[1] According to Father Braun this custom cannot be traced earlier
than the 9th century. It forms no essential part of the ordination
ceremony (_Liturg. Gewandung_, p. 548).
[2] For the evolution of these rules see Braun, _op. cit._ pp. 546
seq.
MANIPUR, a native state on the north-east frontier of India, in
political subordination to the lieutenant-governor of Eastern Bengal and
Assam. Area, 8456 sq. m. Pop. (1901), 284,465. It is bounded on the N.
by the Naga country and the hills overlooking the Assam valley, on the
W. by Cachar district, on the E. by Upper Burma, and on the S. by the
Lushai hills. The state consists of a wide valley, estimated at about
650 sq. m., and a large surrounding tract of mountainous country. The
hill ranges generally run north and south, with occasional connecting
spurs and ridges of lower elevation between. Their greatest altitude is
in the north, where they reach to upwards of 8000 ft. above sea-level.
The principal geographical feature in the valley is the Logtak lake, an
irregular sheet of water of considerable size, but said to be yearly
growing smaller. The valley is watered by numerous rivers, the Barak
being the most important. The hills are densely clothed with tree jungle
and large forest timber. Some silk is produced and there are a few
primitive manufacturing industries, e.g. of pottery. Rice and forest
produce, however, are the principal exports. The road from Manipur to
the Assam-Bengal railway at Dimapur is the principal trade route.
The kingdom of Manipur, or, as the Burmans call it, Kasse or Kathe,
first emerges from obscurity as a neighbour and ally of the Shan kingdom
of Pong, which had its capital at Mogaung. The valley appears to have
been originally occupied by several tribes which came from different
directions. Although their general facial characteristics are Mongolian,
there is a great diversity of feature among the Manipuris, some of them
showing a regularity approaching the Aryan type. In the valley the
people are chiefly Hindus, that religion being of recent introduction.
Their own name for themselves is Meithei, and their language is a branch
of the Kuki-Chin family, spoken by 273,000 persons in all India in 1901.
One of their peculiarities is the high position enjoyed by women, who
conduct most of the trade of the valley. They have a caste system of
their own, different from that of India, and chiefly founded on the
system of _lallup_, or forced labour, which has been abolished by the
British. Every male between the ages of seventeen and sixty was formerly
obliged to place his services at the disposal of the state for a certain
number of days each year, and to different classes of the people
different employments were assigned. About four hundred Mahommedan
families, descendants of settlers from Bengal, reside to the east of the
capital. The aboriginal hill-men belong to one of the two great
divisions of Nagas and Kukis, and are subdivided into innumerable clans
and sections with slight differences in language, customs or dress. The
state is noted for the excellence of its breed of ponies. The English
game of polo was introduced from Manipur, where it forms a great
national pastime.
The first relations of the British with Manipur date from 1762, when the
raja solicited British aid to repel a Burmese invasion, and a treaty
was entered into. The force was recalled, and little communication
between the two countries took place until 1824, on the outbreak of the
first Burmese War. British assistance was again invoked by the raja, and
the Burmese were finally expelled from both the Assam and the Manipur
valleys. Disputed successions have always been a cause of trouble. The
raja, Chandra Kirtti Singh, died in 1886, and was succeeded by his
eldest son, Sur Chandra Singh, who appointed his next brother, Kula
Chandra Dhuya Singh, _jubraj_, or heir-apparent. In 1890 another
brother, the _senapati_, or commander-in-chief, Tikendrajit Singh,
dethroned the raja, and installed the _jubraj_ as regent, the ex-raja
retiring to Calcutta. In March 1891 the chief commissioner of Assam
(Quinton) marched to Manipur with 400 Gurkhas, in order to settle the
question of succession. His purpose was to recognize the new ruler, but
to remove the _senapati_. After some futile negotiations, Quinton sent
an ultimatum, requiring the surrender of the _senapati_, by the hands of
the political resident, F. Grimwood, but no result followed. An attempt
was then made to arrest the _senapati_, but after some sharp fighting,
in which Lieut. Brackenbury was killed, he escaped; and the Manipuris
then attacked the British residency with an overwhelming force. Quinton
was compelled to ask for a parley, and he, Colonel Skene, Grimwood,
Cossins and Lieut. Simpson, unarmed, went to the fort to negotiate. They
were all there treacherously murdered, and when the news arrived the
Gurkhas retreated to Cachar, Mrs Grimwood and the wounded being with
them. This led to a military expedition, which did not encounter much
resistance. The various columns, converging on Manipur, found it
deserted; and the regent, _senapati_, and others were captured during
May. After a formal trial the _senapati_ and one of the generals of the
rebellion were hanged and the regent was transported to the Andaman
Islands. But it was decided to preserve the existence of the state, and
a child of the ruling family, named Chura Chand, of the age of five, was
nominated raja. He was sent to be educated in the Mayo College at
Ajmere, and he afterwards served for two years in the imperial cadet
corps. Meanwhile the administration was conducted under British
supervision. The opportunity was seized for abolishing slavery and
unpaid forced labour, a land revenue of Rs. 2 per acre being substituted
in the valley and a house-tax in the hills. The boundaries of the state
were demarcated, disarmament was carried out, and the construction of
roads was pushed forward. In 1901 Manipur was visited by Lord Curzon, on
his way from Cachar to Burma. In May 1907 the government of the state
was handed over to Chura Chand, who was to be assisted by a council of
six Manipuris, with a member of the Indian civil service as
vice-president. At the same time it was announced that the government of
India would support the raja with all its powers and suppress summarily
all attempts to displace him. The revenue is £26,000. The capital is
Imphal, which is really an overgrown village; pop. (1901), 67,093.
See Mrs Ethel St Clair Grimwood, _My Three Years in Manipur_ (1891);
_Manipur State Gazetteer_ (Calcutta, 1905); T. C. Hodson, _The
Meitheis_ (1908).
MANISA (anc. _Magnesia ad Sipylum_), the chief town of the Saru-khan
sanjak of the Aidin (Smyrna) vilayet of Asia Minor, situated in the
valley of the Gediz Chai (Hermus), at the foot of Mt Sipylus, and
connected by railway with Smyrna and Afium Kara-Hissar. Pop. about
35,000, half being Mussulman. Manisa is an important commercial centre,
and contains interesting buildings dating from the times of the Seljuk
and early Osmanli sultans, including mosques built by Murad II. and III.
and a Mevlevi _Tekke_ second only to that at Konia. It is the seat of a
flourishing American mission. In 1204 Manisa was occupied by John Ducas,
who when he became emperor made it the Byzantine seat of government. In
1305, after the inhabitants had massacred the Catalan garrison, Roger de
Flor besieged it unsuccessfully. In 1313 the town was taken by Saru Khan
and became the capital of the Turcoman emirate of that name. In 1398 it
submitted to the Osmanli sultan Bayezid I., and in 1402 was made a
treasure city by Timur. In 1419 it was the scene of the insurrection of
the liberal reformer, Bedr ed-Din, which was crushed by Prince Murad,
whose residence in the town as Murad II., after twice abdicating the
throne, is one of the most romantic stories in Turkish history. In the
17th century Manisa became the residence of the greatest of the Dere Bey
families, Kara Osman Oglu, Turcoman by origin, and possibly connected
with the former emirs of Sarukhan, which seems to have risen to power by
farming the taxes of a province which princes of the house of Othman had
often governed and regarded with especial affection. The _liva_ of
Sarukhan was one of the twenty-two in the Ottoman Empire leased on a
life tenure up to the time of Mahmud II. In the 18th century the family
of Kara Osman Oglu (or Karasman) ruled _de facto_ all west central
Anatolia, one member being lord of Bergama and another of Aidin, while
the head of the house held Manisa with all the Hermus valley and had
greater power in Smyrna than the representative of the capitan pasha in
whose province that city nominally lay. Outside their own fiefs the
family had so much property that it was commonly said they could sleep
in a house of their own at any stage from Smyrna to Baghdad. The last of
its great beys was Haji Hussein Zade, who was frequently called in to
Smyrna on the petition of his friends, the European merchants, to assure
tranquillity in the troublous times consequent on Napoleon's invasion of
Egypt, and the British and Russian attacks on the Porte early in the
19th century. He always acquitted himself well, but having refused to
bring his contingent to the grand vizier when on the march to Egypt in
1798, and awakened the jealousy of the capitan pasha, he was in
continual danger. Exiled in 1812, he was subsequently restored to
Manisa, and died there in 1821. His son succeeded after sanguinary
tumults; but Mahmud II., who had long marked the family for destruction,
was so hostile towards it, after he had got rid of the janissaries, that
it had lost all but the shadow of power by 1830. Descendants survived in
Manisa who retained a special right of granting title-deeds within the
district, independent of the local administration. (D. G. H.)
MANISTEE, a city and the county-seat of Manistee county, Michigan,
U.S.A., on the Manistee river (which here broadens into a small lake)
near its entrance into Lake Michigan, about 114 m. W.N.W. of Grand
Rapids. Pop. (1890), 12,812; (1900), 14,260 (4966 foreign-born); (1904,
state census), 12,708; (1910), 12,381. It is served by the Père
Marquette, the Manistee & Grand Rapids, the Manistee & North-Eastern,
and the Manistee & Luther railways, and by steamboat lines to Chicago,
Milwaukee and other lake ports. The channel between Lake Manistee and
Lake Michigan has been considerably improved since 1867 by the Federal
government. There is a United States life-saving station at the harbour
entrance. The city has a county normal school, a school for the deaf and
dumb, a domestic science and manual training school, a business college,
and a Carnegie library. Manistee is a summer resort, with good trout
streams and well-known brine-baths. One mile from the city limits, on
Lake Michigan, is Orchard Beach, a bathing resort, connected with the
city by electric railway; and about 9 m. north of Manistee is Portage
Lake (about 2 m. long and 1 m. wide), a fishing resort and harbour of
refuge (with a good channel from Lake Michigan), connected with the city
by steamboat and railway. Manistee has large lumber interests, is the
centre of an extensive fruit-growing region, and has various
manufactures, including lumber and salt.[1] The total value of the
factory product in 1904 was $3,256,601. The municipality owns and
operates its waterworks. Manistee (the name being taken from a former
Ottawa Indian village, probably on Little Traverse Bay, Mich.) was
settled about 1849, and was chartered as a city in 1869, the charter of
that year being revised in 1890.