TRIM, CORPORAL, Uncle Toby's attendant in "Tristram Shandy."

TRIMURTI, the Hindu trinity, embracing BRAHMA THE CREATOR, VISHNU THE

PRESERVER, and SIVA (q. v.) the Destroyer; represented sometimes as a

body with three heads, that of Brahma in the centre, of Vishnu on the

right, and of Siva on the left.

TRINCOMALEE (10), an important naval station and seaport on the NE.

coast of Ceylon, 110 m. NE. of Kandy; possesses barracks, official

residences, and a splendid harbour, a haven of shelter to shipping during

the monsoons, and is strongly fortified.

TRINIDAD (208), the largest of the Windward Islands, and most

southerly of the ANTILLES (q. v.), lies off the mouth of the

Orinoco, 7 m. from the coast of Venezuela; is of great fertility, with a

hot, humid, but not unhealthy climate; sugar, coffee, tobacco, and cocoa

are the chief exports; a source of great wealth is a wonderful pitch lake

which, despite the immense quantities annually taken from it, shows no

perceptible diminution; inhabitants are mainly French; taken by the

British in 1797, and forms, with Tobago, a crown colony; capital, Port of

Spain.

TRINITARIANS, name applied to those who believe in an ontological as

well as those who believe in a theological trinity, that is to say, who

recognise the like principle pervading the universe of being.

TRINITY, the doctrine, variously interpreted, that in the godhead or

divine nature there are three persons, respectively denominated Father,

Son, and Spirit--Father, from whom; Son, to whom; and Spirit, through

whom are all things; is essentially triunity in unity.

TRIPITAKA, (the three baskets), name given to the collection of the

sacred books of Buddhism, as being formed of three minor collections,

bearing the Sutras on discipline, the Vinaya on doctrine, and the

Abidharma on metaphysics.

TRIPOD, seat with three legs on which the priestess of Apollo sat

when delivering her oracles.

TRIPOLI (17), a seaport of Syria, 40 m. NE. of Beyrout; a place of

great antiquity, and successively in the hands of the Phoenicians,

Crusaders, and Mamelukes; it has many interesting Saracenic and other

remains; its trade is passing over to Beyrout.

TRIPOLI (1,000), a province (since 1835) of Turkey, in North Africa,

most easterly of the Barbary States; stretches northwards from the Libyan

Desert, lies between Tunis (W.) and Fezzan (E.), with which latter, as

also with Barca, it is politically united; carries on a brisk caravan

trade with Central Africa; capital, Tripoli (20), situated on a spit of

rocky land jutting into the Mediterranean; surrounded by high walls, and

Moorish in appearance.

TRIPTOLEMUS, in the Greek mythology the favourite of DEMETER

(q. v.), the inventor of the plough, and of the civilisation therewith

connected; played a prominent part in the Eleusinian Mysteries; was

favoured by Demeter for the hospitality he showed her when she was in

quest of her daughter.

TRISMEGISTUS (thrice greatest), the Egyptian Hermes, regarded as the

fountain of mysticism and magic.

TRISTAN DA CUNHA, the largest of three small islands lying out in

the South Atlantic, about 1300 m. SW. of St. Helena; 20 m. in

circumference; taken possession of by the British in 1817, and utilised

as a military and naval station during Napoleon's captivity on St.

Helena; now occupied by a handful of people, who lead a simple,

communistic life.

TRISTRAM, SIR, one of the heroes of mediæval romance, whose

adventures form an episode in the history of the Round Table.

TRITON, in the Greek mythology a sea deity, son of Poseidon and

Amphitrite; upper part of a man with a dolphin's tail; often represented

as blowing a large spiral shell; there were several of them, and were

heralds of Poseidon.

TRITRATNA, name given to the BUDDHIST TRINITY, BUDDHA,

THE DHARMA, and the SANGHA (q. v.).

TROCHU, LOUIS JULES, a distinguished French general, who came to the

front during the Crimean end Italian campaigns, but fell into disfavour

for exposing in a pamphlet (1867) the rotten state of the French army;

three years later, on the outbreak of the Franco-German War, was

appointed Governor of Paris, and, after the proclamation of the Republic,

general of the defence of the city till its capitulation, after which he

retired into private life (1815-1896).

TROLLOPE, ANTHONY, English novelist; belonged to a literary family;

his mother distinguished as a novelist no less; educated at Winchester

and Harrow; held a high position in the Post Office; his novels were

numerous; depict the provincial life of England at the time; the chief

being "Barchester Towers," "Framley Parsonage," and "Dr. Thorne"; wrote a

"Life of Cicero," and a biography of Thackeray; he was an enthusiastic

fox-hunter (1815-1882).

TROMP, CORNELIUS, Dutch admiral, son of succeeding, born at

Rotterdam; fought many battles with the English and proved himself a

worthy son of a heroic father; was created a baron by Charles II. of

England (1675); aided the Danes against Sweden, and subsequently

succeeded Ruyter as lieutenant admiral-general of the United Provinces

(1629-1691).

TROMP, MARTIN HARPERTZOON, famous Dutch admiral, born at Briel;

trained to the sea from his boyhood, in 1637 was created

lieutenant-admiral, and in two years' time had twice scattered Spanish

fleets; defeated by Blake in 1652, but six months later beat back the

English fleet in the Strait of Dover, after which he is said to have

sailed down the Channel with a broom to his masthead as a sign he had

swept his enemies from the seas; in 1653 Blake renewed the attack and

inflicted defeat on him after a three days' struggle; in June and July

Tromp was again defeated by the English, and in the last engagement off

the coast of Holland was shot dead (1597-1653).

TROMSÖ, a town (6) and island (65) of Norway, in the NW.

TRONDHJEM (29), an important town, the ancient capital of Norway, on

Trondhjem Fjord, 250 m. N. of Christiania; is well laid out with broad

level streets, most of the houses are of wood; possesses a fine

13th-century cathedral, where the kings of Norway are crowned; carries on

a flourishing trade in copper ore, herrings, oil, &c.; is strongly

fortified.

TROPHONIUS, in Greek legend, along with his brother Agamedes, the

architect of the temple of Apollo at Delphi; had a famous oracle in a

cave in Boeotia, which could only be entered at night.

TROPICS, two parallels of latitude on either side of the equator,

which mark the limits N. and S. of the sun's verticality to the earth's

surface, the distance being in each case 23½°; the northern tropic is

called the Tropic of Cancer, and the southern the Tropic of Capricorn.

TROPPAU (21), capital of Austrian Silesia, 184 m. E. of Vienna;

contains a castle, gymnasium, and an extensive library; manufactures

linen and woollen textiles, beetroot sugar, &c.

TROSSACHS, a romantic pass in the Perthshire Highlands, 8 m. W. of

Callander, stretching for about a mile between Lochs Katrine and Achray,

is charmingly wooded; is celebrated by Sir Walter Scott in his "Lady of

the Lake."

TROUBADOURS, a class of poets who flourished in Provence, Eastern

Spain, and Northern Italy from the 11th to the 13th century, whose songs

in the Langue d'Oc were devoted to subjects lyrical and amatory, and who

not infrequently were men of noble birth and bore arms as knights, and as

such were distinguished from the Jongleurs, who were mere strolling

minstrels.

TROUVÈRES, a class of ancient poets in Northern France, who like the

Troubadours of Southern France were of court standing, but whose poems,

unlike those of the Troubadours, were narrative or epic.

TROWBRIDGE (12), a market-town of Wiltshire, 25 m. NW. of Salisbury;

has a fine 15th-century Perpendicular church, in which the poet Crabbe is

buried; has woollen and fine cloth manufactures.

TROY, a city of Troas, a territory NW. of Mysia, Asia Minor,

celebrated as the scene of the world-famous legend immortalised by the

"Iliad" of Homer in his account of the war caused by the rape of Helen,

and which ended with the destruction of the city at the hands of the

avenging Greeks.

TROY (61), capital of Rensselaer County, New York, on the Hudson

River, 5 m. above Albany; possesses handsome public buildings, and is a

busy centre of textile, heavy iron goods, and other manufactures; has

daily steamship service with New York.

TROYES (50), a quaint old town of France, capital of the department

of Aube, on the Seine, 100 m. SE. of Paris; possesses a fine Flamboyant

Gothic cathedral, founded in 872, several handsome old churches, a large

public library; has flourishing manufactures of textile fabrics, and

trades in agricultural produce; here in 1420 was signed the Treaty of

Troyes, making good the claims of Henry V. of England to the French

crown.

TRUCK-SYSTEM, the paying of workmen's wages in goods in place of

money; found useful where works are far distant from towns, but liable to

the serious abuse from inferior goods being supplied; Acts of Parliament

have been passed to abolish the system, but evasions of the law are not

uncommon.

TRUMBULL, JONATHAN, an American patriot, judge and governor of

Connecticut, who supported the movement for independence with great zeal;

was much esteemed and consulted by Washington, whose frequent phrase,

"Let us hear what Brother Jonathan says," gave rise to the appellation

"Brother Jonathan" (1710-1785).

TRUNNION, COMMODORE HAWSER, an eccentric retired naval officer in

Smollett's "Peregrine Pickle," affects the naval commander in his

retirement.

TRURO (11), an episcopal city and seaport of Cornwall; exports

largely tin and copper from surrounding mines; its bishopric was revived

in 1876, and a handsome Early English cathedral is nearing completion;

has also infirmary, old grammar-school, libraries, &c.

TUAM (4), a town of Galway, Ireland, 129 m. NW. of Dublin; is the

seat of an Anglican bishop and of a Catholic archbishop.

TÜBINGEN (13), a celebrated university town of Würtemberg, 18 m. SW.

of Stuttgart; is quaint and crowded in the old town, but spreads out into

spacious and handsome suburbs, where is situated the new university.

Under Melanchthon and Reuchlin the old university became a distinguished

seat of learning, and later, during the professorship of BAUR (q. v.),

acquired celebrity as a school of advanced biblical criticism,

which gave great stimulus to a more rationalistic interpretation of the

Scripture narratives; has now an excellent medical school; also book

printing and selling, and other industries are actively carried on.

TUCKER, ABRAHAM, author of "The Light of Nature Pursued"; educated

at Oxford and the Inner Temple, but possessed of private means betook

himself to a quiet country life near Dorking and engaged in philosophical

studies, the fruit of which he embodied in seven volumes of miscellaneous

theological and metaphysical writing (1705-1774).

TUCUMAN, a north-central province (210) and town (26) of the

Argentine Republic, the latter on the Rio Sil, 723 m. NW. of Buenos

Ayres.

TUDELA (9), ecclesiastical city of Spain, on the Ebro, 46 m. NW. of

Saragossa.

TUDOR, the family name of the royal house that occupied the English

throne from 1485 (accession of Henry VII.) to 1603 (death of Queen

Elizabeth), founded by Owen Tudor, a Welsh gentleman, who became Clerk of

the Household, and subsequently the husband of Catherine of Valois, widow

of Henry V.; their son, Edmund, Earl of Richmond, married Margaret

Beaufort, a direct descendant of Edward III., and became the father of

Henry VII.

TULA (64), capital of a government (1,409) of the same name in

Central Russia, 107 m. S. of Moscow, the residence of a military and of a

civil governor, the seat of a bishop, and a busy centre of firearms,

cutlery, and other manufactures.

TULCHAN BISHOPS, bishops appointed in Scotland by James VI. to draw

the Church revenues for his behoof in part, a tulchan being "a calf-skin

stuffed into the rude similitude of a calf" to induce the cow to give her

milk freely; "so of the bishops, which the Scotch lairds were glad to

construct and make the milk come without disturbance."

TULLE (15), a town of France, capital of the dep. of Corrèze, 115 m.

NE. of Bordeaux; possesses a cathedral, episcopal palace, &c.; chief

manufacture firearms; the fine silk fabric which takes its name from it

is no longer manufactured here.

TUNBRIDGE (10), a market-town of Kent, 11 m. SW. of Maidstone, with

a fine old castle, a notable grammar-school, and manufactures of fancy

wood-wares.

TUNBRIDGE WELLS (28), a popular watering-place on the border of Kent

and Sussex, 34 m. SE. of London; with chalybeate waters noted for upwards

of 250 years.

TUNIS (1,500), a country of North Africa, slightly larger than

Portugal; since 1882 a protectorate of France; forms an eastern

continuation of Algeria, fronting the Mediterranean to the N. and E., and

stretching S. to the Sahara and Tripoli; is inhabited chiefly by Bedouin

Arabs; presents a hilly, and in parts even mountainous, aspect; its

fertile soil favours the culture of fruits, olives, wheat, and esparto,

all of which are in gradually increasing amounts exported; fine marble

has been recently found, and promises well. The capital is Tunis (134),

situated at the SW. end of the Lake of Tunis, a few miles SE. of the

ruined city of CARTHAGE (q. v.); is for the most part a crowded

unwholesome place, but contains well-supplied bazaars, finely decorated

mosques, the bey's palace, a citadel, and is showing signs of improvement

under French management.

TUNSTALL (16), a market-town of Staffordshire, 4½ m. NE. of

Newcastle-under-Lyme, is a coal-centre, with manufactures of earthenware

and iron.

TUPPER, MARTIN, author of "Proverbial Philosophy," born in

Marylebone; bred to the bar; wrote some 40 works, but the "Philosophy"

(1838), though dead now, had a quite phenomenal success, having sold in

thousands and hundreds of thousands, as well as being translated into

various foreign languages (1810-1889).

TURENNE, VICOMTE DE, a famous marshal of France, born at Sedan of

noble parentage; was trained in the art of war under his uncles Maurice

and Henry of Nassau in Holland, and entered the French service in 1630

under the patronage of Richelieu; gained great renown during the Thirty

Years' War; during the wars of the FRONDE (q. v.) first sided

with the "Frondeurs," but subsequently joined Mazarin and the court

party; crushed his former chief Condé; invaded successfully the Spanish

Netherlands, and so brought the revolt to an end; was created

Marshal-General of France in 1660; subsequently conducted to a triumphant

issue wars within Spain (1667), Holland (1672), and during 1674 conquered

and devastated the Palatinate, but during strategical operations

conducted against the Austrian general Montecuculi was killed by a

cannon-ball (1611-1675).

TURGOT, ANNE ROBERT JACQUES, French statesman, born at Paris, of

Norman descent; early embraced the doctrines of the _philosophe_ party,

and held for 13 years the post of intendant of Limoges, the affairs of

which he administered with ability, and was in 1774 called by Louis XVI.

to the management of the national finances, which he proceeded to do on

economical principles, but in all his efforts was thwarted by the

privileged classes, and in some 20 months was compelled to resign and

leave the matter to the fates, he himself retiring into private life

(1727-1781).

TURIN (230), a celebrated city of North Italy, a former capital of

Piedmont, 80 m. NW. of Genoa; although one of the oldest of Italian

cities it presents quite a modern appearance, with handsome streets,

statues, squares, gardens, a Renaissance cathedral, palaces, university

(over 2000 students), large library, colleges and museums, &c.;

manufactures are chiefly of textiles; has an interesting history from the

time of its first mention in Hannibal's day.

TURKESTAN, a wide region in Central Asia, divided by the Pamir plateau

into sections: (1) WESTERN TURKESTAN, which embraces Russian Turkestan

(3,342), the KHANATES OF KHIVA (q. v.) and BOKHARA (q. v.), and Afghan

Turkestan. (2) EASTERN TURKESTAN (600), formerly called Chinese Tartary;

unproductive in many parts, and but sparsely populated; produces some

gold, and a considerable quantity of silk, besides linens and cottons.

TURKEY or THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, a great Mohammedan State embracing wide

areas in Eastern Europe and Western Asia, besides the province of Tripoli

in North Africa, and the tributary States Bulgaria and Eastern Roumelia,

Bosnia and Herzegovina (under Austria), Cyprus (under Britain), Samos and

Egypt (practically controlled by Britain). EUROPEAN TURKEY (4,786), which

during the last 200 years has been gradually losing territory, now

comprises a narrow strip of land between the Adriatic (W.) and the Black

Sea (E.), about twice the size of England; is traversed by the Dinaric

Alps and Pindus Mountains, which strike southwards into Greece, while

offshoots from the BALKANS (q. v.) diversify the E.; climate is very

variable, and is marked by high winds and extremes of cold and heat; the

soil is remarkably fertile and well adapted for the cultivation of

cereals, but agricultural enterprise is hampered by excessive taxation;

there is abundance of the useful metals; is the only non-Christian State

in Europe. ASIATIC TURKEY (16,000) is bounded N. by the Black Sea, S. by

the Arabian Desert and the Mediterranean, E. by Persia and Transcaucasia,

and W. by the Archipelago; has an area more than ten times that of Turkey

in Europe, is still more mountainous, being traversed by the Taurus,

Anti-Taurus, and the Lebanon ranges; is ill watered, and even the valleys

of the Euphrates, Tigris, and Jordan are subject to great drought in the

summer; embraces ASIA MINOR (q. v.), SYRIA (q. v.), PALESTINE (q. v.),

and the coast strips of Arabia along the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf;

chief exports are fruits, silk, cotton, wool, opium, &c. The population

of the Ottoman Empire is of a most heterogeneous character, embracing

Turks, Greeks, Slavs, Albanians, Armenians, Syrians, Arabs, Tartars, &c.

The government is a pure despotism, and the Sultan is regarded as the

Caliph or head of Islam; military service is compulsory, and the army on

a war footing numbers not less than 750,000, but the navy is small; since

1847 there has been considerable improvement in education; the finances

have long been mismanaged, and an annual deficit of two millions sterling

is now a usual feature of the national budget; the foreign debt is

upwards of 160 millions. From the 17th century onwards the once wide

empire of the Turks has been gradually dwindling away. The Turks are

essentially a warlike race, and commerce and art have not flourished with

them. Their literature is generally lacking in virility, and is mostly

imitative and devoid of national character.

TURNER, CHARLES TENNYSON, an elder brother of Alfred Tennyson; a man

of fine nature and delicate susceptibility as a poet, whose friendship

and "heart union" with his greater brother is revealed in "Poems by Two

Brothers" (1808-1879).

TURNER, JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM, great English landscape painter,

born probably in London, the son of a hairdresser; had little education,

and grew up illiterate, as he remained all his days; took to art from his

earliest boyhood; soon became acquainted with the artist class, and came

under the notice of Sir Joshua Reynolds; began to exhibit at 15; was

elected Associate of the Royal Academy at 24, and made an Academician at

28; he took interest in nothing but art, and led the life of a recluse;

was never married, and was wedded solely to his work; travelled much in

England and on the Continent, sketching all day long; produced in

water-colour and oil scene after scene, and object after object, as they

impressed him, and represented them as _he_ saw them; being a man of

moderate desires he lived economically, and he died rich, leaving his

means to found an asylum for distressed artists; of his works there is no

space to take note here; yet these are all we know of the man, and they

stamp him as a son of genius, who saw visions and dreamed dreams; he

early fascinated the young Ruskin; Ruskin's literary career began with

the publication of volume after volume in his praise, and in his

enthusiasm he characterised him as the "greatest painter of all time"

(1775-1851). See PERUGINO.

TURNER, SHARON, historian, born in London, where he led a busy life

as an attorney; devoted his leisure to historical studies, the first of

which were "History of Anglo-Saxons" and "History of England from the

Norman Conquest to the Death of Elizabeth," essays, &c. (1768-1847).

TURPIN, DICK, a felon executed at York for horse-stealing;

celebrated for his ride to York in Ainsworth's "Rookwood."

TUSCANY (2,274), a department of Italy, formerly a grand-duchy, lies

S. and W. of the Apennines, fronting the Tyrrhenian Sea on the W.;

mountainous in the N. and E., but otherwise consisting of fertile dale

and plain, in which the vine, olive, and fruits abound; silk is an

important manufacture, and the marble quarries of Siena are noted; formed

a portion of ancient ETRURIA (q. v.); was annexed to Sardinia

in 1859, and in 1861 was incorporated in the kingdom of Italy. Capital,

Florence.

TUSCULUM, a ruined Roman city, 15 m. SE. of Rome; at one time a

favourite country resort of wealthy Romans; Brutus, Cæsar, Cicero, and

others had villas here; was stormed to ruins in 1191; has many

interesting remains.

TUSSAUD, MADAME, foundress of the famous waxwork show in London,

born at Berne, and trained in her art in Paris; patronised by the sister

of Louis XVI.; was imprisoned during the Revolution, and in 1802 came to

London (1760-1850).

TWEED, a famous river of Scotland, rises in the S. of Peeblesshire,

and flows for 97 m. in a generally north-eastward direction; enters the

German Ocean at Berwick; is a noted salmon river, and inseparably

associated with the glories of Scottish literature and history.

TWICKENHAM (16), a town of Middlesex, on the Thames, 11½ m. SW. of

London; a fashionable resort in the 18th century; the dwelling-place of

Pope, Horace Walpole, Turner, and others.

TWISS, SIR TRAVERS, jurist and economist, born in Westminster;

professor of Political Economy at Oxford, and subsequently of Civil Law;

drew up in 1884 a constitution for the Congo Free State; his writings

include "View of the Progress of Political Economy since the Sixteenth

Century," "International Law," "The Law of Nations," all of which rank as

standard and authoritative works (1809-1897).

TWIST, OLIVER, hero of Dickens's novel of the name.

TYCHE, the Greek name of the Latin goddess Fortuna, represented with

various attributes to symbolise her fickleness, her influence, her

generosity, &c.

TYLER, EDWARD BURNET, a distinguished anthropologist, born at

Camberwell; in 1856 he travelled through Mexico in company with Henry

Christy, the ethnologist; five years later published "Anahuac; or, Mexico

and the Mexicans"; in 1883 became keeper of the Oxford University Museum

and reader in Anthropology; in 1888 was appointed Gifford Lecturer at

Aberdeen, and in 1891 president of the Anthropological Society; his great

works are "Researches into the Early History of Mankind" and "Primitive

Culture"; _b_. 1832.

TYLER, JOHN, president of the United States, born in Charles City

County, Virginia; became a barrister; elected vice-president of the

United States in 1840, and on the death of Harrison succeeded to the

presidential office; showed much independence and strength of mind,

exercising his veto on several occasions; the ASHBURTON (q. v.)

Treaty and the annexation of Texas were the principal events of his

presidency; made strenuous endeavours to secure peace in 1861, but

failing sided with the South, and was a member of the Confederate

Congress (1790-1862).

TYLER, WAT, a tiler in Dartford, Kent, who roused into rebellion the

long-discontented and over-taxed peasantry of England by striking dead in

1381 a tax-gatherer who had offered insult to his young daughter; under

Tyler and Jack Straw a peasant army was mustered in Kent and Essex, and a

descent made on London; the revolters were disconcerted by the tact of

the young king RICHARD II. (q. v.), and in a scuffle Tyler was

killed by Walworth, Mayor of London.

TYNDAL, JOHN, physicist, born in co. Carlow, Ireland; succeeded

Faraday at the Royal Institution; wrote on electricity, sound, light, and

heat, as well as on the "Structure and Motion of the Glaciers," in

opposition to Forbes, whose theory was defended in strong terms by

Ruskin; wrote also "Lectures on Science for Unscientific People," much

praised by Huxley (1820-1893).

TYNE, river of North England, formed by the confluence near Hexham

of the N. Tyne from the Cheviots, and the S. Tyne, which rises on Cross

Fell, in E. Cumberland; forms the boundary between Durham and

Northumberland, and after a course of 32 m. enters the sea between

Tynemouth and South Shields.

TYNEMOUTH (28 township, 46 borough), a popular watering-place of

Northumberland, at the mouth of the Tyne, 9 m. E. of Newcastle; has a

fine sweep of promenaded shore, an aquarium, pier, lighthouse, baths,

&c.; North Shields and several villages lie within the borough

boundaries.

TYPHON, in the Greek mythology a fire-breathing giant, struck by a

thunderbolt of Jupiter, and buried under Etna.

TYRANTS, in ancient Greece men who usurped or acquired supreme

authority in a State at some political crisis, who were despotic in their

policy, but not necessarily cruel, often the reverse.

TYRCONNEL, RICHARD TALBOT, EARL OF, a Catholic politician and

soldier, whose career during the reigns of Charles II. and James II. is a

record of infamous plotting and treachery in support of the Catholic

Stuarts; was created an earl and lord-deputy of Ireland by James II.;

fled to France after the battle of the Boyne (1625-1691).

TYRE, a famous city of ancient PHOENICIA (q. v.), about 30

m. N. of Acre; comprised two towns, one on the mainland, the other on an

island opposite; besieged and captured in 332 B.C. by Alexander the

Great, who connected the towns by a causeway, which, by silting sands,

has grown into the present isthmus; its history goes back to the 10th

century B.C., when it was held by Hiram, the friend of Solomon, and

sustained sieges by Nebuchadnezzar and others; was reduced by Cæsar

Augustus, but again rose to be one of the most flourishing cities of the

East in the 4th century A.D.; fell into ruins under the Turks, and is

now reduced to some 5000 of a population.

TYROL (929), a crownland of Austria; lies between Bavaria (N.) and

Italy (S. and W.); traversed by three ranges of the Alps and by the

rivers Inn and Adige; it is famed for the beauty of its scenery;

inhabited by Catholic Germans and Italians; sheep-farming, mining, and

forest, fruit, and wine cultivation are the chief industries; capital

INNSBRUCK (q. v.).

TYRONE (171), a central county of Ulster, Ireland; is hilly,

picturesque, and fertile in the lower districts; a considerable portion

is taken up by barren mountain slopes and bogland, and agriculture is

backward; coal and marble are wrought; Omagh is the capital, and Strabane

and Dungannon are prosperous towns.

TYRONE, HUGH O'NEIL, EARL OF, a notable Irish rebel; assumed the

title of "The O'Neil," and offered open rebellion to Queen Elizabeth's

authority, but, despite assistance from Spain, was subdued by Essex and

Mountjoy; was permitted to retain his earldom, but in James I.'s reign

was again discovered intriguing with Spain; fled the country, and had his

lands confiscated; _d_. 1616.

TYRRHENIAN SEA, an arm of the Mediterranean, stretching between

Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily on the W., and Italy on the E.

TYRTÆUS, a lyric poet of ancient Greece, of the 7th century B.C.,

and whose war-songs greatly heartened the Spartans in their struggle with

the Messenians.

TYRWHITT, THOMAS, English scholar, the son of an English Church

canon, born in London; was a Fellow of Merton in 1755, and in 1762 became

clerk to the House of Commons, a post, however, which proved too arduous

for him, and in 1768 he resigned; the remainder of his life was given to

literary pursuits; produced the first adequate edition of Chaucer (1775),

besides an edition of Aristotle's "Poetics," and books on Chatterton's

"Rowley Poems," &c. (1730-1786).

TYTLER, PATRICK FRASER, historian, son of Alexander Fraser Tytler, a

lord of Session under the title of Lord Woodhouselee, author of the

"Elements of History" (1747-1813), born in Edinburgh; abandoned the bar

for literature, and established his fame by his scholarly "History of

Scotland"; wrote biographies of Wycliffe, Raleigh, Henry VIII., &c.;

received a Government pension from Sir Robert Peel (1791-1849).

U

UCAYALI, a tributary of the Amazon, which rises in the S. Peruvian

Andes, and which it joins after a northward course of over 1000 m.

UDALL, NICHOLAS, author of "Ralph Roister-Doister," the earliest of

English comedies, and "the earliest picture of London manners," born in

Hants; was a graduate of Oxford, and head-master first of Eton and

subsequently of Westminister School (1505-1556).

UEBERWEG, FRIEDRICH, German philosopher, professor at Königsberg;

author of a "History of Philosophy," an excellent text-book (1826-1871).

UGANDA, a territory in East Africa along the N. and NW. shore of

Victoria Nyanza, with a population of from 300,000 to 500,000, and the

seat of an active mission propaganda on the part of both the Catholic and

Protestant Churches; has since 1890 been under British protection. The

capital is Mengo.

UGOLINO, COUNT, tyrant of Pisa; was of the Guelph party; celebrated

for his tragic fate; having fallen into the hands of his enemies, he was

in 1288 thrown into a dungeon along with his two sons and two grandsons,

and starved to death, a fate which suggested to Dante one of the most

terrible episodes in his "Inferno"; the dungeon referred to has since

borne the name of the "Tower of Hunger."

UHLAND, JOHANN LUDWIG, German poet, born at Tübingen; studied law,

and wrote essays as well as poems, but it is on the latter his fame

rests, and that is as wide as the German world; he was a warm-hearted

patriot, and in keen sympathy with the cause of German liberation

(1787-1862).

UHLANS, a body of light cavalry in the German army, introduced first

into the Polish service, and of Tartar origin it is said.

UIST, two islands of the Outer Hebrides, called respectively North

and South, forming part of Inverness-shire; separated by the island of

Benbecula, with a population of over 3000 each; engaged chiefly in

fishing.

UKASE, an edict issued by the Czar, having the force of a law.

UKRAINE (frontier), a fertile Russian province of undefined limits

in the basin of Dnieper, originally a frontier territory of Poland

against the Tartars.

ULEABORG (11), a seaport town in Russian Finland, near the head of

the Gulf of Bothnia; trades in wood and tar.

ULEMA, a body in Turkey, or any Mohammedan country, of the learned

in the Mohammedan religion and law, such as the Imams, or religious

teachers, the Muftis, or expounders of the law and the Cadis, or judges;

its decrees are called "fetvas."

ULLMANN, KARL, German theologian; was professor at Heidelberg: wrote

"Reformers before the Reformation," but is best known as author of "The

Sinlessness of Jesus" (1796-1865).

ULLSWATER, second largest of the English lakes, lies between

Cumberland and Westmorland, 8 m. long, and its average breadth 1 m.; is

looked down upon by Helvellyn, on the SW.

ULM (36), city of Würtemberg, on the Danube, 46 m. SE. of Stuttgart;

was an imperial free city, and is a place of great importance; is famed

for its cathedral, which for size ranks next to Cologne, as well as for

its town hall; has textile manufactories and breweries, and is famed for

its confectionery; here General Mack, with 28,000 Austrians, surrendered

to Marshal Key in 1805.

ULOTRICHI, name given to the races that have crisp or woolly hair.

ULPHILAS, Gothic bishop; famous for his translation of the

Scriptures into Gothic, the part which remains being of great

philological value; was an Arian in theology (311-381).

ULRICI, HERMANN, German philosopher and literary critic, born in

Lower Lusatia; professor at Halle; wrote against the Hegelian philosophy

as pantheistic, and also studies in Shakespeare (1806-1884).

ULSTER (1,617), the northern province of Ireland, is divided into

the nine counties of Antrim, Armagh, Cavan, Donegal, Down, Fermanagh,

Londonderry, Monaghan, and Tyrone, and has an area of 8560 sq. m.; became

an English settlement in 1611, and was largely colonised from Scotland;

it is the most Protestant part of the island, though the Catholics

predominate, and is the most enterprising and prosperous part; the land

is extensively cultivated, and flax growing and spinning the chief

industries.

ULTIMUS ROMANORUM (the last of the Romans), name given by Cæsar to

Brutus, as one with whom the old Roman spirit would become extinct;

applied to the last of any sturdy race.

ULTRAMONTANISM, name given to extreme views in the matter of the

prerogatives and authority of the Pope, so called in France as prevailing

on the other side of the Alps.

ULUGH-BEG, a Tartar prince, grandson of Tamerlane; astronomy was a

favourite study of his, and in the patronage of it he founded an

observatory at Samarcand; after a reign of 40 years conjointly with his

father and by himself, he was put to death by a son who had rebelled

against him (1394-1449).

ULYSSES (i. e. Greek Odysseus), chieftain of Ithaca, one of the Greek

heroes in the Trojan War, in which he was with difficulty persuaded to

join, but in which, however, he did good service both by his courage and

his counsels; he is less famed for what he did before Troy than for what

befell him in his ten years' wandering homeward after, as recorded by

Homer in a separate poem called after him the "ODYSSEY" (q. v.), which

relates his stay among the LOTUS-EATERS (q. v.), his encounter with

POLYPHEMUS (q. v.), the enchantments of CIRCE (q. v.), the SIRENS (q.

v.), and CALYPSO (q. v.), and his shipwreck, &c. Tennyson represents him

as impatient of the humdrum life of Ithaca on his return, and as longing

to join his Trojan comrades in the Isles of the Blessed. See PENELOPE and

TELEMACHUS.

ULYSSES' BOW, a bow which only Ulysses could wield.

UMA (the gracious one), the consort of SIVA (q. v.), and

sometimes also of RUDRA (q. v.).

UMBALLA (499), a city in the Punjab, 150 m. NW. of Delhi; is an

important military station and a railway centre; carries on a large

trade.

UMBRIA, a province of ancient Italy, between Cisalpine Gaul and the

territory of the Sabines; inhabited originally by a powerful Latin race.

UMLAUT, name given by Grimm to the modification of a vowel in a

syllable through the influence of a vowel in the succeeding.

UNA (i. e. who is one), the personification of Truth, the

companion of St. George in his adventures, and who, after various

adventures herself, is at last wedded to him.

UNCIAL LETTERS, large round characters or letters used in ancient

MSS.

UNCLE SAM, name given to the United States Government, derived from

a humorous translation of the initials U.S.

UNCONSCIOUS, THE, name given to a spiritual supernatural influence

operating in and affecting the life and character, but which we are not

sensible of ourselves, and still less reveal a conscious sense of to

others.

UNDERSTANDING, THE. See REASON.

UNDINE, a female spirit of the watery element, naturally without,

but capable of receiving, a human soul, particularly after being wedded

to a man and after giving birth to a child.

UNDULATORY THEORY, the theory that light is due to vibrations or

undulations in the ether as the medium through which it is transmitted

from its source in a luminous body.

UNEARNED INCREMENT, increase in the value of land or any property

without expenditure of any kind on the part of the proprietor.

UNICORN, a fabulous animal like a horse, with a cubit and a half

long horn on the forehead; was adopted by James I. as the symbol of

Scotland on the royal arms; is in Christian art a symbol of the

incarnation, and an emblem of female chastity.

UNIFORMITY, ACT OF, an Act passed in England in 1662 regulating the

form of public prayers and rites to be observed in all churches, and

which had the effect of driving hundreds of clergymen from the

Established Church.

UNIGENITUS, THE BULL, a bull beginning with this word, issued by

Pope Clement XI. in 1713 against JANSENISM (q. v.) in France,

and which was in 1730 condemned by the civil authorities in Paris.

UNION, FEDERAL, name given to a union of several States in defence

or promotion of the common good, while each State is independent of the

rest in local matters.

UNION, THE, a name applied in the English history to (1) the Union

of England and Scotland in 1603 under one crown, by the accession of

James VI. of Scotland to the throne of England on the death of Elizabeth;

(2) the Union of England and Scotland in 1707, under one Parliament

seated at Westminster, into the United Kingdom of Great Britain; and (3)

to the Union of the United Kingdom of Great Britain to Ireland in 1801,

when the Irish Parliament was abolished, and was represented, as it still

is, in the Imperial.

UNION JACK, originally the flag of Great Britain, on which the

crosses of St. George and St. Andrew are blended, with which certain

white streaks were blended or fimbriated after the Union with Ireland.

UNIONISTS, name given to the Liberal party opposed to Mr.

Gladstone's measure to grant Home Rule to Ireland.

UNITARIANS, a designation applicable to all monotheists in religion,

including Jews and Mohammedans, but generally and more specially applied

to those who deny the Church doctrine of the Trinity, and in particular

the divinity of Christ, and who have at different times and in different

countries assumed an attitude, both within the pale of the Church and

outside of it, of protestation against the opposite orthodox creed in the

interests of rationalistic belief; the name is also employed in

philosophy to designate those who resolve the manifold of being into the

operation of some single principle.

UNITED BRETHREN, name given to the MORAVIANS (q. v.).

UNITED PRESBYTERIANS, a body of Presbyterians in Scotland who

dissent from the Established Church on chiefly ecclesiastical grounds,

and had their origin in union in 1847 of the Secession Church of 1733

with the Relief Church of 1752, bodies previously in dissent as well. A

further union of the United Presbyterian body with the Free Church is to

all appearance about to be consummated.

UNITED PROVINCES. See HOLLAND.

UNITED STATES (62,622), the great Western republic; occupies an area

nearly as large as all Europe, bounded on the N. by the Dominion of

Canada, on the E. by the Atlantic, on the S. by Mexico and the Gulf, and

on the W. by the Pacific, extending 2700 m. from E. to W., and on an

average 1600 m. from N. to S.; on the coasts are few capes, inlets, and

islands, except on that of New England; there are two great mountain

systems, the Appalachians on the E. and the Rockies, the Cascade ranges,

&c., on the W., which divide the territory into four regions--an eastern,

which slopes from the Appalachians to the Atlantic, a manufacturing

region; a central, which slopes S., formed by the Mississippi Valley, an

agricultural and pastoral region; a plateau supported by the Rocky and

Cascade ranges, a metalliferous region; and a territory with the valley

of the Sacramento, which slopes to the Pacific, of varied resources. The

great rivers are in the Mississippi Valley, as also the two largest

lakes, the Michigan and Great Salt Lake, though there are important

rivers both for navigation and water-power on the Atlantic and Pacific

slopes. The climate is of every variety, from sub-arctic to sub-tropic,

with extremes both as regards temperature and moisture, in consequence of

which the vegetation is varied. The mineral wealth is immense, and

includes, besides large beds of coal, all the useful metals. The

industries, too, are manifold, and embrace manufactures of all kinds,

with agriculture, grazing, mining, and fishing, while commerce is

prosecuted with an activity that defies all rivalry, the facilities in

railway and waterway being such as no other country can boast of, for

there are over 182,000 miles of railway, not to mention street railways

and traction lines, with telegraphic and telephonic communication. The

population is mostly of British and German descent, with eight million

negroes, who are all English-spoken. The Government is a federal republic

of 45 States; the legislature consists of two Houses--a Senate

representing the States, each one sending two members, and a House of

Representatives representing the people, every citizen over 21 having a

vote, and every 170,000 voters having a representative--the head of the

Government being the President, elected for a term of four years, and

commander-in-chief of both army and navy. Religious equality prevails

through all the States, though the Protestant section of the Church is in

the ascendant, and education is free and general, though backward in

some of the former slave-holding States, the cost being met by State or

local funds, supplemented by the Federal Government.

UNITED STATES, PRESIDENTS OF, George Washington (1789-1797); John

Adams (1797-1801); Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809); James Maddison

(1809-1817); James Munroe (1817-1825); John Quincy Adams (1825-1829);

Andrew Jackson (1829-1837); Martin Van Buren (1837-1841); John Tyler

(1841-1845); John K. Polk (1845-1849); Zachary Taylor (1849-1850);

Millard Fillmore (1850-1853); Franklin Pierce (1853-1857); James Buchanan

(1857-1861); Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865); Andrew Johnson (1865-1869);

Ulysses D. Grant (1869-1877); Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881); James A.

Garfield (1881); Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885); Grover Cleveland

(1885-1889); Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893); Grover Cleveland (1893-1897);

William McKinley (1897-1901); Theodore Roosevelt (1901).

UNITIES, THREE, name given to the rule laid down by Aristotle that a

tragedy should be limited to one subject, to one place, and a single day.

UNIVERSALISTS, a body of Christians who profess to believe in the

final restoration of all the fallen, angels as well as men; a body

chiefly of American growth, having an ecclesiastical organisation, and

embracing a membership of 40,000; there are many of them Unitarians, and

all are more or less Pelagian in their views of sin.

UNKNOWN, THE GREAT, name given to Sir Walter Scott from withholding

his name in publishing the Waverley novels.

UNTERWALDEN (27), a canton of Switzerland S. and E. of Lucerne,

consisting of two parallel valleys 15 m. long running N. and S.; an

entirely pastoral country, and exports articles of husbandry.

UNYANYEMBE, a district of German East Africa, with a town of the

name, with a settlement of Arabs who cultivate the soil, the fruits of

which they export.

UNYORO (1,500), a native State of Central Africa, between Lake

Albert Nyanza and the territory of Uganda.

UPAN`ISHADS (Instructions), a voluminous heterogeneous collection of

treatises connected with the Vedas, and the chief source of our knowledge

of the early metaphysical speculations and ethical doctrines of the

Hindus; they are to a great extent apocryphal, and are posterior to the

rise of Buddhism.

UPAS TREE, a poison-yielding-tree, at one time fabled to exhale such

poison that it was destructive to all animal and vegetable life for miles

round it.

UPOLU (16), the principal island in the SAMOAN GROUP (q. v.),

is 140 m. in circumference, and rises in verdure-clad terraces from

a belt of low land on the shore, with Apia, the capital of the group, on

the N. border.

UPPINGHAM, market-town in Rutland, with a famous public school.

UPSALA (21), the ancient capital of Sweden, on the Sala, 21 m. NW.

of Stockholm, the seat of the Primate, and of a famous university with

1900 students, and a library of 250,000 volumes; its cathedral, built of

brick in the Gothic style, is the largest in Sweden, contains the tombs

of Linnæus and of Gustavus Vasa.

URAL, a river of Russia, which rises in the E. of the Urals and

forms part of the boundary between Europe and Asia, and falls after a

course of 870 m. by a number of mouths into the Caspian Sea.

URALS, THE, a range of mountains rich in precious as well as useful

metals, extending from the Arctic Sea to the Sea of Aral, and separating

European from Asiatic Russia, and is 1330 m. in length, 60 m. in breadth,

and 3000 ft. in average height.

URALSK (26), a town, a Cossack centre, on the Ural River, 280 m.

from the Caspian Sea, and a place of considerable trade.

URANIA, the muse of astronomy, is represented with a globe in her

hand, to which she points with a small rod.

URANUS, a planet, the outermost but one of the solar system, is 1770

millions of miles from the sun, takes 30,686 of our days, or 84 of our

years, to revolve round it, has four times the diameter of the earth, and

is accompanied by four moons; it was discovered in 1781 by Herschel, and

called by him Georgium Sidus in honour of George III.

URANUS (Heaven), in the Greek mythology the son of Gaia (the Earth),

and by her the father of the Titans; he hated his children, and at birth

thrust them down to Tartarus, to the grief of Gaia, at whose instigation

Kronos, the youngest born, unmanned him, and seized the throne of the

Universe, to be himself supplanted in turn by his son Zeus.

URBAN, the name of eight popes: URBAN I., Pope from 223 to 230;

URBAN II., Pope from 1088 to 1099, warm promoter of the first

Crusade; URBAN III., pope from 1185 to 1187; URBAN IV., Pope

from 1261 to 1264; URBAN V., Pope from 1362 to 1370, man of an

ascetic temper; URBAN VI., Pope from 1378 to 1389, in his reign the

schism in the papacy began which lasted 40 years; URBAN VII., Pope

in 1590; and URBAN VIII., Pope from 1623 to 1644, founded the

College de Propaganda Fide.

URBINO, an ancient town of Central Italy, 20 m. SW. of Pesaro; was

once the capital of a duchy; is the seat of an archbishop, and was the

birthplace of Raphael.

URI (17), a Swiss canton N. of Unterwalden; is almost entirely

pastoral; is overlooked by Mount St. Gothard; Altdorf is the capital.

URIM AND THUMMIM, two ornaments attached to the breastplate of the

Jewish high-priest which, when consulted by him, at times gave

mysteriously oracular responses.

URQUHART, SIR THOMAS, of Cromarty, a cavalier and supporter of

Charles I., and a great enemy of the Covenanters in Scotland; travelled

much, and acquired a mass of miscellaneous knowledge, which he was fain

to display and did display in a most pedantic style; posed as a

philologist and a mathematician, but executed one classical work, a

translation of Rabelais; is said to have died in a fit of laughter at the

news of the restoration of Charles II. (1605-1660).

URSA MAJOR, the Greater Bear, a well-known constellation in the

northern hemisphere, called also the Plough, the Wagon, or Charles's

Wain, consists of seven bright stars, among others three of which are

known as the "handle" of the Plough, and two as the pointers, so called

as pointing to the pole-star.

URSA MINOR, the Lesser Bear, an inconspicuous constellation, the

pole-star forming the tip of the tail.

URSULA, ST., virgin saint and martyr, daughter of a British king;

sought in marriage by a heathen prince, whom she accepted on condition

that he became a Christian and that he would wait three years till she

and her 11,000 maidens accomplished a pilgrimage to Rome; this pilgrimage

being accomplished, on their return to Cologne they were set upon and all

save her slain by a horde of Huns, who reserved her as a bride to Etzel,

their king, on the refusal of whose hand she was transfixed by an arrow,

and thereby set free from all earthly bonds; is very often represented

in art with arrows in her hands, and sometimes with a mantle and a group

of small figures under it, her martyred sisters.

URSULINES, an order of nuns founded in 1537 by St. Angela Merici of

Brescia in honour of St. Ursula, devoted to the nursing of the sick and

the instruction of the young, and now established in homes in different

cities of both Europe and North America.

URUGUAY (730), the smallest State in South America and a republic,

formerly called Banda Oriental; lies between the Atlantic and the Uruguay

River, and is bounded on the S. by the estuary of the Plata; it covers an

area of over 70,000 sq. m., and is little more than one-third the size of

France; the mineral wealth is abundant, but little has been done to

exploit it; the cultivation of the soil is only begun, and the land is

mostly given over to pasture, cattle-rearing and sheep-farming being the

chief industries, and the chief products and exports being hides, wool,

preserved meats, and similar articles of commerce. The people are mostly

natives of mixed race, with some 30 per cent. of Europeans; primary

education is compulsory; there are numerous schools, and a university,

and though the established religion is Roman Catholic, all others are

tolerated. Montevideo is the capital.

URUMIYA (32), a town in Persia, near a lake of the name, SW. of the

Caspian Sea, the seat of a Nestorian bishop and the birthplace of

Zoroaster.

USEDOM (33), island belonging to Prussia, at the mouth of the Oder,

with Schwinemünde on the N.

USHANT, island off the W. coast of France, in department of

Finisterre, where Howe gained a signal victory over the French in 1794.

USHER, JAMES, Irish episcopal prelate, born in Dublin of good

parentage, educated at Trinity College, Dublin; took orders and devoted

years to the study of the Fathers of the Church; was in 1607 appointed

professor of Divinity in his Alma Mater, in 1620 bishop of Meath, and in

1621 archbishop of Armagh; in 1640 he went to England, and during the

rebellion next year his house was broken into and plundered, after which

he settled in London and was eight years preacher at Lincoln's Inn;

adhered to the royal cause, but was favoured by Cromwell, and by him

honoured with burial in Westminster; he was a most saintly man,

evangelical in his teaching, and wrote a number of learned works

(1581-1656).

UTAH (207), a territory on the western plateau of the United States,

W. of Colorado, traversed by the Wahsatch range, at the foot of which

lies the Great Salt Lake, is in extent nearly three times as large as

Scotland, and occupied by a population four-fifths of which are Mormons,

a territory rich in mines of the precious and useful metals as well as

coal; originally wholly a desert waste, but now transformed where the

soil has admitted of it, into a fruit-bearing region. SALT LAKE

CITY (q. v.) is the capital.

UTAKAMAND, the summer capital of the Presidency of Madras, India, on

the Nilgherries, 7000 ft. above the sea-level, and where the temperature

in summer is as low as 60°.

UTGARD (out-yard), in the Norse mythology a place or circle of rocks

on the extreme borders of the world, the abode of the giants, the same as

Jötunheim.

UTICA, an ancient city of North Africa, founded by the Phoenicians

on a site 20 m. NW. of Carthage; was in alliance with Carthage during the

first and second Punic Wars, but took part with the Romans in the third,

and became afterwards the capital of the Roman province.

UTICA (56), a city in New York State, U.S., 232 m. NW. of New York

City; is on the Erie Canal, in the heart of a dairy-farming district; has

a noted market for cheese, and has various manufactures.

UTILITARIANISM, the theory which makes happiness the end of life and

the test of virtue, and maintains that "actions are right in proportion

as they tend to promote happiness, and wrong as they tend to produce the

reverse," a theory characterised by Carlyle, who is never weary of

denouncing it, as "reducing the infinite celestial soul of man to a kind

of hay-balance for weighing hay and thistles on, pleasures and pains on."

The great apostle of this theory was John Stuart Mill, and the great

father of it Jeremy Bentham.

UTOPIA (Nowhere), an imaginary island described by Sir Thomas More,

and represented as possessing a perfect political organisation, and which

has given name to all schemes which aim at the like impossible

perfection, though often applied to such as are not so much impossible in

themselves as impracticable for want of the due individual virtue and

courage to realise them.

UTRAQUISTS (i. e. both kinders), followers of Huss who maintained

that the Eucharist should be administered to the people in both kinds,

both bread and wine.

UTRECHT (60), an old town, the capital of a province of the name

(224), in Holland, on the Old Rhine, 23 m. SE. of Amsterdam; it is

fortified by strong forts, and the old walls have been levelled into

beautiful promenades; has a number of fine buildings, a Gothic cathedral,

St. Martin's, a famous university with 700 students, and a library of

160,000 volumes, besides a town-hall and the "Pope's house" (Pope Adrian

VI., who was born here), &c.; manufactures iron goods, textiles,

machinery, &c., and trades in butter and cheese; here in 1713 the treaty

was signed which closed the Spanish Succession War. Is the name also of a

S. province of the Transvaal.

UTTOXETER, market-town of Staffordshire, 14 m. NE. of Stafford; has

sundry manufactures and brewing; here Dr. Johnson did public penance,

with head uncovered, as a man, for want of filial duty when, as a boy, he

refused to keep his father's bookstall in the market-place when he was

ill.

UXBRIDGE, town of Middlesex, 16 m. W. of London; has two fine

churches, and a large corn-market.

UZBEGS, a race of Tartar descent and Mohammedan creed, dominant in

Turkestan, the governing class in Khiva, Bokhara, and Khokand especially;

territory now annexed to Russia.

V

VAAL, a river of South Africa, which rises in the Drakenberg

Mountains, separates the Free State from the Transvaal, and after a

course of 500 m. in a SW. direction joins the Nu Gariep to form the

Orange River.

VACCINATION. Inoculation with the matter of cowpox as a protection

against smallpox, was introduced 1796-98 by EDWARD JENNER (q. v.),

and at length adopted by the faculty after much opposition on the

part of both medical men and the public.

VAIGATZ, an island in the Arctic Ocean, 67 m. long by 26 m. broad,

the "Holy Island" of the SAMOYEDES (q. v.), an abode of furred

animals, seals, &c.

VAISHNAVAS, in India, name given to the worshippers of Vishnu.

VAISYAS. See CASTE.

VALAIS, a Swiss canton, between Berne on the N. and Italy on the S.,

in a wide valley of the Rhône, and shut in by lofty mountains;

cattle-rearing is the chief industry.

VALDAI HILLS, a plateau rising to the height of 1100 ft. above the

sea-level in Russia, forming the only elevation in the Great European

Plain.

VALENCIA (180), a city of Spain, once the capital of a kingdom, now

of a fertile province of the name; is situated on the shores of the

Mediterranean, 3 m. from the mouth of the Guadalaviar, in the midst of a

district called the Huerta, which is watered by the river, and grows

oranges, citron, almond, mulberry-trees in richest luxuriance, the fruits

of which it exports; is an archbishop's see, and contains a large Gothic

cathedral, a picture gallery, and a university with a large library; has

silk, cloth, leather, cigar, floor-tile manufactures, and exports grain

and silk besides fruits.

VALENCIA (40), a city of Venezuela, in a rich district, on a lake of

the same name; large numbers of cattle, horses, and mules are reared in

the neighbourhood.

VALENCIENNES (24), an ancient fortified city in the dep. Nord,

France, on the Scheldt, 32 m. SE. of Lille, with a citadel planned by

Vauban, a fine town-hall, and a modern Gothic church and other buildings;

has textile manufactures, besides iron-works, and was once famous for its

lace.

VALENS, FLAVIUS, Emperor of the East from 364 to 378; nominated by

his brother Valentinian I. emperor of the West; was harassed all his

reign by the Goths, who had been allowed to settle in the empire, and

whom he drove into revolt, to the defeat of his army in 378, in a battle

in which he was himself slain; the controversy between the orthodox and

the Arians was at its height in this reign, and to the latter party both

he and his victors belonged; _b_. 328.

VALENTIA, an island in co. Kerry, Ireland, is the European terminus

of the Atlantic telegraph system.

VALENTINE, BASIL, a German alchemist of the 15th century, is said to

have been a Benedictine monk at Erfurt, and is reckoned the father of

analytical chemistry.

VALENTINE'S DAY, the 14th of February, on which young people of both

sexes were wont (the custom seems gradually dying out) to send

love-missives to one another; it is uncertain who the Valentine was that

is associated with the day, or whether it was with any of the name.

VALENTINIAN I., Roman emperor from 364 to 375, born in Pannonia, of

humble birth; distinguished himself by his capacity and valour; was

elected emperor by the troops at Nicæa; his reign was spent in repelling

the inroads of the barbarians.

VALENTINIANS, a Gnostic sect, called after their leader Valentine, a

native of Egypt of the 2nd century, regarded heathenism as preparatory to

Christianity, and Christ as the full and final development in human form

of a series of fifteen stages of emanation from the infinite divine to

the finite divine in Him "the fulness of Him that filleth all in all,"

each stage in the process achieved by the union of a male element with a

female, that is, a conceptive and a susceptive.

VALERIANUS, LUCINIUS, Roman emperor from 253 to 260, elected by the

legions in Rhætia; the empire being assailed on all hands he set out to

defend it on the E.; was defeated at Edessa, taken prisoner, and cruelly

treated; when he died his skin, it is said, was stuffed and paraded as a

trophy.

VALERIUS MAXIMUS, a Roman writer of the age of Tiberius, who

compiled a collection of the sayings and doings of notable Romans; it is

of very miscellaneous character, and is written in a bombastic style, and

dedicated to the emperor.

VALETTA (62), a fortress city, the capital of Malta, on a promontory

on the NE. coast of the island, between two bays; the streets are steep,

and the harbour is strongly fortified; it contains several fine

buildings, a cathedral, the palace of the Grand-Masters of the Knights

Templar, and the hospital of St. John; there is also a university and a

large public library.

VALETTE, JEAN PARISOT DE LA, grand-master of the order of St. John,

famous for his military exploits and for his defence of Malta against the

Turks in 1565 (1494-1565).

VALHALLA, Hall of Odin, the heaven of the brave in the Norse

mythology, especially such as gave evidence of their valour by dying in

battle, the "base and slavish" being sent to the realm of Hela, the

Death-Goddess.

VALKYRS, in the Norse mythology daughters of Odin, who selected such

as were worthy to be slain in battle, and who conducted them to

VALHALLA (q. v.).

VALLA, LAURENCE, a learned humanist, born in Rome, and a valiant

defender of the claims of scholarship; was a distinguished Latinist

(1405-1457).

VALLADOLID (62), a famous city of Spain, the capital of old Castile,

and now of a province of the name, 150 m. N. of Madrid; is a fortress

town; is the seat of an archbishop; has a university and a number of

churches; manufactures textile fabrics, iron, and leather.

VALLOMBROSA (shady valley), a Benedictine abbey 15 m. E. of

Florence, in a valley of the Apennines, surrounded by forests of beech,

firs, &c.; is a classic spot.

VALMY, a village of France, 20 m. NE. of Châlons, where the

Prussians, under the Duke of Brunswick, were defeated by the troops of

the French Republic under Kellermann in 1792.

VALOIS, an ancient duchy of France, which now forms part of the

departments of Oise and Aisne, a succession of the counts of which

occupied the throne of France, beginning with Philippe VI. in 1328 and

ending with Henry III. in 1574.

VALPARAISO (Vale of Paradise) (150), the second city and chief port

in Chile, over 100 m. NW. of Santiago, at the head of a bay which looks

N., and where the anchorage is dangerous; is quite a commercial city;

exports ores, nitre, wheat, hides, &c., the business affairs of which are

largely in the hands of foreigners, chiefly English, American, and

Germans; it has been on various occasions visited by severe earthquakes;

was bombarded by a Spanish fleet in 1866 and suffered in the Civil War of

1891.

VAMBÉRY, ARMINIUS, traveller and philologist, born in Hungary, of

poor Jewish parentage; apprenticed to a costumier; took to the study of

languages; expelled from Pesth as a revolutionary in 1848, settled in

Constantinople as a teacher, travelled as a dervish in Turkestan and

elsewhere, and wrote "Travels and Adventures in Central Asia," a most

valuable and notable work; _b_. 1832.

VAMPIRE, the ghost of a dead person accursed, fabled to issue from

the grave at night and suck the blood of the living as they sleep, the

victims of whom are subject to the same fate; the belief is of Slavonic

origin, and common among the Slavs.

VAN (35), a town in the Kurdistan Highlands, on the SE. shore of

Lake Van, and 145 m. SE. of Erzerum; inhabited by Turks and Armenians.

VAN BUREN, MARTIN, the eighth President of the United States, born

in New York; devoted from early years to politics, and early made his

mark; elected President in 1835, an office which he adorned with honour,

though to the sacrifice of his popularity (1782-1862).

VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. See TASMANIA.

VANADIUM, a metallic silver-white elementary body of rare

occurrence, and occurring in very small quantities; discovered first in

1801 by Del Rio.

VANBRUGH, SIR JOHN, dramatist, of uncertain birth; his dramas

adaptations from the French of Molière and others; had been a soldier;

was Clarencieux King-at-Arms, and is noted as an architect; _d_. 1726.

VANCOUVER ISLAND (30), a rugged-coasted island on the W. of North

America; belongs to British Columbia; is separated from it by a strait of

the sea; is 278 m. long and 50 to 65 m. of average breadth; is covered

with forests, and only partially cultivated; is rich in minerals, and has

extensive fisheries.

VANDALS, a fierce nation of the Teutonic race, who, from the NE. of

Europe, invaded Rome on the E., mutilating and destroying the works of

art in the city.

VANDERBILT, CORNELIUS, American millionaire, born on Staten Island;

began life as a ferryman, acquired his fortune by enterprise in steamship

navigation, and speculating in railway extensions (1794-1877).

VANDEVELDT, WILLIAM, the Elder, marine painter, born at Leyden;

painted sea-fights; was patronised by Charles II. and James II.

(1611-1693).

VANDEVELDT, WILLIAM, the Younger, marine painter, son of preceding;

patronised likewise by Charles II. (1633-1707).

VANDYCK, SIR ANTHONY, great portrait-painter, born in Antwerp;

studied under Rubens, whose favourite pupil he was; visited Italy, and

devoted himself to the study of the great masters; on his return to

Antwerp painted "Christ Crucified between Two Thieves"; came to England

in 1632, and was patronised by Charles I.; was knighted, and made court

painter; painted the royal family, the king, queen, and their two

children, and during the next eight years executed portraits of all the

court people; his portraits are very numerous, and the most celebrated

are in England; died at Blackfriars, and was buried in St. Paul's

(1599-1641).

VANE, SIR HENRY, a notability of the Civil War period in England;

was a Puritan of the republican type, born in Kent; studied at Oxford;

emigrated for a time to New England, but returned, entered Parliament,

took an active part against the Royalists, withstood Cromwell, and was

openly rebuked by him; his opposition to the Protectorate led to his

imprisonment for a time; at the Restoration he was arrested and beheaded

on Tower Hill (1612-1662).

VAR (288), a department in the SE. of France; is in part

mountainous, with fertile valleys; yields wine, tobacco, and various

fruits.

VARENNES, a small town near Verdun, in France, where in 1791 Louis

XVI. was intercepted in his attempt to escape from France.

VARNA (25), a port of Bulgaria, on a bay in the Black Sea; a place

of considerable trade, specially in exporting corn; here the French and

English allied forces encamped for four months in 1854 prior to their

invasion of the Crimea.

VARNHAGEN, VON ENSE, German memoir writer, and excellent in that

department; a man of many vicissitudes; memorable chiefly as the editor

of his wife's letters. See RAHEL.

VARRO, MARCUS TERENTIUS, "the most learned of the Romans," wrote a

number of works both in prose and verse, of which only fragments remain,

but enough to prove the greatness of the loss; was the friend of Pompey,

then Cæsar, then Cicero, but survived the strife of the time and spent

his leisure afterwards in literary labours (116-27 B.C.).

VARUNA, in the Hindu mythology the god of the luminous heavens,

viewed as embracing all things and as the primary source of all life and

every blessing. "In connection with no other god," says M. Barth, "is the

sense of the divine majesty and of the absolute dependence of the

creature expressed with the same force. We must go to the Psalms to find

similar accents of adoration and supplication." He was the prototype of

the Greek Uranus, the primeval father of gods and men.

VARUS, PUBLIUS QUINTILIUS, Roman consul, appointed by Augustus

governor of Germany; being attacked by Arminius and overpowered with loss

of three Roman legions under his command, he committed suicide; when the

news of the disaster reached Rome Augustus was overwhelmed with grief,

and in a paroxysm of despair called upon the dead man to restore him his

legions.

VASARI, GIORGIO, Italian painter and architect, born in Arezzo; was

the author of biographies of Italian artists, and it is on these, with

the criticism they contain, that his title to fame rests (1511-1574).

VASSAR COLLEGE, a college 2 m. E. of Poughkeepsie, New York, founded

by Matthew Vassar, a wealthy brewer, in 1861 for the higher education of

women.

VATHEC, an Oriental potentate and libertine, guilty of all sorts of

crimes, and hero of a novel of the name by WILLIAM BECKFORD (q. v.).

VATICAN, THE, the palace of the Pope in Rome and one of the largest

in the world; contains a valuable collection of works of art, and is one

of the chief attractions in the city; it is a storehouse of literary

treasures as well and documents of interest bearing on the history of the

Middle Ages.

VATICAN COUNCIL, a Church council attended by 764 ecclesiastics

under the auspices of Pius IX., which assembled on December 8, 1869, and

by a majority of nearly 481 decreed the doctrine of Papal Infallibility.

VAUBAN, SEBASTIEN LE PRESTRE DE, marshal of France in the reign of

Louis XIV.; military engineering was his great forte, and as such he

"conducted 53 sieges, was present at 104 battles, erected 33 fortresses,

and restored the works of 300 old ones"; he was originally in the service

of Spain, and was enlisted in the French service by Cardinal Mazarin; he

was a political economist as well as engineer, but his animadversions

only procured for him the royal disfavour (1633-1707).

VAUCLUSE (valley shut in) (235), department in the SE. of France;

chief industries agriculture, silk-weaving, pottery, &c., and with a

village of the name, 19 m. E. of Avignon, famous for its fountain and as

the retreat of Petrarch for 16 years.

VAUD (247), a canton in the W. of Switzerland, between Jura and the

Bernese Alps; is well cultivated, yields wines, and its inhabitants

Protestants; the capital is Lausanne.

VAUDEVILLE, a light, lively song with topical allusions; also a

dramatic poem interspersed with comic songs of the kind and dances.

VAUDOIS, the name given to Waldenses who, driven forth from France

or Vaud, found refuge and settled down in the mountain fastnesses of

Piedmont.

VAUGHAN, CHARLES JOHN, English clergyman, born at Leicester; was a

pupil of Dr. Arnold's at Rugby; for many years famous as Master of the

Temple, a post he resigned in 1894; held in high esteem as a preacher and

for his fine spirit (1816-1897).

VAUGHAN, HENRY, English poet, self-styled the "Silurist" from the

seat of his family in South Wales; studied at Oxford, was a partisan of

the royal cause; wrote four volumes of poems in the vein of George

Herbert, but was much more mystical and had deeper thoughts, could he

have expressed them; of his poems the first place has been assigned to

"Silex Scintillans," the theme the flinty heart when smelted giving out

sparks. "At times," adds Prof. Saintsbury, "there is in him genuine blood

and fire; but it is not always, or even often, that the flint is kindled

and melted to achieved expression" (1622-1695).

VAUGHAN, HERBERT, CARDINAL, archbishop of Westminster, born at

Gloucester, son of Lieut.-Colonel Vaughan; educated at Stonyhurst and

abroad; succeeded Cardinal Manning as archbishop in 1872, having

previously been bishop of Salford; _b_. 1832.

VAUVENARGUES, MARQUIS DE, celebrated French essayist, born at Aix,

Provence, poor, but of an old and honourable family; entered the army at

18, served in the Austrian Succession War, resigned his commission in

1744, settled in Paris and took to literature; his principal work was

"Introduction à la Connaissance de l'Esprit Humain," followed by

reflections and maxims on points of ethics and criticism; he suffered

from bad health, and his life was a short one (1715-1747).

VEDANGA, one of the six commentaries on the Vedas.

VEDÂNTA, a system of Hindu speculation in interpretation of the

Vedas, founded on the pre-supposition of the identity of the spiritual

working at the heart of things and the spiritual working in the heart of

man.

VEDAS, the sacred books of the Hindus, of sacerdotal origin and

ancient date, of which there are four collections, severally denominated

the Rig-Veda, the Atharva-Veda, the Sama-Veda, the Yajur-Veda, to each of

which are attached Brahmanas in elucidation.

VEDDAS, the aborigines of Ceylon, of whom some 2000, still in a wild

state, are extant between Kandy and the E. coast.

VEGA, LOPEZ DE LA, known as Lope, Spanish dramatist, born in Madrid;

began life as a soldier; served in the Armada; was secretary to the Duke

of Alva; took orders, and became an officer of the Inquisition; wrote a

heroic pastoral entitled "Arcadia" at the instance of the duke, and the

"Dragonica" over the death of Drake as the destroyer of the supremacy of

Spain on the sea; was a man of fertile inventiveness, and is said to have

written 2000 plays, besides no end of verses, and was called by Cervantes

a "Prodigy of Nature" (1562-1635).

VEHMGERICHTE or FEHMGERICHT, a tribunal in Germany during the

Middle Ages, of which there were several, all powerful, in connection

with a secret organisation under sanction of the emperor for the

enforcement of justice and punishment of crime at a period when the

States severally were too weak to uphold it. These courts were held in

secret places at night, and inspired great terror in the 13th and 14th

centuries.

VEII, an ancient city of Etruria, and in early times a formidable

rival of Rome, from which it was only 12 m. distant. The Romans under

Camillus laid siege to it, and it baffled them for 10 years.

VEIT, PHILIPP, painter of the Romanticist school, born at Berlin;

his best-known work is a fresco, "Christianity bringing the Fine Arts to

Germany."

VELASQUEZ, DIEGO DE SILVA, greatest of Spanish painters, born at

Seville, of Portuguese family; studied under FRANCISCO HERRERA

(q. v.), who taught him to teach himself, so that but for the hint he

was a self-taught artist, and simply painted what he saw and as he saw

it; portrait-painting was his forte, one of his earliest being a portrait

of Olivarez, succeeded by one of Philip IV. of Spain, considered the most

perfect extant, and by others of members of the royal family; specimens

of his work are found in different countries, but the best are in Spain,

in Madrid, and they include sacred subjects, genre, landscape, and animal

paintings, as well as portraits (1599-1660).

VENDÉE, LA (442), a dep. of France, on the Bay of Biscay, S. of

Loire-Inférieure; marshy on the W., wooded on the N., and with an open

fertile tract in the middle and S.; it is famous as the seat of a

stubborn resistance to the Revolution, and for the bloody violence with

which it was suppressed.

VENDÉMIAIRE (vintage month), the first month of the French

Revolution year, from 22nd September to 21st October.

VENDETTA, the practice which existed in Corsica and Sicily on the

part of individuals of exacting vengeance for the murder of a relative on

the murderer or one of his relations.

VENDÔME, LOUISE JOSEPH, DUC DE, French general, born at Paris,

great-grandson of Henry IV.; served in the wars of Louis XIV., and gained

several victories; was defeated by Marlborough and Prince Eugene at

Oudenarde in 1708, but by his victory at Villaviciosa contributed to the

restoration of Philip V. to the Spanish throne in 1711; was a man of

gross sensuality, and has been pilloried by Saint Simon for the

execration of all mankind (1654-1712).

VENEZUELA (2,323), a federal republic in South America, founded in

1830, over three times as large as Spain, consisting of nine States and

several territories; composed of mountain and valley, and in great part

of llanos, within the basin of the Orinoco; between the Caribbean Sea,

Colombo, Brazil, and British Guiana, and containing a population of

Indian, Spanish, and Negro descent; on the llanos large herds of horses

and cattle are reared; the agricultural products are sugar, coffee,

cotton, tobacco, &c.; the forests yield mahogany, ebony, and dye-wood,

while the mines yield iron, copper, &c., and there are extensive

gold-fields, considered the richest in the world; the boundary line

between the British colony and Venezuela was for long matter of keen

dispute, but by the intervention of the United States at the request of

the latter a treaty between the contending parties was concluded,

referring the matter to a court of arbitration, which met at Paris in

1895, and settled it in 1899, in vindication, happily, of the British

claim, the Schomburgk line being now declared to be the true line, and

the gold-fields ours.

VENGEUR, LE, a war-vessel of the French fabled to have gone down

rather than surrender to the English in a battle off Ushant on 1st June

1794, the crew shouting "Vive la République," when it was really a cry

for help.

VENICE, a city of Italy, in a province of the same name, at the head

of the Adriatic, in a shallow lagoon dotted with some eighty islets, and

built on piles partly of wood and partly of stone, the streets of which

are canals traversed by gondolas and crossed here and there by bridges;

the city dates from the year 432, when the islands were a place of refuge

from the attacks of the Huns, and took shape as an independent State with

magistrates of its own about 687, to assume at length the form of a

republic and become "Queen of the Adriatic Sea," the doge, or chief

magistrate, ranking as one of the sovereign powers of the Western world;

from its situation it became in the 10th century a great centre of trade

with the East, and continued to be till the discovery of the route round

the Cape, after which it began to decline, till it fell eventually under

the yoke of Austria, from which it was wrested in 1866, and is now part

of the modern kingdom of Italy, with much still to show of what it was in

its palmy days, and indications of a measure of recovery from its

down-trodden state; for an interesting and significant sketch in brief of

its rise and fall see the "SHADOW ON THE DIAL" in Ruskin's "St.

Mark's Rest."

VENTNOR, a town and favourite watering-place on the S. shore of the

Isle of Wight, with a fine beach; much resorted to in winter from its

warm Southern exposure.

VENUS, the Roman goddess of love, of wedded love, and of beauty

(originally of the spring), and at length identified with the Greek

APHRODITÉ (q. v.); she was regarded as the tutelary goddess of

Rome, and had a temple to her honour in the Forum.

VENUS, an interior planet of the solar system, revolving in an orbit

outside that of Mercury and within that of the earth, nearly as large as

the latter; is 67 millions of miles from the sun, round which it revolves

in 224 days, while it takes 23¼ hours to rotate on its own axis; it is

the brightest of the heavenly bodies, and appears in the sky now as the

morning star, now as the evening star, according as it rises before the

sun or sets after it, so that it is always seen either in the E. or the

W.; when right between us and the sun it is seen moving as a black spot

on the sun's disk, a phenomenon known as "Transit of Venus," the last

instance of which occurred in 1882, and that will not occur again till

after 105½ years.

VERA CRUZ (24), a chief seaport of Mexico, on the Gulf of Mexico,

263 m. SE. of the capital; is regularly built and strongly fortified, but

is unhealthily situated, and the yellow and other fevers prevail; trade

is chiefly in the hands of foreigners; exports ores, cochineal, indigo,

dye-woods, &c.

VERDI, GIUSEPPE, Italian composer, born at Roncole, Parma; his

musical talent was slow of recognition, but the appearance of his

"Lombardi" and "Ernani" in 1843-44 established his repute, which was

confirmed by "Rigoletto" in 1851 and "Il Trovatore" and "La Traviata" in

1853; _b_. 1813.

VERDUN (18), a strongly fortified town in the department of Meuse,

35 m. W. of Metz; capitulated to the Germans in 1870 after a siege of six

weeks.

VERESTCHAGIN, Russian painter, is realistic to an extreme degree and

anti-conventional; _b_. 1842.

VERGIL, POLYDORE, historian and miscellaneous writer, born at

Urbino; was a friend and correspondent of Erasmus; was sent to England by

the Pope as deputy-collector of Peter's pence, and was there promoted to

ecclesiastical preferments; wrote in Latin an able and painstaking

history of England, bringing it down to the year 1538 (1470-1555).

VERIGNIAUD, an eloquent orator of the French Revolution; a man of

indolent temper, but by his eloquence became leader of the Girondins;

presided at the trial of the king, and pronounced the decision of the

court--sentence of death, presided as well "at the Last Supper of his

party, with wild coruscations of eloquence, with song and mirth," and was

guillotined next day, the last of the lot (1753-1793).

VERLAINE, PAUL, French poet, born in Metz; has written lyrics of a

quite unique type (1844-1896).

VERMONT (green mount) (332), an inland New England State, W. of New

Hampshire and a little larger in size, includes large tracts of both

pastoral and arable land; rears live-stock in great numbers, yields

cereals, and produces the best maple sugar in the States, and has large

quarries of granite, marble, and slate.

VERNE, JULES, French story-teller, born at Nantes, inventor and

author of a popular series of semi-scientific novels; _b_. 1828.

VERNET, CLAUDE, French marine-painter, born at Avignon; executed

more than 200 paintings, both landscape and sea pieces (1712-1789).

CARLO, son of preceding, painter of battle-pieces, born at Bordeaux

(1768-1833). HORACE, son of latter, born in Paris, distinguished

also for his battle-pieces in flattery of French Chauvinism (1789-1863).

VERNON, DI, the heroine in Sir Walter Scott's "Rob Roy," an

enthusiastic royalist, distinguished for her beauty and talents.

VERONA (72), an old Italian town on the Adige, in Venetia, 62 m. W.

of Venice; is a fortress city and one of the famous Quadrilateral; has

many interesting buildings and some Roman remains, in particular of an

amphitheatre; has manufactures of silk, velvet, and woollen fabrics, and

carries on a large local trade.

VERONESE, PAOLO, painter of the Venetian school, born at Verona,

whence his name; studied under an uncle, painted his "Temptation of St.

Anthony" for Mantua Cathedral, and settled in Venice in 1555, where he

soon earned distinction and formed one of a trio along with Titian and

Tintoretto; the subjects he treated were mostly scriptural, the most

celebrated being the "Marriage Feast at Cana of Galilee," now in the

Louvre (1528-1588).

VERONICA, ST., according to legend a woman who met Christ on His way

to crucifixion and offered Him her veil to wipe the sweat off His face.

See SUDARIUM.

VERSAILLES (51), a handsome city of France, capital of the

department of Seine-et-Oise, 11 m. by rail SW. of Paris, of which it is

virtually a suburb, and was during the monarchy, from Louis XIV.'s time,

the seat of the French court; has a magnificent palace, with a gallery

embracing a large collection of pictures; was occupied by the Germans

during the siege of Paris, and in one of its halls the Prussian king was

proclaimed emperor of Germany as William I.

VERTUMNUS in Roman mythology the god of the seasons, wooed Pomona

under a succession of disguises, and won her at last.

VESPASIAN, TITUS FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS, Roman emperor (from 70 to 79)

and tenth of the 12 Cæsars, born in the Sabine territory of humble

parentage; rose by his valour to high rank in the army and in favour with

it, till at length he was elected by it to the throne; he had waged war

successfully in Germany, Britain, and at Jerusalem, and during his

reign, and nearly all through it, the temple of Janus was shut at Rome.

VESPUCCI, AMERIGO, navigator, born at Florence; made two voyages to

America in 1499 and in 1501, and from him the two continents derived

their name, owing, it is said, to his first visit being misdated in an

account he left, which made it appear that he had preceded Columbus

(1451-1512).

VESTA, the Roman goddess of the hearth, identified with the Greek

Hestia; was the guardian of domestic life and had a shrine in every

household; had a temple in Rome in which a heaven-kindled fire was kept

constantly burning and guarded by first four then six virgins called

Vestals, whose persons were held sacred as well as their office, since

any laxity in its discharge might be disastrous to the city.

VESTAL VIRGINS. See VESTA.

VESUVIUS, a flattened conical mountain, 4161 ft. in height, and an

active volcano on the Bay of Naples, 10 m. SE. of the city; it was by

eruption of it that the two cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii were

overwhelmed in 79 A.D.; its crater is half a mile in diameter, and has a

depth of 350 ft.; there are some 60 eruptions on record, the latest being

in 1891.

VETURIA, a Roman matron, the mother of Coriolanus.

VIA DOLOROSA, way leading from the Mount of Olives to Golgotha,

which Christ traversed from the Agony in the Garden to the Cross.

VIATICUM, name given to the Eucharist administered by a priest to a

person on the point of death.

VICAR OF BRAY. See BRAY.

VICAR OF CHRIST, title assumed by the Pope, who claims to be the

Vicegerent of Christ on earth.