AMUSEMENTS AND SPORTS
Daniel Denton, one of the original settlers of Jamaica, Long Island,
wrote “A briefe Description of New York” in 1670. When he speaks of
the “fruits natural to the island” of Long Island, he ends his account
thus:--
“Such abundance of strawberries is in June that the fields and woods
are dyed red; which the country people perceiving, instantly arm
themselves with bottles of wine, cream, and sugar, and instead of
a coat of Mail every one takes a Female upon his Horse behind him,
and so rushing violently into the fields, never leave till they have
disrobed them of their red colors and turned them into the old habit.”
“Rushing violently into the fields” seems to have been the normal
condition of all the colonists as soon as the tardy American “spring
came slowly up the way.” On every hand they turned eagerly to open-air
outings. Houses chafed them; gipsy-like were they in their love of
fresh air and the country wilds.
In New York were the bouweries close at hand; and Nutten Island (now
Governor’s Island), “by y^e making of a garden and planting severall
walks of fruit trees in it,” made a pretty outing-spot. Mrs. Grant
wrote at length of the Albany youth and their love of out-of-door
excursions:--
“In spring, eight or ten of the young people of one company, or
related to each other, young men and maidens, would set out together
in a canoe on a kind of rural excursion, of which amusement was the
object. Yet so fixed were their habits of industry that they never
failed to carry their work-baskets with them, not as a form, but as
an ingredient necessarily mixed with their pleasures. They had no
attendants, and steered a devious course of four, five, or perhaps
more miles, till they arrived at some of the beautiful islands with
which this fine river abounded, or at some sequestered spot on its
banks, where delicious wild fruits, or particular conveniences for
fishing, afforded some attraction. There they generally arrived by
nine or ten o’clock, having set out in the cool and early hour of
sunrise.... A basket with tea, sugar, and the other usual provisions
for breakfast, with the apparatus for cooking it; a little rum and
fruit for making cool weak punch, the usual beverage in the middle of
the day, and now and then some cold pastry, was the sole provision;
for the great affair was to depend on the sole exertions of the boys
in procuring fish, wild ducks, &c., for their dinner. They were all,
like Indians, ready and dexterous with the axe, gun, &c. Whenever they
arrived at their destination, they sought out a dry and beautiful spot
opposite to the river, and in an instant with their axes cleared so
much superfluous shade or shrubbery as left a semicircular opening,
above which they bent and twined the boughs, so as to form a pleasant
bower, while the girls gathered dried branches, to which one of the
youths soon set fire with gunpowder, and the breakfast, a very regular
and cheerful one, occupied an hour or two. The young men then set out
to fish, or perhaps to shoot birds, and the maidens sat busily down to
their work. After the sultry hours had been thus employed, the boys
brought their tribute from the river or the wood, and found a rural
meal prepared by their fair companions, among whom were generally
their sisters and the chosen of their hearts. After dinner they all
set out together to gather wild strawberries, or whatever other
fruit was in season; for it was accounted a reflection to come home
empty-handed. When wearied of this amusement, they either drank tea
in their bower, or, returning, landed at some friend’s on the way, to
partake of that refreshment.”
Suburban taverns were much resorted to at a little later date by all
town-folk, and “ladies and gentlemen were entertained in the genteelest
manner.” New Yorkers specially liked the fish-dinners furnished at an
inn perched on Brooklyn Heights; and twice a week they could drive to
a turtle-feast at a beloved retreat on the East River, always taking
much care to return over the Kissing Bridge, where, says with approval
a reverend gentleman, a traveller of ante-Revolutionary days, “it is
part of the etiquette to salute the lady who has put herself under
your protection.” More idyllic still was the rowing across the river
to Brooklyn, to the noble tulip-tree near the ferry, with its great
spreading shadowy branches, so cool in summer suns, and glorious with
tropical blooms, and hospitable with a vast shining hollow trunk which
would hold six or eight happy summer revellers within the sheltering
walls. Would I could sing The Tulip-Tree as Cowper did The Sofa; with
its happy summer groups, its beauty, its pathetic end, and the simple
joys it sheltered,--as extinct as the species to which the tree itself
belongs!
Occasional glimpses of pretty country hospitality in country homes
are afforded through old-time letters. One of the Rutherfurd letters
reads:--
“We were very elegantly entertained at the Clarks’, and everything of
their own production. By way of amusement after dinner we all went
into the garden to pick roses. We gathered a large basket full, and
prepared them for distilling. As I had never seen Rose-water made,
Mrs. Clark got her still and set it going, and made several bottles
while we were there. They were extremely civil, and begged us whenever
we rode that way in the evening to stop and take a syllabub with them.”
This certainly presents a very dainty scene; the sweet June
rose-garden, the delicate housewifery, the drinking of syllabubs make
it seem more French than plain New York Dutch in tone and color.
The Dutch were no haters of games as were the Puritans; games were
known and played even in the time of the first settlers. Steven Janse
had a _tick-tack bort_ at Fort Orange. Tick-tack was a complicated
kind of backgammon, played with both men and pegs. “The Compleat
Gamester” says tick-tack is so called from touch and take, for if you
touch a man you must play him though to your loss. “Tick-tacking” was
prohibited during time of divine service in New Amsterdam in 1656.
Another Dutch tapster had a trock-table, which Florio says was “a kind
of game used in England with casting little bowles at a boord with
thirteen holes in it.” A trock-table was a table much like a pool
table, on which an ivory ball was struck under a wire wicket by a cue.
Trock was also played on the grass,--a seventeenth-century modification
of croquet. Of bowling we hear plenty of talk; it was universally
played, from clergy down to negro slaves, and a famous street in New
York, the Bowling Green, perpetuates its popularity. The English
brought card-playing and gaming, to which the Dutch never abandoned
themselves.
By the middle of the eighteenth century we find more amusements and
a gayer life. The first regularly banded company of comedians which
played in New York strayed thence from Philadelphia in March, 1750,
where they had been bound over to good behavior, and where their
departure had given much joy to a disgusted Quaker community. It was
called Murray and Kean’s company, and sprung up in Philadelphia like a
toadstool in a night, from whence or how no one knows. The comedians
announced their “sitting down” in New York for the season. They opened
with King Richard III., “written by Shakespeare and improved by Colley
Cibber.” They also played “The Beau in the Sudds,” “The Spanish Fryer,”
“The Orphan,” “The Beau’s Stratagem,” “The Constant Couple,” “The
Lying Valet,” “The Twin Rivals,” “Colin and Phœbe,” “Love for Love,”
“The Stagecoach,” “The Recruiting Officer,” “Cato,” “Amphitryon,” “Sir
Harry Wildair,” “George Barnwell,” “Bold Stroke for a Wife,” “Beggar’s
Opera,” “The Mock Doctor,” “The Devil to Pay,” “The Fair Penitent,”
“The Virgin Unmasked,” “Miss in her Teens,” and a variety of pantomimes
and farces. This was really a very good series of bills, but the actors
were a sorry lot. One was a redemptioner, Mrs. Davis, and she had a
benefit to help to buy her freedom; another desired a benefit, as he
was “just out of prison.” They were in town ten months, and seem to
have been on very friendly terms with the public, borrowing single
copies of plays to study from, having constant benefits, ending with
one for Mr. Kean, in which one Mrs. Taylor was “out so much in her
part” that she had to be apologized for afterwards in the newspapers.
She had a benefit shortly after, at which, naturally and properly,
there “wasn’t much company.” Miss George at her benefit had bad weather
and other disappointments, and tried it over again. At last Mr. Kean,
“by the advice of several Gentlemen having resolv’d to quit the stage
and follow his Employment of writing and hopes for Encouragement,”
sold his half of “his cloaths” and the stage effects for a benefit,
at which if the house had been full to overflowing the whole receipts
would not have been more than two hundred and fifty dollars. John
Tremain also “declined the stage” and went to cabinet-making,--“plain
and scallopt tea-tables, etc.,”--which was very sensible, since tea was
more desired than the drama. A new company sprung up, but “mett with
small encouragement,” though the company “assured the Publick they are
Perfect and hope to Perform to Satisfaction.” Perhaps the expression
“the Part of Lavinia will be _Attempted_ by Mrs. Tremain” was a wise
one. All this was at a time when a good theatrical company could easily
have been obtained in England, where the art of the actor was at a high
standard.
We gain a notion of some rather trying manners at these theatres. The
English custom of gentlemen’s crowding on the stage increased to such
an extent, and proved so deleterious to any good representation of the
play, that the manager advertised in “Gaines’ Mercury,” in 1762, that
no spectators would be permitted to stand or sit on the stage during
the performance. And also a reproof was printed to “the person so very
rude as to throw Eggs from the Gallery upon the stage, to the injury of
Cloaths.”
For some years a Mr. Bonnin, a New York fishmonger, entertained his
fellow-citizens and those of neighboring towns with various scientific
exhibits, lectures, camera obscuras, “prospects” and “perspectives,”
curious animals, “Philosophical-Optical machines” and wax-works, and
manifold other performances, which he ingeniously altered and renamed.
He was a splendid advertiser. The newspapers of the times contain
many of his attempts to catch the public attention. I give two as an
example:--
“We hear that Mr. Bonnin is so crouded with company to view his
Perspectives, that he can scarce get even so much time as to eat,
drink or say his Prayers, from the time he gets out of bed till He
repairs to it again: and it is the Opinion of some able Physicians
that if he makes rich, it must be at the Expense of the Health of his
Body, and of some Learned Divines it must be at the Expense of the
Welfare of His Soul.”
“The common topics of discourse here since the coming of Mr. Bonnin
are entirely changed. Instead of the common chat nothing is scarce
mentioned now but the most entertaining parts of Europe which are
represented so lively in Mr. Bonnin’s curious Prospects.”
Mr. Bonnin is now but a shadow of the past, vanished like his puppets
into nowhere; in his own far “perspective” of a century and a half, he
seems to me amusing; at any rate, he was all that New Yorkers had many
times to amuse them; and I think he must have been a jolly lecturer,
when he was such a jolly advertiser.
Also in evidence before the public was one Pachebell, a musician. The
following is one of his advertisements in the year 1734:--
“On Wednesday the 21st of January instant there will be a Consort of
music, vocal and instrumental for the benefit of Mr. Pachebell, the
harpsicord parts performed by himself. The songs, violins and German
flutes by private hands. The Consort will begin precisely at six
o’clock in the house of Robert Todd vintner. Tickets to be had at the
Coffee House at 4 shillings.”
Amateurs often performed for his benefit, and even portions of
oratorios were “attempted.” His “consorts” were said to be ravishing,
and inspired the listeners to rhapsodic poesy, which is more than
can be said of many concerts nowadays. Those who know the “thin
metallic thrills” of a harpsichord--an instrument with no resonance,
mellowness, or singing quality--can reflect upon the susceptibility of
our ancestors, who could melt into sentiment and rhyme over those wiry
vibrations.
The favorite winter amusement in New York, as in Philadelphia, was
riding in sleighs, a fashion which the Dutch brought from Holland. The
English colonists in New England were slower to adopt sleighs for
carriages, and never in early days found sleighing a sport. The bitter
New England weather did not attract sleighers.
Madam Knights, a Boston visitor to New York, wrote in 1704:--
“Their diversion in winter is riding in sleighs about three miles out
of town, where they have houses of entertainment at a place called the
Bowery; and some go to friends’ houses, who handsomely treat them. I
believe we mett fifty or sixty sleighs one day; they fly with great
swiftness, and some are so furious that they turn out for none except
a loaded cart.”
An English parson, one Burnaby, visiting New York in 1759, wrote of
their delightful sleighing-parties; and Mrs. Anne Grant thus adds her
testimony of similar pleasures in Albany:--
“In winter the river, frozen to a great depth, formed the principal
road through the country, and was the scene of all those amusements
of skating and sledge races, common to the north of Europe. They used
in great parties to visit their friends at a distance, and having an
excellent and hardy breed of horses, flew from place to place over
the snow or ice in these sledges with incredible rapidity, stopping a
little while at every house they came to, and always well received
whether acquainted with the owners or not. The night never impeded
these travellers, for the atmosphere was so pure and serene, and the
snow so reflected the moon and star-light, that the nights exceeded
the days in beauty.”
William Livingstone, when he was twenty-one years old, wrote in 1744 of
a “waffle-frolic,” which was an amusement then in vogue:--
“We had the wafel-frolic at Miss Walton’s talked of before your
departure. The feast as usual was preceded by cards, and the company
so numerous that they filled two tables; after a few games, a
magnificent supper appeared in grand order and decorum, but for my
own part I was not a little grieved that so luxurious a feast should
come under the name of a wafel-frolic, because if this be the case I
must expect but a few wafel-frolics for the future; the frolic was
closed up with _ten sunburnt virgins lately come from Columbus’s
Newfoundland_, besides a play of my own invention which I have not
room enough to describe at present. How’ever, kissing constitutes a
great part of its entertainment.”
Kissing seemed to constitute a great part of the entertainment at
evening parties everywhere at that time.
As soon as the English obtained control of New York, they established
English sports and pastimes, among them fox-hunting. Long Island
afforded good sport. During the autumn three days’ hunting was
permitted at Flatbush; in other towns the chase was stolen fun.
A woman-satirist, with a spirited pen, had her fling in rhyme at
fox-hunting. Here are a few of her lines:--
“A fox is killed by twenty men,
That fox perhaps had killed a hen.
A gallant art no doubt is here,
All wicked foxes ought to fear,
When twenty dogs and twenty men
Can kill a fox that killed a hen.”
Fox-hunting was never very congenial, apparently, to those of Dutch
descent and Dutch characteristics; nor was cock-fighting, the
prevalence of which I have noted in the preceding chapter. Occasionally
we hear of the cruel sport of bull-baiting, though not till the latter
half of the eighteenth century. In 1763 the keeper of the DeLancey Arms
on the Bowery Lane gave a bull-baiting. Brooklyn was specially favored
in that respect during the Revolution, when the British officers took
charge of and enjoyed the barbarism, and Landlord Loosely of the
King’s Head Tavern helped in the arrangements and advertising. Good
active bulls and strong dogs were in much demand. The newspapers of
the times contain many advertisements of the sport. One in poor rhyme
begins:--
“This notice gives to all who covet
Baiting the bull and dearly love it.” etc.
I frequently recall, as I pass through a quiet street near my home,
that in the year 1774 a bull-baiting was held there every afternoon for
many months, and I resolutely demolish that hollow idol--the good old
times--and rejoice in humane to-day.
As early as 1665 Governor Nicholls announced that a horse-race would
take place at Hempstead, “not so much for the divertissement of youth
as for encouraging the bettering of the breed of horses which through
great neglect has been impaired.” In 1669 Governor Lovelace gave orders
that a race should be run in May each year, and that subscriptions
should be sent to Captain Salisbury, “of all such as are disposed to
run for a crown in silver or the value thereof in wheat.” This first
course was a naturally level plain called Salisbury Plains, and was so
named after this very Captain Silvester Salisbury, Commander of Royal
Troops in the province, and an enthusiastic sportsman. Its location was
near the present Hyde Park station of Long Island.
Daniel Denton, one of the early settlers of Jamaica, Long Island, wrote
in 1670 thus:--
“Towards the middle of Long Island lieth a plain sixteen miles long
and four broad, upon which plain grows very fine grass that makes
exceeding good hay; where you shall find neither stick nor stone to
hinder the horse-heels, or endanger them in their races, and once a
year the best horses in the island are brought hither to try their
Swiftness and the swiftest rewarded with a silver Cup, two being
Annually procured for the Purpose.”
The “fine grass” was what was known as secretary grass, and, curiously
enough, this great plain was abandoned to this growth of secretary
grass for more than a century after the settlement and cultivation of
surrounding farms; this was through a notion that the soil was too
porous to be worth ploughing. Even a clergyman sent out by the Society
for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts testified to the
beauty of Salisbury Plain, calling it “an even delightsome plain, most
sweet and pleasant.” Delightsome it certainly proved to lovers of
horse-racing.
On February 24, 1721, a race was held on this plain which attracted
much attention. The winning horse was owned by Samuel Bayard. The race
was given by “the inhabitants of Queens County on Nassau Island.” The
name of the course had by this time been changed to Newmarket. In 1764
a new course was laid out; and in 1804 the racing moved to a field east
of the Old Court House, and in 1821 it was transferred to the Union
Course on the western border of Jamaica. The story of this course is
familiar to sportsmen.
Frequent newspaper notices call attention to the races held at this
Hempstead Newmarket. From the “New York Postboy” of June 4, 1750, I
quote:--
“On Friday last there was a great horse race on Hempstead Plains which
engaged the attention of so many of the city of New York that upwards
of seventy chairs and chaises were carried over Brooklyn Ferry the day
before, besides a far greater number of horses. The number of horses
on the plains exceeded, it is thought, one thousand.”
In 1764 we find the Macaroni Club offering prizes of £100 and £50. At
those races Mr. James De Lancey’s bay horse Lath won. On September 28,
1769, the same horse Lath won a £100 race in Philadelphia.
In October, 1770, Jacob Hiltzheimer, a well-known lover and breeder
of horses in Philadelphia, went to the races on Hempstead Plains,
and lodged at a “public house” in Jamaica, with various other
gentlemen,--lovers of races. Two purses of £50 were given, but Mr.
Hiltzheimer’s chestnut horse Regulus did not win.
A London racing-book of 1776 says of this Hempstead course:--
“These plains were celebrated for their races throughout all the
Colonies and even in England. They were held twice a year for a silver
cup, to which the gentry of New England and New York resorted.”
Another famous race-course of colonial days was the one-mile course
around Beaver Pond in Jamaica. This was laid out before the year 1757,
for on June 13 of that year a subscription plate was won by Lewis
Morris, Jr., with his horse American Childers. Another course was at
Newtown in 1758, and another at New Lots in 1778.
I find frequent allusions in the colonial press to the Beaver Pond
course. The “New York Mercury” of 1763 tells of a “Free Masons’
Purse”--for best two in three heats, each heat three times round Beaver
Pond--free-masons were to be “inspectors” of this race.
At the time of the possession of Brooklyn and western Long Island by
the British during the Revolutionary War, there constantly went on a
succession of sporting events of all kinds under the direction of the
English officers and a notorious tavern-keeper Loosely, already named,
who seemed to devote every energy to the amusement of the English
invaders. An advertisement in “Rivington’s Gazette” November 4, 1780,
reads thus:--
“By Permission Three Days’ Sport on Ascot Heath formerly Flatlands
Plain on Monday. 1. The Noblemen’s and Gentlemen’s Purse of £60 free
for any horse except Mr. Wortman’s and Mr. Allen’s Dulcimore who won
the plate at Beaver Pond last season. 2. A Saddle, bridle, and whip,
worth £15 for ponies not exceeding 13¹⁄₂ hands. Tuesday. 1. Ladies’
Subscription Purse of £50. 2. To be run for by women, a Holland smock
and Chintz Gown full-trimmed; to run the two in three quarter-miles;
first to have the smock and gown of four guineas value; second, a
guinea; third half a guinea. Wednesday. Country Subscription Purse of
£50. No person will erect a booth or sell liquor without subscribing 2
guineas to expenses of races. Gentlemen fond of fox-hunting will meet
at Loosely’s Kings Head Tavern at day break during the races. God Save
the King played every hour.”
It will be seen by this advertisement that the rough and rollicking
ways of English holidays were introduced in this woman’s-race. The
women who ran those quarter-miles must have been some camp-followers,
for I am sure no honest Long Island country-girls would have
taken part. At other races on this freshly named “Ascot Heath”
hurling-matches and bull-baitings and lotteries added their zest, and
on April 27, 1782, there was a three hundred guineas sweep-stakes
race. These races were held at short intervals until October, 1783,
when English sports and English cruelties no longer held sway on Long
Island.
At these races, given under martial rule, some rather crooked
proceedings were taken to recruit the field and keep up the interest;
and good horses for many miles around were watched carefully by their
owners; and when a gentleman attending the races viewed with surprised
and indignant recognition his own horse which had been stolen from him,
he promptly applied for restitution to Mr. Cornell, of Brooklyn, who
had entered the horse; and when the race was finished, the horse was
returned to its rightful owner.
Other localities developed race-courses. “At Captain Tim Cornell’s
Poles, on Hempstead Plains,” Eclipse and Sturdy Beggar ran for “Fifty
Joes” on March 14, 1781. In 1783 Eclipse and Young Slow and Easy ran
for a purse of two hundred guineas. At Far Rockaway, in 1786, Jacob
Hicks, “from a wish to gratify sportsmen,” laid out a mile course
and offered prizes where no “trussing, jostling, or foul play were
countenanced; if detected, the rider will be pronounced distanced.”
On Manhattan Island were several other race-courses. In 1742, a race
was run on the Church Farm, just a stone’s throw north-west of where
the Astor House now stands. I have seen many notices of races on this
Church Farm which was the valuable Trinity Church property. In October,
1726, a Subscription Plate of twenty pounds was run for “on the Course
at New York.” The horses were entered with Francis Child on Fresh
Water Hill. Entrance fee was half a pistole. Admission to the public,
sixpence each. In the 1750 October runs, Mr. Lewis Morris, Jr.’s horse
won on the Church Farm course. The chief racing stables in the province
of New York were those of Mr. Morris and of Mr. James De Lancey. The
former won a reputation with American Childers; the latter with his
imported horse Lath. The De Lancey stables were the most costly ones
in the north; their colors were seen on every course for ten years
previous to the Revolution, and they were patrons of all English
sports. A famous horse of James De Lancey’s was True Briton. It is told
of this horse that Oliver De Lancey would jump him back and forth from
a standstill over a five-barred gate. There was a course at Greenwich
Village on the estate of Sir Peter Warren, and one at Harlem, another
at Newburgh.
Many advertisements of other races with names of horses and owners
might be added to this list; but I think I have given a sufficient
number to disprove the vague assertions of Frank Forester and other
writers of the history of the horse in America, that little attention
was paid to horse-raising in the northern provinces, and that there
were a few races on Long Island previous to the Revolution, but it is
not known whether taking place regularly, or for given prizes. There
was no racing-calendar in America till 1829, but there are other ways
of learning of races.