219, 221.
_See also individual sites._
Gadsden, Christopher, legislator, 128
Gage, Gen. Thomas, British officer-official, 10
Galloway, John, Loyalist, 138
Gardens, famous, 236–237. _See also specific sites._
Garrison house, 178
General Floyd House, N.Y., 54, _212–213_
General Services Administration (U.S.), _see_ United States General
Services Administration
George II, King of England, 68
George III, King of England, 4, 8, 15, 22, 24, 68
George Taylor Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, 227
Georgetown and Georgetown County, S.C., 99
Georgia (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 8, 9,
15, 16, 18, 24, 30, 51, 54, 56, 62–67, 76, 138, 140–142, 148,
161, 173–177
Georgia State Society, Daughters of the American Revolution, 176
Georgian architectural style, 176–178, 181–183, 185–191, 194–198,
201–202, 206–213, 218–219, 226–227, 229–234, 239–249, 251–256
German Evangelical Lutheran Church, Pa., 138
Germans and Germany, 40
Germantown and Battle of Germantown, Pa., 23, 151, 224
Germantown (Pa.) Historical Society, 226
Gerry, Elbridge (signer), career of and sites associated with, 24, 29,
_59–62_, _195–198_
Gerry, Mrs. Elbridge, wife of signer, 61–62
Gerry, Thomas, father of signer, 197
Gerry Birthplace, Mass., _197–198_
Gerry family, 197
“Gerrymander,” 61
Gifford (village), Scotland, 149
Glamorganshire, Wales, 95
Glasgow, Scotland, 149
Gloria Dei (Old Swedes’) Church National Historic Site, Pa., 226
Gloucestershire, England, 62
“God save the King” (British national anthem), 76
“God save the thirteen States” (song), 76
Goochland County, Va., 86
Governor Hopkins House, R.I., _231–232_
Governor Huntington House, Conn., _see_ Huntington House
Governors, _see specific colonies/States and individuals_
Grace Episcopal Church, Va., 112
Graff, Jacob, Jr., House, Pa.: and Declaration of Independence,
18, 222;
illus. of, 225, _rear endpaper_
Graham, Gov. (N.C.) William A., and Nash-Hooper House, 214
Grammar schools, _see_ Education
Granville County, N.C., 117
Graves, graveyards, and gravestones, _see_ Cemeteries and burial places
Great Britain, agents of various American colonies in, 56;
and Federalists, 61;
and Ga., 15, 64, 89;
and Liberty Bell, 221;
and signers, 28, 31, 41, 56, 62, 64, 68, 76, 82, 88, 95, 99, 103,
106, 109, 111, 113, 115, 127, 136, 143, 240;
and slave trade, 20;
Army of, _see_ Independence movement and British-colonial clash _and
specific wars_;
Bank of England in, 46;
clashes with American Colonies, _see_ Independence movement and
British-colonial clash _and_ War for Independence;
colonies of, _see_ Colonies;
Commonwealth of Nations of, 147;
“conspiracy” in, 3–4;
constitution of, 15;
creditors in, 4, 78;
debtors in, 78;
diplomacy of and U.S. diplomats in, 35, 194, 196;
Empire of, and Colonies, 155;
financial problems of, 3;
France cedes lands to, 3, 4;
grants lands, 95;
kings of, _see specific kings_;
national anthem of, 76;
navy of, 64, 98, 141;
Parliament of, _see under_ Independence movement and British-colonial
clash;
people of, and Declaration of Independence, 20;
recognizes U.S. independence, _see_ Treaty of Paris;
reorganization of imperial structure of, 147;
Revolutionary tracts circulate in, 81, 146;
rights of citizens of, 8–9;
ties of, to American Colonies, 8;
trade of, 8, 9, 31, 37, 46;
treasury of, 3;
wars of, _see specific wars_.
_See also_ Irish, Ireland, and Scotch-Irish;
Scots, Scotland, and Scotch-Irish;
Wales and Welshmen;
_and other appropriate topics throughout this index_.
Great Compromise, in U.S. Constitutional Convention, 131
Greek language, 39, 156
Greek Revival architectural style, 164–165, 166, 168, 180, 185–186,
199–201, 203–204, 207–208, 231
Greenland, 115
Greensboro, N.C., 79, 118, 161
Greenwich Forge and Greenwich Township, N.J., 138, 226
Grievances, colonial, _see_ Independence movement and British-colonial
clash
Grist mills, 72
Grove Street Cemetery, Conn., 131
Guilford Courthouse National Military Park, N.C., 79, 118, 161, 216
Guns and gunpowder, _see_ Arms, ammunition, and ordnance
Gwinnett, Button (signer), career of and sites associated with, 27–28,
_62–64_, 65, 67, 98, 140, 161, _176–177_
Gwinnett, Mrs. Button, wife of signer, 62
H-shaped buildings, 251–253, 253–255
Habre-de-Venture (estate), Md., 136, _186–188_, 189
Hackney School, England, 103, 111
Haddington (town) and Haddington Presbytery, Scotland, 149
Hague (town), Va., 94
“Hail Columbia” (song), 81
Halifax Resolves, 74
Hall, Lyman (signer), career of and sites associated with, 31, 64,
_65–67_, 140, 141, 160, 161
Hall, Mrs. Lyman, first wife of signer, 65
Hall, Mrs. Lyman, second wife of signer, 65
Hall, Rev. Samuel, uncle of signer, 65
Hall family, 66
Hall’s Knoll (estate), Ga., 66, 67
Hamilton, Alexander, and Hamiltonians, 35, 89.
_See also_ Federalists and Federalist Party.
Hamilton, Andrew, lawyer-architect, 217
Hampton, Va., 154
Hancock, John (signer), career of and sites associated with, 12, 22,
24, 34, 37, 38, 39, 59, 60, _67–69_, 115, 116, _198–199_,
262, 267
Hancock, John George Washington, son of signer, 69
Hancock, Rev. John, grandfather of signer, 199
Hancock, Thomas, uncle of signer, 68, 199
Hancock-Clarke House, Mass., _198–199_
Hancock family, 199
Hanover County, Va., 42, 112, 247
Harford County, Md., 113
Harper family, 175
Harrison, Benjamin IV, father of signer, 239
Harrison, Benjamin V (signer) (“Falstaff of Congress”), career of and
sites associated with, 30, 69, _70–71_, _239–240_
Harrison, Benjamin VI, son of signer, 239
Harrison, Benjamin, great-grandson of signer and President, 30, 70, 239
Harrison, Joseph H., legislator, 114, 136
Harrison, Mrs. Benjamin V, wife of signer, 70
Harrison, William Henry, son of signer and President, 30, 70, 239
Harrison family, 70, 71, 240
Harrison’s Landing, Va., _see_ Berkeley
Hart, John (signer) (“Honest John”), career of and sites associated
with, _71–72_, 160
Hart, Mrs. John, wife of signer, 72
Harvard College and University, Mass., 30, 33, 36, 51, 59, 68, 77,
115, 144, 197
Hayes Plantation, N.C., 148
Health of signers, _see specific signers_
Henry, Patrick, career of, 27, 28, 42, 70, 71, 86, 88, 92, 93, 111
Heraldic emblems, 82
Hessians, _see_ Germans and Germany
Hewes, Joseph (signer), career of and sites associated with, 29,
_73–75_, 116, 117, 161, _206_, 224
Heyward, Daniel, father of signer, 233
Heyward, Mrs. Thomas, Jr., first wife of signer, 76
Heyward, Mrs. Thomas, Jr., second wife of signer, 76
Heyward, Thomas, Jr. (signer), career of and sites associated with,
31, _75–76_, 99, 104, 127, 128, _233–234_
Heyward family, 76, 234
Heyward-Washington House, S.C., _233–234_
Higher education, _see_ Colleges and universities
Hills, The (estate), Pa., 108
Hillsborough, N.C., 79, 214
Historians and historiography, 33, 194.
_See also entries immediately following_.
Historic Annapolis, Inc., 189
Historic Districts, _see_ National Historic Landmarks
Historic foundations, and historic sites, 160
Historic Places, National Register of, _see_ National Register of
Historic Places
Historic preservation activities and problems, 159–162.
_See also entries immediately preceding and following_.
Historic sites and buildings of national significance, _see_ National
Historic Landmarks
Historical societies, State and local: and historic preservation, 160
Historiography, _see_ Historians and historiography
Hoban, James, architect, 171, 172
Holland (Dutch Republic; Netherlands), 35, 96, 211
Homes of signers, _see_ Residences of signers
“Homestead” (The), Pa., _see_ Byberry
“Honeymoon Cottage,” Va., 244, 245
Hooper, Mrs. William, wife of signer, 77
Hooper, Rev. William, father of signer, 77
Hooper, William (signer) (“Prophet of Independence”), career of and
sites associated with, 31, _77–79_, 116, 117, 161, _214–216_
Hopewell, N.J., 72
Hopkins, Alden, descendant of signer, 232
Hopkins, Esek, brother of signer, 80, 81
Hopkins, Mrs. Stephen, first wife of signer, 80
Hopkins, Mrs. Stephen, second wife of signer, 80
Hopkins, Stephen (signer), career of and sites associated with, 51,
_79–81_, _231–232_
Hopkins (Governor) House, R.I., _see_ Governor Hopkins House
Hopkinson, Francis (signer), career of and sites associated with,
_81–83_, _204–205_, 224
Hopkinson, Joseph, son of signer, 81, 204
Hopkinson, Mrs. Francis, wife of signer, 82
Hopkinson family, 204
Hopkinson House, N.J., _204–205_
Hopsewee-on-the-Santee (plantation), S.C., 99, _234–236_
Horses, 101, 121, 134
Hospitals, _see_ Doctors, medical education, medical practice,
and hospitals
House of Burgesses, _see_ Virginia House of Burgesses
Howard County, Md., 43, 180, 183
Howe, Lord Richard, British admiral, 98, 128, 136
Howe, Sir William, British officer, 13, 128
Humanitarians and reformers, 50, 80, 97, 123–126
Humphreys, Charles, legislator, 110
Hunterdon County, N.J., 72
Huntington, Mrs. Samuel, wife of signer, 83
Huntington, Samuel (signer), career of and sites associated with,
_83–84_, _164–166_, 222
Huntington Birthplace, Conn., _164–165_
Huntington House (Governor Huntington House), Conn., _165–166_
Illnesses of signers, _see_ Disease, sickness, and physical
afflictions of signers
Imlay (Emley), John, merchant, 204
Immanuel Episcopal Churchyard, Del., 119
Impeachment, 46, 102, 148
Imports, _see_ Commerce, trade, and manufacturing
Imprisonment, _see_ Prisons, prisoners, and prisoners-of-war
Inaugurations and inaugural addresses of U.S. Presidents, _see under_
United States Presidents and Presidency
Indentured servants, 31, 137
Independence Day (U.S.), 76
Independence Hall (State House for the Province of Pennsylvania), Pa.,
_front endpaper_, 14, 18, 22, 216, _217–226_
Independence Mall, Pa., 226
Independence movement (U.S.) and British-colonial clash: and Adams
(John), 18, 33–34;
and Adams (Samuel), 36–38;
and British Parliament, 8, 9, 14, 15, 38, 42, 56, 57, 59, 72, 81,
86, 93, 134, 146, 155;
and Continental Congress, _see_ Continental Congress;
and R.I., 15;
and Va., 15;
British actions and postures during, 3–156 _passim_, 199;
colonial grievances, protests, and actions during, 3–156 _passim_,
189–190, 195, 199, 217, 259–262;
fathers of, 33, 67;
fruition and celebration of, 15, 22, 218;
outcome of, predicted, 78, 82;
public attitudes toward, 22–23;
range of reaction to, _see_ Conservatives and conservatism,
Loyalists and Tories, Moderates, _and_ Radicals and radicalism;
results in war, _see_ War for Independence;
signers’ role in, _see individual signers_;
timing of, 8, 16, 217.
_See also_ Declaration of Independence;
Independence resolution;
_specific colonies/States_;
_and appropriate topics throughout this index_.
Independence National Historical Park, Pa., 159–160, _216–226_
Independence resolution (U.S.), background, introduction, and adoption
of, 14, 15–18, 22, 27, 34, 39, 44, 46, 60, 67, 72, 74, 92, 93,
95, 98, 100, 101, 106, 109, 110, 111, 114, 118, 119, 120–121,
122, 127, 128, 134, 135, 136, 147, 153, 217.
_See also_ Declaration of Independence;
Independence movement and British-colonial clash.
Independence Square, Pa., 217, 221, 222, 226
Indians and Indian affairs, 4, 51, 84, 89, 98, 105, 115, 122, 131,
138, 141, 147, 152–153, 177
Indigo, 66
Indigo Society School, S.C., 99
Individuals, and historic preservation, 160 (_and see particular
sites_);
rights of, _see_ Rights
Inflation, 147
Insane and insanity, 126
Intellectuals and intellectual life, 43, 55, 85, 145, 194, 228
Intercolonial affairs, _see_ Colonies
Interstate disputes, _see under_ States
Inventors and invention, 55, 85
Ionic architectural style, 182, 184, 197, 244
Iredell, James, U.S. Supreme Court Justice, 78, 148, 213
Iredell, Mrs. James, and certain signers, 79, 214
Iredell House, N.C., _213–214_
Irish, Ireland, and Scotch-Irish, 43, 101, 118, 127, 132, 137, 139,
146, 171, 172, 204
Iron and iron manufacturing, 31, 132, 137, 226
Iroquois (Six Indian Nations) Indians, 138, 153
Italy and Italians, 88, 113, 183, 243
Jacob Graff, Jr., House, Pa., _see_ Graff, Jacob, Jr., House
Jails, _see_ Prisons, prisoners, and prisoners-of-war
James River, 239, 253
Jasper County, S.C., 75
Jay, John, diplomat, 35, 58, 263
Jefferson, Martha, daughter of signer, 245
Jefferson, Mrs. Thomas, wife of signer, 88, 244, 249
Jefferson, Peter, father of signer, 86, 254
Jefferson, Thomas (signer and author of Declaration), career of and
sites associated with, 16, 18, 20, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34, 35,
_85–90_, 93, 124, 154, 155, _170–173_, 217, 222, 228,
_243–245_, _249–251_, _253–255_, 262, 263, 267,
_rear endpaper_.
_See also_ Jeffersonians.
Jefferson family, 245
Jefferson (Thomas) Memorial, D.C., 161
Jefferson (Thomas) Memorial Foundation, 245
Jefferson Papers, 262
Jeffersonians, 35. _See also_ Democratic-Republicans and
Democratic-Republican Party.
_Jersey_ (ship), 48
Jesuits, _see_ Roman Catholic Church
John Adams Birthplace, Mass., _see_ Adams (John) Birthplace
John Quincy Adams Birthplace, Mass., _see_ Adams (John Quincy)
Birthplace
Johnson, Thomas, lawyer, 114, 136
Jones, John Paul, naval officer, 74–75
Judges, judicial matters, and jurisprudence, _see_ Legal practice,
legal education, and jurisprudence
Kent County, Del., 120, 121
King and Queen County, Va., 41
King George’s War, 139, 152
King William County and King William Courthouse, Va., 41
Kings, denounced, 15 (_and see specific kings_)
King’s Attorneys, _see_ Legal practice, legal education, and
jurisprudence
King’s College, N.Y., _see_ Columbia University
Kingston, N.H., 39, 41
Kingston, N.Y., 98
Kittery, Maine, 143, 177
Ladd family, 201–202
Lafayette, Marquis de, visits U.S., 248
Lake George, 144
Lancaster, Pa., 122, 132, 218, 263
Land, and signers, 31, 47, 61, 63, 66, 67, 95, 102, 108, 119, 133,
138, 141, 142, 143, 146, 147, 148, 175, 212, 213;
interstate disputes over, 119, 133, 143, 153;
Loyalist, confiscated, 61, 67, 103, 138, 142, 175;
major grants of, 54, 63, 95, 102, 212;
speculation in, 108, 147, 148, 213
Landmarks, National Historic, _see_ National Historic Landmarks
Languages, _see specific languages_
Latin language, 39, 146, 156
Latrobe, Benjamin H., architect, 172
Laurel Hill Cemetery, Pa., 102
Laurens, Henry, legislator, 117
Laws and lawyers, _see_ Legal practice, legal education, and
jurisprudence
Learned societies, 80, 116, 126, 218–226 _passim_
Lebanon, Conn., 144–145, 166
Lee, Arthur, brother of signers, 35, 90, 228, 251
Lee, Francis Lightfoot (signer), career of and sites associated with,
_90–91_, 92, 93, 228, _242–243_, _246–247_, _251–253_
Lee, Henry (Col. “Lighthorse Harry”), relative of signers, 251–252
Lee, Matilda, niece of signers, 251–252
Lee, Mrs. Francis Lightfoot, wife of signer, 91, 242, 246
Lee, Mrs. Richard Henry, first wife of signer, 92
Lee, Mrs. Richard Henry, second wife of signer, 92
Lee, Philip Ludwell, brother of signers, 91, 92, 251
Lee, Richard Henry (signer and sponsor of independence resolution),
career of and sites associated with, 15–16, 18, 22, 24, 27,
28, 44, 46, 71, 74, 86, 90, 91, _92–94_, 111, 128, 147, 217,
228, _251–253_
Lee, Richard Henry, grandson of signer, 264
Lee, Robert E., Confederate officer, 251–253
Lee, Thomas, father of signers, 91, 92, 251
Lee, Thomas Ludwell, brother of signers, 251
Lee, William, brother of signers, 90, 251
Lee family, 91, 94, 251–253
Lee (Robert E.) Memorial Foundation, Inc., 253
Leesburg, Va., 91, 263
Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence: admiralty, _see_
Merchant marine and maritime affairs;
and colonial protests, 97;
and slaves, 80;
codes for, State, compiled and revised, 88, 101, 120, 131, 148, 155;
famous trials in, 34;
Federal, _see_ United States Judiciary;
impeachment in, 46, 148;
individuals other than signers practice, 97, 101, 113, 117, 118,
122, 132, 134, 135, 141, 204, 217, 232;
political partisanship in, 46;
schools teach, 43, 154–156;
signers study and practice, _see specific signers_.
_See also particular laws._
Legislatures, colonial, provincial, and State: role of, in
independence movement, _see_ Independence movement and
British-colonial clash;
signers serve in, _see individual signers_.
_See also specific colonies/States._
Lehigh County (Pa.) Historical Society, 231
Lehigh River, 230
Leinster, Duke of, 172
L’Enfant, Maj. Pierre Charles, artist-engineer-architect, 108, 171
“Letters of the Federal Farmer to the Republican,” 94
Lewis, Francis (signer), career of and sites associated with, 28,
_94–96_, 160
Lewis, Mrs. Francis, wife of signer, 31, 94, 95
Lexington and Battle of Lexington, Mass., 12, 38, 42, 60, 68
Lexington (Mass.) Historical Society, 199
Liberty Bell, 221
Liberty County, Ga., 65–66
Libraries, public and private, 56, 80, 134, 151, 176, 186, 193, 195,
207, 209, 222, 236, 253, 262, 264–265.
_See also_ Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts.
Library Company of Philadelphia, 222
Library Hall, Pa., 222, 226
Library of Congress, 90, 262, 264–265
Linlithgo, N.Y., 96
Litchfield, Litchfield Historic District, and Litchfield County,
Conn., 152, 153, 169
Literature (English and American) and literary figures, 8, 18, 33,
36–37, 45, 52, 55, 81–83, 86, 115, 123–126, 134, 146, 156,
194, 195–196, 204.
_See also_ Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts.
Liverpool, England, 106
Livingston, Mrs. Philip, mother of signer, 96
Livingston, Mrs. Philip, wife of signer, 96–97
Livingston, Philip, father of signer, 96
Livingston, Philip (signer), career of and sites associated with,
_96–98_, 160
Livingston, Robert R., helps draft Declaration, 14, 16, 18, 20, 228
Livingston Manor, N.Y., 96, 98
Llandaff (city), Wales, 95
Lloyd, Edward IV, planter-politician, 181
Lloyd family, 183
Local affairs and politics, role of signers in, _see specific signers_
Local groups and historical societies, and historic preservation, 160
Locke, John, British political philosopher, 20
London, England, 43, 46, 55, 56, 68, 76, 99, 103, 113, 124
Londonderry, N.H., 139, 140, 203
Long Island, Long Island Sound, and Battle of Long Island, N.Y., 53,
54, 95, 98, 212
Longevity of signers, _see_ Age of signers
Lord North, British official, 82
Loudoun County, Va., 91
Louisbourg (fortress), Nova Scotia, 139
Lowell, James Russell, career of, 195–196
Lower Counties, Three, _see_ Delaware
Loyalists and Tories: activities of, in various colonies/States, 7,
22–23, 40, 46, 53–54, 66, 77, 95, 104, 105, 119, 121, 122,
134, 138, 211;
criticized, 127;
forgiven, 79;
lands and property of, confiscated, 61, 67, 103, 138, 142, 175, 195;
legally defended, 147;
punishment of, recommended, 103, 143;
ridiculed, 82
Ludowici tile, 177
Lutwyche’s Ferry, N.H., 140
Lynch, Mrs. Thomas, Jr., wife of signer, 99, 100
Lynch, Thomas, Sr., father of signer, 99, 100, 128
Lynch, Thomas, Jr. (signer), career of and sites associated with,
_99–100_, 127, _234–236_
Lynchburg, Va., 89
Maclean House, N.J., _see_ President’s House
McClellan, Gen. George B., Union officer, 239–240
McIntosh, Gen. Lachlan, and signer Gwinnett, 63, 64
McKean, Mrs. Thomas, first wife of signer, 101
McKean, Mrs. Thomas, second wife of signer, 101
McKean, Thomas (signer), career of and sites associated with, 18, 24,
_100–102_, 119, 120, 121, 160, 222
Madison, James, President, 61, 85, 89, 267
Magistrates, _see_ Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence
Mail service, 56, 57, 264
Maine (region and State), history of and historic site in, 139,
143, 177–178.
_See also_ Massachusetts.
Malvern Hill, Va., Battle of, 239
Manhattan, _see_ New York City and New York Harbor
Manor houses, 185–186, 230
“Manor of Chawton,” 230
Manufacturing, _see_ Commerce, trade, and manufacturing
Marblehead, Mass., 59, 196
Marine and maritime matters, _see_ Continental Navy;
Merchant marine and maritime affairs;
United States Navy;
_and foreign navies_
Marine Corps Museum, Pa., _see_ New Hall
Marital status of signers, compared, 29 (_and see_ Bachelor signers
_and individual signers_)
Marshall, John, Supreme Court Justice and Secretary of State, 46, 154,
155, 221, 263
Maryland (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 9, 16,
18, 24, 43–46, 106, 113–114, 118, 124, 134, 135–136, 179–191
Maryland Historical Trust, 189
Mason, George, and Declaration of Independence, 20
Masonboro Sound, N.C., 77
Massachusetts (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 6,
7, 9, 10, 12, 16, 18, 24, 30, 33–39, 53–54, 55, 56, 59–62,
67–69, 77, 93, 115–116, 119, 129, 139, 140, 160, 177,
191–199, 203, 217.
_See also_ Maine.
Mastic, N.Y., 53, 54, 212
Mathematics, 47, 109
Matlack, Timothy, and Declaration of Independence, 262
Mattaponi River, 41
Maybury Hill (estate), N.J., 73, 206
Meadow Garden (cottage), Ga., 142, _175–176_
_Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon the Diseases of the
Mind_ (book), 126
Medicine, medical practice, and medical societies, _see_ Doctors,
medical education, medical practice, and hospitals
Memorials and monuments to signers, 161.
_See also specific signers._
Menokin (estate), Va., 91, _242–243_, 246
Menotomy, Mass., 60
Merchant marine and maritime affairs, 20, 28, 31, 42, 52, 59, 64, 68,
70, 71, 73, 74, 80, 82, 84, 91, 95, 98, 99, 100, 114, 119,
121, 123, 136, 142–143, 147, 177, 201–202, 251.
_See also_ Commerce, trade, and manufacturing.
Merchants and mercantile firms, _see_ Commerce, trade, and
manufacturing
Merchants’ Exchange, Pa., 224, 226
Meredith family, 49
Merrick’s Brook, Conn., 164
Merrimack, N.H., 140, 203
Merrimack River, 140
Middle Colonies, 4, 16, 30, 134, 150
Middleton, Arthur (signer), career of and sites associated with, 31,
99, _103–104_, 127, 128, _236–237_
Middleton, Henrietta, sister of one signer and wife of another, 127
Middleton, Henry, father of one signer and father-in-law of another,
104, 127, 128, 234
Middleton, Mrs. Arthur, wife of signer, 103
Middleton, William, and Middleton Place, 236
Middleton family and descendants, 103, 237
Middleton Place (estate), S.C., 103, 104, _236–237_
Middleton Place Gardens, S.C., 236–237
Middletown, Conn., 54, 211
Midway (town) and Midway District, Ga., 66
Midway Congregational Church, Ga., 64
Mikveh Israel Cemetery, Pa., 226
Military affairs, _see_ Continental Army;
Militia;
_specific nations and individuals_;
_and other appropriate topics throughout this index_
Militia, of various colonies/States and counties: activities of, 9,
10, 12, 22, 38, 40, 42, 53, 54, 64, 69, 76, 111, 146;
signers aid and serve in, 18, 27, 31, 40, 53, 54, 69, 75, 101, 103,
104, 105, 110–112, 114, 120–121, 122, 124, 127, 128, 132, 133,
138, 139, 140–141, 142–143, 145, 152–153
Mills, 72, 253
Ministers, diplomatic, _see_ Diplomats and diplomacy;
religious, _see_ Christianity and religion
Mint, U.S., _see_ United States Mint
Mission of Santa Catalina, Ga., 177
Moderates, political, 8, 16, 42, 69, 98, 110, 119, 127, 128, 138, 147
Moffatt, Catherine, marries signer, 202
Moffatt, John, father-in-law of signer, 201–202
Moffatt, Samuel, merchant-shipowner, 201
Moffatt family, 201–202
Moffatt-Ladd House, N.H., _201–202_
Mohawk River, 54
Monarchs and monarchy, _see_ Kings
Monetary theory and money, _see_ Currency and money
Monmouth County, N.J., 134
Monocacy River, 180
Monroe, James, President, 85, 154, 155, 173, 263
Monticello (“Little Mountain”) (estate), Va., 86, 88, 90,
_243–245_, 250
Montreal, Canada, 46
Monuments to signers, _see_ Memorials and monuments to signers
Moore, Thomas, Irish poet, 204
Morality, in Scotland, 149
Morris, Gouverneur, and Mrs. Robert Morris, 108
Morris, Lewis (signer), career of and sites associated with,
_104–105_, 160
Morris, Mrs. Lewis, wife of signer, 105
Morris, Mrs. Robert, wife of signer, 106
Morris, Robert (signer) (“Financier of the Revolution”), career of and
sites associated with, 18, 27, 28, 29, 50, _106–108_, 110,
129, 147, 160, 222, 224
Morris (Lewis) family, 105
“Morris’ Folly” (house), Pa., 107, 108
Morrisania (estate), N.Y., 105
Morrisville and Morrisville School District, Pa., 51, 229
Morton, John (signer), career of and sites associated with, 98,
_109–110_, 147, 160
Morton, Mrs. John, wife of signer, 109
Morton, Sketchley, son of signer, 109
Morven (estate), N.J., 134, 135, _207–208_
Moultrie, Gen. William, Army officer, 76, 128
Mount Airy (estate), Va., 91, 242, _246–247_
Mount Vernon (Va.) Conference (_1785_), 46, 136
Municipal affairs and municipalities, _see_ Cities, towns,
and villages
Museums, 183, 187, 205, 218, 224, 234.
_See also specific historic house museums._
Music and musicians, 81–83, 85, 204
“My Days Have Been So Wondrous Free” (song), 82
Nash, Francis, and Nash-Hooper House, 214
Nash-Hooper House, N.C., _214–216_
Nassau Hall (Princeton University), 150, 151
National affairs, signers lack reputation in, 27, 39, 51, 71, 113,
116–117, 122, 137, 138, 139, 144, 154, 159;
signers later take major part in, 29
National Archives and Records Service, 265
National Archives Building, D.C., 3, 262, 265–266
National Historic Landmarks, described individually, 164–165, 168–175,
181–183, 185–189, 191–193, 195–209, 212–216, 229, 247, 249–256;
mapped, _facing page_ 163;
nature, eligibility, and designation of, 161–163, 226, 256, 270–271.
_See also_ National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings.
National origins of signers, compared, 27–28 (_and see individual
signers_)
National parks, National Park Service, and National Park System: and
historic-archeological preservation, 159–162;
sites considered for inclusion in, 161;
sites in, described individually, 193–195, 210–212, 216–227, 247–249;
sites in, in National Register, 162;
sites in, mapped, _facing page_ 163.
_See also_ National Register of Historic Places;
National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings;
Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation.
National Register of Historic Places, 162
_National Register of Historic Places, 1972_, 162
National significance of historic sites and buildings, _see_ National
Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings
National Society of Colonial Dames of America, 160
National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, _see_
Daughters of the American Revolution
National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings, purpose and
procedures of, 161–162.
_See also_ National Historic Landmarks;
Other Sites Considered.
Nativity of signers, _see_ National origins of signers
Navies, _see_ Continental Navy;
United States Navy;
_and specific nations_
Negroes, _see_ Slaves
Nelson, Mrs. Thomas, Jr., wife of signer, 111
Nelson, Thomas (“Scotch Tom”), Sr., grandfather of signer, 247–248
Nelson, Thomas, Jr. (signer), career of and sites associated with, 88,
_110–112_, _247–249_
Nelson, William, father of signer, 247–248
Nelson family, 249
Nelson House (York Hall), Va., 112, 160, _247–249_
Netherlands, _see_ Holland
New Bern, N.C., 78
New Castle and New Castle County, Del., 82, 101, 118, 119,
120, 122, 204
New England and New England architectural style, 20, 28, 30, 66, 68,
69, 74, 81, 115, 139, 144, 164, 191, 193, 202, 203.
_See also specific colonies/States._
_New England Courant_ (newspaper), 55
New France, 139, 152
New Hall (Marine Corps Museum), Pa., 224, 226
New Hampshire (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 9,
15, 16, 18, 24, 30, 39–41, 76, 128, 139–140, 142–143,
177, 199–204
New Hampshire Medical Society, 40
New Haven, Conn., 130, 131
New Jersey (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 16,
18, 24, 47–48, 56, 71–72, 81–83, 101, 121, 124, 133–135,
149–151, 204–210
New Jersey, College of, _see_ Princeton University
New London and New London Township, Pa., 101, 118, 132
New London County, Conn., 84
New Milford, Conn., 129
New York (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 6, 9,
14, 16, 18, 22, 23, 24, 44, 53–54, 94–98, 104–105, 110, 115,
119, 134–135, 143, 144, 148, 153, 160, 210–213.
_See also entries immediately following._
New York Chamber of Commerce, 97
New York City and New York Harbor, N.Y., 22, 95–98, 135, 218, 263.
_See also_ Bronx;
Brooklyn and Brooklyn Heights;
Staten Island.
New York Hospital, 97
New York Society Library, N.Y., 97
Newark, N.J., 134
Newburyport, Mass., 140
Newington Plantation, Va., 41
Newport, R.I., 51, 52, 69, 80, 143
Newspapers, 20, 22, 37, 43, 55, 81, 124, 125, 127, 145
Newton, Mass., 129
Noke, William, architect, 182
Nonimportation agreements and measures, _see_ Independence movement
and British-colonial clash
North, Lord, British official, 82
North America, Bank of, _see_ Bank of North America
North Bridge, Mass., 8
North Burial Ground, R.I., 81
North Carolina (colony and State), history of and historic sites in,
15, 16, 18, 24, 30, 73–75, 77–79, 99, 116–118, 161,
206, 213–216.
_See also_ Carolinas.
North East (town), Md., 118
North Santee River, 99, 234
Northampton County, Pa., 137, 138
Northern United States, 28.
_See also specific colonies/States._
Norwich, Conn., 83, 84, 164
_Notes on the State of Virginia_ (book), 250
Nova Scotia, Canada, 139
Occupations of signers, _see_ Vocations of signers
Octagonal houses and rooms, 245, 249–251
Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation, National Park Service,
programs and activities of, 162
Offices, political, various local, State, and National, held by
signers, _see individual signers_
Offley Hoo (estate), Va., 112, 247
Ohio (State), 153
Old Burial Ground, Conn., 84, 166
Old Custom House, Pa., 224
Old Granary Burying Ground, Mass., 39, 69, 116
“Old House,” Mass., _see_ Adams National Historic Site
Old House Plantation, S.C., 75, 76
Old St. Paul’s Cemetery, Pa., 110
Old Swedes’ Church, Pa., _see_ Gloria Dei Church National Historic Site
Olive Branch Petition, 14
Oliver, Andrew, British official, 195
Oliver-Gerry-Lowell House, Mass., _see_ Elmwood
Orators and orations, and signers, 45, 52, 71, 78, 85, 86, 90, 92,
122, 136, 150, 151
Ordnance, _see_ Arms, ammunition, and ordnance
Orphans, 49, 95, 120, 141
Other Sites Considered, described individually, 165–167, 175–181,
183–185, 189–191, 197–198, 209–210, 213–214, 220–228;
nature of, 161–162
Otis, James, lawyer-radical leader, 77
Oxford, Md., 106
Paca, John, son of signer, 114
Paca, Mrs. William, first wife of signer, 113
Paca, Mrs. William, second wife of signer, 114
Paca, William (signer), career of and sites associated with, 16, 44,
46, _113–114_, 136, _188–189_
Paca family, 114
Paca House, Md., 113, _188–189_
Paine, Mrs. Robert Treat, wife of signer, 115
Paine, Robert Treat (signer), career of and sites associated with, 31,
_115–116_, 160
Paine, Robert Treat, son of signer, 115
Paine, Robert Treat, great-grandson of signer, 115
Paine, Thomas, author-patriot, 12, 15, 107, 124, 204
Painters and painting, _see_ Art and artists
Paisley (town), Scotland, 149, 150
Palladian architectural style, 172, 182, 183, 234, 246, 247
Pamphlets, _see_ Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts
Pamunkey River, 41, 240
Parchment copy of Declaration, _see under_ Declaration of Independence
Parents of signers, _see specific signers_
Paris, France, 43, 88, 124.
_See also_ Treaty of Paris
Parishes, political, _see_ Counties and parishes;
religious, _see_ Christianity and religion
Parliament, British: and Colonies, _see under_ Independence movement
and British-colonial clash
Parsons, William, and Parsons-Taylor House, 226
Parsons-Taylor House, Pa., _226–227_
Parties, political, _see particular political parties and individuals_
Patent Office, D.C., 264
Patowmack (Potowmack) Company, 44
Patriotic-civic organizations, and historic sites, 160
Patriots and patriotic movement, _see_ Independence movement and
British-colonial clash
Peace negotiations and treaties, _see_ Diplomats and diplomacy;
Indians and Indian affairs;
_and specific treaties_
“Peacefield,” Mass., _see_ Adams National Historic Site
Peach Tree Plantation, S.C., 99, 100
Peale, Charles Willson, artist, 218
_Peggy Stewart_ (ship), 189–190
Peggy Stewart House (Rutland-Peggy Stewart House; Rutland-Stewart-Stone
House), Md., _189–191_
Pemberton House (Army-Navy Museum), Pa., 224, 226
Penal matters, _see_ Prisons, prisoners, and prisoners-of-war
Pendleton, Edmund, lawyer-patriot, 88, 111, 117, 155
Peninsular Campaign (Civil War), 239–240
Penn, John (signer), career of and sites associated with, _116–118_,
160, 161
Penn, Mrs. John, wife of signer, 117
Penn, William, and Charter of Privileges, 221
Penn (John) family, 118
Penn (William) family, 56
Pennsylvania (colony and State), history of and historic sites in,
8–9, 14, 15, 16, 18, 24, 27, 30, 44, 49–51, 55–58, 82, 93,
100–102, 106–110, 118, 122–126, 132–133, 137–138, 143,
145–148, 153, 159–160, 216–231.
_See also_ Delaware.
_Pennsylvania Gazette (The)_ (newspaper), 55
Pennsylvania Hospital, 125, 126
Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery, 58, 126
Pennsylvania State House, _see_ Independence Hall
Persimmon Point, Ga., 177
Perth Amboy, N.J., 134
Philadelphia, Pa., 3, 8, 9, 14–24 _passim_, 38, 42, 44, 46, 47, 49–50,
51, 52, 55–56, 57, 58, 64, 73, 82, 83, 95, 100–133 _passim_,
138, 146–148, 159–160, 172, 199, 204, 209, 210, 216–226, 228,
230, 263–264.
_See also entries immediately following._
Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts, 51
Philadelphia Agricultural Society, 51
Philadelphia architectural style, 228
Philadelphia Bank, 51
Philadelphia Bible Society, 126
Philadelphia College of Physicians, 126
Philadelphia Dispensary, 126
Philadelphia (Merchants’) Exchange, 224, 226
Philadelphia Medical Society, 126
Philadelphia National Shrines Park Commission, 226
Philanthropists and philanthropy, 55, 56, 96, 97, 115
Philosophical Hall, Pa., _see_ American Philosophical Society Hall
Philosophical Society of Newport, R.I., 80
Physicians, _see_ Disease, sickness, and physical afflictions of
signers;
Doctors, medical education, medical practice, and hospitals
Piscataqua River, 177
Plainfield Academy, Conn., 84
Planters and plantations, 4, 28, 31, 41, 42, 43, 62, 63–64, 65, 66,
70, 75–76, 86, 94, 99, 103, 104, 106, 110, 111, 113, 120, 129,
135, 177, 186, 194, 233, 236–237, 239–256 _passim_.
_See also_ Slaves;
_and specific plantations._
Poets and poetry, _see_ Literature and literary figures
Politics, politicians, political parties, and political theory, _see
particular political parties, colonies/States, signers, other
individuals, and appropriate topics throughout this index_
Poll taxes, _see under_ Taxes and taxation
_Poor Richard’s Almanac_, 55–56
Poplar Forest (retreat), Va., 89, _249–251_
Port Royal Island, S.C., 76, 128
Port Tobacco (town), Md., 136, 186
Portland, Mass., 115
Portraits of signers: collection of, discussed, 218;
collective, reproduced, ii;
individual, reproduced, _see specific signers_
Portsmouth and Portsmouth Harbor, N.H., 143, 177, 202
Post offices and postal officials, _see_ Mail service
Potomac, Army of the (Civil War), 239
Potomac River and Potomac River Valley, 44, 92, 251, 263
Potowmack Company, _see_ Patowmack Company
Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 98, 105
Powell, Thomas, newspaper publisher, 127
Poynton Manor, Md., 135
Prehistory and prehistoric sites, 177
Presbyterian Cemetery, N.J., 48
Presbyterian Cemetery, N.Y., 54
Presbyterian Church, N.C., 216
Presbyterians and Presbyterian Church, 48, 54, 56, 149–151, 216.
_See also_ Calvinists and Calvinism;
Christianity and religion.
Presidential electors, _see under_ United States Presidents
and Presidency
Presidents, of Continental Congress, _see under_ Continental Congress;
U.S., _see_ United States Presidents and Presidency
“President’s House,” D.C., _see_ White House
President’s House (Dean’s House; Maclean House) (Princeton
University), N.J., 150, 151, _208–209_
President’s Lot, Princeton (N.J.) Cemetery, 151
“President’s Palace,” D.C., _see_ White House
Press, _see_ Newspapers
Primogeniture, 120, 135
Prince George County, Va., 154
Prince George’s Parish, S.C., 99
Princess Anne (town), Md., 45
Princeton Alumni Council, 208
Princeton and Battle of Princeton, N.J., 23–24, 72, 73, 134,
135, 207, 263.
_See also_ Princeton University.
Princeton Cemetery, N.J., 151
Princeton University (College of New Jersey), 84, 124, 134, 149,
150–151, 208–209
Printing and publishing industry, 55.
_See also_ Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts;
Newspapers.
Printing of Declaration, _see under_ Declaration of Independence
Prisons, prisoners, and prisoners-of-war, 31, 48, 50, 75, 76, 94, 103,
107, 108, 126, 128, 132, 134–135, 140–141
Private individuals, groups, and agencies: and historic
preservation, 160
Private schools, _see_ Education
Privateers and privateering, 60, 97
Professions of signers, _see_ Vocations of signers
Profiteering among signers, 31, 46, 59, 60, 106–107
“Progressive” party, in Va., 88
_Prophecy (The)_ (essay), 82
Proprietary colonies, _see under_ Colonies
Prospect Hill Cemetery, Pa., 98
Protestant Episcopal Church, 183.
_See also_ Christianity and religion.
Protestants and Protestant Church, 28, 183.
_See also_ Christianity and religion.
Protests, colonial, _see_ Independence movement and British-colonial
clash
Providence and Providence County, R.I., 79–81
_Providence Gazette and Country Journal_ (newspaper), 81
Psychiatry, _see_ Insane and insanity
Public libraries, _see_ Libraries
Public schools, _see_ Education
Public service, role of signers in, 29, 31 (_and see specific signers_)
Public speaking, _see_ Orators and orations
Publishers and publishing, _see_ Printing and publishing industry
Puritans, 65–66
Putnam, Herbert, and Declaration of Independence, 264
Quakers, 56, 73. _See also_ Christianity and religion.
Queen Annes County, Md., 113, 188
Quincy (Braintree), Mass., 33, 34–35, 68, 192, 193
Quincy (Mass.) Historical Society, 192, 193
Radicals and radicalism, 16, 18, 34, 37–38, 45, 49, 71, 77, 78, 80,
88, 98, 103, 119, 130, 141, 147, 155
Rahway, N.J., 48
Raleigh’s Tavern, Va., 93
Randolph, Peyton, legislator, 42
Randolph, Thomas, relative of signer, 254
Randolph, Thomas Mann, relative of signer, 86, 254
Randolph, William, relative of signer, 86, 254
Randolph, William II, relative of signer, 254
Randolph family, 86, 255
Rappahannock Valley, 246
Read, George (signer), career of and sites associated with, 27, 29,
101, _118–119_, 120, 121, 135, 160
Read, Mrs. George, wife of signer, 118
Reading, Pa., 146
Redemptionist Fathers, 179, 180
Reform and reformers, _see_ Humanitarians and reformers
Regulators, of North Carolina, 78
Relatives of signers, _see individual signers_
Religion, _see_ Christianity and religion
Representation, political, and representative government, _see
specific governmental bodies, colonies/States, and appropriate
topics throughout this index_
Republicans and republicanism, 61, 79, 128, 145, 147
Residences of signers, condition and status of, 31 (_and see
particular residences_)
Retirement of signers, _see individual signers_
Revere, Paul, patriot and artist, 5, 10, 68, 199
Revolution, Daughters of the, 160
Revolution, Daughters of the American, _see_ Daughters of the
American Revolution
Revolution, Revolutionaries, and Revolutionary movement, _see_
Independence movement and British-colonial clash;
War for Independence;
_specific Revolutionaries_;
_and appropriate topics throughout this index_
Revolution, Sons of the, 160
Revolution, Sons of the American, 160
Revolutionary War (U.S.), _see_ War for Independence
Rhode Island (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 15,
16, 18, 24, 30, 51–52, 79–81, 143, 231–232
Rhode Island College, 80
Rice planters, _see_ Planters and plantations
Richmond, Va., 42, 86, 88, 156, 255
Richmond Academy, Ga., 142
Richmond County, Va., 91
Ridley Township, Pa., 109
Rights: Bill of, U.S., _see under_ United States Constitution;
declarations of, by colonies/States, 20;
of Englishmen, and Colonies, 8–9;
of man, and Declaration of Independence, 20;
of States, 123
“Rights of the Colonies Examined” (The) (article-pamphlet), 81
Rising Sun (town), Md., 124, 134
“Rising Sun” chair, 219
Risks and sacrifices of signers, 22, 23–24, 31–32 (_and see
individual signers_)
Robert E. Lee Memorial Foundation, Inc., 253
Rodney, Caesar (signer), career of and sites associated with, 18, 29,
101, _120–121_, 160
Roman Catholic Church, 28, 43, 44, 179, 180, 238.
_See also_ Christianity and religion.
Roman Doric and Roman Revival architectural style, 189, 219, 221,
234, 245, 247
Rome, N.Y., 54, 212
Roselle, N.J., 47, 48
Rosney Cemetery, Ga., 142
Ross, George (signer), career of and sites associated with, 118,
_122–123_, 160, 224
Ross, John, stepbrother of signer, 122
Ross, Mrs. George, wife of signer, 122
Rough draft of Declaration, _see under_ Declaration of Independence
Royalists, _see_ Loyalists and Tories
Royalty, _see_ Kings
Rush, Benjamin (signer), career of and sites associated with, 27, 31,
_123–126_, 134, 160, 222, 224, 228
Rutland, Thomas, and Peggy Stewart House, 189
Rutland-Peggy Stewart House, Md., _see_ Peggy Stewart House
Rutland-Stewart-Stone House, Md., _see_ Peggy Stewart House
Rutledge, Edward (signer), career of and sites associated with, 18,
28, 31, 99, 104, _127–129_, 135, _237–238_
Rutledge, John, brother of signer, 127, 128
Rutledge, Mrs. Edward, first wife of signer, 127
Rutledge, Mrs. Edward, second wife of signer, 129
Rutledge (Carter-May) House, S.C., _237–238_
Sacrifices of signers, _see_ Risks and sacrifices of signers
Safety, committees/councils of, _see_ Committees of safety
St. Andrews (city), Scotland, 145
St. Andrew’s Society, 97
St. Ann’s Church, N.Y., 105
St. Augustine, Fla., 76, 104, 128, 233
St. Catherines Island, Ga., 63, 64, 176–177
St. George’s Church, Pa., 224
St. Helena’s Parish, S.C., 75
St. James Parish, S.C., 99
St. John’s Episcopal Church, Va., 156
St. John’s Parish, Ga., 64, 65–66, 67, 141
St. Joseph’s Church, Pa., 224–226
St. Luke’s Parish, S.C., 75
St. Mary’s Catholic Church, Md., 179–180
St. Mary’s Church, Pa., 226
St. Paul’s Cemetery, Md., 46
St. Paul’s Cemetery, Old, Pa., 110
St. Philip’s Episcopal Church, S.C., 129
Salem, Mass., 68
Salem, N.J., 82
Saltbox architectural style, 164, 191, 193, 203
Santa Catalina Mission, Ga., 177
Santee River, North, 99, 234
Santee River, South, 99
Saratoga (Schuylerville) and Battle of Saratoga, N.Y., 40, 143, 153
Savannah, Ga., 63, 64, 66, 67, 76, 140–142, 175, 176, 233
Savannah River, 67
Sawmills, 72
Schools, _see_ Education
Schuylerville, N.Y., _see_ Saratoga and Battle of Saratoga
Schuylkill River, 108
Science and scientists, 55, 56, 80, 85, 89, 116, 130
Scituate (city) and Scituate Township, R.I., 80
Scots, Scotland, and Scotch-Irish, 74, 77, 96, 101, 122, 124, 134,
139, 145, 146, 149–150, 208.
_See also_ Great Britain.
Scotland (city), Conn., 83
Seamen, _see_ Continental Navy;
Merchant marine and maritime affairs;
United States Navy;
_and various nations_
Second Bank of the United States, _see_ Bank of the United States
Second Bank of the United States Building, Pa., 218, 226
Second Continental Congress, _see_ Continental Congress
Second Treaty of Fort Stanwix (N.Y.), 153
Secondary education, _see_ Education
Secretaries, of Continental Congress, _see under_ Continental Congress;
of U.S. Government Departments, _see following_ United States;
of various other bodies, signers as, _see individual signers_
Senate, U.S., _see_ United States Senate
Servants, 31, 137, 186, 194, 195, 203.
_See also_ Slaves.
Seven Buildings, D.C., 263
Shadwell (plantation), Va., 86, 244, 254
Shell Bluff Plantation, Ga., 67
Shenandoah River Valley, 44
Sherman, Roger (signer), career of and sites associated with, 16, 18,
20, 29, 106, _129–131_, 160
Ship carpenters, 201
Shippen, Dr. William, Sr., and Philadelphia, 228
Shippen, Dr. William, Jr., brother-in-law of signers, 125, 228
Shippen-Wistar House, Pa., 228
Shippensburg, Pa., 132
Ships, shippers, and shipping, _see_ Continental Navy;
Merchant marine and maritime affairs;
United States Navy;
_and various nations_
Sickness of signers, _see_ Disease, sickness, and physical
afflictions of signers
Signers of the Constitution (U.S.), _see_ United States Constitution
Signers of the Declaration: age of, at time of signing and death,
compared, _see_ Age of signers;
biographical analysis and comparison of, collective, 27–32;
biographical sketches of, individual, 33–156;
books on, 268–269;
early (formal signing), 23, 67, 217, 262;
furniture and items associated with, collectively, 219, 221;
honored and commemorated, ii, 159–160, 224;
interest in, increases, 160;
largest number of, from one State, 30;
late, 23, 24, 60, 93, 100, 139, 140, 153, 155, 217, 262;
nationally famous, 34;
one of, prominent in affairs of two States, _see_ McKean, Thomas;
one of, votes against independence, 27, 118, 121;
painted, ii, 218, _and see individual portraits_, 33–156 _passim_;
prominent patriots who were not, 27, 28, 29;
reflect regional and colonial attitudes, 30;
remarks of, on signing, 52, 58, 79;
replace opponents of independence, 27, 47, 72;
residences and sites associated with, collective, status of, 31,
159–163, 216 (_and see particular residences and sites_);
subsequent careers of, 29, 31 (_and see individual signers_);
traditions regarding, 24, 52, 58;
tragic life among, 99;
way of life of, 28–29, 159;
who also signed Articles of Confederation, 29, 36, 39, 59, 76, 90,
93–94, 100, 106, 117, 129, 149;
who also signed Articles of Confederation and Constitution (U.S.),
29, 106, 129;
who also signed Constitution (U.S.), 29, 49, 50, 55, 58, 106, 129;
who did not vote for or take a stand on independence, 27,
106, 118–119;
who were non-natives of States they signed for, 30, 39, 55, 62, 65,
72, 73, 77, 82, 95, 101, 106, 116, 118, 122, 129, 132, 137,
139, 140, 143, 145, 149.
_See also_ Declaration of Independence;
_specific signers_;
_and appropriate topics throughout this index._
Signers’ Monument, Ga., 67, 142, 161
Six Indian Nations, _see_ Iroquois Indians
Skelton, Martha Wayles, marries signer, 86, 244, 249
Sketchley, John, stepfather of signer, 109
Slaves, and Congress, 58;
and Declaration of Independence, 20;
and Ga. economy, 66;
and New England shippers, 28;
British capture, 76;
burn estate, 236;
emancipated, 156;
in N.Y., 53;
institution of, opposed and condemned, 20, 28, 58, 80, 92,
123, 126, 156;
labor in gardens, 236;
laws on, 80;
quarters for, 177, 184, 234, 255;
signers own and trade, 28, 53, 63, 90, 110.
_See also_ Servants.
Smith, Abigail, _see_ Adams, Mrs. John
Smith, James (signer), career of and sites associated with, 28,
_132–133_, 160–161
Smith, Rev. Samuel S., son-in-law of signer, 151, 208
Smith, Robert, carpenter, 209
Smugglers and smuggling, 34, 68
Social status of signers, _see_ Aristocrats and aristocracy;
_and individual signers_
Society of Colonial Dames in the State of Rhode Island, 232
Songs, _see_ Music and musicians
Sons of Liberty, 37, 45, 95, 97
Sons of signers, careers of, 30 (_and see particular signers_)
Sons of the American Revolution, 160
Sons of the Revolution, 160
Sourland Mountains, 72
South Carolina (colony and State), history of and historic sites in,
16, 18, 24, 64, 66, 75–76, 99–100, 103–104, 117, 127–129,
135, 233–238.
_See also_ Carolinas.
South Santee River, 99
South Windsor, Conn., 152
Southern United States, 28, 30, 70, 74–75, 140–141, 233.
_See also_ Planters and plantations;
_and specific colonies/States._
Spain and Spaniards, 59, 115, 177, 196
Speaking, public, _see_ Orators and orations
Speculators and speculation, 4, 108, 143, 147, 148, 213
Spoils system, 102
Spotsylvania County, Va., 154
Staffordshire, England, 62
Stamp Act, Stamp Tax, Stamp Act Congress, and Stamp Act agitation, 34,
37, 45, 56–57, 68, 70, 91, 93, 95, 97, 101, 106, 110, 119,
120, 134, 146, 155, 195
Stark, Gen. John, Army officer, 40
State Department, _see_ United States Department of State
State House for the Province of Pennsylvania, _see_ Independence Hall
Staten Island, N.Y., 98, 128. _See also_ New York City and New
York Harbor.
States (U.S.), and historic preservation, 160;
and National Register of Historic Places, 162;
economic and financial problems of, 107–108;
governmental bodies and other agencies of, _see individual
colonies/States_;
honor and maintain homes of signers, 160, 161;
land disputes among, 119, 133, 143, 153;
large and small, and U.S. Constitution, 131;
militia of, _see_ Militia;
receive taxes, 117;
rights of, _see_ States’ rights;
role of, in Revolution, _see particular States and appropriate
topics_;
seals of, 155;
signer prominent in affairs of two, _see_ McKean, Thomas;
signers non-natives of those they signed for, 30, 39, 55, 62, 65,
72–73, 77, 82, 95, 101, 106, 116, 118, 122, 129, 132, 137,
139, 140, 143, 145, 149;
signers’ role in affairs of, _see specific States and signers_.
_See also_ Continental Congress;
_and individual States._
States’ rights, 123
Statues of signers, 161
Stewart, Anthony, merchant, 189
Stewart (Peggy) House, Md., _see_ Peggy Stewart House
Stockton, Julia, wife of one signer and daughter of another, 124
Stockton, Mrs. Richard, wife of signer, 134
Stockton, Richard, grandfather of signer, 207
Stockton, Richard (signer), career of and sites associated with, 31,
33, 124, _133–135_, _207–208_
Stockton family, 134, 208
Stone, Mrs. Thomas, wife of signer, 136
Stone, Thomas (signer), career of and sites associated with,
_135–136_, _186–188_, _189–191_
Stonington, Conn., 72
Stony Brook Quaker Meeting House Cemetery, N.J., 135
Stores, _see_ Commerce, trade, and manufacturing
Stoughton, Mass., 129
Stovall (town), N.C., 117
Stratford Hall (estate), Va., 91–92, _251–253_
Strickland, William, architect, 218
Students, _see_ Education
Suffolk County, N.Y., 53, 54
Suffolk Resolves, 38
Sugar Act, 37
Sugar planters, _see_ Planters and plantations
_Summary View of the Rights of British America (A)_ (tract), 86, 87
Summerseat (estate), Pa., 51, _229_
Sunbury, Ga., 63, 64, 66
Superior Courts, State, _see individual States_
Supreme courts, of colonies and States, _see specific colonies/States_;
of United States, _see_ United States Judiciary
Surgeons, _see_ Doctors, medical education, medical practice,
and hospitals
Surveyors and surveying, 47, 80, 86, 109, 130, 132
Susquehanna River, 132
Sussex County, Del., 101, 121
Swedes and Sweden, 109
Tabby construction material, 177, 235
Tabby Cottage, Ga., 63, _176–177_
Taliaferro, Richard, father-in-law of signer, 255
“Taps” (bugle call), 240
Tariffs, _see_ Commerce, trade, and manufacturing
Taunton, Mass., 115
Taverns, 222
Taxes and taxation, and British-colonial conflict, _see_ Independence
movement and British-colonial clash;
and signers, 37, 56, 131;
excise, on alcoholic beverages, 51;
in Boston, 36;
on stamps, _see_ Stamp Act, Stamp Tax, Stamp Act Congress, and Stamp
Act agitation;
on sugar, _see_ Sugar Act;
on tea, _see_ Tea and Tea Act;
poll, 113, 114, 136;
States receive, 117.
_See also_ Customs laws, collection, and officials.
Tayloe, Col. John, father-in-law of signer, 91, 242, 246
Tayloe, Mrs. John, mother-in-law of signer, 91
Tayloe, Rebecca, marries signer, 91, 242, 246
Tayloe family and descendants, 91, 247
Taylor, George (signer), career of and sites associated with, 28, 31,
_137–138_, _226–227_, _230–231_
Taylor, Mrs. George, wife of signer, 137, 242
Taylor (George) Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, 227
Taylor House, Pa., 137–138, _230–231_
Tea and Tea Act, 7, 38, 49, 53–54, 189–190
Teachers and teaching, _see_ Education
Temperance, 123, 126
“Temple of Minerva” (opera), 82
“The Bostonians Paying the Excise-Man or Tarring and Feathering”
(cartoon), reproduced, 6
“The Declaration of Independence” (painting), reproduced, ii
The Hills (estate), Pa., 108
“The Homestead,” Pa., _see_ Byberry
_The Pennsylvania Gazette_ (newspaper), 55
_The Prophecy_ (essay), 82
“The Rights of the Colonies Examined” (article-pamphlet), 81
“The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America,”
_see_ Declaration of Independence
Theology, _see_ Christianity and religion
Thirteen Colonies, _see_ Colonies
Thomas Jefferson Memorial, D.C., 161
Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, 245
Thomson, Charles, and Declaration of Independence, 22, 69, 262
Thornton, Matthew (signer), career of and sites associated with, 24,
28, 31, _139–140_, _203–204_
Thornton House, N.H., _203–204_
Thornton’s Ferry and Thornton’s Ferry Cemetery, N.H., 140
Three Lower Counties, _see_ Delaware
Tobacco planters, _see_ Planters and plantations
Todd House, Pa., 224, 226
Tombs and tombstones, _see_ Cemeteries and burial places
Tories, _see_ Loyalists and Tories
Townhouses, 43, 50, 76, 96, 97, 107, 108, 120, 179, 185, 188, 228, 233
Towns, _see_ Cities, towns, and villages
Townshend Acts (_1767_), 37, 93, 120
Tracts, _see_ Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts
Trade and traders, _see_ Commerce, trade, and manufacturing
Traditions regarding signing of Declaration, 24, 52, 58
Treasury, British, _see under_ Great Britain;
U.S., _see_ United States Treasury Department
Treasury Building (old), D.C., 263
Treaties, _see_ Diplomats and diplomacy;
Indians and Indian affairs;
_and specific nations and treaties_
Treaty of Fort Stanwix, Second, 153
Treaty of Paris (_1783_), 24, 35, 58, 207, 267
Trenton and Battle of Trenton, N.J., 23–24, 51, 72, 263
Trials, _see_ Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence
Trinity Church, N.Y., 96
Trumbull, John, artist, painting by, reproduced, ii
Trumbull, Jonathan, father-in-law of signer, 144–145
Trumbull Cemetery, Conn., 145
Tryon, William, British official, 77, 153
Tuckahoe (estate), Va., 86, _253–255_
Tuscan architectural features, 196, 250
Tuscarora Creek, Md., 180
Tusculum (home), N.J., 151, 208, _209–210_
Tutors and tutorial system, _see_ Education
U-shaped buildings, 240, 242
“Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America”
(The), _see_ Declaration of Independence
Union Army, _see_ Civil War
Union Cemetery, N.H., 143
Unitarians and Unitarianism, 52, 116.
_See also_ Christianity and religion.
United First Parish Church, Mass., 35
United Kingdom, _see_ Great Britain
United States, and Declaration of Independence, 3, 32;
architectural and historical heritage of, 32, 159–160, 216–217,
218, 245;
early antislavery law in, 80;
early chapel in, 186;
early chemistry education in, 124;
early legal education in, 155–156;
early libraries in, 222;
early medical practice and hospitals in, 123–126;
early music in, 82;
famous families in, 33, 91, 193;
famous writer in, 83;
first banks in, 108;
founding and early growth of, 3, 216–217;
major literary and political figures of, 194;
oldest learned society in, 221.
_See also various colonies/States, regions, entries immediately
following, and appropriate topics throughout this index._
United States, Bank of the, _see_ Bank of the United States
United States Bicentennial, 222
United States Bill of Rights, _see under_ United States Constitution
United States Capitals, 50, 124, 217, 263, 264
United States Capitol, D.C., ii, 161, 171, 173
United States Centennial Exposition, 264
United States circuit courts and judges, _see_ United States Judiciary
United States Congress, 29, 30, 33, 40, 44, 46, 48, 50–51, 53, 54, 58,
61, 81, 106, 118, 160, 194, 218, 221.
_See also_ Continental Congress;
United States Government;
United States House of Representatives;
United States Senate;
_and specific Congressmen_.
United States Constitution, and Connecticut (Great) Compromise,
118, 131;
and Pa. constitution, 148;
and signers of Declaration, 29, 39, 40, 44, 46, 50, 55, 58, 92, 106,
129, 144, 145–148;
Bill of Rights of, 48, 61, 71, 92, 94;
Bill of Rights of, displayed, 266, 267;
Bill of Rights of, displayed, photo of, 266;
debated, drafted, adopted, and signed, 50, 106, 129, 145–148,
218–221;
displayed, 264–265, 267;
displayed, photo of, 266;
favored and advocated, 40, 51, 61, 69, 125;
history and protection of document, 264–267;
Madison presents to Washington, mural of, 267;
opposed, 39, 46, 48, 61, 69, 71, 79, 84, 92, 94, 102, 105, 114, 119,
125, 131, 144, 148, 151, 153, 156;
room adopted and signed in, 218–221;
signers of, who also signed Declaration, 29, 49, 50, 55,
58, 106, 129;
significance of, 217;
takes effect, 263.
_See also_ United States Constitutional Convention.
United States Constitutional Convention, and signers of Declaration,
39, 44, 48, 61, 94, 108, 118, 119, 131, 136, 142, 145–148;
compromise at, 118, 131;
leader in, 228;
membership, deliberations, and actions of, 29, 49, 50, 55, 58, 61,
131, 145–148, 154, 156, 217, 218, 222, 267;
room held in, 218–221.
_See also_ United States Constitution.
United States courts, _see_ United States Judiciary
United States Declaration of Independence, _see_ Declaration of
Independence
United States Department of State, 33, 85, 88, 194, 228, 263–264
United States Department of the Interior, and historic
preservation, 161.
_See also_ National parks, National Park Service, and National
Park System.
United States Department of War, 263, 264
United States General Services Administration, 265
United States Government, and Declaration, 264;
and historic sites and buildings, 195, 212, 226;
buildings of, 173;
capitals of, _see_ United States Capitals;
first official document of, _see_ Declaration of Independence;
formation of, exhibit on, 267;
Jefferson sells library to, 90;
permanent records of, 265, 267;
role of signers in, 29, 60 (_and see specific signers_).
_See also_ Colonies;
Continental Congress;
_entries immediately preceding and following_;
_and appropriate topics throughout this index_.
United States House of Representatives, 48, 50–51, 54, 131, 195.
_See also_ United States Congress.
United States Judiciary, 29, 45, 46, 114, 145, 148, 213, 218, 219, 221
United States Mint, 125
United States Navy, 264.
_See also_ Continental Navy.
United States Presidents and Presidency, and John and John Quincy
Adams, 29, 30, 33, 35, 193, 194, 195, 218, 222;
and Mrs. John Adams, 34;
and signers, 29, 30, 85, 89, 239;
dignity of, 171;
electors for, 54, 84, 128, 142;
inaugurations and inaugural addresses of, 239, 267;
official residence of, _see_ White House;
unofficial residence of, 222.
_See also specific Presidents._
United States Secretary of State, _see_ United States Department of
State
United States Secretary of the Interior, _see_ United States
Department of the Interior
United States Secretary of the Treasury, _see_ United States
Treasury Department
United States Senate, 40, 44, 62, 92, 94, 106, 108, 118, 119, 131, 142.
_See also_ United States Congress.
United States Supreme Court, _see_ United States Judiciary
United States Treasury Department, 106, 108, 152
United States Vice Presidents, 29, 33, 35, 59, 61, 85, 88, 193,
195, 196, 228
United States War Department, 263, 264
United States War for Independence, _see_ War for Independence
Universalist Church, N.H., 41
Universities, _see_ Colleges and universities
University of Edinburgh, Scotland, 124, 134, 145, 149
University of Georgia, 67, 142
University of Glasgow, Scotland, 145
University of New York, 105
University of Pennsylvania, 82, 113, 126, 228
University of Pennsylvania Medical School, 228
University of St. Andrews, Scotland, 145
University of the State of Pennsylvania, 126
University of Virginia, 89, 90, 243
Urbanization, and historic preservation, 159
Valley Forge, Pa., 29
Van Brugh, Catherine, and signer, 96
Van Doren, Carl, historian, quoted, 217
Vandalism, and historic sites, 50, 159
Vassall, Maj. Leonard, and Adams National Historic Site, 194
Vassall-Adams House, Mass., _see_ Adams National Historic Site
Vermont (colony and State), 153
Verse, _see_ Literature and literary figures
Vice Presidents, U.S., _see_ United States Vice Presidents
Villa architectural plan, 246
Villages, _see_ Cities, towns, and villages
Virginia (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 7, 9,
15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 41–42, 70–71, 74, 75, 85–94, 110–112, 117,
135, 136, 141, 154–156, 160, 239–256, 263.
_See also entries immediately following._
Virginia Association, 42, 93
Virginia House of Burgesses, 38, 41–42, 70, 86, 91, 92, 93, 111, 155
Virginia Resolves, 42
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, 88, 90
Vocations of signers, compared, 31.
_See also individual signers._
Wakefield Academy, England, 92
Wales and Welshmen, 53, 62, 118
Wallingford, Conn., 65, 130
Walton, George (signer), career of and sites associated with, 31, 50,
64, 65, 66, 138, _140–142_, 161, _173–176_
Walton, George, Jr., son of signer, 175
Walton, Mrs. George, wife of signer, 141
Walton descendants, 175
Walton-Harper House, Ga., _see_ College Hill
Wamassee Head, Ga., 177
War for Independence (U.S.), and Declaration of Independence,
3, 23–24, 217;
and Loyalists, _see_ Loyalists and Tories;
battles and campaigns, land and naval, and course of, 3–156
_passim_, 207–218 _passim_, 228, 233, 236, 239, 248, 263, 264;
begins, 12, 38, 42;
ends, _see_ Treaty of Paris;
feared, 134;
financed, _see_ Continental Congress, fiscal problems and
policies of;
generated, _see_ Independence movement and British-colonial clash;
heroes of, 75, 251;
heroes of, painted, 218;
impact of, on signers and their families, _see_ Risks and
sacrifices of signers;
Iroquois Indians neutral during, 153;
peace negotiations during, 35, 58, 98, 128, 136;
verge of, 9;
won, 24.
_See also appropriate topics throughout this index._
War of _1812_, 172, 173, 263
War Office Building, D.C., 263
Ward, Samuel, politician, 80
Warren (town), R.I., 80
Wars, and historic sites, 159. _See also specific wars._
Warwick Furnace, Pa., 137
Washington, President George, career of and sites associated with, 14,
23–24, 27, 29, 34, 35, 42, 46, 52, 60, 69, 75, 95, 98, 104,
107, 108, 114, 124, 125, 148, 171, 217, 218, 228, 233,
255, 264, 267
Washington, D.C., history of and historic sites in, 3, 62, 108, 161,
170–173, 218, 263–266 _passim_
Washington College, Md., 114
Watkins, Thomas, and Meadow Garden, 175
Wealth and financial status of signers, compared, 27, 28–29, 30,
31, 43.
_See also_ Debts and economic reversals of signers;
_and individual signers._
Weapons, _see_ Arms, ammunition, and ordnance
Webster, Daniel, Secretary of State, 264
Welcome (village), Md., 135
Welles, Rev. Samuel, and Williams Birthplace, 166
Welles-Williams House, Conn., _see_ Williams Birthplace
Wells family, 204
West, Benjamin, artist, 82
West Indies, 100, 194, 202
West Nottingham Academy, Md., 124, 134
Westchester County, N.Y., 105
Western Reserve (in present Ohio), 153
Western United States, _see_ Frontier and frontiersmen
Westernville, N.Y., 54, 211, 212
Westminster School, England, 95
Westmoreland Association (_1766_), 93
Westmoreland County, Va., 91, 92
Westward expansion, _see_ Frontier and frontiersmen
Whedbee, Joseph, builder, 214
Whigs (patriots) and Whig Party, _see_ Independence movement and
British-colonial clash
Whipple, Joseph, brother of signer, 143
Whipple, Mrs. William, wife of signer, 143, 202
Whipple, William (signer), career of and sites associated with, 28,
_142–143_, _177–178_, _201–202_
Whipple Birthplace, Maine, _177–178_
White Hall Plantation, S.C., 76, 233
White (Bishop) House, Pa., 224, 226
White House (“President’s House”;
“President’s Palace”), D.C., 34, 85, _170–173_
White Plains, N.Y., 105
Whitestone, N.Y., 95
Widowers, signers as, 35, 41, 46, 54, 148
Widows of signers, _see_ Wives and widows of signers
Wilkins, John, builder, 214
William and Mary, College of, _see_ College of William and Mary
William and Mary architectural style, 252
Williams, Mrs. William, wife of signer, 144
Williams, Rev. Solomon, father of signer, 166, 168
Williams, William (signer), career of and sites associated with, 31,
_144–145_, _166–169_
Williams Birthplace (Welles-Williams House), Conn., _166–167_
Williams House, Conn., _168–169_
Williamsburg, Williamsburg Historic District, and Colonial
Williamsburg, Va., 15, 42, 86, 93, 111, 154–156, 255–256
Willing, Charles, shipper, 106
Willing, Thomas, shipper-legislator, 106, 110
Wills, 67, 120, 156
Wilmington, Del., 119
Wilmington, N.C., 77, 78, 214
Wilson, James (signer), career of and sites associated with, 28, 29,
110, 125, _145–148_, _213–214_, 222, 224
Wilson, Mrs. James, first wife of signer, 146
Wilson, Mrs. James, second wife of signer, 148
Windham, Windham County, and Windham district, Conn., 83, 144
Windsor, Conn., 152, 169
Winyaw, S.C., 99
Wiscasset, Maine, 139
Wistar, Dr. Caspar, and Philadelphia, 228
Witherspoon, James, son of signer, 151
Witherspoon, John (signer), career of and sites associated with, 28,
31, 124, 134, _149–151_, _208–210_, 228
Witherspoon, Mrs. John, first wife of signer, 124, 134, 149, 150
Witherspoon, Mrs. John, second wife of signer, 151
Wives and widows of signers, last to survive, 62 (_and see particular
signers and individuals_)
Wolcott, Oliver (signer), career of and sites associated with, 24, 31,
_152–153_, _169–170_
Wolcott, Oliver, son of signer, 152, 153
Wolcott, Roger, father of signer, 152, 153
Wolcott descendants, 170
Wolcott House, Conn., _169–170_
Wolverhampton, England, 62
Wooley, Edmund, carpenter, 217
Worcester, Mass., 33, 139, 203
World War II, 265
Writers and writing, _see_ Literature and literary figures
Wyandotte Indians, 153
Wye Hall, Wye Island, and Wye Plantation, Md., 113, 114, 188
Wyoming Valley land dispute, 133, 143
Wythe, George (signer), career of and sites associated with, 24, 86,
88, _154–156_, _255–256_
Wythe, Mrs. George, first wife of signer, 154
Wythe, Mrs. George, second wife of signer, 154–155, 255
Wythe, Thomas, brother of signer, 154
Wythe House, Va., _255–256_
XYZ affair, 61
Yale College, Conn., 65, 84, 96, 105, 130, 152
Yeoman farmers, 86
York and York County, Pa., 98, 132, 133, 218, 263
York County, Va., 111
York Hall, Va., _see_ Nelson House
Yorkshire, England, 92
Yorktown and Battle (siege) of Yorktown, Va., 108, 111, 112,
218, 248, 255
☆ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1974 O-477-940
[Illustration: Sketch of proposed reconstruction of the Graff House,
where Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.]
Transcriber’s Notes
Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant
preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.
Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced
quotation marks retained.
Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained; occurrences of
inconsistent hyphenation have not been changed.
For compatibility with various display devices, the symbols for Site
Categories beginning on page 163 are slightly different from the ones
used in the original book.
Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.