EXTINCTION OF FIRE.
One of the most primitive ways of preparing to extinguish any fire that
might arise is the following rule adopted by the City of London in the
reign of Richard I. ‘Item. That all persons who occupy great houses have
in summer time, and especially between the Feast of Pentecost and the
Feast of St. Bartholomew, before their doors a barrel full of water for
quenching fire, if it be not a house which has a fountain of its own.’
But there was sound wisdom in this, for the water would be at hand for
instant use, and, as stated elsewhere, a gallon of water at the
commencement of a fire is worth more than hundreds of gallons a little
later. It is well known that a small engine at a large fire does more
harm than good; and it is also well known that a small quantity of water
thrown on a large amount of burning substances becomes decomposed and
increases the activity of the burning. Mr. Grove has published
particulars of some interesting experiments conducted by him, in which
he found that water in contact with highly-heated platinum was
decomposed and resolved into its elements, oxygen and hydrogen, and that
the gaseous mixture thus produced burned with an activity amounting to
an explosion.
Water acts in extinguishing fire by its cooling influence alone, and
contains in itself the very elements of fire, so that when decomposed by
a high temperature it will burn vigorously. Thus it is that a small
quantity of water thrown on a large fire often does serious mischief.
The methods of extinguishing fire are two, mechanical and chemical. The
use of water, for the before-named reasons, ranks among the former, and
its most successful application is by means of the _steam fire-engine_.
There are many substances that chemically oppose combustion, and perhaps
the best-known medium of these for the purpose is Sinclair’s _fire
exterminator_. These being representatives of their respective classes,
a short description may be of some value:--
The fire-exterminator appears outwardly as shown by the engraving, and
is arranged so that it can be speedily and easily carried on a man’s
back. There are various details as to the inner structure which need not
be given here, but in brief it has inside it a solution of carbonic acid
gas. It may be called a large soda-water bottle charged with gas and
incombustible chemicals under great pressure.
[Illustration]
The charge of acid is contained in a glass vessel, and this is so
arranged that when the machine is wanted, a blow on the top with a
mallet causes the chemicals to unite, and produce, when in operation, a
stream of fluid which can be projected fifty feet against fire with
certainty of success. The value of this machine is increased by the fact
that a certain measure of incombustibility is communicated to burning
bodies after they have been operated upon by the chemical solution. So
many serious fires could be stopped in their commencement if proper
means were at hand, that the importance of powerful machines in small
compass, such as these, cannot be over-estimated; and their efficiency
is proved by there being no less than 45,000 in use, and 6,000 fires
having been extinguished by them. It is calculated by actual operations
that one gallon of the chemical charge in an exterminator will do as
much good as twenty-five gallons of water.
Passing to the highest type of mechanical methods now in use, we have to
consider a more complete but wonderful machine, the steam fire-engine.
Within the lifetime of a young man such an invention was unknown to the
bulk of people, and had not come into general adoption; in its place
were parish hand-engines, and a few kept up by the Fire Insurance
Companies of London. There was no system under which the firemen worked,
no one responsible if the engine was out of order, or any untoward
accident happened; and until the great Tooley Street fire discovered the
alarming possibility of another Fire of London, the public seemed well
content to leave their protection from fire chiefly to chance. Some
remarkable revelations concerning the state of fire-engines in these
early days may be found in Mr. Young’s exhaustive work on ‘Fires and
Fire Engines.’ He gives an instance in which a woman was found to be
manager of two parish engines; her husband had been sexton and parish
engineer; and when he died, the parish authorities, not knowing what to
do with the widow, appointed her as engineer. A writer in the
‘Quarterly Review’ for December 1854 relates that Mrs. Smith might be
seen at conflagrations hurrying about in her pattens directing the
firemen of the engine.
The present extensive application of steam-power for working
fire-engines has arisen from the manifest inability of hand-worked
machines to arrest the progress of large fires; from the very beneficial
results that are attained by the use of steam fire-engines even at small
fires; and, lastly, from the great improvements that have been made in
the portable steam-engine within the last twenty years.
The first steam fire-engine was constructed by Braithwaite, of London,
in 1830 (before the formation of the London Fire Brigade), but the
recognition of this valuable invention as a regular fire brigade
appliance did not take place till twenty-two years later, when its
public use was established in New York. In the same year (1852) the
London Fire Brigade employed Messrs. Shand and Mason to apply steam
power to one of their hand-worked floating fire-machines, and were so
satisfied with the results that they immediately procured an entirely
new self-propelling floating steam-engine, constructed upon designs
supplied in competition by Messrs. Shand and Mason, after receiving the
approval of the late Mr. Walker, engineer, of Great George Street. This
is still the most powerful efficient steam floating fire-engine that has
been constructed, and is in use for river-side work in London. In 1861
the same firm supplied the first land-engine (single horizontal)
purchased by the London Fire Brigade, which is still in excellent order.
Many others have been since built by them, and also by Messrs.
Merryweather and Sons, these two firms being the best known fire-engine
makers. Steam fire-engines comprise three classes; land, floating, and
fixed. The appearance of the land-engine is now familiar to all the
dwellers in our large towns, most of whom have seen it in its rapid
progress to a fire, drawn by horses, and carrying its complement of
firemen. Floating steam-engines are desirable in ports and docks, where
warehouses and storehouses of goods are in immediate proximity to water.
They are self-propelling, or are placed in a vessel to be moved about by
steam tugs. Fixed steam fire-engines are placed in manufactories and
other places where the steam boilers are already in use, the steam from
which is available both day and night for working the engine. The use of
these fixed engines is of course limited to the premises where they are
situated, but these they protect efficiently by means of an arrangement
of fixed cast-iron pipes, with outlets for attaching flexible hose; and
being without the boiler, carriage, axles, springs, &c., of the land
steam fire-engine, the cost is very much reduced.
Messrs. Shand and Mason’s engines (see engraving on page 127) are all
direct-acting, the steam and water pistons being connected by rigid
rods, without the intervention of any joints, so that the force
communicated by the steam to the steam-piston is instantaneously
transmitted to the water-piston without any shock or blow. A crank is
used to fix the length of the stroke, and to obtain a rotary motion with
which to work the slide valve by an ‘eccentric,’ as in the ordinary
steam-engine: a small fly-wheel is used in their single vertical, but
none is required in their double or treble cylinder, nor in the patent
horizontal engines. A great advantage, in Messrs. Shand’s opinion,
attending the use of a rotary motion for steam fire-engines is, that it
can be put in motion by hand in the engine-house as often as is
necessary to prevent any of the working parts getting fixed through
being out of use. In engines having no rotary motion this cannot be done
without getting up steam, and frequently at fires the pistons have been
found immovable, causing much valuable time to be lost. An engine with
rotary motion does its work in a smooth and even manner, with a minimum
of attendance on the part of the man in charge, and without the shocks,
jerks, and irregular movement frequently found in those constructed
without it.
The engines made by Messrs. Merryweather are in outward appearance
somewhat similar to those just mentioned, but differ in constructional
detail; the rotary motion is altogether dispensed with; the power is
transmitted direct; and the working parts are perhaps fewer. This firm
adopts long strokes of piston, and large cubical contents of cylinders;
there are no cranks or dead centres, and thus the engines are stated to
do a full amount of work with lower steam pressure and at less speed.
Being direct acting, without fly-wheels, they work at any required speed
to the maximum; it is stated they can be started in any position, and
never set fast.
The engine engraved on page 124 is named the ‘First Grand Prize,’ and is
provided with seats for firemen, coal bunkers, water tanks, &c. It is
said to raise steam from cold water to working pressure in seven to
eight minutes from the time of lighting the fire; and to be capable of
pumping 600 gallons per minute to a height of 180 feet. The present
price of this engine, including the various fixtures and fittings, is
820_l._
The most important part of a Steam Fire-Engine is the boiler, which
should be of such a nature as to supply the greatest amount of steam in
the shortest possible space of time. Messrs. Merryweather have adopted
the system invented by Mr. Field, which has already for some years given
such excellent results in England. The distinctive feature consists in
closed tubes suspended in such a manner as to be completely surrounded
by the frame of the furnace; these tubes communicate by only one
extremity with the boiler: inside of them are smaller tubes, open at
both ends, and with the upper ends widened out in the form of a funnel.
The release of the steam produced, and
[Illustration: ‘FIRST GRAND PRIZE’ PATENT STEAM FIRE-ENGINES CONSTRUCTED
BY MESSRS. MERRYWEATHER AND SONS]
[Illustration: BOILER OF MESSRS. MERRYWEATHER AND SONS’ STEAM
FIRE-ENGINE.]
the supply of fresh water for conversion into steam, is very rapid and
takes place with ease.
Messrs. Shand, Mason and Co.’s ‘Patent Inclined Water-tube Boiler’ is
now applied by them to all Steam Fire-Engines of their construction, as
well as for a variety of purposes where it is desirable to secure the
greatest possible amount of power in the smallest space, combined with
efficiency, economy of fuel, and durability of construction.
For Steam Fire-Engines, steam of 100 lbs. pressure can be raised in six
minutes and thirty-five seconds from lighting the fire, while for
general purposes an increase in the number of layers of tubes is made,
to the extent of rendering the boiler most economical as regards fuel.
The boiler is constructed in two pieces, bolted together by an angle
iron-faced joint, which affords immediate access to the whole of the
interior; but on account of the rapid circulation of water in the tubes,
this feature, although retained, is not found necessary in practice.
Bowling iron only is used, with the longitudinal seams welded, and all
holes, whether for rivets or bolts, are drilled and not punched. The
tubes are of homogeneous metal, and as the pressure is inside, and the
ends are removed from the hottest part of the fire, no leakage whatever
takes place, while the complete through passage in the tubes, combined
with their inclined position, prevents the accumulation of deposit,
which in practice invariably takes place in tubes where one of the ends
is closed.
The Cylindrical Tube Plate and the tubes being exposed to equal amounts
of heat, it follows that the diameter of the tube plate increases by
expansion to exactly the same extent as the tubes lengthen, so that no
displacement of the ends of the tubes can take place from alternate
expansion and contraction.
The Fire Box is surrounded by a water space, which economises fuel, and
avoids the necessity for a lining of
[Illustration: MESSRS. SHAND, MASON AND CO’S STEAM FIRE-ENGINE; AS USED
BY THE METROPOLITAN FIRE BRIGADE.]
fire-bricks and fire-clay, the replacing and keeping in order of this
being in some Steam Fire-Engines a fruitful source of annoyance.
The working steam pressure of Shand, Mason and Co.’s Engines in the
Metropolitan Fire Brigade is 100 lbs. on the square inch, and the safety
valves are constructed so that the man in charge cannot exceed this; but
the boilers are proved to 300 lbs., and the engines may be worked with
the greatest safety at a pressure of 150 lbs. on the square inch.
[Illustration: FIG. 1.]
Fig. 1 is a sectional elevation of boiler; fig. 2, an elevation of
absorption chamber; fig. 3, a plan of same.
[Illustration: FIG. 2.]
[Illustration: FIG. 3.]
A, the furnace; B, the absorption chamber sectioned on the line I, J,
fig. 3; C, the chimney or funnel; D, the outer shell; E, the steam
chest; F, the narrowest part of eccentric water space through which the
tubes are supplied with water at their lower ends; K, the widest part of
eccentric water space through which the upper ends of the tubes deliver
the steam produced from the heat absorbed by the tubes, and transmitted
to the water during its passage through them. By the arrangement of
tubes shown at G, fig. 2, and at H, fig. 3, and water spaces shown at F
and K, figures 1 and 3, a general circulation of water is obtained in
the boiler, and especially through the tubes, while the water space at K
increasing upwards allows of an easy separation of steam from the
accompanying water, and of its rising into the steam chest separated,
thus materially preventing priming, while the water returns to the lower
ends of the tubes, thereby maintaining a constant circulation through
them in the direction shown by the arrows; and by crossing the tubes in
alternate layers, a constant flow towards and into their lower ends is
induced, and a constant discharge from the upper ends throughout the
other half, thus causing general and uninterrupted currents of water and
steam.
As a conclusion to the subject of Fire-Engines, I may state that, when
compared with manual engines, the steam-engines show an immense saving.
From a return made to the Metropolitan Fire Brigade authorities, it was
proved that at a fire in St. Katharine’s Docks there were nine
steam-fire-engines at work from three to ten hours, the total cost of
fuel being £3 18_s._ 5_d._, while the quantity of water thrown on the
fire was estimated at 938,480 gallons.
The number of manual engines required to produce the same result would
be forty-one, requiring 1,904 men to work them, at a cost of £476,
including refreshments, showing a balance in favour of employing the
steamers of £472 1_s._ 7_d._ The proportion of the cost was as 1 to 121;
or, in other words, steamers for 20_s._ expenditure pump 251,000
gallons, and manuals for the same sum only 2,227.
These Steam Fire-Engines have frequently been used for other purposes
than that of quenching fire. After the Sheffield inundation, one was
used for a week continuously to raise water from the basements of
dwellings; and many towns have had their water-supply kept up by the use
of these invaluable engines, which will no doubt come into yet more
extended use.
The most that can be done after constant care has failed to prevent
fire, is to rely upon extraneous help to put it out; and this too often
fails, in London at all events, because of the absurdities of the water
supply. The work that can be done in attempting to extinguish a fire at
an early stage is worth everything, and yet matters are so arranged that
the firemen may get to a fire and watch it burning, while the turncock
is sent for to find the plug and get the required supply of water; and
if the pressure happens to be low in the main the supply runs short. Now
this occurs at comparatively small fires; what if a whole street were
ablaze, or a fire like that in Tooley Street broke out, away from the
river with its friendly supply of water? Consequences of a most serious
nature may result from the present system, which all persons, excepting
the Water Companies, blame, and nobody alters. Constant water pressure
and a good system of hydrants are urgently needed in every town. Without
this the most efficient fire brigade in the world would be hampered, and
it seems a crime to let anything stand in the way of the full
development of the energy displayed by fire brigades like that in
London--certainly the best in existence. By the kindness of its chief I
am enabled to supply a few particulars about this energetic body of men,
to whom the public are so indebted, and of the work they perform.
The strength of the brigade at present is as follows:--
50 Fire-engine stations.
105 Fire-escape stations.
4 Floating stations.
53 Telegraph lines.
85 Miles of telegraph lines.
3 Floating steam fire-engines.
1 Iron barge, to carry a land steam fire-engine.
5 Large land steam fire-engines.
16 Small land steam fire-engines.
15 Seven-inch manual fire-engines.
56 Six-inch manual fire-engines.
12 Under six-inch manual fire-engines.
125 Fire-escapes.
396 Firemen, including the chief officer, the
superintendents, and all ranks.
The number of firemen employed on the several watches kept up throughout
the Metropolis is at present 90 by day and 181 by night, making a total
of 271 in every 24 hours; the number of those sick, injured, on leave,
or under instruction, is generally between 40 and 50. The remaining men
are available for general work at fires.
The number of journeys made by the fire-engines, during the year 1873,
of the 50 stations, was 6,556, and the total distance run was 20,503
miles.
The number of calls for fires, or supposed fires, received during the
year was 1,703. Of these, 83 were false alarms, and 1,548 were calls for
fires, of which 166 resulted in serious damage, and 1,382 in slight
damage.
These figures refer only to the regular calls for fires, or supposed
fires, involving the turning out of firemen, fire-engines, horses and
coachmen; they do not include trifling damage by fires which were not
sufficiently important to require the attendance of firemen; neither do
they include the ordinary calls for chimneys on fire, which are
separately accounted for further on.
The fires of 1873, compared with those of 1872, show an increase of 54;
but compared with the average of the last ten years there is a decrease
of 17.
The proportion of serious to slight losses in 1873--166 to 1,382--is
about as favourable as hitherto.
The following table gives it both in actual numbers and percentages, and
shows that there was considerable success in reducing losses during the
year.
+-------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Years | Numbers | Percentages |
| +---------+--------+-------+---------+--------+-------+
| | Serious | Slight | Total | Serious | Slight | Total |
+-------+---------+--------+-------+---------+--------+-------+
| 1866 | 326 | 1,012 | 1,338 | 25 | 75 | 100 |
| 1867 | 245 | 1,152 | 1,397 | 18 | 82 | 100 |
| 1868 | 235 | 1,433 | 1,668 | 14 | 86 | 100 |
| 1869 | 199 | 1,373 | 1,572 | 13 | 87 | 100 |
| 1870 | 276 | 1,670 | 1,946 | 14 | 86 | 100 |
| 1871 | 207 | 1,635 | 1,842 | 11 | 89 | 100 |
| 1872 | 120 | 1,374 | 1,494 | 8 | 92 | 100 |
| 1873 | 166 | 1,382 | 1,548 | 11 | 89 | 100 |
+-------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
The number of fires in the Metropolis in which life was seriously
endangered, during the year 1873, was 74, and the number of these in
which life was lost was 20.
The number of persons seriously endangered by fire was 140, of whom 105
were saved and 35 lost their lives. Of the 35 lost, 12 were taken out
alive, but died afterwards, in hospitals or elsewhere, and 23 were
suffocated or burned to death.
The number of calls for chimneys was 3,602, of these 1,167 proved to be
false alarms, and 2,435 were for chimneys on fire. In these cases there
was no attendance of engines, but only of firemen with hand-pumps.
The quantity of water used for extinguishing fires in the Metropolis
during the year was 22,610,379 gallons, in round numbers a little more
than 22½ million gallons, or about 101,000 tons. Of this quantity 66,113
tons, or almost exactly two-thirds of the whole, were taken from the
river, canals, and docks, and the remainder from the street pipes.
During the year there were 6 cases of a short supply of water, 29 of
late attendance of turncocks, and 17 of no attendance, making altogether
52 cases in which the water arrangements were unsatisfactory.
The monthly summary of fires for the same year is as follows:--
+-----------+-----------+----------+-------+
| | Seriously | Slightly | |
| Month | damaged | damaged | Total |
+-----------+-----------+----------+-------+
| January | 8 | 102 | 110 |
| February | 11 | 98 | 109 |
| March | 14 | 102 | 116 |
| April | 14 | 120 | 134 |
| May | 17 | 118 | 135 |
| June | 16 | 129 | 145 |
| July | 20 | 139 | 159 |
| August | 18 | 118 | 136 |
| September | 11 | 107 | 118 |
| October | 18 | 102 | 120 |
| November | 6 | 105 | 111 |
| December | 13 | 142 | 155 |
+-----------+-----------+----------+-------+
Many a damaging fire has been stopped by the _immediate_ application of
water, and many more would have been if a little common sense and
presence of mind were oftener displayed. As a simple precaution in one’s
own house, always keep the bedroom water-jugs full, and have an
exterminator in a handy place ready for immediate use. For places liable
to fire--and what building is not--this latter handy instrument, with
its peculiar liquid, is invaluable, its contents being worth several
times the same quantity of water. For some purposes it is better than
the pumps and portable engines so largely employed, and is always a
valuable addition to them; the effects I have witnessed of its operation
are so remarkable that its general adoption should be only a matter of
time.
Country mansions need special appliances for putting out fire, which are
determined by the style of building, its position, whether or not near a
good water supply, &c., but all the fixed apparatus should not supersede
the little engines just mentioned. A large mansion in Hampshire, burnt
not long since, was specially constructed with a view to have a good
water supply in case of fire; the tank at the top to charge fixed pipes
being kept full by a pump, and everything else possible done to ensure
safety. But the fire broke out when the pump was out of order, and no
water could be had, and so the house that took years to build was burnt
in a few hours. No precautions, however ample or costly, can be reckoned
on unless constant supervision is exercised over them, and care taken to
keep the various appliances ready for action.
The destruction of Messrs. Hadley’s great steam flour mill in Thames
Street, close to Blackfriars Bridge, did not fail to call attention to
the problem of protecting large buildings from fire. The ‘Engineer’ of
November 1872 states that the mill was erected in 1852. It had a
frontage of 65 feet to the river, was 250 feet long, and 7 storeys high.
Originally the machinery was driven by the condensing side lever engines
which were specially designed and built to work the Blackwall Railway
with ropes, a duty they performed for several years. About four years
ago these engines were replaced by a pair of fine compound horizontal
condensing engines, capable of working up to about 500 horse-power. The
mill was considered to be fireproof, and no doubt deserved the title as
well as many of the so-called fireproof buildings in London and the
provinces. The fire broke out in one of the upper floors, some time on
Sunday morning, Nov. 10, 1872, and in a very few hours the mill, with
the exception of the outer walls, and portions of the lower part, was
utterly destroyed. At one time no fewer than thirty engines were
present; eighteen of them, including the Thames floating engine, being
steam-engines.
A correspondent of the ‘Builder’ stated that the following mills were
destroyed by fire in four consecutive weeks in 1872. Oct. 26, Waterloo
Cotton Mills, loss £30,000. Hyson and Sharpe’s Cotton Mills, Blackburn,
£6,000. Nov. 14, Dean’s Cotton Mills, Swinton, £10,000. Nov. 10,
Hadley’s Mill, London, say £20,000. Nov. 15, Parker’s Cotton Mills,
Preston, £16,000. Nov. 18, Whateley’s Cotton Mill, Aberdeen, £18,000.
Nov. 22, Bury and Heap’s Cotton Mills, £10,000. Nov. 23, Gomersall Bros.
Woollen Mills, Dewsbury, £15,000. Total loss, £132,000.
In reckoning the losses occasioned by fire, we cannot, however, confine
ourselves to the mere cost of the building; the wages lost by workpeople
thrown out of employ, the trade gone into other hands, and possibly
never recovered--these, and other considerations, should lead to extreme
care being taken to prevent fire, and to having proper appliances at
hand to extinguish it, if, unfortunately, it breaks out.
APPENDIX.
_Description of the Plan and Section of Fireproof Warehouse._
The photo-lithographs of a fireproof warehouse are from drawings by Mr.
E. Hoole, architect; and it will be seen that these concise designs
embody the principles enunciated in the preceding chapters.
A building for the reception of combustible goods must not only be
constructed of materials that will not burn, but must be so built that
it will remain uninjured, even if its contents are destroyed by fire.
Like a furnace, it must be made to contain a fire; and it is only a
building which, under such circumstances, maintains its strength, that
is entitled to be termed fireproof.
In the accompanying plan and section, brick is proposed as the material
for the construction of the walls and floors. These are so arranged as
to divide the building into eighteen separate compartments, each of
which is so completely cut off from those which surround it, that a fire
originating in any one of them might burn itself out without being able
to spread to the next one.
The interior of each compartment is so constructed that it will not be
damaged by the combustion of its contents. It is assumed that it will be
subjected to intense and continued heat; and the same precautions are
taken to secure the stability of the structure and protect it from
injury as would be adopted in building a furnace or in setting a
boiler. Each compartment is lined with fire-brick, which is here and
there attached to the walls to keep it in position, but not sufficiently
to communicate the heat it may receive.
Between the fire-brick lining and the building itself an air space is
left, which the heat cannot traverse. This lining bears no part of the
weight, either of the building or of its contents; and consequently,
however hot it may become, it cannot be crushed or distorted, having
only its own weight to sustain. This fire-brick lining is set in
fire-clay.
Iron columns filled with concrete support the vaulting of the various
floors, and are protected by a casing of fire-brick, between which and
the column an air space is left. In warehouses in which the brick casing
of the columns is likely to be damaged by the shifting of the goods it
can itself be protected by a covering of sheet-iron. But this, of
course, is no additional safeguard against the action of fire.
The thrust of the vaulting is counteracted by iron tie-bars embedded in
the brickwork below the flooring of each compartment; the ends of the
bars are well turned up and down in the external walls, besides being
connected to the brickwork near the base of each column. It will be seen
that all parts of the building which have to sustain any weight are
protected from any great change of temperature, and that all iron-work
is especially screened from it.
In constructing the staircase the same precautions are adopted. A wall
carried up the centre affords a springing for the arches carrying the
steps and landings, which are constructed entirely of brick, and may be
covered either with tiles, stone, or even wooden treads, if desired. The
thrust of the arches carrying the steps is overcome by building in a
tie-bar above each arch, which thus protects it from any contact with
fire.
In order to prevent the staircase from acting as a flue in case of fire,
and causing a draught of air to rush through the parts of the building
opening into it, one side of it is left open to the external air, being
only enclosed by a light arcade of open arches on each floor. Thus it
gains the advantage of
[Illustration: FIREPROOF WAREHOUSE. PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.
M & N. HANHART, LTIH. E. HOOLE. ARCHT.]
[Illustration: FIREPROOF WAREHOUSE. SECTION.
E. HOOLE, ARCHT.]
an outside staircase, all the doors leading to it being treated as
external doors. The lift is similarly treated.
Double iron doors, lined or cased with heat-repelling material, separate
the various compartments on each floor from the staircase and from each
other. These doors are so arranged that they can be closed from the
external balconies, and thus any compartment in which a fire occurs can
be isolated without the necessity of entering it, or indeed of entering
the building.
The windows are closed by external sliding shutters, running upon rails
projecting from the outside face of the walls. These shutters are so
constructed that they can be opened by the firemen from the outside; and
easy access is given to them by the balconies, which are carried round
the building at the level of every floor. Iron balconies are shown on
the plan and section, since in most cases the heat issuing from the
windows will not be sufficient to affect its strength; but where very
inflammable goods are to be stored it will be best to corbel out in the
brickwork, and to arch from corbel to corbel to form the balconies.
Permanent means of access to the exterior of every opening in the walls
is a most important provision, allowing any part of the building to be
inspected independently, and fire discovered or extinguished, without
opening the doors of the adjoining compartments.
The roof is nearly flat, having but fall enough to carry off the water.
It may be made water-tight by a layer of asphalte, and then paved with
tiles; but a flat roof is not an essential feature of fireproof
construction, since, if the ceiling be vaulted in brick, as shown, a
roof of any pitch may be constructed above it, framed entirely of iron,
and covered with slates tied by copper wire to iron laths, or with metal
tiles. It is obvious that nothing combustible must be stored in the
space between the roof and the ceiling.
A tank is shown at one angle of the roof, to contain a supply of water
in case of fire, and it can be kept full by the ordinary means of supply
of the neighbourhood. If a portion of the top storey can be given up for
the purpose, the rain-water of the roof can be stored without incurring
a water-rate. From the tank, pipes are conducted outside the building
and furnished with unions near the windows of each compartment; so that
a hose-pipe can be instantly attached by anyone standing in the balcony,
and the whole contents of the tank discharged into any of the
compartments, without the building being entered.
In the case of a fire occurring in any compartment, two methods of
proceeding are available. The compartment can be isolated and completely
shut up until the fire either burns itself out or is extinguished for
want of air; or the shutters can be opened, and a larger quantity of
water can be discharged upon the burning goods, immediately the fire is
discovered.
_Patents for Locks and Safes._
The want of a complete list of the patents taken out from time to time
for Locks and Safes has induced me to publish the following tables,
which have been most carefully compiled from the Patent Office records.
It has been impossible to give even a summary of the claims made by each
patentee of locks, on account of the space which would be thus occupied;
but I have endeavoured to increase the usefulness of the lists by
distinguishing between expired and unexpired patents. For the detailed
particulars of each I must refer the enquirer to the specifications
themselves, which can be purchased at the Patent Office, near Chancery
Lane, London. An inspection of these will astonish many persons who may
not be prepared to find the same inventions patented several times. But
such is the case; and if patents are necessary as a protection to
inventors (which I am somewhat inclined to doubt), the system adopted
ought certainly to be such as would avoid the heavy fees ever being paid
for an invention already secured to another person.
From the list of Patents for Locks I have omitted all such as are merely
fastenings for railway-carriage doors, for hand-bags, pocket-books, &c.,
or for windows. I have also not included the ‘furniture’ of locks,
_i.e._ the handles, spindles, &c., but all locks and latches used for
doors will be found in the list.
The list of Patents for Safes includes all parts of, or apparatus
connected with, Fire and Thief-resisting Safes.
Those marked * had either Provisional Protection only, or (in a few
cases) were void for want of filing the complete specification. Those
marked + lapsed at the end of three years from the date given in the
lists; and those marked ± lapsed at the end of seven years. Those
without any mark and not in italics ran their full term and expired at
the end of fourteen years.
Only in the instances wherein the patentee’s name is in italics are the
patents now (December 1st, 1874) in force.
In the list of Safes, wherever the patents are in some respects similar
to previous inventions, a reference to such invention is appended.
_LIST OF PATENTS FOR LOCKS AND LATCHES USED AS FASTENINGS FOR DOORS._
------+----------+--------+---------------------------------------------
Year | Day | No. of | Name
| | Patent |
------+----------+--------+---------------------------------------------
1774 | May 27 | 1071 | Black, George
1778 | Oct. 31 | 1200 | Barron, Robert
1779 | May 28 | 1226 | Henry, Solomon
1780 | March 4 | 1247 | Ampion, John
1782 | Jan. 18 | 1317 | Hutchinson, Samuel
1784 | April 2 | 1430 | Bramah, Joseph
1789 | July 7 | 1692 | Cornthwaite, Thomas
1790 | Feb. 23 | 1730 | Rowntree, Thomas
” | Oct. 29 | 1778 | Bird, Moses
1791 | July 19 | 1819 | Ferryman, Robert
” | Nov. 3 | 1835 | Antes, John
1795 | Aug. 28 | 2062 | Spears, James
1797 | Nov. 18 | 2203 | Langton, Daniel
1798 | May 3 | 2232 | Bramah, Joseph
” | Dec. 8 | 2277 | Turner, Thomas
1799 | April 11 | 2306 | Davis, George
1801 | June 23 | 2521 | Holemberg, Samuel
1805 | May 18 | 2851 | Stansbury, Abraham Ogier
1808 | Dec. 29 | 3188 | Tompson, William
1813 | May 15 | 3695 | Bullock, William, and Boaz, James
1815 | March 7 | 3891 | Mitchell, William, and Lawton, John
1816 | May 14 | 4027 | Ruxton, Thomas
” | ” 27 | 4036 | Kemp, Robert
1817 | Feb. 1 | 4096 | Higginson, George Montague
” | ” 8 | 4101 | Clark, William
1818 | ” 3 | 4219 | Chubb, Jeremiah
” | June 30 | 4275 | Roux, Albert
1819 | Oct. 18 | 4402 | Strutt, Antony Radford
1820 | April 11 | 4443 | Jennings, Henry Constantine
” | Dec. 14 | 4519 | Mallet, William
1823 | July 10 | 4812 | Fairbanks, Stephen
1823 | Nov. 13 | 4862 | Ward, John
1824 | June 15 | 4972 | Chubb, Charles
1825 | May 14 | 5171 | Young, John
1828 | ” 17 | 5656 | Chubb, Charles
1829 | June 1 | 5798 | Gottlieb, Andrew
1830 | Jan. 18 | 5880 | Carpenter, James, and Young, John
1831 | April 14 | 6105 | Rutherford, William
” | May 23 | 6116 | Barnard, George
” | July 27 | 6143 | Young, John
1832 | Dec. 20 | 6350 | Parsons, Thomas
1833 | ” 3 | 6516 | Parsons, Thomas
” | ” 20 | 6527 | Chubb, Charles, and Hunter, Ebenezer
” | ” | 6532 | Pierson, Josiah Gilbert
1834 | Sept. 6 | 6674 | Longfield, William
” | Oct. 11 | 6694 | Audley, Lord Baron
1835 | March 18 | 6792 | Hill, Richard
” | Dec. 16 | 6960 | Warrick, John
1836 | Feb. 10 | 7000 | Fenton, Samuel
1838 | June 30 | 7715 | Uzielli, Matthew
” | Nov. 13 | 7872 | Thompson, Sally
1839 | Feb. 21 | 7972 | Uzielli, Matthew
” | June 12 | 8106 | Sanders, Joseph
” | July 3 | 8140 | Cochrane, Alexander
” | ” 20 | 8163 | Schwieso, John Charles
” | Aug. 1 | 8181 | Williams, William Morrett
” | Dec. 2 | 8293 | Guest, James
1840 | Feb. 27 | 8402 | Williams, William Morrett
” | March 20 | 8440 | Gerish, Francis William
” | May 2 | 8489 | Peirce, William
” | June 13 | 8543 | Wolverson, Joseph, and Rawlett, William
” | Oct. 22 | 8666 | Clark, Thomas
” | Dec. 23 | 8747 | Baillie, Benjamin
1841 | March 29 | 8903 | Tildesley, James, and Sanders, Joseph
” | May 6 | 8953 | Hancock, James
” | July 14 | 9029 | Berry, Miles
” | Sept. 28 | 9104 | Strong, Theodore Frederick
1841 | Nov. 9 | 9144 | Smith, Jesse
1842 | Jan. 15 | 9224 | Poole, Moses
” | May 24 | 9364 | Duce, Joseph
” | June 13 | 9395 | Williams, William Morrett
” | Dec. 29 | 9578 | Rock, Joseph, jun.
1843 | Nov. 25 | 9963 | Tann, Edward, Edward, and John
” | ” | 9965 | Rock, Joseph, jun.
1844 | Jan. 30 | 10032 | Fletcher, William
” | May 14 | 10182 | Pitt, Benjamin
1845 | April 15 | 10611 | Carter, George
1846 | March 25 | 11152 | Cotterill, Edwin
” | July 6 | 11283 | De La Fons, John Palmer
” | ” 15 | 11299 | Thomas, William
” | Dec. 14 | 11491 | Chubb, John
1847 | Jan. 11 | 11523 | Chubb, John, and Hunter, Ebenezer
” | April 16 | 11659 | Collett, Charles Minors
” | Sept. 16 | 11869 | Hancock, William
1848 | ” 28 | 12274 | Newall, Robert Stirling
1849 | May 8 | 12604 | Wilkes, Samuel
1850 | July 22 | 13184 | Bradford, James
1851 | April 15 | 13595 | Newell, Robert
” | Nov. 4 | 13802 | Dismore, George
” | ” 6 | 13806 | Parnell, Michael Leopold
” | ” 13 | 13807 | Sinclair, William
” | ” 22 | 13824 | Restell, Thomas
” | Dec. 8 | 13852 | Restell, Thomas
1852 | Feb. 23 | 13985 | Hobbs, Alfred Charles
” | Oct. 21 | 472 |+Rose, Joseph
” | Nov. 23 | 828 |+Parnell, Michael Leopold
1853 | Jan. 21 | 160 |+Chubb, John, and Goater, John
” | ” 29 | 229 |+Whishaw, Francis
” | Feb. 11 | 367 |+Choppin, William
” | May 3 | 1074 |+Goble, George Frederic
” | ” 23 | 1266 |+Simson, William
” | ” 27 | 1310 |±Bentley, William Henry
” | July 5 | 1600 |+Tripe, Decimus Julius
” | ” 6 | 1617 |+Newton, William Edward
” | Aug. 11 | 1866 |*Rushbury, John
” | ” 18 | 1932 |+Pigé, Alexis
” | Sept. 9 | 2076 |±Parnell, Michael Leopold
” | ” 9 | 2077 |*Martin, James
” | Nov. 7 | 2587 |±Newton, Alfred Vincent
” | ” 21 | 2698 |+Tucker, Walter Henry, and Reeves, Rashleigh
” | Dec. 10 | 2879 |*Du Bost, Hippolyte Laurent
” | ” 22 | 2980 |+Gibbons, James, Jun.
1854 | Feb. 1 | 256 |+Daniel, Alfred
” | ” 20 | 405 | Milner, William
” | March 1 | 505 |+Holland, John Simon
” | ” 2 | 514 |+Tann, John
” | June 12 | 1288 |±Young, John
” | July 1 | 1441 |*Jones, Robert Lewis
” | ” 11 | 1514 |+Wolverson, Edwin
” | Aug. 1 | 1697 |+Holland, John Simon
” | ” 4 | 1709 |±Miles, Louis Player
” | Sept. 2 | 1917 |+Lewis, George
” | ” 25 | 2060 | McConnel, Robert
” | Oct. 3 | 2122 |+Newton, William Edward
” | Dec. 9 | 2592 |*Button, Reuben
” | ” 12 | 2611 |+Larkin, Richard
” | ” 13 | 2616 |+Stansbury, Charles Frederick
” | ” 20 | 2684 | Milner, William
” | ” 23 | 2712 |*Giroux, Barthélemy Martin
1855 | Jan. 29 | 218 |+Imray, John
” | April 25 | 934 |+Bellford, Auguste Edward Loradoux
” | May 1 | 978 |*Wright, Lemuel Wellman
” | ” 11 | 1063 |+Henderson, Constantine
” | ” 21 | 1127 | Tucker, Walter Henry
” | June 9 | 1315 | Nettlefold, J. S., E. J., and J. H.
” | July 18 | 1623 |+Scully, Vincent, and Heywood, Bennett John
” | Aug. 13 | 1837 |+Butler, Thomas
” | ” 15 | 1851 |+Avery, John
” | ” 30 | 1959 |*Stansbury, Charles Frederick
” | Sept. 4 | 2001 |+Mueller, Charles Gustav
” | Nov. 14 | 2572 |+Newton, Alfred Vincent
1856 | Jan. 21 | 156 |*Fenton, Samuel
” | Feb. 5 | 310 |±Parnell, Michael Leopold
” | March 28 | 744 |+Daniel, Alfred
” | April 21 | 950 |*Dortet, Jules
” | ” 24 | 989 | Blacket, Frank William
” | June 18 | 1436 |±Tucker, Walter Henry
” | July 1 | 1544 |*Newton, Alfred Vincent
” | ” 18 | 1690 |+Leuchars, William
” | Aug. 7 | 1860 |*Weber, Lionel
” | Dec. 11 | 2944 |+Miles, William Player
” | ” 26 | 3066 |*Newburgh, Sidney, and Steinhart, Charles
1857 | Jan. 8 | 68 |±Harris, James
” | ” 15 | 120 |+Hobbs, Alfred Charles
” | April 2 | 916 |+Morrison, Duncan, and Lilley, Samuel
” | ” 15 | 1070 | Safran, Jacob
” | May 6 | 1284 |+Newton, William Edward
” | ” 12 | 1331 |*Cotterill, Edwin
” | July 13 | 1942 |*Hinks, Joseph Lester, and Day, John Rock
” | ” 28 | 2059 |+Dortet, Jules, and Dénis, André Barthélemy
” | Dec. 24 | 3160 |+Hart, George William
1858 | Jan. 20 | 94 |+Nixon, Christopher Nugent
” | ” 21 | 110 | Wilson, Peter; Northall, Samuel; and James,
| | | Thomas
” | Feb. 23 | 355 |+White, George Frederick
” | March 31 | 682 |+Duce, Joseph Warner
” | May 24 | 1160 |*Hamilton, George, and Nash, William Henry
” | June 11 | 1332 |+Hart, George William
” | ” 30 | 1470 |*Wheatcroft, William Smith, and Smith, James
| | | Newton
” | July 6 | 1513 |*Davies, John Taylor
” | Sept. 1 | 1989 |+Newton, William Edward
” | Oct. 5 | 2212 | Hamilton, George, and Nash, William Henry
” | ” 11 | 2263 |*Platt, Joseph
” | Nov. 9 | 2506 |*Henry, Michael
” | ” 11 | 2533 |+Newton, Alfred Vincent
1859 | Jan. 17 | 132 |+Brooks, Edward
” | March 16 | 660 |[+]Ash, Isaiah
” | ” 16 | 669 |[*]Hamilton, George, and Nash, William Henry
” | April 27 | 1059 |[*]Hamp, Charles
” | May 7 | 1149 |[±]Henry, Michael
” | ” 17 | 1228 |[+]Law, Charles
” | ” 26 | 1302 |[+]Young, John
” | June 23 | 1513 |[*]Prince, Alexander
” | Aug. 13 | 1869 |[*]Clegg, Robert Dawson, and Saunders, Thomas
” | ” 17 | 1895 |[+]Brooman, Richard Archibald
” | Oct. 14 | 2343 |[±]Price, George
” | Nov. 25 | 2672 |[+]Tildesley, Matthew
1860 | Jan. 2 | 2 |[+]Luis, Jozé
” | ” 6 | 43 |[+]Fowler, John
” | ” 11 | 78 |[+]Newton, Alfred Vincent
” | March 5 | 598 |[+]Price, Cyrus
” | April 24 | 1021 |[*]Brodie, James
” | ” 27 | 1071 |[*]Withers, George
” | May 11 | 1158 |[±]Price, George
” | ” 16 | 1208 |[+]Newton, William Edward
” | ” 28 | 1308 | _Chatwood, Samuel_[5]
” | June 2 | 1360 |[+]Newton, William Edward
” | ” 15 | 1460 |[*]Mackrow, Isaac
” | ” 19 | 1487 |[*]Brooman, Richard Archibald
” | ” 26 | 1550 |[*]Hudson, Wm. Henry, and Evans, John
” | July 17 | 1731 |[±]Loysel, Edward
” | Aug. 23 | 2032 |[+]Spence, William
” | Sept. 8 | 2172 |[*]Hoare, Deane John
” | ” 15 | 2250 |[+]Newton, William Edward
” | ” 16 | 2827 |[*]Morrison, Alfred
” | Dec. 13 | 3071 |[±]Chubb, John, and Hunter, Ebenezer
1861 | Feb. 9 | 324 |[*]Grimshaw, O’Donnell
” | ” 18 | 401 |[+]Price, Cyrus and Elihu
” | April 10 | 882 |[*]Morel, Auguste Victor
” | May 2 | 1098 |[+]Winkler, Michael
” | June 19 | 1577 |[+]Pradel, Peter
” | July 22 | 1835 |[*]Mennons, Marc Antoine François
” | ” 24 | 1850 |[*]Hirschfeld, Ferdinand
” | ” 30 | 1902 | _Hart, John Matthias_
” | Aug. 5 | 1943 |[+]Brooman, Richard Archibald
” | Sept. 5 | 2206 |[±]McConnell, Robert
” | Nov. 20 | 2915 |[±]Croxford, Joseph Cooper
” | Dec. 17 | 3159 |[+]Tucker, Walter Henry
1862 | Jan. 20 | 140 | _Mappin, Walter Sandell_
” | ” 25 | 200 |[+]Lefort, François Joseph Lalmand
” | March 15 | 723 | _Hamilton, George_
” | April 12 | 1057 |[*]Sweet, Andrew
” | ” 19 | 1145 |[+]Loysel, Edward
” | May 5 | 1328 |[±]Allman, Herbert
” | ” 17 | 1504 |[*]Tessier, Charles Hippolyte
” | June 17 | 1791 |[*]Pringle, Archibald
” | Oct. 13 | 2750 |[+]Chatwood, Samuel
” | ” 16 | 2791 |[*]Berry, George
” | ” 16 | 2796 |[*]Harold, Thomas George
” | ” 27 | 2889 |[+]Pilgrim, Thomas
” | Dec. 1 | 3349 |[+]Phelps, William
1863 | Jan. 9 | 73 |[+]Tucker, Walter Henry
” | ” 13 | 109 |[*]Tildesley, Matthew
” | ” 15 | 131 |[+]Barraclough, Thomas Critchley
” | ” 26 | 228 |[*]Smith, Andrew
” | Feb. 7 | 347 | _Parigot, Claude, and Grivel, Antoine_
” | ” 16 | 417 |[+]McEntee, Withers, and Withers
” | March 26 | 790 |[+]Parnell, Michael Leopold
” | April 14 | 934 |[*]Berry, George
” | ” 15 | 951 |[*]Morton, John Sanderson
” | ” 16 | 959 |[+]Oldfield, William
” | July 8 | 1702 |[+]Newton, William Edward
” | Nov. 5 | 2742 |[*]Hancock, Henry, and Vickers, William Henry
1864 | Jan. 5 | 28 |[±]Fenby, Joseph Beverley
” | Feb. 13 | 379 |[+]Bedford, Joseph
” | March 12 | 633 |[*]Hancock, Henry, and Vickers, William Henry
” | July 6 | 1679 |[+]Von Rathen, Antony Bernhard
” | Sept. 6 | 2174 |[+]Weaver, Frederick
” | ” 27 | 2367 |[*]Adams, Arthur John
” | Oct. 5 | 2446 |[+]Bonneville, Henri Adrien
” | Nov. 25 | 2954 |[*]Newton, Alfred Vincent
1865 | Jan. 11 | 92 |[*]Heather, John Fry
” | March 1 | 570 |[+]Whitfield, Samuel
” | ” 20 | 778 | _Chatwood, Samuel_
” | April 4 | 944 |[*]Nabbs, Richard
” | ” 7 | 999 |[*]Kimberley, Nathan Gold
” | ” 12 | 1043 | _Walker, John_
” | ” 12 | 1045 | _Hart, John Matthias_
” | ” 29 | 1194 |[*]Tucker, Walter Henry
” | ” 29 | 1201 |[+]Clark, William
” | May 22 | 1402 |[*]Gedge, William Edward
” | ” 22 | 1406 |[*]Hodson William
” | ” 27 | 1462 |[+]Diele, Ludwig
” | ” 30 | 1485 |[*]Grafton, Sidney
” | ” 30 | 1487 |[+]Calvert, John
” | June 9 | 1578 |[±]Meek, G. E., and Howes, W. H.
” | ” 29 | 1735 |[+]Newton, William Edward
” | July 6 | 1782 |[+]Carter, George
” | ” 8 | 1812 |[+]Heather, John Fry
” | ” 21 | 1902 | _Walton, James_
” | Aug. 12 | 2092 |[+]Newton, William Edward
” | ” 26 | 2198 | _Hodgson, Edmund Dorman_
” | Sept. 28 | 2484 |[+]Price, Cyrus
” | Nov. 4 | 2852 |[+]Gardner, William
” | ” 8 | 2879 |[+]Rainé, Jules Adolphe
” | ” 21 | 2991 |[±]Pope, Frederic
” | Dec. 9 | 3169 |[*]Grivel, Antoine, Jun.
” | ” 23 | 3324 |[*]Groves, Joseph, and Robinson, George, Jun.
” | ” 30 | 3382 |[+]Newton, William Edward
1866 | Jan. 6 | 48 |[+]Tolhausen, Frederick
” | March 17 | 799 |[+]Hinton, Frederic
” | April 20 | 1118 |[+]Allen, James
” | June 4 | 1545 |[+]Fenby, Joseph Beverley
” | ” 12 | 1597 |[*]Kurz, Frederick William
” | ” 16 | 1635 |[*]Macdonald, Archibald
” | ” 16 | 1638 |[*]Hopps, George Henry
” | July 2 | 1750 |[+]Bonneville, Henri Adrien
” | Nov. 14 | 2987 |[*]Clark, William
” | Dec. 29 | 3420 |[*]Adams, Arthur John
” | ” 31 | 3441 |[*]Allman, Herbert
1867 | March 8 | 654 |[+]Pope, Frederic
” | ” 29 | 937 |[+]Wolverson, Joseph, Jun.
” | May 6 | 1326 |[+]Lake, William Robert
” | ” 7 | 1353 |[*]Saxby, Henry John
” | July 27 | 2184 |[+]Jones, Thomas
” | Nov. 9 | 3166 |[+]Hall, Samuel, and Whittingham, Maurice
1868 | Feb. 7 | 422 |[+]Lake, William Robert
” | ” 26 | 651 |[*]Dowell, William and James
” | March 27 | 1061 |[+]Hughes, Henry, and Jones, Charles
” | April 4 | 1144 | _Nabbs, Richard_
” | ” 27 | 1372 |[*]Tidmarsh, Samuel
” | June 5 | 1842 |[+]Clark, Alexander Melville
” | ” 8 | 1874 |[+]Coffey, Dominic
” | July 11 | 2199 |[+]Brooman, Clinton Edgcumbe
” | Sept. 8 | 2764 |[+]Fraser, Alexander John
” | Oct. 15 | 3153 |[+]Gumpel, Charles Godfrey
” | Nov. 23 | 3549 |[+]La Penotière, William
” | Dec. 3 | 3676 |[+]Maréchal, Louis Jules
” | ” 14 | 3796 |[*]Brooman, Clinton Edgcumbe
” | ” 21 | 3887 |[+]Whitaker, Richard
1869 | April 22 | 1245 |[+]Lake, William Robert
” | ” 27 | 1293 |[+]Lake, William Robert
” | June 18 | 1878 |[*]Andrew, Matthew
” | Sept. 8 | 2636 |[+]Hodges, Richard Edward
” | ” 11 | 2672 |[*]Andrew, Matthew
” | ” 15 | 2700 |[*]Clark, Alexander Melville
” | ” 30 | 2846 |[+]Dewe, John
” | Oct. 12 | 2963 |[+]Andrew, Matthew
” | Nov. 11 | 3250 |[+]Lake, William Robert
” | ” 11 | 3256 | _Harris, William_
” | ” 11 | 3257 | _Wilson, Peter_
” | ” 15 | 3290 |[+]Brampton, Frederick
” | ” 16 | 3300 | _Tucker, Walter Henry_
1870 | Jan. 21 | 187 | _Whitfield, Frederic_
” | April 30 | 1242 |[*]Massi, Charles
” | July 7 | 1927 |[*]Murdoch, Hunter Henry
” | Sept. 9 | 2440 | _Tildesley, James_
” | Oct. 22 | 2785 | _Samels, Abel Edgar_
” | Nov. 26 | 3108 |[+]Murdoch, Hunter Henry
” | ” 28 | 3114 |[+]Abel, Charles Denton
” | ” 28 | 3115 |[+]Abel, Charles Denton
” | Dec. 22 | 3356 | _Morrison, James_
1871 | Jan. 12 | 87 | _Pocock, Alfred Willmer_
” | ” 30 | 240 |[+]Lawrence, Charles Lewis
” | Feb. 1 | 265 |[*]Harvey, Henry Cummins, and Walton, Thomas
” | May 1 | 1160 |[+]Imray, John
” | June 8 | 1514 |[*]Hutchins, Henry Edward
1872 | Jan. 25 | 252 | _Mills, Benjamin Joseph Barnard_
” | March 22 | 881 | _Brolly, William Stuart_
” | May 18 | 1523 |[*]Pichery, Jules Léandre
” | July 10 | 2074 | _Lancaster, Henry_
” | Aug. 20 | 2472 | _Brodie, James_
” | Sept. 18 | 2764 |[*]Osborn, William
” | Oct. 5 | 2940 | _Kromer, Theodore_
1873 | March 21 | 1057 | _Morgan-Brown, William_
” | May 29 | 1932 | _Fox, Howard Busby_
” | June 26 | 2219 | _Mansbridge, Thomas_
” | July 25 | 2545 |[*]Greenwood, Henry Brown
” | Aug. 25 | 2793 | _Hunt, Bristow_
” | Sept. 16 | 3029 |[*]Edwards, John
” | ” 19 | 3081 | _Harrington, John_
” | ” 27 | 3159 |[*]Vaughan, Henry
” | Oct. 24 | 3453 | _Ratcliff, Daniel Rowlinson_
” | ” 31 | 3550 | _Chatwood, Samuel_
” | Dec. 17 | 4139 | _Barton, Charles_
1874 | Jan. 3 | 44 | _Harrington, John_
” | Feb. 19 | 642 | _Worrell, Thomas Boyle_
” | March 5 | 818 | _Clarke, Henry_
” | ” 30 | 1095 | _Whitworth_
” | April 16 | 1320 | _Turner_
” | ” 21 | 1377 | _Wheeler_
” | ” 29 | 1495 | _Rutter_
” | June 6 | 1974 | _Faddy_
” | ” 23 | 2174 | _Titley_
_LIST OF PATENTS FOR SAFES, ETC., AND APPARATUS FOR PROTECTING THE
CONTENTS OF THE SAME._
------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------------------------
Year | Day | No. of | Name | Chief Claims
| | Patent | |
------+----------+--------+------------------------+---------------------------
1801 | Feb. 10 | 2477 | Scott, Richard | Fireproofing
1834 | ” 13 | 6555 | Marr, William | Fireproofing
1835 | May 1 | 6832 | Chubb, Charles | Case-hardening plates
1839 | June 11 | 8100 | Chubb, Charles and | Well safes
| | | Jeremiah |
1840 | Feb. 26 | 8401 | Milner, Thomas | Fireproofing
1843 | Nov. 25 | 9963 | Tann, Edward; Edward, | Fireproofing. A disclaimer
| | | Jun., and John | afterwards published of
| | | | certain parts
1851 | March 3 | 13540 | Milner, William | Fireproofing and bolts
1853 | Nov. 7 | 2587 | Newton, Alfred Vincent | Chilled cast-iron
1854 | July 12 | 1533 |[*]Gardissal, Charles | For postage and other
| | | Durand | stamps
” | Dec. 20 | 2684 | Milner, William | Wood for lock-cases
1855 | Jan. 31 | 236 | Price, George | Painting interior and
| | | | case-hardening exterior
” | Aug. 21 | 1888 |[+]Longsdon, Robert | Hydraulic apparatus
” | Nov. 22 | 2632 |[+]Price, George | Steam-tight chests
1856 | April 24 | 989 | Blacket, Frank William | Fixing locks and
| | | | detachable heads to keys
” | Aug. 16 | 1919 |[+]Lilley, Samuel | Chilled cast-iron.
| | | | (Newton, 1853, No. 2587.)
1857 | Jan. 20 | 172 |[+]Johnson, John Henry | A ship safe
” | April 16 | 1075 |[*]Crook, Samuel Thomas | Casting and welding
” | Sept. 25 | 2481 |[±]Chubb, John | Steel plugs and corrugated
| | | | steel
” | Nov. 25 | 2947 |[*]Hogg, James | Revolving shutter for door
1859 | March 21 | 717 |[+]Rhodes, William | Water for fireproofing
1860 | April 27 | 1071 |[*]Withers, George | Welding iron and steel
| | | | plates, &c.
” | May 28 | 1308 | _Chatwood, Samuel_[6] | Fluid metal run in between
| | | | two plates
” | Sept. 13 | 2211 |[*]Price, George | Coating doors with steel
1862 | Jan. 29 | 232 |[*]Pulvé, Louis | Wool and sand fireproofing
| | | Alexandre |
” | Oct. 13 | 2750 |[+]Chatwood, Samuel | Tee-iron frame. Nine
| | | | claims
” | Dec. 12 | 3327 |[*]Winiwarter, George | Fireproofing. Tubes bound
| | | | with straw, clay, &c.
1863 | March 3 | 594 |[±]Price, George, and | Angle-iron frame.
| | | Dawes, William | Electro-gilding lock
1864 | Oct. 10 | 2485 |[+]Gardner, William. | False bottom
1865 | Jan. 9 | 71 |[+]Wiese, Friedrich | Fireproofing (Milner,
| | | | 1840, No. 8401)
” | Feb. 6 | 326 |[+]Shaw, Robert | Shop-window safe
” | ” 9 | 364 |[+]Chubb, John | Recessed door, &c.
” | ” 15 | 439 |[*]Clark, Alexander | Chilled cast-iron, &c.
| | | | (Lilley, 1856, No. 1919.)
” | Feb. 16 | 450 | _Thompson, Joseph_ | Solid flanges, &c.
” | ” 17 | 459 |[*]Fergusson, James | Sliding doors
” | ” 22 | 499 |[*]Shore, George | Curved edge to door
| | | Nathaniel |
” | ” 23 | 507 | _Whitfield, Samuel_ | Screw-bolts
” | ” 23 | 508 |[*]Mappin, Walter | Flanged plates and rivets
| | | Sandell |
” | ” 23 | 514 |[*]Taylor, Henry Kinden | Exposed safe
” | ” 27 | 543 |[*]Tucker, Walter Henry | Casting and welding
” | ” 28 | 559 | _Hart, John Matthias_ | Holding bolts
” | March 2 | 585 | _Chatwood, Samuel_ | 15 claims. (Shore, 1865,
| | | | No. 499; and Whitfield,
| | | | 1865, No. 507.)
” | ” 6 | 619 |[*]Varley, Cromwell |
| | | Fleetwood | Electric apparatus
” | ” 6 | 621 |[*]Phillips, Samuel, |
| | | and Groves, Joseph | Undercut angle-iron, &c.
” | ” 8 | 653 |[*]Taylor, Arthur Edwin | Sliding door
” | ” 9 | 660 |[*]Harris, Joseph Thomas| Fire-resisting doors
” | ” 11 | 695 |[*]Tann, John | Ten claims
” | ” 13 | 702 |[*]Hill, Henry | Sliding door. (Taylor,
| | | | 1865, No. 653.)
” | ” 14 | 714 |[*]Hodgson, Edmund | Sliding door. (Hill, 1865,
| | | Dorman | No. 702.)
” | ” 15 | 728 |[*]Loysel, Edward | Spiegel-eisen, &c.
| | | | (Chatwood, 1865, No.
| | | | 585.)
” | ” 31 | 903 |[*]Milner, William, and |
| | | Ratcliff, Daniel |
| | | Rowlinson | Ribs, hooks, &c.
” | ” 31 | 904 |[*]Cook, Thomas | Circular door
” | April 4 | 946 |[*]Thompson, George Curr| Screw-bolts. (Chatwood,
| | | | 1865, No. 585; Whitfield,
| | | | 1865, No. 507.)
” | ” 7 | 1000 |[+]Skidmore, Thomas | Inner angle-iron frame
” | ” 12 | 1045 | _Hart, John Matthias_ | Actuating bolts
” | ” 13 | 1056 |[*]Chubb, John, and | Projections on door
| | | Goater, Robert |
” | June 20 | 1657 |[+]Parish, James; | Dovetailed door
| | | Thatcher, Charles; |
| | | and Glasscock, Thomas |
” | July 22 | 1911 |[*]Diaper, William | Z iron frame; revolving
| | | | steel rods.(Tann, 1865,
| | | | No. 695.)
” | Aug. 2 | 1995 |[*]Andrew, Thomas; and | Screw-bolts. (Thompson,
| | | Taylor, James Whiteley| 1865, No. 946, &c., &c.)
” | ” 2 | 2006 |[+]Allman, Herbert | Chilled cast-iron, &c.
| | | | (Thompson, 1865, No.
| | | | 450.)
” | ” 11 | 2081 |[+]Kjellberg, Peter | Suspended safe
| | | Carlsson |
” | ” 17 | 2121 |[+]Phillips, Samuel; | Dovetails, curved edge, &c.
| | | and Groves, Joseph | (Chubb, 1865, No. 1056;
| | | | Shore, 1865, No. 499.)
” | Sept. 2 | 2265 | _Chatwood, Samuel_ | Casting with soft metal
” | ” 7 | 2294 |[+]Hart, John Matthias | Joining plates by metal in
| | | | tubes
” | ” 9 | 2318 |[+]Nordenskiöld, Adolf | Connecting safe with
| | | Eric, and | water-pipes
| | | Smith, John William |
” | Sept. 26 | 2457 |[*]Parigot, Claude, and |
| | | Grivel, Antoine | Locking apparatus
” | Nov. 20 | 2979 |[*]Fenby, Joseph Beverly| Expanding bolt
” | Dec. 1 | 3085 |[*]Batho, William |
| | Fothergill | Stamped safe
” | ” 9 | 3169 |[*]Grivel, Antoine | Keyless lock, &c.
” | ” 21 | 3305 |[+]Blackman, John |
| | | William | Connecting safe with
| | | | water-pipes. (Nordenskiöld,
| | | | 1865, No. 2318.)
” | ” 23 | 3321 |[±]Chatwood, Samuel | Casting safes
” | ” 23 | 3324 |[*]Groves, Joseph, and |
| | | Robinson, George | Projecting pieces, &c.
| | | | (Phillips, 1865, No.
| | | | 2121.)
1866 | Jan. 11 | 96 |[*]Rudling, William |
| | | Atkins | Electric apparatus
” | Feb. 21 | 541 |[*]Deakin, William | Projections on doors, &c.
| | | | (Groves, 1865, No. 3324.)
” | ” 23 | 552 |[+]Haddan, J. C., and |
| | | Haddan, H. J. | Circular safes, and
| | | | vitrifying exterior
” | March 2 | 641 |[±]Tansley, James | Interlocking doors
” | ” 3 | 648 |[*]Hosking, Albert | Gaslight detector
” | ” 6 | 685 |[+]Chubb, John | Tie-bars, rivets, and hinges
” | March 7 | 694 |[+]Price, George | Plate-iron frame
| | | | projections, &c. (Tann,
| | | | 1865, No. 695.)
” | ” 9 | 717 |[*]Moxon, Thomas Bewsher| Electric apparatus
” | ” 13 | 754 |[+]Jessop, Joseph, and |
| | | Warburton, William | Serrated edge to door
” | ” 17 | 792 |[+]Sagar, Thomas, and |
| | | Keighley, George | Cylindrical safe. (Haddan,
| | | | 1866, No. 552.)
” | ” 17 | 799 |[+]Hinton, Frederic | Circular door. (Sagar,
| | | | 1866, No. 792.)
” | ” 27 | 895 |[*]Bracher, John | Frame and angle-iron
” | ” 29 | 911 |[+]Noake, Reuben | Joining edges. (Bracher,
| | | | 1866, No. 895.)
” | ” 31 | 930 |[+]Hindshaw, George | Serrated door, &c. (Jessop,
| | | | 1866, No. 754.)
” | April 4 | 954 |[*]Maddocks, John, and |
| | | Dunn, William | Sliding doors and
| | | | dovetailed bars
” | ” 19 | 1106 |[±]Evans, Daniel | Welding and joining plates.
| | | | (Hart, 1865, No. 2294.)
” | May 16 | 1387 |[+]Gisborne, John |
| | | Sacheverell | Electric and clockwork
| | | | apparatus
” | ” 16 | 1390 |[+]Price, Elihu and |
| | | Cyrus | Moveable bars; fireproof
| | | | inner door
” | June 7 | 1570 | _Grivel, Antoine_ | Nine claims. Locking
| | | | apparatus
” | ” 11 | 1587 |[*]Baxter, John, and |
| | | Hunt, John | Serrated door and casting
| | | | No. safe. (Hindshaw,
| | | | 1866, 930; Tucker, 1865,
| | | | No 543.)
” | June 12 | 1598 |[*]Kurz, Frederick |
| | | William | Double sliding-doors.
| | | | (Maddocks, 1866, No.
| | | | 954.)
” | ” 22 | 1671 |[+]Peyton, Edward | Circular door
” | Aug. 1 | 1977 |[+]Billing, Edwin Isaac | Spherical safe
” | ” 2 | 1993 |[*]Chillcott, Isaac |
| | | Eldon | Serrated door. (Baxter,
| | | | 1866, No. 1587, and
| | | | others.)
” | ” 22 | 2152 |[+]Minns, Henry Royall | Claw-bolts, and
| | | | fireproofing. (Milner,
| | | | 1840, No. 8401.)
” | Sept. 3 | 2256 |[+]Hosking, Albert |
| | | Whitford | Gaslight detector. (Hosking,
| | | | 1866, No. 648.)
” | Nov. 3 | 2856 | _Chubb, John_, and |
| | | _Chalk, William Henry_| Diagonal bolts, and
| | | | overlapping frame
” | ” 7 | 2894 |[+]Goodbrand, Walter, |
| | | and Holland, Thomas |
| | | Eccles | Gaslight detector. (Hosking,
| | | | 1866, 2256.
” | ” 22 | 3064 |[*]Nicholson, James | Overlapping door
” | Dec. 12 | 3265 |[±]Chatwood, Samuel | Locking apparatus
1867 | Jan. 23 | 176 |[*]Pinney, John | Chilled casting. (Tucker,
| | | | 1865, No. 543.)
” | ” 29 | 229 |[±]Snell, William | Water fireproofing. (Rhodes,
| | | | 1859, No. 717.)
” | Feb. 13 | 400 |[+]Westwood, Jos., and |
| | | Baillie, Robt. | Rebated door, &c. (In use
| | | | many years before.)
” | June 14 | 1741 |[*]Bryant, Hezekiah |
| | | Hazard | Water fireproofing.
| | | | (Snell, 1867, No. 229.)
” | Aug. 19 | 2382 |[*]Cowper, Edward Alfred| Welding plates
” | Sept. 25 | 2696 |[*]Ratcliff, Daniel |
| | | Rowlinson | Angles dovetailed to bars
1868 | Jan. 1 | 2 |[+]Lake, William Robert | Spherical safe, &c.
” | ” 29 | 307 |[+]Snell, William | Wood fireproofing, &c.
” | March 18 | 926 |[*]Wailes, George | Joining angles
” | April 22 | 1311 |[*]Fiddes, Augustine, |
| | | and Curtis, Charles |
| | | John | Locking apparatus. (Chubb,
| | | | 1857, No. 2481; Price,
| | | | 1863, No. 594; Diaper,
| | | | 1865, No. 1911.)
” | ” 30 | 1415 | _Chatwood, Samuel_ | Welding plates, &c.
| | | | (Cowper, 1867, No. 2382;
| | | | Chubb, 1866, No. 2856;
| | | | Bracher, 1866, No. 895.)
” | June 17 | 1971 |[+]Rhodes, William and |
| | | James | Frames. (Chubb, 1865; No.
| | | | 1056; Chubb, 1866, No.
| | | | 2856.)
” | July 15 | 2228 |[*]De Bergue, Charles, |
| | | and Haddan, John Coope| Circular safes, &c.
” | Aug. 7 | 2469 |_Curtis, Charles John,_ |
| | | and _Fiddes, Augustine_| Skeleton frames, revolving
| | | | rods, &c. (Diaper, 1865,
| | | | No. 1911; Price, 1866,
| | | | No. 694; Wailes, 1868,
| | | | No. 926.)
” | April 5 | 1026 |_White, William George_ | Hooked bolts, and trough
| | | | iron. (Minns, 1866, No.
| | | | 2152; Chubb, 1866, No.
| | | | 2856.)
” | May 6 | 1399 | _Hart, John |
| | | Matthias_ | Jointless body; hooked
| | | | bolts, &c. (White, 1869,
| | | | No. 1026.)
” | ” 19 | 1552 |[*]Fuller, William |
| | | Frederick | Screw night-bolt
” | Sept. 22 | 2759 |_Minns, Henry Royall_ | Hooked sliding bolt.
| | | | (Minns, 1866, No. 2152.)
” | Nov. 24 | 3388 |[+]McNeill, Andrew | Floating safe
” | Dec. 9 | 3564 |[+]Ballou, Russell |
| | | Arnold | Lampblack fireproofing
1870 | Jan. 19 | 162 |[*]Mawe, William | Circular screw door
” | March 9 | 694 |[*]Duffey, James | Fireproofing. (Bryant,
| | | | 1867, No. 1741; Snell,
| | | | 1867, No. 229; Rhodes,
| | | | 1859, No. 717.)
” | May 5 | 1289 |_Johnson, John Henry_ | Fireproofing; steam safe
” | June 7 | 1648 |[*]Schäfer, Frederick | Steel shutter
” | July 14 | 1992 |[*]Curtis, Charles John,|
| | | and Fiddes, Augustine | Fireproofing. (Johnson,
| | | | 1870, No. 1289.)
” | ” 29 | 2132 |[+]Minns, Henry Royall | Locking apparatus. (Minns,
| | | | 1869, No. 2759.)
” | Oct. 6 | 2654 |[*]Chatwood, Samuel, and|
| | | Tobin, Thomas William | Air chambers, &c.
” | Nov. 1 | 2876 |[+]Newton, William |
| | | Edward | Electro-magnetic apparatus
1871 | May 5 | 1221 |_Ratcliff, Daniel |
| | | Rowlinson_ | Compound hooked bolt
” | July 6 | 1761 |_Farrel, John_ | Spiegel-eisen, angle-frame,
| | | | &c.(Chatwood, 1865, No.
| | | | 585; Price, 1863, No.
| | | | 594.)
” | Nov. 16 | 3108 |_Haseltine, George_ | Electro-magnetic apparatus
” | ” 18 | 3128 |_Corliss, William_ | Spherical safe. Fourteen
| | | | claims
1872 | Feb. 14 | 458 |[*]Cottam, Edward | Supporting safes
” | ” 20 | 542 |[*]Nickson, Philip Henry|
| | | Hammond | Mica lining. (Snell, 1868,
| | | | No. 307.)
” | March 4 | 668 | _Fothergill, Benjamin_,|
| | | and _Rumble, Thomas |
| | | William_ | Constructing safes. (See
| | | | all patents relating to
| | | | steel, chilled iron,
| | | | &c.)
” | May 28 | 1611 |_Hobbs, Alfred Charles_,|
| | |and _Hart, John Matthias_| Use of steel, &c.
| | | | (Fothergill, 1872, No.
| | | | 668.)
” | July 6 | 2048 | _Elwell, James Fenton_,|
| | | and _Grove, Joseph_ | Knuckle-bolts
” | ” 12 | 2103 |[*]Chambers, John |
| | | Wilkinson | Electric signals
” | Oct. 7 | 2953 | _Gardner, William_ | Securing safe to floor
1873 | Jan. 15 | 165 | _Hipkins, Edward_ | Tee-iron frame, &c.
| | | | Chatwood, 1862, No.
| | | | 2750; Tann, 1865, No.
| | | | 695.)
” | ” 17 | 194 |_Perman, Charles |
| | |Hayward_, and _Whitaker,|
| | | Richard_ | Lids of boxes
” | Jan. 18 | 226 | _Lake, William Robert_ | Water fireproofing.
| | | | (Duffey, 1870, No.
| | | | 694, &c.)
” | May 21 | 1846 | _Chatwood, Samuel_ | Air-pipes round safe
” | June 9 | 2048 | _Whichcord, John_, and |
| | | _Anderson, William_ | Constructing safes.
| | | | (Fothergill, 1872,
| | | | No. 668.)
” | ” 10 | 2050 | _Hayward, Walter Frank_| Angles and doors.
| | | | (Phillips, 1865, No.
| | | | 621; Phillips, 1865,
| | | | 1866, No. 2121;
| | | | Chubb, No. 2856;
| | | | Price, 1863, No.
| | | | 594; Price, 1866,
| | | | No. 2121.)
” | ” 19 | 2149 |[*]Easton, Edward; Pole,|
| | | William; and |
| | | Whichcord, John | Doors sliding by
| | | | hydraulic pressure
” | Sept. 18 | 3065 | _Cottam, Edward_ | Series of safes
” | Nov. 13 | 3689 |[*]Fear, Henry, and |
| | | Wilson, Peter | Hinges and hooked
| | | | bolts. (White, 1869,
| | | | No. 1026, &c.)
” | Dec. 10 | 4066 | _Taunton, John Richard |
| | | Cromwell_ | Rotating steel discs
1874 | Jan. 24 | 320 | _Chubb, George Hayter_,|
| | | and _Chalk, William |
| | | Henry_ | Fixing lining, and
| | | | locking apparatus.
| | | | (Chubb, 1866, No.
| | | | 2856.)
” | Feb. 13 | 552 | _Goater, John_ | General construction.
| | | | Ten claims
” | June 10 | 2029 | _Brannon_ |
LONDON: PRINTED BY
SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE
AND PARLIAMENT STREET
FOOTNOTES:
[1] ‘Construction of Locks and Keys,’ by the late Mr. John Chubb. Read
before the Institute of Civil Engineers.
[2] A curved edge had been previously patented by Shore, February
22nd, 1865.
[3] Mr. Braidwood was at the head of the London Fire Brigade; and,
after a hardworking and useful life, was killed at the post of duty
during the great Tooley Street Fire in 1861, by the sudden collapse
of a wall. This fire burnt for a fortnight, and caused the loss of
property valued at 2,000,000_l._ sterling.
[4] See ‘Fire Surveys,’ p. 73.
[5] Extended until 1879, by Judicial Committee of Privy Council.
[6] Extended until 1879, by Judicial Committee of Privy Council.