the
states-general, interfered [in the Calvinistic controversy],
and in the year 1618 convoked the first and only synod bearing
something of the character of a general council that has been
convened by protestants. It assembled at Dort, and continued
its sittings from November till May following. Its business
was to decide the questions at issue between the Calvinists
and Arminians; the latter party were also termed remonstrants.
James [I.] was requested to send over representatives for the
English Church, and chose four divines:--Carlton bishop of
Llandaff, Hall dean of Worcester, afterwards bishop
successively of Exeter and Norwich, Davenant afterwards bishop
of Salisbury, and Dr. S. Ward of Cambridge. They were men of
learning and moderation. ... The history of this famous synod
is told in various ways. Its decisions were in favour of the
doctrines termed Calvinistic, and the remonstrants were
expelled from Holland. ... The majority were even charged by
the other party with having bound themselves by an oath before
they entered upon business, to condemn the remonstrants."
_J. B. Marsden, History of Early Puritans, page 329._
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1603-1619.
DORYLAEUM, Battle of (1097).
See CRUSADES: A. D. 1096-1099.
DOUAI: A. D.1667.
Taken by the French.
See NETHERLANDS (THE SPANISH PROVINCES): A. D. 1667.
DOUAI: A. D. 1668.
Ceded to France.
See NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1668.
DOUAI: A. D. 1710.
Siege and capture by Marlborough.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1710-1712.
----------DOUAI: End----------
DOUAI, The Catholic Seminary at.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1572-1603.
DOUBLOON.-DOBLON.
See SPANISH COINS.
DOUGHFACES.
The "Missouri Compromise," of 1820, in the United States, "was
a Northern measure, carried by Northern votes. With some the
threats of disunion were a sufficient influence; some, whom in
the debate Randolph [John Randolph, of Virginia] called
doughfaces, did not need even that. ... There has been always
a singular servility in the character of a portion of the
American people. In that class the slaveholder has always
found his Northern servitor. Randolph first gave it a name to
live by in the term doughface."
_W. C. Bryant and S. H. Gay, Popular History of the
United States, volume 4, pages 270 and 294._
DOUGLAS, Stephen A.,
and the doctrine of Squatter Sovereignty.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1854.
Defeat in Presidential election.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1860 (APRIL.-NOVEMBER).
DOURO, Battle of the (1580).
See PORTUGAL: A. D. 1579-1580.
Wellington's passage of the.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1809 (FEBRUARY-JULY).
DOVER, Roman Origin of.
See DUBRIS
DOVER, Tennessee, Battle at.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (FEBRUARY-APRIL: TENNESSEE).
DOVER, Treaty of.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1668-1670.
DOWLAH, Surajah, and the English in India.
See INDIA: A. D. 1755-1757, and 1757.
DRACHMA.
See TALENT.
DRACONIAN LAWS.
See ATHENS: B. C. 624.
DRAFT RIOTS, The.
See NEW YORK (CITY): A. D. 1863.
DRAGON.--PENDRAGON.
A title sometimes given in Welsh poetry to a king or great
military leader. Supposed to be derived from the figure of a
dragon on their flags, which they borrowed from the Romans.
See CUMBRIA.
DRAGONNADES, The.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1681-1698.
DRAKE'S PIRACIES, and his famous voyage.
See AMERICA: A. D. 1572-1580.
DRANGIANS, The.
See SARANGIANS.
DRAPIER'S LETTERS, The.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1722-1724.
DRAVIDIAN RACES.
See TURANIAN RACES;
also, INDIA: THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.
DRED SCOTT CASE, The.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1857.
DREPANA, Naval battle at, B. C. 249.
See PUNIC WAR, THE FIRST.
DRESDEN: A. D. 1756.
Capture and occupation by Frederick the Great.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1756.
DRESDEN: A. D. 1759-1760.
Capture by the Austrians.
Bombardment by Frederick.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1759 (JULY-NOVEMBER), and 1760.
DRESDEN: A. D. 1813.
Occupied by the Prussians and Russians.
Taken by the French.
Invested by the Allies.
Great battle before the city and victory for Napoleon.
French reverses.
St Cyr's surrender.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1812-1813;
1813 (APRIL-MAY); (AUGUST);
(SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER);
and (OCTOBER-DECEMBER).
----------DRESDEN: End----------
{666}
DRESDEN, Treaty of.
See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1744-1745.
DREUX, Battle of (1562).
See FRANCE: A. D. 1560-1563.
DROGHEDA, OR TREDAH,
Cromwell's massacre at.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1649-1650.
DROITWICH, Origin of.
See SALINÆ.
DROMONES.
A name given to the light galleys of the Byzantine empire.
_E. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chapter 53.
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25717_
DRUIDS.
The priesthood of a religion which existed among the Celts of
Gaul and Britain before they were Christianized. "Greek and
Roman writers give us very little information on this subject
and the early Welsh records and poetry none at all. Modern
Welsh writers have, however, made up for this want in their
genuine literature by inventing an elaborate Druidical system
of religion and philosophy which, they pretend, survived the
introduction of Christianity and was secretly upheld by the
Welsh bards in the Middle Ages. This Neo-Druidic imposture has
found numerous adherents."
_W. K. Sullivan, Article, "Celtic Literature,"
Encyclopedia Britannica._
"Pliny, alluding to the Druids' predilection for groves of
oak, adds the words: 'ut inde appellati quoque interpretatione
Græca possint Druidæ videri.' ... Had he possessed knowledge
enough of the Gaulish language, he would have seen that it
supplied an explanation which rendered it needless to have
recourse to Greek, namely in the native word 'dru,' which we
have in 'Drunemeton,' or the sacred Oak-grove, given by Strabo
as the name of the place of assembly of the Galatians. In
fact, one has, if I am not mistaken, been skeptic with regard
to this etymology, not so much on phonological grounds as from
failing exactly to see how the oak could have given its name
to such a famous organization as the druidic one must be
admitted to have been. But the parallels just indicated, as
showing the importance of the sacred tree in the worship of
Zeus and the gods representing him among nations other than
the Greek one, help to throw some light on this point.
According to the etymology here alluded to, the Druids would
be the priests of the god associated or identified with the
oak; that is, as we are told, the god who seemed to those who
were familiar with the pagan theology of the Greeks, to stand
in the same position in Gaulish theology that Zeus did in the
former. This harmonizes thoroughly with all that is known
about the Druids."
_J. Rhys, Hibbert Lectures., 1886, on Celtic
Heathendom, lecture 2, part. 2._