[1601] Gaius _Inst._ i. 96.
[1602] Gell. xvi. 13, 5.
[1603] Gaius _Inst._ iii. 72 and 73.
[1604] This was effected, either indirectly by the gift of the gold ring
(_jus aureorum anulorum_), or directly by the fiction of a _natalibus
restitutio_. See _Dig._ 2, 4, 10, 3; 40, 11, 2; Plin. _ad Traj._ 72 and
73.
[1605] Dio Cass. xlix. 15; li. 19; liii. 32. See pp. 338, 340.
[1606] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 56 “id summi fastigii vocabulum Augustas
repperit, ne regis aut dictatoris nomen adsumeret ac tamen appellatione
aliqua cetera imperia praemineret.”
[1607] Dio Cass. xlix. 15 καὶ τὸ μήτε ἔργῳ μήτε λόγῳ τι ὑβρίζεσθαι· εἰ δὲ
μή, τοῖς αὐτοῖς τὸν τοιοῦτό τι δράσαντα ἐνέχεσθαι οἶσπερ ἐπὶ τῷ δημάρχῳ
ἐτέτακτο.
[1608] The _additional_ rights granted to the Emperor in connexion with
the Senate (see p. 348) assume a right of intercourse with it.
[1609] Dio Cass. liii. 17 (the tribunician power) δίδωσί σφισι τά τε
γιγνόμενα ὑφ’ ἑτέρου τινός, ἂν μὴ συνεπαινῶσι, παύειν.
[1610] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 70 “recipi Caesar (Tiberius) inter reos vetuit
... perstititque intercedere”; xiv. 48 “credebaturque haud perinde
exitium Antistio quam imperatori gloriam quaeri ut condemnatum a senatu
intercessione tribunicia morti eximeret” (Nero).
[1611] ἀμύνειν (Dio Cass. li. 19); cf. Tac. _Ann._ i. 2 (of Augustus) “ad
tuendam plebem tribunicio jure contentum.”
[1612] p. 340.
[1613] The statement of Suetonius (_Aug._ 27 “Recepit et morum legumque
regimen aeque perpetuum”) is not borne out by the _Monumentum Ancyranum_
or by Augustus’ titular designations.
[1614] Suet. _Aug._ 35; _Mon. Anc._ ii. 5 “consulari cum imperio lustrum
solus feci.”
[1615] Dio Cass. lxvii. 4 τιμητὴς δὲ διὰ βίου πρῶτος δὴ καὶ μόνος καὶ
ἰδιωτῶν καὶ αὐτοκρατόρων ἐχειροτονήθη.
[1616] ib. liii. 17 καὶ τοὺς μὲν καταλέγουσι καὶ ἐς τὴν ἱππάδα καὶ ἐς τὸ
βουλευτικόν, τοὺς δὲ καὶ ἀπαλείφουσιν, ὅπῶς ἂν αὐτοῖς δόξῃ.
[1617] Tac. _Ann._ xi. 25 “Isdem diebus in numerum patriciorum adscivit
Caesar (Claudius as censor) vetustissimum quemque e senatu aut quibus
clari parentes fuerant ... exhaustis etiam quas (familias) dictator
Caesar lege Cassia et princeps Augustus lege Saenia sublegere.” Cf. Suet.
_Otho_ 1; and for Vespasian’s censorship _Vita Marci_ 1 “Annius Verus ...
adscitus in patricios ... a Vespasiano et Tito censoribus.”
[1618] p. 14.
[1619] _Vita Juliani_ 3 “in patricias familias relatus”; _Macrini_ 7
“senatus ... Macrinum ... in patricios allegit novum hominem.” Cf. Dio
Cass. lxxviii 17.
[1620] _Lex de imp. Vesp._ l. 3 “utique ei senatum habere, relationem
facere, remittere, senatus consulta per relationem discessionemque facere
liceat.” In l. 7 we find the right of the Princeps to summon the Senate
_ex mandatu_.
[1621] _Jus tertiae relationis_ (_Vita Probi_ 12), _quartae_ (_Vita
Pertinacis_ 5), _quintae_ (_Vita Marci_ 6, _Alexandri_ 1).
[1622] Tac. _Ann._ i. 14 “candidatos praeturae duodecim nominavit
(Tiberius), numerum ab Augusto traditum, et hortante senatu ut augeret
jure jurando obstrinxit se non excessurum.”
[1623] This practical effect seems sometimes to have been obviated by
the Emperor’s selecting his candidates for nomination by lot (Dio Cass.
lviii. 20). See Mr. Strachan-Davidson in Smith _Dict. of Antiq._ ii. p.
237.
[1624] _Lex de imp._ Vesp. l. 10 “utique quos magistratum potestatem
imperium curationemve cujus rei petentes senatui populoque Romano
commendaverit, quibusque suffragationem suam dederit promiserit, eorum
comitis quibusque extra ordinem ratio habeatur.” Cf. Tac. _Ann._ i. 15
“sine repulsa et ambitu designandos.” For the precedent set by Caesar’s
use of it see Suet. _Caes._ 41.
[1625] Tac. _Ann._ i. 15 “moderante Tiberio ne plures quam quattuor
candidatos commendaret, sine repulsa et ambitu designandos.”
[1626] e.g. _praetor_, _tribunus_, _quaestor candidatus_ (Wilmanns
_Index_ pp. 551 ff.).
[1627] Tac. _Ann._ i. 81 “plerumque eos tantum apud se professos
disseruit, quorum nomina consulibus edidisset: posse et alios profiteri,
si gratiae aut meritis confiderent.” It may have been a person so
appointed who inaccurately describes himself as “per commendation(em) Ti.
Caesaris Augusti ab senatu co(n)s(ul) dest(inatus)” (_Inscr. Reg. Neap._
n. 4762; _C.I.L._, ix. n. 2342).
[1628] _C.I.L._ xiv. n. 3608 “hunc ... Caesar Aug. Vespasianus iterum
cos. fecit”; Plin. _Paneg._ 77 (of Trajan) “praestare consulibus ipsum
qui consules facit.” Mommsen (_Staatsr._ ii. p. 925) thinks that the
change came with Nero.
[1629] _Lex de imp. Vesp._ l. 22 “utique quibus legibus plebeive scitis
scriptum fuit, ne divus Aug(ustus), Tiberiusve Julius Caesar Aug(ustus),
Tiberiusque Claudius Caesar Aug(ustus) Germanicus tenerentur, iis legibus
plebisque scitis imp(erator) Caesar Vespasianus solutus sit.”
[1630] Tac. _Hist._ i. 15 (Galba to Piso on the latter’s adoption) “si te
privatus lege curiata apud pontifices, ut moris est, adoptarem.”
[1631] Paulus in _Dig._ 40, 1, 14, 1.
[1632] Ulpian in _Dig._ 1, 3, 31.
[1633] Dio Cass. liii. 17 ἐν πάσαις ταῖς ἱερωσύναις ἱερῶσθαι.
[1634] _Lex de imp. Vesp._ l. 17 “utique quaecunque ex usu rei publicae
majestateque divinarum ... rerum esse censebit, ei agere fecere jus
potestasque sit.”
[1635] p. 254.
[1636] Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 31.
[1637] Dio Cass, liii. 17. In the decrees to Maximus and Balbinus the
_pontificatus maximus_ is mentioned (_Vita_ 8), and it is possible that
it was held by both these emperors conjointly.
[1638] Zosimus iv. 36.
[1639] Suet. _Dom._ 8 “Incesta Vestalium virginum ... varie ac severe
coercuit: priora capitali supplicio; posteriora, more veteri.”
[1640] Ulpian in _Dig._ 11, 7, 8.
[1641] Dio Cass. liii. 17; Tac. _Hist._ i. 77 “Otho pontificatus
auguratusque honoratis jam senibus cumulum dignitatis addidit”; Plin. _ad
Traj._ 13 (8) “rogo dignitati, ad quam me provexit indulgentia tua, vel
auguratum vel septemviratum, quia vacent, adicere digneris.”
[1642] Cic. _ad Att._ viii. 9, 4 “nihil malle Caesarem quam principe
Pompeio sine metu vivere”; _ad Fam._ vi. 6, 5 “esset hic quidem (Caesar)
clarus in toga et princeps.” Cf. Vell. ii. 124 “una tamen veluti luctatio
civitatis fuit, pugnantis cum (Tiberio) Caesare senatus populique Romani,
ut stationi paternae succederet, illius, ut potius aequalem civem quam
eminentem liceret agere principem.”
[1643] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 53 (Tiberius says) “non aedilis aut praetoris
aut consulis partes sustineo, majus aliquid et excelsius a principe
postulatur.”
[1644] Dio Cass. lvii. 8 (see note 5); Ovid _Fasti_ ii. 142 “Tu (Romule)
domini nomen, principis ille (Augustus) tenet.”
[1645] Suet. _Aug._ 53.
[1646] Dio Cass. lvii. 8 δεσπότης μὲν τῶν δούλων, αὐτοκράτωρ δὲ τῶν
στρατιωτῶν, τῶν δὲ δὴ λοιπῶν πρόκριτός εἰμι. Cf. Tac. _Ann._ ii. 87.
[1647] See Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 760.
[1648] Caesar had been _imperator_ since his first salutation in Gaul;
but the right to use the title as a _nomen_ seems first to have been
granted him in 45 B.C. after the victory of Munda (Dio Cass. xliii. 44
ἐκείνῳ τότε πρώτῳ τε καὶ πρῶτον, ὥσπερ τι κύριον, προσέθεσαν). It does
not seem, however, that he employed it as a _praenomen_, as is stated by
Suetonius (_Caes._ 76). Cf. p. 337.
[1649] Dio Cass. l.c.
[1650] p. 156.
[1651] Dio Cass. liii. 16 Αὔγουστος ὡς καὶ πλεῖόν τι ἤ κατὰ ἀνθρώπους ὤν
ἐπεκλήθη.
[1652] Karlowa _Rechtsgeschichte_ i. p. 508.
[1653] _Vita L. Veri_, 2.
[1654] Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 1140.
[1655] App. _B.C._ ii. 7 οὐδὲ γὰρ τοίσδε καίπερ οὖσι βασιλεῦσιν εὐθὺς ἀπ’
ἀρχῆς ἅμα ταῖς ἄλλαις ἐπωνυμίαις, ἀλλὰ σὺν χρόνῳ μόλις ἤδε ὡς ἐντελὴς ἐπὶ
μεγίστοις δὴ μαρτυρία ψηφίζεται: _Vita Hadriani_ 6 “patris patriae nomen
delatum sibi statim, et iterum postea, distulit quod hoc nomen Augustus
sero meruisset.” It was declined altogether by Tiberius (Suet. _Tib._ 26
and 67) and was not borne by the transitory emperors Galba, Otho, and
Vitellius. See Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 780.
[1656] See Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. pp. 782-786. As typical instances we
may cite an inscription of Vespasian giving the _praenomen imperatoris_:
“Imp. Caesar. Vespasianus Aug. pontif. max. tribunic. potest, vi. imp.
xiiii. p.p., cos. vi. desig. vii. censor” (Wilmanns n. 855), and one of
Caracalla showing the title _proconsul_: “M. Aurellius Antoninus Pius
Felix Augustus ... pontif. max., trib. pot. xviii. imp. iiii. cos. iiii.
p.p. procos.” (ib. n. 2868). _Pater patriae_ appears sometimes before,
sometimes after _consul_.
[1657] Dio Cass. xlix. 15.
[1658] On Gordian’s revolt in Africa the laurelled _fasces_ were
immediately assumed (Herodian vii. 6; _Vita Maximini_ 14).
[1659] Originally twelve, later twenty-four (Dio Cass. lxvii. 4).
[1660] Dio Cass. li. 19.
[1661] ib.
[1662] For the reverence to the statue of the deified Emperor see Suet.
_Tib._ 58 “genus calumniae (sc. majestatis) eo processit ut haec quoque
capitalia essent: circa Augusti simulacrum servum cecidisse, vestimenta
mutasse, nummo vel annulo effigiem impressam latrinae aut lupanari
intulisse.” For the right of _asylum_ attaching to the living Emperor’s
image see Tac. _Ann._ iii. 36; Gaius _Inst._ i. 53.
[1663] Tertull. _Apol._ 28 “citius ... apud vos per omnes deos quam
per unum genium Caesaris pejeratur.” In the official oath taken by the
magistrates of Salpensa and Malaca the deified Caesars and the genius
of the living Caesar come between Jupiter and the _di Penates_. (Bruns
_Fontes_.)
[1664] On Seneca’s question with reference to Agrippina (59 A.D.) “an
militi imperanda caedes esset,” the answer is “praetorianos toti Caesarum
domui obstrictos ... nihil ... atrox ausuros.” Caligula specifically
included the names of his sisters in the _sacramentum_ (Dio Cass. lix. 9)
[1665] Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 831.
[1666] _Mon. Ancyr._ iii. 5; Dio Cass. lix. 8.
[1667] The name _Augusta_ as assumed by Victorina in Gaul (A.D. 268)
certainly meant that she claimed to be Empress.
[1668] Plin. _Paneg._ 84.
[1669] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 49-51.
[1670] Gibbon ch. iii.
[1671] Seneca _de Ben._ vi. 34, 2 “Apud nos primi omnium Gracchus et mox
Livius Drusus instituerunt segregare turbam suam et alios in secretum
recipere, alios cum pluribus, alios universos. Habuerunt itaque isti
amicos primos, habuerunt secundos, numquam veros.”
[1672] Seneca _de Clem._ i. 10 “cohortem primae admissionis”; _Vita
Alex._ 20 “moderationis tantae fuit ... ut amicos non solum primi aut
secundi loci sed etiam inferioris aegrotantes viseret.”
[1673] Hence such titles as “comes divi Hadriani in oriente,” “comes Imp.
Antonini Aug. et divi Veri bello Germanico” (Wilmanns nn. 1184, 637).
[1674] p. 147.
[1675] _Interregnum_ might be used metaphorically of the interval between
the death of one Princeps and the accession of another. See _Vita Taciti_
1.
[1676] Tac. _Ann._ i. 12 “dixit forte Tiberius se ut non toti rei
publicae parem, ita quaecumque pars sibi mandaretur, ejus tutelam
suscepturum.”
[1677] p. 343.
[1678] Henzen _Act. Fr. Arv._ p. 64. Hadrian, after his salutation by the
soldiers, wrote to the Senate that he had been _praepropere_ addressed as
_imperator_ (_Vita Hadriani_ 6). Pertinax, after his appointment had been
accepted by the praetorian guards, laid down his power in the Senate and
was elected again (Dio Cass. lxxiii. 1).
[1679] Suet. _Vesp._ 6.
[1680] _Vita Taciti_ 2 (after the murder of Aurelian) “exercitus, qui
creare imperatorem raptim solebat, ad senatum literas misit ... petens
ut ex ordine suo principem legerent. Verum senatus, sciens lectos a se
principes militibus non placere, rem ad milites rettulit, dumque id
saepius fit, sextus peractus est mensis.”
[1681] In 13 B.C. Agrippa received _tribunicia potestas_ for five years
(Dio Cass. liv. 12). For Tiberius’ claims see Tac. _Ann._ i 3 “filius,
collega imperii, consors tribuniciae potestatis adsumitur.”
[1682] Tac. _Ann._ i 14 (Tiberius on his accession, A.D. 14) “Germanico
Caesari proconsulare imperium petivit”; iii 56 (A.D. 22) “Tiberius mittit
literas ad senatum quis potestatem tribuniciam Druso petebat.” For Trajan
see Plin. _Paneg._ 8 “ante pulvinar Jovis optimi maximi adoptio peracta
est ... simul filius, simul Caesar, mox imperator et consors tribuniciae
potestatis”; _Vita Pii_ 4 “adoptatus est (Pius) ... factusque est patri
et in imperio proconsulari et in tribunicia potestate collega”; _Vita
Marci_ 6 (Marcus before he came to the throne) “tribunicia potestate
donatus est atque imperio extra urbem proconsulari.”
[1683] Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 1158.
[1684] Vell. ii. 121 “cum ... senatus populusque Romanus postulante patre
ejus, ut aequum ei jus in omnibus provinciis exercitibusque esset quam
erat ipsi, decreto complexus esset.”
[1685] Agrippa twice declined a triumph offered him by Augustus (Dio
Cass. liv. 11 and 24), and the Senate conferred the title of _Imperator_
only on the proposal of the Princeps (Tac. _Ann._ i. 58, Germanicus
in A.D. 15, “exercitum reduxit nomenque imperatoris auctore Tiberio
accepit”).
[1686] Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 1154.
[1687] Suet. _Gaius_ 24 “(Gaius Drusillam) heredem quoque bonorum atque
imperii aeger instituit.”
[1688] ib. 14. Compare Domitian’s contention after the death of Vespasian
“relictum se participem imperii sed fraudem testamento adhibitam” (Suet.
_Dom._ 2).
[1689] Tac. _Hist._ i. 15 (see p. 350); i. 17 (of the adoption of Piso by
Galba) “consultatum inde pro rostris an in senatu an in castris adoptio
nuncuparetur”; Suet. _Galba_ 17 “(Galba Pisonem) perduxit in castra ac
pro contione adoptavit.” Nerva proclaims on the Capitol his adoption of
Trajan (Dio Cass. lxviii. 8).
[1690] See p. 360, n. 2.
[1691] p. 354.
[1692] Plut. _Galba_ 7 (a messenger announces that) ὁ δῆμος καὶ ἠ
σύγκλητος αὐτοκράτορα τὸν Γάλβαν ἀναγορεύσειεν: Herodian ii. 12 (the
Senate) ψηφίζεται τὸν μὲν (Ἰουλιανὸν) ἀναιρεθῆναι, ἀποδειχθῆναι δὲ μόνον
αὐτοκράτορα τὸν Σεουῆρον: _Vita_ _Maximini_ 15 “Ubi haec gesta sunt (i.e.
after the recognition of the Gordians) senatus magis timens Maximinum
aperte ac libere hostes appellat Maximinum et ejus filium.”
[1693] This was the case with Caligula, although the _damnatio_ was
incomplete. See Suet. _Claud._ 11 “Gaii quoque etsi acta omnia rescidit,
diem tamen necis, quamvis exordium principatus sui, vetuit inter festos
referri.”
[1694] The deposed Nero was thus treated as a traitor (Suet. _Ner._ 49
“codicillos praeripuit legitque se hostem a senatu judicatum et quaeri ut
puniatur more majorum”).
[1695] The _acta_ of Tiberius were not sworn to (Dio Cass. lix. 9),
although his memory was not condemned. His reign appears amongst the
legitimate precedents for the authority of Vespasian in the _lex de
imperio_, those of Gaius, Nero, Galba, Otho, and Vitellius being omitted.
[1696] Dio Cass. lvii. 8 (Tiberius) ἐπὶ ταῖς τοῦ Αὐγούστου πράξεσι τούς
τε ἄλλους πάντας ὥρκου καὶ αὐτὸς ὤμνυε.
[1697] Tiberius characteristically enough would not have his _acta_ sworn
to during his lifetime (Tac. _Ann._ i. 72; Suet. _Tib._ 67), and some
thought the motive was “ne mox majore dedecore impar tantis honoribus
inveniretur” (Suet. l.c.). His objection to his own deification was
interpreted by some as a sign “degeneris animi” (Tac. _Ann._ iv. 38).
[1698] Dio Cass. iii. 20. Here it is made the age for entrance into
the Senate; but the completion of the twenty-fifth year is meant. Cf.
Quintil. _Inst. Or._ xii. 6, 1 “quaestoria aetas.”
[1699] Dio Cass. l.c. Dispensations from these rules might be given by
the Senate, in accordance with the _jus liberorum_ (“ut singuli anni
per singulos liberos remittantur” _Dig._ 4, 4, 2), or to members of the
imperial house (Tac. _Ann._ iii. 29 “Per idem tempus (A.D. 20) Neronem e
liberis Germanici jam ingressum juventam (Tiberius) commendavit patribus,
utque munere capessendi vigintiviratus solveretur et quinquennio maturius
quam per leges quaesturam peteret ... postulavit”).
[1700] Dio Cass. liv. 26; cf. Tac. _Ann._ iii. 29, quoted in the last
note.
[1701] In inscriptions of the early Principate the vigintivirate is
sometimes not found in the list of _honores_. But it is more probable
that it is omitted than that it was an alternative to the military
tribunate. See Mommsen _Staatsr._ i. p. 544 n. 4.
[1702] Dio Cass. lii. 20.
[1703] Its use by Macrinus in the third century excited opposition (Dio
Cass. lxxviii. 13). See Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 942.
[1704] Dio Cass. liv. 19 (of Tiberius in 16 B.C.) ἐστρατήγησε γάρ,
καίπερ τὰς στρατηγικὰς τιμὰς ἔχων (Tiberius had received the _ornamenta
praetoria_ in 19 B.C., see c. 10); c. 32 Drusus ἀγορανόμος ... καίπερ τὰς
στρατηγικὰς τιμὰς ἔχων ἀπεδείχθη: cf. c. 22.
[1705] Suet. _Aug._ 35; Dio Cass. lviii. 12.
[1706] Mommsen _Staatsr._ i. p. 458.
[1707] The consular _insignia_ were granted to Nymphidius and to
Crispinus under Nero (Tac. _Ann._ xv. 72; xvi. 17); the praetorian
_insignia_ to Sejanus and to Macro under Tiberius (Dio Cass. lvii. 19;
lviii. 12).
[1708] Quaestorian _insignia_ were granted to Laco under Tiberius (Dio
Cass. lviii. 12).
[1709] Tac. _Ann._ xii. 21 “consularia insignia Ciloni (procurator of
Pontus) ... decernuntur”; Suet. _Claud._ 24 “ornamenta consularia etiam
procuratoribus ducenariis indulsit.”
[1710] As the praetorian _insignia_ to Pallas, the quaestorian to
Narcissus (Tac. _Ann._ xii. 53; xi. 38). Cf. Suet. _Claud._ 28.
[1711] Suet. _Aug._ 35 (Augustus) “quosdam ad excusandi se verecundiam
compulit: servavitque etiam excusatis insigne vestis et spectandi in
orchestra epulandique publice jus.”
[1712] p. 156.
[1713] In an exceptional case, such as Junius Blaesus’ command in Africa,
the proconsul might be saluted _imperator_ on the permission of the
Princeps (Tac. _Ann._ iii. 74), and the first condition of a triumph be
fulfilled. But this incident, dating from A.D. 22, was the last of its
kind on record.
[1714] Suet. _Aug._ 38 “super triginta ducibus justos triumphos et
aliquanto pluribus triumphalia ornamenta decernenda curavit”; Wilmanns n.
1145 l. 19 “senatus ... triumphalibus ornamentis honoravit auctore imp.
Caesare Augusto Vespasiano”; _Index_ p. 609.
[1715] Dio Cass. lix. 9. The obligation to swear _in acta Caesaris_ had,
with reference to the acts of the first Caesar, begun in 45 B.C. (App.
_B.C._ ii. 106), and had been renewed during the triumvirate (Dio Cass.
xlvii. 18), the formula running _se nihil contra acta Caesaris facturum_.
For the obligation as continued in the Principate cf. p. 363.
[1716] Herodian (ii. 12), with reference to the downfall of Didius
Julianus, speaks of the consuls οἷ τὰ τῆς Ῥώμης διοικεῖν εἰώθασιν ὁπηνίκα
ἂν τὰ τῆς βασιλείας μετέωρα ᾗ.
[1717] Plut. _Galba 8._
[1718] Tac. _Hist._ iii. 68.
[1719] Plin. _Paneg._ 77 “comitia consulum obibat ipse (Trajanus);
tantum ex renuntiatione eorum voluptatis quantum prius ex destinatione
capiebat.... Adibat aliquis ut principem; respondebat se consulem esse.”
[1720] On the consuls was laid the burden of certain newly-established
festivals such as those celebrating the _Natalia_ of Augustus and the
victory of Actium (Dio Cass. lvi 46; lix. 20).
[1721] See Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii pp. 84-87. The climax was reached with
twenty-five consulships in a single year (189 A.D.) under Commodus (Dio
Cass. lxxii. 12; _Vita Commodi_ 6).
[1722] _Vita Alexandri_ 43.
[1723] Pompon. in _Dig._ 1, 2, 2, 32.
[1724] Marini _Atti Arvali_ p. 784.
[1725] Dio Cassius, lii. cc. 20, 21 (speech of Maecenas), may mean to
imply their existence in his own time. Geib (_Criminalprocess_ pp.
392-397) assigns their disappearance to the end of the first century.
[1726] Pompon. in _Dig._ 1, 2, 2, 32 “divus Claudius duos praetores
adjecit qui de fidei commisso jus dicerent, ex quibus unum divus Titus
detraxit: et adjecit divus Nerva qui inter fiscum et privatos jus
diceret.”
[1727] See last note.
[1728] _Vita Marci_ 10 “praetorem tutelarem primus fecit, cum ante
tutores a consulibus poscerentur, ut diligentius de tutoribus
tractaretur.”
[1729] See § 5.
[1730] On the condemnation of the history of Cremutius Cordus in A.D. 25
“libros per aediles cremandos censuere patres” (Tac. _Ann._ iv. 35).
[1731] Tac. _Ann._ iii 52-55 (A.D. 22).
[1732] We hear of Vespasian during the reign of Caligula ἀγορανομοῦντός
τε ... καὶ τῆς τῶν στενωπῶν καθαρειότητος ἐπιμελουμένου (Dio Cass. lix.
12). Cf. Suet. _Vesp._ 5.
[1733] Tac. _Ann._ ii. 85 (A.D. 19) “Vistilia praetoria familia genita
licentiam stupri apud aediles vulgaverat.”
[1734] ib. xiii. 28 (A.D. 56) “cohibita artius et aedilium potestas
statutumque quantum curules, quantum plebei pignoris caperent vel poenae
inrogarent.”
[1735] Gaius _Inst._ i. 6 (of the _jus edicendi_) “amplissimum jus est in
edictis duorum praetorum ... item in edictis aedilium curulium.” Their
edict was codified under Hadrian, and appears in _Dig._ 21, 1.
[1736] Karlowa (_Rechtsgesch._ i. p. 532) thus distributes them—two
urban, four of the consuls, twelve for the public provinces, and two
attached to the Emperor.
[1737] See § 5.
[1738] See chap. xi.
[1739] The practice first began in 38 B.C. (Dio Cass. xlviii. 43). Cf.
Tac. _Ann._ xvi. 34 “Tum ad Thraseam in hortis agentem quaestor consulis
missus.” They were selected by the consuls themselves (Plin. _Ep._ iv.
15, 8).
[1740] _Dig._ 1, 13, 1, 2 and 4 “sane non omnes quaestores provincias
sortiebantur, verum excepti erant candidati principis ... qui ...
epistulas ejus in senatu legunt.”
[1741] Tac. _Ann._ xi. 22 (A.D. 47) “quaestura ... velut venundaretur.”
[1742] The obligation imposed in 47 was modified in 54 A.D. (Tac. _Ann._
xi. 22; xiii. 5), but was renewed under Domitian (Suet. _Dom._ 4).
[1743] _Vita Alexandri_ 43 “quaestores candidatos ex sua pecunia jussit
munera populo dare ... arcarios vero instituit, qui de arca fisci ederent
munera eademque parciora.”
[1744] The tribunate is to the younger Pliny “inanis umbra et sine honore
nomen” (_Ep._ i 23).
[1745] Tac. _Ann._ i. 77 (A.D. 15, on the proposal of _jus virgarum in
histriones_) “intercessit Haterius Agrippa tribunus plebei increpitusque
est Asinii Galli oratione, silente Tiberio, qui ea simulacra libertatis
senatui praebebat.”
[1746] Tac. _Hist._ iv. 9 (A.D. 69, on the praetors of the _aerarium_
announcing a deficit) “cum perrogarent sententias consules, Volcatius
Tertullinus tribunus plebis intercessit, ne quid super tanta re principe
absente statueretur.” This is the last recorded instance of the
_intercessio_ (Momms. _Staatsr._ ii. p. 309 n. 1).
[1747] Tac. _Ann._ vi. 47 [53] (in A.D. 37 a woman was accused of
_majestas_) “qua damnata cum praemium accusatori decerneretur, Junius
Otho tribunus plebei intercessit, unde ... mox Othoni exitium.” Rusticus
Arulenus, a _flagrans juvenis_, offered to veto the decree of the Senate
which condemned Thrasea Paetus in A.D. 66 (xvi. 26).
[1748] ib. xiii. 28 “inter Vibullium praetorem et plebei tribunum
Antistium ortum certamen, quod immodestos fautores histrionum et a
praetore in vincla ductos tribunos omitti jussisset.”
[1749] Tac. _Hist._ ii. 91 (Vitellius, when Emperor, attacked by
Helvidius Priscus in the Senate) “commotus ... non tamen ultra quam
tribunos plebis in auxilium spretae potestatis advocavit.”
[1750] In A.D. 56 they were forbidden “vocare ex Italia cum quibus lege
agi posset” (Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 28). See Appendix.
[1751] Tac. l.c.
[1752] Juvenal vii. 228 “Rara tamen merces, quae cognitione tribuni
Non egeat.” The words doubtless mean “which does not lead to the
_appellatio_.” In such a case even the Republican tribunes took
“cognisance” of the merits of the appeal. The explanation that the
tribunes were now given some extraordinary jurisdiction in civil cases is
unnecessary.
[1753] p. 365.
[1754] Dio Cass. liv. 26.
[1755] ib. lx. 11.
[1756] e.g. _Cod._ 6, 60, 1 (A.D. 319) “Imp. Constantinus A. consulibus,
praetoribus tribunis plebis senatui salutem.”
[1757] Suet. _Aug._ 40 “Comitiorum quoque pristinum jus reduxit.”
[1758] p. 344.
[1759] Dio Cass. lvi. 40 (Augustus) ἐκ ... τοῦ δήμου τὸ δύσκριτον ἐν ταῖς
διαγνώσεσιν ἐς τὴν τῶν δικαστηρίων ἀκρίβειαν μεταστήσας.
[1760] e.g. the Julian laws passed by Augustus in the _concilium plebis_,
the _lex Junia Norbana_ of the reign of Tiberius, _plebiscita_ of
Claudius. The last known _lex_ is an agrarian law of Nerva (_Dig._ 47,
21, 3, 1).
[1761] Dio Cass. liii. 21 (when the election was entrusted to the people,
Augustus) ἐπεμελεῖτο ὅπως μήτ’ ἀνεπιτήδειοι μήτ’ ἐκ παρακελεύσεως ἤ
καὶ δεκασμοῦ ἀποδεικνύωνται. Cf. Tac. _Ann._ i. 15 “potissima arbitrio
principis, quaedam tamen studiis tribuum fiebant.”
[1762] Tac. _Ann._ i. 15. The change was, we are told by Velleius (ii.
124), in accordance with the instructions of Augustus.
[1763] p. 188.
[1764] Dio Cass. lviii. 20.
[1765] p. 349. In _C.I.L._ vi. 10213 we find a notice of “improbae
comitiae in Aventino, ubi (Sej)anus cos. factus est.” We find Vitellius
canvassing for his candidates in the circus (Tac. _Hist._ ii. 91 “comitia
consulum cum candidatis civiliter celebrans omnem infimae plebis rumorem
in theatro ut spectator, in circo ut fautor adfectavit”). On the other
hand, we have _ab senatu destinatus_ in the inscription quoted on p. 349
n. 6. Dio Cassius (lix. 20), in speaking of the temporary restoration
of popular elections by Caligula, mentions them in connexion with the
consulship.
[1766] Dio Cass. xxxvii. 28.
[1767] p. 369.
[1768] p. 364.
[1769] p. 365.
[1770] p. 364. Hence the expression “nondum senatoria aetate” (Tac.
_Ann._ xv. 28; _Hist._ iv. 42).
[1771] Dio Cass. liv. 17, 30; Tac. _Ann._ i. 75, ii. 37.
[1772] He declared “non lecturum se senatorem nisi civis Romani
abnepotem” (Suet. _Claud._ 24).
[1773] _Vita Commodi_ 6 “ad cujus (Cleandri) nutum etiam libertini in
senatum atque in patricios lecti sunt”; _Vita Elagabali_ 11 “Fecit
libertos praesides, legatos, consules, duces.”
[1774] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 4 “simul novi homines e municipiis et coloniis
atque etiam provinciis in senatum crebro adsumpti”; Suet. _Vesp._ 9
“Amplissimos ordines ... purgavit supplevitque, recenso senatu et equite
... honestissimo quoque Italicorum ac provincialium adlecto.”
[1775] Tac. _Ann._ xi 25; Prof. Pelham in _Classical Review_ ix. p. 441.
[1776] Plin. _Ep._ vi. 19.
[1777] _Vita Marci_ 11.
[1778] For the infliction of such a _nota_ by Domitian see Suet. _Dom._
8, “quaestorium virum, quod gesticulandi saltandique studio teneretur,
movit senatu.”
[1779] p. 347.
[1780] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 42 (Tiberius) “Apidium ... Merulam, quod in acta
divi Augusti non juraverat, albo senatorio erasit.”
[1781] ib. iii. 17; vi. 48.
[1782] ib. iv. 31; xii. 59.
[1783] Dio Cass. lv. 3; Tac. _Ann._ iv. 42.
[1784] Dio Cass. liii. 1 (Augustus in 28 B.C. during the censorship of
himself and Agrippa) ἐν αὐταῖς (ταῖς ἀπογραφαῖς) πρόκριτος τῆς γερουσίας
ἐπεκλήθη: cf. lxxii. 5, where Pertinax πρόκριτος ... τῆς γερουσίας κατὰ
τὸ ἀρχαῖον ἐπωνομάσθη: an expression which seems to show that it was not
a constant designation of the Princeps at this period.
[1785] ib. liv. 13, 14.
[1786] ib. lv. 3; Suet. _Aug._ 35; Merkel ad Ovid. _Fast._ p. vi
[1787] _Lex de imp. Vesp._ l. 9 “ac si e lege senatus edictus esset
habereturque.”
[1788] _Vita Gordianorum_, 11; _Vita Hadriani_, 7; Dio Cass. liv. 3.
[1789] For the summons by a praetor see Tac. _Hist._ iv. 39; by tribunes,
Dio Cass. lvi. 47, lx. 16, lxxviii. 37; by tribunes and praetors, ib.
lix. 24.
[1790] The doubt is raised by Piso’s address to Tiberius during a trial
for _majestas_, “quo ... loco censebis, Caesar? Si primus, habebo quod
sequar: si post omnes, vereor ne imprudens dissentiam” (Tac. _Ann._ i
74). Dio Cassius also says of Tiberius (lvii. 7) καὶ γὰρ αὐτὸς ψῆφον
πολλάκις ἐδίδου. But neither writer may be using strictly technical
language; and it is not certain that the Princeps could be _asked_ his
opinion. On the other hand, when Caesar put the question, the other
magistrates gave _sententiae_ (Tac. _Ann._ iii. 17). The question is not
of much importance for the Principate as a whole, as in its later period
the Emperor usually consulted the Senate by letter. See p. 369.
[1791] See Tac. _Ann._ i. 74, quoted in the last note.
[1792] p. 348.
[1793] p. 359.
[1794] p. 350.
[1795] The formula for the formation of a _collegium legitimum_ runs
“quibus senatus c(oire) c(onvocari) c(ogi) permisit e lege Julia ex
auctoritate Augusti” (_C.I.L._ vi n. 4416).
[1796] p. 372.
[1797] Dio Cass. lxviii. 29.
[1798] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 60; xii. 62.
[1799] ib. xiii 48.
[1800] “de legendo vel exauctorando milite, ac legionum et auxiliorum
descriptione” (Suet. _Tib._ 30).
[1801] Tac. _Hist._ iv. 61; Dio Cass. lxviii. 9, 10. In 49 A.D. during
the reign of Claudius we also read of a reception of Parthian envoys in
the Senate (Tac. _Ann._ xii. 10).
[1802] p. 358.
[1803] p. 358.
[1804] p. 372.
[1805] p. 275.
[1806] Thus the _S. C. Velleianum_, which limited the obligations which
women might incur, begins, “Quod Marcus Silanus et Velleus Tutor consules
verba fecerunt ... quid de ea re fieri oportet, de ea re ita censuere”
(_Dig_. 16, 1, 2, 1); cf. _Dig._ 36, 1, 1, 2 (_S. C. Trebellianum_), 14,
6, 1 (_S. C. Macedonianum_), and see Kipp _Quellenkunde des röm. Rechts_
p. 27.
[1807] The jurists refer to them by the names of their proposers; hence
such designations as _Velleianum_, _Trebellianum_ (see last note). But
such designations are not official. The _S. C. Macedonianum_ is called
after the offender who had been the occasion of the decree.
[1808] Gaius i. 4 “Senatus consultum est, quod senatus jubet atque
constituit: idque legis vicem obtinet, quamvis fuerit quaesitum.”
[1809] _Dig._ 1, 1, 7; 1, 3, 9.
[1810] _Lex de imp. Vesp._ 1. 17 “utique quaecunque ex usu rei publicae
majestateque divinarum humanarum publicarum privatarumque rerum esse
censebit, ei agere facere jus potestasque sit, ita uti divo Augusto ...
fuit.”
[1811] Tac. _Ann._ i. 77 “divus Augustus immunes verberum histriones
quondam responderat, neque fas Tiberio infringere dicta ejus.”
[1812] p. 363.
[1813] Paulus in _Dig._ 28. 2, 26 “Filius familias, si militet ... aut
heres scribi aut exheredari debet, jam sublato edicto divi Augusti, quo
cautum fuerat ne pater filium militem exheredet.”
[1814] It was sometimes used in a more general sense for _constitutio
principis_, as when Papinian says “Jus ... civile est quod ex legibus,
plebis scitis, senatus consultis, decretis principum, auctoritate
prudentium venit” (_Dig._ 1, 1, 7).
[1815] _Dig._ 4, 2, 13 “Exstat enim decretum divi Marci in haec verba,
etc.... Caesar dixit, etc.”
[1816] “Rescript” is properly an _answer_ to a letter, but it soon came
to be used as exquivalent to _epistola_. See Kipp _op. cit._ p. 37.
[1817] Cf. _Dig._ 1, 16, 4, 5 “imperator noster Antoninus Augustus ad
desideria Asianorum rescripsit” (on the mode in which the proconsul
should arrive at the province of Asia).
[1818] Gaius i. 5 “Constitutio principis est, quod imperator decreto
vel edicto vel epistola constituit; nec unquam dubitatum est quin id
legis vicem obtineat.” Cf. Ulpian in _Dig._ 1, 4, 1, 1 “Quodcumque ...
imperator per epistulam et subscriptionem statuit vel cognoscens decrevit
... vel edicto praecepit, legem esse constat. Haec sunt quas vulgo
constitutiones appellamus.”
[1819] Thus the soldier’s testament was created by a series of
mandates: “divus Julius Caesar concessit ... divus Titus dedit: post
hoc Domitianus: postea divus Nerva plenissimam indulgentiam in milites
contulit: eamque et Trajanus secutus est et exinde mandatis inseri coepit
caput tale. Caput ex mandatis, etc.” (Ulpian in _Dig._ 29, 1, 1).
[1820] Gell. xii. 13, 1 “Cum Romae a consulibus judex extra ordinem datus
pronuntiare ... jussus essem.”
[1821] Dio Cass. li. 19 (in 30 B.C. it was decreed) τὸν Καίσαρα τήν τε
ἐξουσίαν τὴν τῶν δημάρχων διὰ βίου ἔχειν ... ἔκκλητόν τε δικάζειν. It
is probable that the last words only describe the establishment of the
Princeps as a high court of voluntary jurisdiction. See Greenidge in
_Classical Review_ viii. p. 144.
[1822] p. 368.
[1823] Paulus in _Dig._ 5, 1, 58 “Judicium solvitur vetante eo qui
judicare jusserat vel etiam eo qui majus imperium in eadem jurisdictione
habet.” The veto in virtue of _par potestas_ is here omitted on account
of its disappearance in the time of Paulus (_circa_ 200 A.D.). See Merkel
_Gesch. der klassischen Appellation_ ii. p. 19.
[1824] Tac. _Ann._ i. 75 “judiciis adsidebat in cornu tribunalis, ne
praetorem curuli depelleret; multaque eo coram adversus ambitum et
potentium preces constituta”; Dio Cass. lvii. 7 ἐπεφοίτα δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τὰ
τῶν ἀρχόντων δικαστήρια, καὶ παρακαλούμενος ὑπ’ αὐτῶν καὶ ἀπαράκλητος,
καὶ ... ἔλεγεν ὅσα ἐδόκει αὐτῷ, ὡς πάρεδρος. The civil courts are here
meant, or at least included; but it is possible that Tiberius may often
have appeared in them as a self-constituted adviser, not as an authority
to be appealed to; cf. Suet. _Tib._ 33 “magistratibus pro tribunali
cognoscentibus plerumque se offerebat consiliarium; adsidebatque juxtim
vel exadversum in parte primori.” According to Suetonius (l.c.) he
exercised a similar influence over the jurisdiction of the _quaestiones_.
[1825] p. 178.
[1826] p. 382.
[1827] Cic. _pro Tullio_ 16, 38 “quid attinuit te tam multis verbis
a praetore postulare ut adderet in judicium ‘INJURIA,’ et, quia non
impetrasses, tribunos plebis appellare et hic in judicio queri praetoris
iniquitatem quod de injuria non addiderit?” So the tribunician veto
might be employed to elicit an exception. Cic. _Acad. Prior._ ii. 30, 97
“Tribunum aliquem censeo adeant [_al._ videant]: a me istam exceptionem
nunquam impetrabunt.”
[1828] Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 28 (A.D. 56). See Appendix.
[1829] Dio Cass. lix. 8 ὁ μὲν γὰρ Τιβέριος οὕτως αὐτὸν (Silanus)
ἐτίμησεν, ὥστε μήτ’ ἔκκλητόν ποτε ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ δικάσαι ἐθελῆσαι, ἀλλ’ ἐκείνῳ
πάντα αὖθις τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐγχειρίσαι. We do not know what position Silanus
held. If, as is generally supposed, he was consul, the reference may
be to appeals from jurisdiction in _fidei commissa_ delegated by the
Princeps to the consul.
[1830] Suet. _Aug._ 33 “Appellationes quotannis urbanorum quidem
litigatorum praetori delegabat urbano: at provincialium consularibus
viris, quos singulos cujusque provinciae negotiis praeposuisset.” That
the conjecture _praefecto delegabat urbis_ is untenable has been pointed
out by Mommsen (_Staatsr._ ii. p. 985 note 1).
[1831] For the delegation to praetors see p. 368; for that to consuls
cf. Quint. _Inst. Or._ iii. 6, 70 “Non debes apud praetorem petere fidei
commissum sed apud consules, major enim praetoria cognitione summa est.”
[1832] Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 4 “teneret antiqua munia senatus, consulum
tribunalibus Italia et publicae provinciae adsisterent.”
[1833] Cic. _in Verr._ iii. 60, 138; _ad Fam._ xiii. 26, 3; _Fragmentum
Atestinum_ (Bruns _Fontes_) l. 10.
[1834] When the Senate granted the _proconsulare imperium_ to Augustus in
23 B.C. ἐν τῷ ὑπηκόῳ τὸ πλεῖον τῶν ἑκασταχόθι ἀρχόντων ἰσχύειν ἐπέτρεψεν
(Dio Cass. liii. 32). Cf. Ulpian in _Dig._ 1, 16, 8 [“(proconsul) majus
imperium in ea provincia habet omnibus post principem”] and in 1, 18,
4. It is a passive rather than an active _majus imperium_ that is here
contemplated. The whole scheme of the provincial dyarchy rested on the
assumption that there should be no relations between the proconsul and
the Princeps.
[1835] p. 368.
[1836] Ulpian in _Dig._ 49, 2, 1, 2 “sciendum est appellari a senatu non
posse principem, idque oratione divi Hadriani effectum.” It was doubtless
the original principle, confirmed and not created by Hadrian.
[1837] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 14, xvi. 8; Suet. _Aug._ 5.
[1838] There was no legal principle of the kind. According to Dio Cassius
(liii. 17) the monarchical power extended so far ὥστε καὶ ἐντὸς τοῦ
πωμηρίου καὶ τοὺς ἰππέας καὶ τοὺς βουλευτὰς θανατοῦ δύνασθαι, and a
senator, like Calpurnius Piso in 20 A.D., might be brought before the
Emperor (Tac. _Ann._ iii. 10). But Septimius Severus permitted a _senatus
consultum_ to be passed that the Emperor should not be allowed to put
a senator to death without the will of the Senate (Dio Cass. lxxiv. 2;
_Vita Severi_ 7). The principle had been stated earlier by Hadrian (_Vita
Hadriani_ 7 “juravit se nunquam senatorem nisi ex senatus sententia
puniturum”).
[1839] Augustus in 29 B.C. brought Antiochus of Commagene, Tiberius in
A.D. 17 Archelaus of Cappadocia before the Senate (Dio Cass. lii. 43,
lvii. 17; Tac. _Ann._ ii. 42). In A.D. 19 Rhescuporis of Thrace was
accused there (Tac. _Ann._ ii. 67).
[1840] Cases of extortion are to be found in Tac. _Ann._ iii. 66,
xii. 59; _Hist._ iv. 45. In A.D. 23 we find the imperial _procurator_
(_patrimonii_) of Asia brought before the Senate for exceeding his powers
(Tac. _Ann._ iv. 15).
[1841] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 13 (A.D. 23) “Carsidius Sacerdos, reus tamquam
frumento hostem Tacfarinatem juvisset, absolvitur, ejusdemque criminis C.
Gracchus.”
[1842] Amongst the prosecutions for treason against the Princeps which
disfigure the reign of Tiberius we may mention those against Libo Drusus
(Tac. _Ann._ ii. 27 ff.), against Cremutius Cordus (ib. iv. 34, 35), and
against Sejanus (Dio Cass. lviii. 9, 10).
[1843] In A.D. 37 we find that a mother, who had caused her son to commit
suicide, “accusata in senatu ... urbe ... in decem annos prohibita
est” (Tac. _Ann._ vi. 49). In A.D. 61 we find interdiction from Italy
pronounced against a man for a kind of _praevaricatio_, “quod reos, ne
apud praefectum urbis arguerentur, ad praetorem detulisset” (ib. xiv. 41).
[1844] Quintil. _Inst. Or._ iii. 10, 1; vii. 2, 20. For instances see
Tac. _Ann._ ii. 50, iv. 21; Plin. _Ep._ ii. 11, 3 ff. In the last
passage we find the question of the legality of this procedure raised
(“Respondit Fronto Catius deprecatusque est ne quid ultra repetundarum
legem quaereretur.... Magna contentio, magni utrimque clamores, aliis
cognitionem senatus lege conclusam, aliis liberam solutamque dicentibus”).
[1845] It is possible, however, that the Senate was held to continue the
extraordinary criminal jurisdiction of the _comitia_. Tacitus certainly
regards the _cognitio_ as belonging to the Senate (_Ann._ ii. 28 “Statim
corripit reum, adit consules, cognitionem senatus poscit”).
[1846] Plin. _Ep._ vi. 31, 8 (in a case of a forgery of a will) “Heredes,
cum Caesar (Trajanus) esset in Dacia, communiter epistula scripta,
petierant ut susciperet cognitionem.”
[1847] Tac. _Ann._ ii. 79 “Marsus ... Vibius nuntiavit Pisoni Romam ad
dicendam causam veniret. Ille eludens respondit adfuturum, ubi praetor,
qui de veneficiis quaereret, reo atque accusatoribus diem prodixisset”;
ib. iii 10 “petitum ... est a principe cognitionem exciperet; quod ne
reus quidem abnuebat, studia populi et patrum metuens ... haud fallebat
Tiberium moles cognitionis quaque ipse fama distraheretur. Igitur paucis
familiarium adhibitis minas accusantium et hinc preces audit integramque
causam ad senatum remittit.” “Remittit” does not imply that the Senate
was bound to take the case. For the technically voluntary nature of its
jurisdiction cf. ib. iv. 21, xiii. 10, where we find the expressions
“receptus est reus,” “recepti sunt inter reos.”
[1848] Dio Cass. lii. 22, 33. A case of adultery of a centurion with
a tribune’s wife comes before the Emperor. Trajan stated the ground
on which he tried this case (Plin. _Ep._ vi. 31, 6 “Caesar et nomen
centurionis et commemorationem disciplinae militaris sententiae adjecit,
ne omnes ejusmodi causas revocare ad se videretur”).
[1849] An instance is mentioned by Pliny (_Ep._ vii. 6, 8 “mater, amisso
filio ... libertos ejus eosdemque coheredes suos falsi et veneficii reos
detulerat ad principem judicemque impetraverat Julium Servianum”).
[1850] See the section on the functionaries of the Princeps (p. 406 sq.).
[1851] Plin. _ad Traj._ 96, 4 “quia cives Romani erant, adnotavi in urbem
remittendos.”
[1852] It is not properly an appeal but a denial of jurisdiction. But on
what ground the jurisdiction of the procurator was denied is not clear.
The Roman citizenship, in virtue of which St. Paul claimed exemption from
scourging at Philippi and Jerusalem, is not mentioned here. See _Class.
Rev._ x. p. 231.
[1853] Plin. _Ep._ ii. 11; Suet. _Galba_ 9.
[1854] For its attachment to procurators and to persons with
extraordinary commands see the instances given by Mommsen (_Staatsr._
ii p. 270). So the praefectures of the guard, the _vigiles_ and the
fleet, are _honores juris gladii_ (_Vita Alex._ 49). In the case of
ordinary provincial governors it is, perhaps, safer to say that the _jus
gladii_ is possessed by them, or permitted to them, rather than that it
was attached to them by the Princeps (Ulp. in _Dig._ 1, 18, 6, 8 “qui
universas provincias regunt, jus gladii habent et in metallum dandi
potestas iis permissa est”).
[1855] Dio Cass. lii. 22, 33; _Dig._ 48, 19, 27, 1 and 2.
[1856] Even by Tiberius’ reign this procedure had become so formal that
a rule was framed for its exercise. A definite interval was prescribed
within which the Princeps might consider the request for the intercession
(Tac. _Ann._ iii. 51 [A.D. 21] “factum senatus consultum, ne decreta
patrum ante diem _decimum_ ad aerarium deferrentur idque vitae spatium
damnatis prorogaretur”; cf. Dio Cass. lvii. 20; Suet. _Tib._ 75).
[1857] p. 385.
[1858] “Ob laetitiam aliquam vel honorem domus divinae vel ex aliqua
causa, ex qua senatus censuit abolitionem reorum fieri” (Ulp. in _Dig._
48, 16, 12; cf. 48, 3, 2, 1). Domitian by an edict declared that such
_abolitiones_ did not extend to slaves who were in custody awaiting trial
(_Dig._ 48, 16, 16; cf. 48, 3, 2, 1).
[1859] p. 249.
[1860] Ulp. in _Dig._ 3, 1, 1, 10 “De qua autem restitutione praetor
loquitur? Utrum de ea quae a principe vel a senatu? Pomponius quaerit: et
putat de ea restitutione sensum, quam princeps vel senatus indulsit.”
[1861] It is said of Claudius (Suet. _Claud._ 12) “neminem exulum nisi
ex senatus auctoritate restituit”; and of Antoninus Pius (_Vita_ 6) “His
quos Hadrianus damnaverat in senatu indulgentias petit, dicens etiam
ipsum Hadrianum hoc fuisse facturum.”
[1862] Such acts are mentioned under Claudius (Dio Cass. lx. 4), Otho
(Tac. _Hist._ i. 90; Plut. _Otho_ 1), Vitellius (Tac. _Hist._ ii. 92),
Vespasian (Dio Cass. lxvi. 9), Nerva (Plin. _Ep._ iv. 9, 2), Antoninus
Caracalla (_Vita_ 3), and Gordian (Herodian vii. 6, 4).
[1863] Tac. _Ann._ ii. 50 “(Tiberius) liberavit ... Appuleiam lege
majestatis, adulterii graviorem poenam deprecatus.”
[1864] p. 390.
[1865] Gordian is spoken of as παλινδικίαν διδοὺς τοῦς ἀδίκως
κατακριθεῖσι (Herodian vii. 6, 4).
[1866] Ulp. in _Dig._ 3, 1, 1, 10.
[1867] Suet. _Claud._ 14 “(Claudius) iis, qui apud privatos judices pius
petendo formula excidissent, restituit actiones”; _Dom._ 8 “(Domitianus)
ambitiosas centumvirorum sententias rescidit.”
[1868] This power was employed by Augustus (Suet. _Aug._ 32 “Diuturnorum
reorum ... nomina abolevit”), Gaius (Suet. _Calig._ 15 “criminum ... si
quae residua ex priore tempore manebant, omnium gratiam fecit”; cf. Dio
Cass. lix. 6), Vespasian (Dio Cass. lxvi. 9), and Domitian (Suet. _Dom._
9).
[1869] p. 388.
[1870] Cic. _in Vat._ 14, 33.
[1871] p. 390.
[1872] _Dig._ 48, 19, 9, 11 “referre ad principem debet, ut ex
auctoritate ejus poena aut permutetur aut liberaretur.”
[1873] The capital punishment of decurions was prohibited by Hadrian
(_Dig._ 48, 19, 15), and the earliest _mandata_, directing the procedure
of governors in such cases, proceed from the _divi fratres_ (ib. 48, 19,
27, 1 and 2). The punishment of deportation had been confined to the
Princeps and the praefects of the praetorian guard and the city by the
time of Septimius Severus (ib. 48, 19, 2, 1 and 48, 22, 6, 1; cf. § 7).
[1874] Pliny often raises this question in his correspondence with Trajan
(31 [40], 4; 56 [64], 3; 57 [65], 1). The passages seem to show (i.) that
there was at the time no fixed rule defining the governor’s power of
_restitutio_, at least in public provinces; (ii.) that _restitutio_ by a
governor was felt to be permissible in certain cases.
[1875] A passage in Justinian’s _Code_ (9, 51, 1) shows us Antoninus
(Caracalla) saying to a man, who had been deported to an island,
“Restituo te in integrum provinciae tuae.”
[1876] Greenidge in _Classical Review_ viii. p. 437.
[1877] Cf. Tac. _Ann._ iii. 53 (quoted p. 352).
[1878] Dio Cass. xliii. 48; Momms. _Staatsr._ ii. p. 557.
[1879] Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 29; Dio Cass. liii. 2; Suet. _Aug._ 36.
[1880] Tac. l.c.; Dio Cass. liii. 32.
[1881] Tac. l.c.; Dio Cass. lx. 24; Suet. _Claud._ 24. For the election
by the Princeps see the inscription to Ti. Domitius Decidius “electo
(Mommsen, “adlecto” Wilmanns) a T. Claudio Caesare ... qui primus
quaestor per triennium citra ordinem praeesset aerario Saturni” (Wilmanns
n. 1135).
[1882] Momms. _Staatsr._ ii. p. 559.
[1883] Tac. l.c.; Mommsen l.c.
[1884] Dio Cass. lxxi. 33 καὶ χρήματα ἐκ τοῦ δημοσίου ᾔτησε τὴν βουλήν.
[1885] For the meaning of the word—the great basket in which money was
kept in the state treasuries—see Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 998 n. 1. At
the beginning of the Principate there were, perhaps, fisci rather than a
_fiscus_ (cf. Suet. _Aug._ 101), although there must always have been a
central controlling department.
[1886] Tiberius in 23 B.C. says of Lucilius Capito, procurator of Asia,
“non se jus nisi in servitia et pecunias familiares dedisse” (Tac. _Ann._
iv. 15). He was doubtless a “procurator patrimonii.” Cf. Tac. _Ann._
xii. 60 (“cum Claudius libertos, quos rei familiari praefecerat, sibique
et legibus adaequaverit”); xiii. 1 “P. Celer eques Romanus et Helius
libertus, rei familiari principis in Asia inpositi.”
[1887] Marquardt _Staatsverwaltung_ ii. p. 256.
[1888] _Vita Severi_ 12 “interfectis innumeris Abani partium viris ...
omnium bona publicata sunt.... Tuncque primum privatarum rerum procuratio
constituta est.” The ordinarily accepted view of the relations of these
two departments to one another is that of Hirschfeld and Marquardt,
viz. that the _patrimonium_ was the inalienable crown property, the
_res privata_ the strictly personal property of the Princeps. Karlowa
(_Rechtsgeschichte_ i. p. 505) takes an exactly oppositive view of
their relations, based partly on the fact that extant inscriptions show
the _procurator rationis privatae_ to have had a higher rank than the
_procurator patrimonii_.
[1889] _Mon. Anc._ iii. 39 “HS milliens et septingentiens (170 million
sesterces) ex patrimonio meo detuli.”
[1890] Dio Cass. lv. 25; Tac. _Ann._ i. 78.
[1891] Dio Cass. l.c.; cf. Tac. _Ann._ v. 8 (vi. 3).
[1892] p. 351.
[1893] Tac. _Ann._ ii 85.
[1894] ib. iii. 61.
[1895] ib. xi. 15.
[1896] _Vita Aurel._ 31.
[1897] Mommsen _Römisches Münzwesen_ pp. 742 ff. He shows that the
transitory usurpation of the copper coinage by Nero was due to the same
desire of making a profit as his reduction of the value of silver.
[1898] _Dig._ 2, 15, 8 “divus Marcus oratione in senatu recitata effecit
ne, etc.” Cf. 24, 1, 23; 27, 9, 1.
[1899] Tacitus (_Ann._ vi. 2 [8]) remarks, with reference to proposals
carried in the Senate in 32 A.D., “et bona Sejani ablata aerario ut in
fiscum cogerentur, tanquam referret.”
[1900] Suet. _Aug._ 38 “Liberis senatorum, quo celerius rei publicae
assuescerent, protinus ... latum clavum induere et curiae interesse
permisit.”
[1901] Wilmanns _Index_ p. 602; cf. Suet. _Dom._ 10.
[1902] Augustus had given the post of _praefectus alae_ as well as that
of _tribunus militum_ to senators’ sons (Suet. _Aug._ 38). Mommsen
(_Staatsr._ i. p. 548) thinks that after Tiberius these _laticlavii_, as
a rule, filled the office of tribune alone. They could scarcely have been
given a real command when they first joined the standards.
[1903] The poet Ovid, who assumed the _latus clavus_ by right of birth,
took the first steps towards a senatorial career by filling two posts in
the vigintivirate, but he went no further and subsided into equestrian
rank (Ovid _Trist._ iv. 10, 29; _Fasti_ iv. 383).
[1904] Suet. _Claud._ 24 “Senatoriam dignitatem recusantibus equestrem
quoque ademit.”
[1905] Suet. _Claud._ 24 “Latum clavum (quamvis initio affirmasset non
lecturum se senatorem nisi civis Romani abnepotem) etiam libertini filio
tribuit, sed sub conditione si prius ab equite Romano adoptatus esset.”
Claudius then appealed to the famous precedent set by his ancestor Appius
Caecus.
[1906] _Dig._ 23, 2, 44.
[1907] ib. 1, 9, 8; 50, 1, 22, 5.
[1908] ib. 1, 9, §§ 5, 6, 7, 10.
[1909] Asc. _in or._ _in Tog._ _Cand._ p. 94.
[1910] Dio Cass. lxix. 16 ἐνομοθέτησε δὲ ... ἵνα μηδεὶς βουλευτὴς μητ’
αὐτὸς μήτε δι’ ἑτέρου τέλος τι μισθῶται.
[1911] Severus Alexander at first forbade the taking of interest, but
subsequently allowed 6 per cent (_Vita_ 26). For investment by a senator
at an earlier period cf. Plin. _Ep._ iii. 19, 8 “sum quidem prope totus
in praediis, aliquid tamen fenero.”
[1912] _Dig._ 50, 1, 23 “municeps esse desinit senatoriam adeptus
dignitatem, quantum ad munera; quantum vero ad honorem, retinere creditur
originem.” Cf. ib. 1, 9, 11; 50, 1, 22, 5; _Cod._ 10, 40 [39], 8.
[1913] p. 387.
[1914] Friedländer _Sittengesch._ i. 3.
[1915] Dio Cass. lii. cc. 7, 15, 31; lxvii. 2.
[1916] See p. 413.
[1917] p. 364.
[1918] p. 374.
[1919] Suet. _Claud._ 25 “stipendiaque instituit (Claudius) et
imaginariae militiae genus, quod vocatur ‘supra numerum,’ quo absentes et
titulo tenus fungerentur.”
[1920] In A.D. 16 a proposal was made in the Senate “ut ... legionum
legati, qui ante praeturam ea militia fungebantur, jam tum praetores
destinarentur” (Tac. _Ann._ ii. 36).
[1921] Galba’s is a good instance of a distinguished senatorial career.
He obtained office _ante legitimum tempus_; after the praetorship he
governed Aquitania, after the consulship Upper Germany; he was then
proconsul of Africa, and finally for eight years legate of Tarraconensis.
See Suet. _Galba_ 6, 7, 8.
[1922] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 6 “(the state contracts) societatibus equitum
Romanorum agitabantur.”
[1923] Dio Cass. liii. 30. On Antonius Musa, who had saved Augustus’
life, was conferred τὸ χρυσοῖς δακτυλίοις (ἀπελεύθερος γὰρ ἦν) χρῆσθαι:
ib. xlviii. 45 (Augustus, on the reception of Menas the former freedman
of Sex. Pompeius) δακτυλίοις τε χρυσοῖς ἐκόσμησε καὶ ἐς τὸ τῶν ἱππέων
τέλος ἐσέγραψε. These words _may_ mean that Menas was made an _eques equo
publico_ as well.
[1924] A rescript of Hadrian is quoted with reference to the _ingenuitas_
conferred by the gold ring (Ulp. in _Dig._ 40, 10, 6). For other
references to this right see _Dig._ 38, 2, 3; Justin. _Nov._ 78.
[1925] The usurpation of the gold ring by freedmen, which was repressed
by Claudius (Suet. _Claud._ 25) and Domitian, and the inspection in
the theatre instituted by the latter (Martial v. 8) seem to refer to
a civil class; at least there is no evidence that such people claimed
to be _equites equo publico_. When Dio Cassius (lvi. 42) speaks of οἵ
τε ἱππεῖς, οἵ τε ἐκ τοῦ τέλους καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι, it is not clear who “the
others” are, but the passage shows that persons other than those in the
corps were called “equites.”
[1926] Dionys. vi. 13.
[1927] The _seviri_ would seem to show that there were six _turmae_. See
Hirschfeld _Verwaltungsgesch._ p. 243 n. 1.
[1928] Hence such expressions as _a divo Hadriano equo publico honoratus_
(Wilmanns 1825), _equo publico exornatus ab Impp. Severo et Antonino
Augg._ (ib. 1595).
[1929] p. 347.
[1930] p. 225. It is probable that the revision of the knights described
in Suet. _Claud._ 16, _Vesp._ 9 refers to the censorship of these
emperors.
[1931] _a censibus equitum Romanorum_ (Wilmanns 1275), _a censibus a
libellis Aug._ (ib. 1249 b), _a libellis et censibus_ (ib. 1257).
[1932] p. 225.
[1933] Suet. _Aug._ 38 “equitum turmas frequenter recognovit, post longam
intercapedinem reducto more transvectionis.”
[1934] ib. 38 “mox reddendi equi gratiam fecit eis, qui majores annorum
quinque et triginta retinere eum nollent.”
[1935] ib. 39 “Unum quemque equitum rationem vitae reddere coegit.”
[1936] Suet. _Calig._ 16 “palam adempto equo, quibus aut probri aliquid
aut ignominiae inesset.”
[1937] Suet. _Aug._ 37, 39.
[1938] In those of Caligula (Suet. _Calig._ 16) and Nero (Dio Cass.
lxiii. 13), and perhaps in those of Vitellius (Tac. _Hist._ ii. 62) and
Severus Alexander (_Vita_ 15).
[1939] Zosimus ii. 29.
[1940] By the side of such titles as _equo publico judex selectus ex
V decuriis_ (Wilmanns 2110) and _equum publicum habens adlectus in V
decurias_ (ib. 2203) we find the title _quin. decur. judi(cum) (inter)
quatringenarios_ (Henzen 6469), in which a purely monetary qualification
is expressed.
[1941] Wilmanns nn. 1639, 2841, _Index_ p. 564; Mommsen _Staatsr._ iii.
p. 565.
[1942] Wilmanns n. 2858; Mommsen ib. n. 3.
[1943] These might have been included in the _equites illustres_ whom
Augustus forbade to set foot in Egypt (Tac. _Ann._ ii. 59 “vetitis nisi
permissu ingredi senatoribus aut equitibus Romanis illustribus”), but the
knights chiefly referred to here are doubtless distinguished permanent
members of the order.
[1944] The variants used by Tacitus would apply to both of these classes.
He uses _insignis_ (_Ann._ xi. 5) and speaks of _primores equitum_
(_Hist._ i. 4). Two ex-praefects of the praetorian guard are described as
_equites Romani dignitate senatoria_ (_Ann._ xvi. 17). Cf. note 3.
[1945] For the promotions from one praefecture to another, see Mommsen
_Staatsr._ ii. p. 1042 n. 1.
[1946] p. 61.
[1947] p. 120.
[1948] Tac. _Ann._ vi. 11 [17] “duratque simulacrum, quotiens ob ferias
Latinas praeficitur qui consulare munus usurpet.”
[1949] Suet. _Caes._ 76 “praefectos ... pro praetoribus constituit, qui
absente se res urbanas administrarent”; Dio Cass. xliii. 28 πολιανόμοις
τισίν ὀκτώ, ὤς τισι δοκεῖ, ἢ ἔξ, ὡς μᾶλλον πεπίστευται, ἐπιτρέψας.
[1950] Tac. _Ann._ vi. 11 [17].
[1951] Tac. l.c.; cf. Dio Cass. liv. 19.
[1952] In Tac. _Ann._ vi. 10 [16] it is said of L. Piso (died 32 A.D.)
“praefectus urbi recens continuam potestatem et insolentia parendi
graviorem mire temperavit.”
[1953] We find Maximus as praefect during Caligula’s presence in Rome in
39 A.D. (Dio Cass. lix. 13).
[1954] Tac. _Ann._ vi. 11 [17] “(Augustus) sumpsit e consularibus.”
[1955] _Vita Commodi_ 14 “praefectos urbi eadem facilitate mutavit”;
_Vita Pii_ 8 “successorem viventi bono judici nulli dedit nisi Orfito
praefecto urbi, sed petenti.” For the frequent life-long tenure of the
office see Dio Cass. lii. 24.
[1956] Paulus in _Dig._ 5, 1, 12, 1 “(Judicem dare possunt) hi quibus
id more concessum est propter vim imperii, sicut praefectus urbi
ceterique Romae magistratus”; contrast Pompon. in _Dig._ 1, 2, 2, 33 “nam
praefectus annonae et vigilum non sunt magistratus, sed extra ordinem
utilitatis causa constituti sunt.”
[1957] Messala Corvinus, praefect _circa_ 25 B.C. (Jerome in Euseb.
_Chron._ a. 1991).
[1958] Seneca _Ep._ 83, 14 “L. Piso urbis custos ... officium ... suum,
quo tutela urbis continebatur, diligentissime administravit.”
[1959] Suet. _Aug._ 49.
[1960] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 5.
[1961] _Dig._ 1, 12.
[1962] Tac. _Ann._ xiv. 41 (A.D. 61) “pari ignominia (interdiction
from Italy) Valerius Ponticus adficitur, quod reos, ne apud praefectum
urbis arguerentur, ad praetorem detulisset, interim specie legum, mox
praevaricando ultionem elusurus.”
[1963] Dio Cass. lii. 21 καὶ τὰς δίκας, τάς τε παρὰ πάντων ὧν εἶπον
ἀρχόντων ἐφεσίμους τε καὶ ἀναπομπίμους καὶ τὰς τοῦ θανάτου, τοῖς τε
ἐν τῇ πόλει, πλὴν ὦν ἂν εἴπω, καὶ τοῖς ἔξω αὐτῆς μέχρι πεντήκοντα καὶ
ἑπτακοσίων σταδίων οἰκοῦσι κρίνῃ: Ulp. in _Dig._ 1, 12, 1 “Omnia omnino
crimina praefectura urbis sibi vindicavit [a praefectura urbis sibi
vindicari, _Momms._], nec tantum ea, quae intra urbem admittuntur, verum
ea quoque, quae extra urbem intra Italiam [intra c̅ lapidem, _Momms._,
cf. 1, 12, 1, 4] epistula divi Severi ad Fabium Cilonem praefectum urbi
missa declaratur.”
[1964] _Dig._ 1, 12, 3; 48, 19, 8, 5.
[1965] _Collatio_ 14, 3, 2; _Dig._ 1, 12, 1, 4. Cf. note 5.
[1966] Ulp. in _Dig._ 1, 12, 3 “Praefectus urbi, cum terminos urbis
exierit, potestatem non habet: extra urbem potest jubere judicare.”
[1967] _Dig._ 1, 12, 1, 6 “Sed et ex interdictis quod vi aut clam aut
interdicto unde vi audire [aut unde vi adiri, _Momms._] potest.”
[1968] Dio Cass. lii. 21 (quoted n. 5); _Cod._ 7, 62, 17 (Constantine,
A.D. 322) “si apud utrumque praetorem, dum quaestio ventilatur, ab aliqua
parte auxilium provocationis fuerit objectum, praefecturae urbis judicium
sacrum appellator observet.”
[1969] Dio Cass. liii. 11.
[1970] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 5. Otho speaks of the corps as “Italiae alumni et
Romana vere juventus” (Tac. _Hist._ i 84).
[1971] Suet. _Tit._ 6.
[1972] _Vita Severi_ 14.
[1973] Two are regarded as the normal number by Dio Cassius (lii. 24).
Three are found under Commodus, Didius Julianus, and Severus Alexander.
See Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 867.
[1974] _Collatio_ 14, 3, 2. The right was given by constitutions (“jam eo
perventum est constitutionibus”). The citation is from Ulpian, and this
jurisdiction had doubtless been attained before the time of Caracalla.
Cf. _Vita Alex._ 21.
[1975] _Cod._ 9, 2, 6, 1 (Gordian, A.D. 243, with reference to appeal
against a _praeses provinciae_ on the ground of condemnation in absence)
“praefectos praetorio adire cura.”
[1976] ib. 4, 65, 4, 1 (Alexander, A.D. 222) “si majorem animadversionem
exigere rem deprehenderit (praeses provinciae), ad Domitium Ulpianum
praefectum praetorio et parentem meum reos remittere curabit”; cf. 8, 40
[41], 13.
[1977] _Dig._ 12, 1, 40 “Lecta est in auditorio Aemilii Papiniani
praefecti praetorio juris consulti cautio hujusmodi”; cf. 22, 1, 3, 3.
[1978] p. 386.
[1979] _Dig._ 1, 11, 1, 1 (Arcadius in early part of fourth century
A.D.) “praefectorum auctoritas ... in tantum meruit augeri ut appellari
a praefectis praetorio non possit. Nam cum antea quaesitum fuisset an
liceret ... et extarent exempla eorum qui provocaverint, postea publice
sententia principali lecta appellandi facultas interdicta est;” _Cod._ 7,
62, 19 (Constantine, A.D. 331) “a praefectis autem praetorio provocare
non sinimus.”
[1980] Cf. _Vita Marci_ 11 “habuit secum praefectos, quorum et
auctoritate et periculo semper jura dictavit.”
[1981] See below on the _consilium_.
[1982] Karlowa _Rechtsgesch._ i. p. 549. A knight of the third century
is appointed _in consilium praef. praet. item urb(i) ex sacra jussione_
(Henzen 6519). Cf. Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 1122 n. 1.
[1983] _Cod._ 1, 26, 2 (Alexander, A.D. 235) “Formam a praefecto
praetorio datam, etsi generalis sit, minime legibus vel constitutionibus
contrariam, si nihil postea ex auctoritate mea innovatum est, servari
aequum est.”
[1984] _Vita Alex._ 21.
[1985] ib. “Alexander autem idcirco senatores esse voluit praef. praet.,
ne quis non senator de Romano senatore judicaret.”
[1986] ib. “si quis imperatorum successorem praef. praet. dare vellet,
laticlaviam eidem ... summitteret”; cf. _Vita Commodi_ 4; _Vita Hadriani_
8 “cum Attianum ex praefecto praetorii ornamentis consularibus praeditum
faceret senatorem.”
[1987] Cic. _ad Att._ iv. 1, 7; Dio Cass. xxxix. 9.
[1988] Dio Cass. xlvi. 39.
[1989] _Dig._ 1, 2, 2, 32.
[1990] Dio Cass. liv. 1; _Mon. Anc._ Gr. iii. 6.
[1991] Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 1038 n. 1; Hirschfeld
_Verwaltungsgesch._ p. 130 n. 1; Karlowa _Rechtsgesch._ i. p. 553.
[1992] Dio Cass. liv. 17; lv. 26.
[1993] _Praefecti frumenti dandi_ are found, apparently for the purpose
of distribution, as late as the second century. They were generally
ex-praetors and appointed _ex senatus consulto_, probably because the
_aerarium_ bore or contributed to the cost. See Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p.
673; Karlowa _Rechtsgesch._ i. p. 553.
[1994] Dio Cass. lii. 24; Seneca _de Brev. Vitae_ 19, 1.
[1995] Hirschfeld in _Philologus_ 1870, pp. 79 ff.
[1996] Karlowa _Rechtsgesch._ i p. 556.
[1997] _Dig._ 48, 2, 13; cf. 48, 12, 1.
[1998] ib. 14, 5, 8; 14, 1, 1, 18.
[1999] ib. 14, 5, 8 “sententiam (praefecti annonae) conservavit
imperator”; cf. Dio Cass. lii. 33.
[2000] p. 235.
[2001] Dio Cass. liv. 2.
[2002] Paulus in _Dig._ 1, 15, 1 and 3.
[2003] Karlowa _Rechtsgesch._ i. p. 558.
[2004] _Dig._ 1, 15; cf. 12, 4, 15; 47, 2, 57 [56], 1.
[2005] ib. 1, 15, 3 and 4; Cod. 1, 43, 1.
[2006] _Dig._ 19, 2, 56; 20, 2, 9. _Praefecti vigilum_ (one of whom is
the jurist Herennius Modestinus) take part in a controversy which has
come down to us known as the _lis fullonum_ (Bruns _Fontes_; _C.I.L._ vi.
n. 266). The case has been discussed by Bethmann-Hollweg _Civilprozess_
ii. p. 767 n. 60 and Mommsen in _C.I.L._ l.c.; _Staatsr._ ii. p. 1058 n.
3.
[2007] Karlowa _Rechtsgesch._ i. p. 539.
[2008] Coins of 16 B.C. exist (Eckhel vi. 105) with the inscription “s.
p. q. R. imp. Cae(sari), quod v(iae) m(unitae) s(unt) ex ea p(ecunia)
q(uam) is ad a(erarium) de(tulit)”; cf. _Vita Pert._ 9 “aerarium in suum
statum restituit. Ad opera publica certum sumptum constituit. Reformandis
viis pecuniam contulit.”
[2009] Frontinus _de Aquaed._ 100 and 104.
[2010] Dio Cass. lvii. 14.
[2011] Tac. _Hist._ i. 58.
[2012] Cic. _pro Caec._ 20, 57.
[2013] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 6 “intra paucos libertos domus.”
[2014] Tac. _Hist._ i. 58 “Vitellius ministeria principatus per libertos
agi solita in equites Romanos disponit.” In Otho’s reign we find a
mention of Secundus the rhetor ἐπὶ τῶν ἐπιστολῶν γενόμενος (Plut. _Otho_
9).
[2015] The evidence for Hadrian’s change is mainly epigraphic. See
Hirschfeld _Verwaltungsgesch._ i. p. 32. Two instances of it are found
in _Vita Hadr._ 22 “ab epistulis et a libellis primus equites Romanos
habuit.”
[2016] Dio Cass. lii. 25.
[2017] Tac. _Agric._ 4 “Cn. Julius Agricola ... utrumque avum
procuratorem Caesarum habuit, quae equestris nobilitas est.”
[2018] p. 405.
[2019] i.e. the posts of _praefectus cohortis_, _tribunus militum_,
_praefectus alae_. See Suet. _Claud._ 25.
[2020] Hirschfeld _op. cit._ p. 248.
[2021] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 15. See p. 395.
[2022] Ulp. in _Dig._ 1, 19, 1, 1 “si venditionis vel donationis vel
transactionis causa quid agat, nihil agit: non enim alienare ei rem
Caesaris, sed diligenter gerere commissum est.”
[2023] _Dig._ 1, 19, 1.
[2024] Suet. _Claud._ 12 “ut ... rata essent, quae procuratores sui
in judicando statuerent, precario exegit” (from the Senate). Tacitus
exaggerates the nature of the change when he says that “Claudius
libertos, quos rei familiari praefecerat, sibique et legibus
adaequaverit” (_Ann._ xii. 60).
[2025] Cf. Ulp. in _Dig._ 1, 16, 9 (with reference to the duties of a
proconsul) “sane si fiscalis pecuniaria causa sit, quae ad procuratorem
principis respicit, melius fecerit, si abstineat.”
[2026] Henzen 6525.
[2027] Wilmanns 1259, 1262.
[2028] _Cod._ 3, 26, 7.
[2029] Suet. _Vesp._ 12; Henzen 6396.
[2030] _C.I.L._ v. n. 737.
[2031] Hirschfeld _Verwaltungsgesch._ i. p. 32.
[2032] ib. p. 35.
[2033] Cf. the title of _Dig._ 1, 19 “De officio procuratoris Caesaris
vel rationalis.”
[2034] Hirschfeld, _op. cit._ p. 37; Liebenam _Beiträge zur
Verwaltungsgesch._ p. 32.
[2035] Strabo iii. p. 167. The title _a copiis militaribus_ is found in
inscriptions (Orelli 2922, 3505).
[2036] Tac. _Ann._ ii. 47. Here it is said of cities of Asia, “quantum
aerario aut fisco pendebant, in quinquennium remisit (Caesar).”
The _procurator Asiae_ of _Ann._ iv. 15 is probably a _procurator
patrimonii_. See p. 395.
[2037] p. 395. For procurators _ad bona damnatorum_ see Wilmanns 1278,
1291. For a _procurator a caducis_, _C.I.L._ iii. n. 1622.
[2038] Wilmanns 1257, 1272, 1273, 1275, 1285.
[2039] p. 396.
[2040] Timesitheus, the father-in-law of Gordian, was _proc. tam
patrimoni quam rat. privatar._ in one district, _proc. ration. privat._
in another (Wilmanns 1293).
[2041] Herodian vii. 1 (Maximin) τήν τε θεραπείαν πᾶσαν, ἣ συγγεγόνει τῷ
Ἀλεξάνδρῳ τοσούτων ἐτῶν, τῆς βασιλείου αὐλῆς ἀπέπεμψε: cf. _Vita_ Pert.
12 “Sane nullum ex eis, quos Commodus rebus gerendis imposuerat, mutavit,
exspectans urbis natalem, quod eum diem rerum principium volebat esse.”
[2042] Liebenam _op. cit._ p. 55.
[2043] _Vita Nigri_ 7 “cum unus ad memoriam, alter ad libellos paruisset,
statim praefecti facti sunt (Paulus et Ulpianus).”
[2044] This may be illustrated by the careers of Burrus (_proc.
Augustae_, _proc. Ti. Caesaris_, _proc. divi Claudii_, _praefecto
praetori_, _C.I.L._ xii. 5842), of Vibianus Tertullus (_ab epistulis
Graecis_, _proc. a rationibus_, _praefectus vigilum_, _C.I.L._ iii. 6574)
and of Sex. Var. Marcellus (_proc. aquarum_, _proc. Brittaniae_, _proc.
rationis privatae_, _vice-praefectus praetorio_, Orelli 946).
[2045] Tac. _Ann._ xv. 35 (under Nero, in A.D. 64, Torquatus Silanus was
forced to death on various grounds) “quin eum inter libertos habere, quos
ab epistulis et libellis et rationibus appellet, nomina summae curae et
meditamenta”; cf. ib. xvi. 8 (A.D. 65) “Ipsum dehinc Silanum increpuit
isdem quibus patruum ejus Torquatum, tanquam disponeret jam imperii curas
praeficeretque rationibus et libellis et epistulis libertos.”
[2046] Dio Cass. lii. 33; Stat. _Silv._ v. 1, esp. 83-107; Justinus
xliii. 5, 12; Suid. s.v. Διονύσιος.
[2047] Seneca _Cons. ad Polyb._ vi. 4 and 5.
[2048] _Vita Carini_ 16 “fastidium subscribendi tantum habuit ut inpurum
quendam ... ad subscribendum poneret.” The Princeps himself may not have
written more than his signature. See _Vita Commodi_ 13 “ipse Commodus
in subscribendo tardus et neglegens, ita ut libellis una forma multis
subscriberet.”
[2049] Karlowa _Rechtsgesch._ i. p. 545.
[2050] Dio Cass. _Ep._ lxxviii. 13.
[2051] Karlowa l.c.
[2052] _Vita Carini_ 8 “Julius Calpurnius, qui ad memoriam dictabat.” He
attended the Princeps with the other secretaries; see _Vita Alex._ 31
“Postmeridianas horas subscriptioni et lectioni epistularum semper dedit,
ita ut ab epistulis, a libellis et a memoria semper adsisterent.”
[2053] This _consilium_ must not be confused with the committee of
the Senate which had been employed by Augustus and Tiberius, but
was subsequently discontinued. This board, composed of some of the
magistrates and a number of senators chosen by lot, had given a
preliminary consideration to the business to be submitted to the Senate
(Suet. _Aug._ 35; _Tib._ 55; Dio Cass. liii. 21). Something like it was
devised by Mamaea in the reign of Severus Alexander (Dio Cass. lxxx. 1;
Herodian vi. 1).
[2054] Dio Cass. lv. 27; lvii. 7.
[2055] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 10 “paucis familiarium adhibitis” (in the trial
of Piso, A.D. 20). In Nero’s trial of Octavia in A.D. 62 his body of
advisers (“amicos quos velut consilio adhibuerat princeps” Tac. _Ann._
xiv. 62) may have been regarded as a _consilium domesticum_.
[2056] _Vita Hadr._ 18 “cum judicaret, in consilio habuit non amicos
suos aut comites solum, sed juris consultos ... quos tamen senatus omnes
probasset.”
[2057] Hirschfeld _Verwaltungsgesch._ i. p. 215. Probably only the
equestrian members of this board received salaries (Mommsen _Staatsr._
ii. p. 990).
[2058] Cf. _Vita Hadr._ 8 “erat ... tunc mos, ut, cum princeps causas
agnosceret, et senatores et equites Romanos in consilium vocaret et
sententiam ex omnium deliberatione proferret.”
[2059] e.g. “centenario consiliario Aug(usti) ... juris perito” (Wilmanns
1286).
[2060] p. 380.
[2061] _Vita Alex._ 16 “neque ullam constitutionem sacravit sine viginti
jurisperitis et doctissimis ac sapientibus viris isdemque disertissimis
non minus quinquaginta.”
[2062] In Maecenas’ supposed advice to Augustus, which in this, as
in other respects, probably reflects the practice of the time of Dio
Cassius, it is said of the _consilium_ ἄλλοι ἄλλοτε διαγινωσκέτωσαν (Dio
Cass. lii. 33).
[2063] Suet. _Aug._ 33.
[2064] Suet. _Nero_ 15.
[2065] _Vita Alex._ 16 “ut iretur per sententias singulorum ac
scriberetur quid quisque dixisset.”
[2066] p. 410.
[2067] p. 314.
[2068] Plin. _H.N._ iii. 46 “nunc ambitum ejus (Italiae) urbesque
enumerabimus, qua in re praefari necessarium est auctorem nos divum
Augustum secuturos, descriptionemque ab eo factam Italiae totius in
regiones XI.”
[2069] See the references in Marquardt _Staatsverw._ i. p. 220.
[2070] _Lex Malacitana_ c. lii. ff.
[2071] Kuhn _Verfassung des römischen Reiches_ i. pp. 236, 237. In an
inscription of Hadrian’s time we find in Ostia _II. vir ... in comitiis
factus_ (_C.I.L._ xiv. 375). For this and other instances see Liebenam
_Städteverwaltung_ p. 479.
[2072] p. 438.
[2073] _Vita Hadr._ 22 “quattuor consulares per omnem Italiam judices
constituit.” Of Antoninus Pius, who was one of these, it is said “cum
Italiam regeret” (_Vita Anton._ 3). Cf. App. _B.C._ i. 38.
[2074] _Vita M. Anton._ 11 “datis juridicis Italiae consuluit ad id
exemplum, quo Hadrianus consulares viros reddere jura praeceperat.”
[2075] Ulpian in _Fragmenta Vaticana_ 205, 232, 241.
[2076] Ulp. l.c.; _Dig._ 40, 5, 41, 5.
[2077] Fronto _ad Amicos_ ii. 7.
[2078] Marquardt (_Staatsverw._ i. p. 227) remarks that such a question
as the qualification of a decurion belongs under Caesar’s legislation
(_lex Ursonensis_ c. 105) to the municipal courts.
[2079] pp. 408, 410.
[2080] Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 1082, Liebenam _Städteverw._ p. 480, and
in _Philologus_ lvi. 290 ff. How far this curatorship became a standing
office is uncertain.
[2081] p. 428.
[2082] The first official _ad corrigendum statum Italiae_ belongs to the
year 214 A.D., while the provincial _corrector_ goes back to the time of
Trajan (Marquardt _Staatsverw._ i. pp. 228, 229).
[2083] See the inscription of Atina of the time of Augustus (Wilmanns
1120), “T. Helvio ... legato Caesaris Augusti, qui Atinatibus HS ...
legavit, ut liberis eorum ex reditu, dum in aetatem pervenirent,
frumentum et postea sestertia singula millia darentur.”
[2084] Victor _Epit._ 12; Dio Cass. lxviii. 5.
[2085] Marquardt _Staatsverw._ ii. pp. 143, 144. Pius, in honour of his
wife Faustina, created a fund for _puellae Faustinianae_ (_Vita_ 8);
Alexander, in honour of his mother, one for _pueri puellaeque Mammaeani_
(_Vita_ 57).
[2086] Our knowledge of this institution is derived chiefly from two
metal tables, the _Tabula Veleias_ (of Veleia in Cisalpine Gaul) and the
_Tabula Baebianorum_ (of the Ligures Baebiani near Beneventum). See E.
Desjardins _De tabulis alimentariis_, Mommsen in _I.R.N._ 1354, Wilmanns
2844, 2845. On the institution see Marquardt _Staatsverw._ ii. pp.
141-147, Liebenam _Städteverw._ pp. 105, 360.
[2087] p. 413.
[2088] e.g. _curator viae Appiae, praefectus alimentorum_: _curator
viarum et praefectus alimentorum Clodiae et coherentium_: _curator viae
Aemiliae et alimentorum_ (Wilmanns 1189, 1215, 1211). See Marquardt,
Liebenam ll.cc., and Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 1079. In districts not
pierced by the great roads, procurators (_alimentorum, ad alimenta_) were
employed.
[2089] Marquardt l.c. p. 147.
[2090] Tac. _Ann._ i. 2 “Neque provinciae ilium rerum statum abnuebant,
suspecto senatus populique imperio ob certamina potentium et avaritiam
magistratuum, invalido legum auxilio, quae vi, ambitu, postremo pecunia
turbabantur.”
[2091] δῆμος καὶ γερουσία (Dio Cass. liii. 12). These provinces are
“propriae populi Romani” as opposed to those “propriae Caesaris” (Gaius
ii. 21).
[2092] Tac. _Ann._ i. 76; Dio Cass. lx. 24; Suet. _Claud._ 25.
[2093] _Vita Marci_ 22 “Provincias ex proconsularibus consulares (i.e.
governed by consular _legati_) aut ex consularibus proconsulares aut
praetorias pro belli necessitate fecit.”
[2094] Asia, Africa, Baetica, Narbonensis, Sardinia and Corsica, Sicilia,
Macedonia, Achaea, Creta and Cyrene, Cyprus, Bithynia.
[2095] Tarraconensis, Germania superior, Germania inferior, Brittania,
Pannonia sup., Pannonia inf., Moesia sup., Moesia inf., Dacia, Dalmatia,
Cappadocia, Syria, Lusitania, Aquitania, Lugdunensis, Belgica, Galatia,
Pamphylia and Lycia, Cilicia, Arabia, Numidia. See Marquardt _Staatsv._
i. p. 494.
[2096] Alpes Maritimae, Alpes Cottiae, Alpes Poeninae, Raetia, Noricum,
Thracia, Epirus, Mauretania Tingitana, Mauretania Caesariensis. See
Marquardt l.c.
[2097] Suet. _Aug._ 47, _Claud._ 25, _Vesp._ 8.
[2098] Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 858; Marquardt _Staatsverw._ i. p.
358. The earliest known commissioner dates from the time of Trajan. He
was “missus in provinciam Achaiam ... ad ordinandum statum liberarum
civitatum” (Plin. _Ep._ viii. 24).
[2099] Tac. _Ann._ ii. 47.
[2100] Strabo xiii. p. 621; Cic. _pro Flacco_ 29, 71.
[2101] Tac. _Ann._ xii. 63.
[2102] Mommsen _Staatsr._ iii. p. 684.
[2103] Mommsen points out (ib. p. 685) that, if it did, Spain after the
time of Vespasian would have paid no taxes.
[2104] _C.I.L._ iii. n. 781.
[2105] _Dig._ 27, 1, 17; cf. Suet. _Claud._ 25.
[2106] _Dig._ 50, 15, 8, 5 “Divus Antoninus Antiochenses colonos fecit
salvis tributis.”
[2107] ib. 7 “Divus Vespasianus Caesarienses colonos fecit non adjecto
ut et juris Italici essent, sed tributum his remisit capitis; sed divus
Titus etiam solum immune factum interpretatus est.”
[2108] _Dig._ l.c.
[2109] “Rationes imperii” (Suet. _Cal._ 16), λογισμοὺς τῶν δημοσίων
χρημάτων (Dio Cass. lix. 9). Cf. Tac. _Ann._ i. 11.
[2110] Marquardt _Staatsverw._ ii. pp. 207-211.
[2111] Dio Cass. liii. 17.
[2112] Liv. _Ep._ 134; cf. Dio Cass, liii. 22.
[2113] Tac. _Ann._ i 31 and 33; ii. 6; xiv. 46.
[2114] Dio Cassius (liii. 22), after saying that Augustus made ἀπογραφαί
in the Gallic provinces, adds κᾀντεῦθεν ἔς τε τὴν Ἰβηρίαν ἀφίκετο, καὶ
κατεστήσατο καὶ ἐκείνην.
[2115] St. Luke ii. 2; Joseph. _Antiq._ xvii. 355.
[2116] See the inscriptions collected by Kubitschek in Pauly-Wissowa
_Real-Encyclopädie_, s.v. _census_.
[2117] The _tres Galliae_ honour a procurator as “primus umquam eq(ues)
R(omanus) a censibus accipiendis” (Wilmanns 1269). The inscription is
attributed to the joint rule of Severus and Caracalla.
[2118] Kubitschek l.c.
[2119] The chief evidence that there was comes from the province of
Dacia. In a document of sale from Alburnum Majus, dated May 6, 159 A.D.
the purchaser of a house binds himself “[uti] ... pro ea domo tributa
usque ad recensum dep[e]n[dat]” (Bruns _Fontes_).
[2120] _Dig._ 50, 15,3 “in Syriis a quattuordecim annis masculi, a
duodecim feminae usaue ad sexagensimum quintum annum tributo capitis
obligantur.”
[2121] Grenfell and Hunt _Oxyrhynchus Papyri_ ii. pp. 207 ff.
[2122] _Dig._ 50, 15, 4 “Forma censuali cavetur, ut agri sic in censum
referantur. Nomen fundi cujusque: et in qua civitate et in quo pago sit:
et quos duos vicinos proximos habeat. Et arvum ... vinea ... olivae ...
pratum ... pascua ... silvae caeduae.”
[2123] Plin. _H.N._ xix. 40; xxi. 77; Tac. _Ann._ iv. 72.
[2124] Josephus _Bell. Jud._ ii. 16, 4; cf. Grenfell and Hunt l.c.
[2125] Josephus _Bell. Jud._ vii. 6, 6. The Jews seem, however, to
have paid other personal taxes as well. See App. _Syr._ 50; Marquardt
_Staatsverw._ ii. p. 202.
[2126] Boadicea is made to say that, besides the land-tax, τῶν σωμάτων
αὐτῶν δασμὸν ἐτήσιον φέρομεν (Dio Cass. lxii. 3).
[2127] _C. I. Gr._ 2336.
[2128] p. 321.
[2129] Gaius ii. 21 “(_provincialia_ praedia) quorum alia stipendiaria,
alia tributaria vocamus. Stipendiaria sunt ea, quae in iis provinciis
sunt quae propriae populi Romani esse intelliguntur. Tributaria sunt ea,
quae in his provinciis sunt quae propriae _Caesaris esse_ creduntur.”
[2130] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 6 “frumento et pecuniae vectigales, cetera
publicorum fructuum, societatibus equitum Romanorum agitabantur.” Cf.
“societates vectigalium” (xiii. 50).
[2131] ib. xiii. 50, 51.
[2132] _Dig._ 39, 4.
[2133] Plin. _Paneg._ 37.
[2134] _Procuratores_ and _publicani_ are found concerned with the same
taxes in the same province, e.g. _procurator IIII. publicorum Africae_
(_C.I.L._ iii. 3925; Wilmanns 1242), _conductor IIII. p. Afr._ (_C.I.L._
vi. 8588).
[2135] p. 417.
[2136] _Tabularium censuale_ (_C.I.L._ ii. 4248). For the officials
connected with it, called _tabularii_, see Wilmanns _Index_ p. 572.
[2137] p. 323.
[2138] Dio Cass. xlii. 20.
[2139] ib. liii. 14.
[2140] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 32. In A.D. 22 it was determined afresh that
the Flamen Dialis might not leave Italy, “ita sors Asiae in eum qui
consularium ... proximus erat conlata” (ib. iii. 71).
[2141] Dio Cass. liii. 13.
[2142] ib.
[2143] “Salarium proconsulare” (Tac. _Agric._ 42).
[2144] Dio Cass. l.c.
[2145] Tac. _Hist._ iv. 48.
[2146] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 35 (on the outbreak of the war with Tacfarinas in
A.D. 21) “Tiberius ... M’. Lepidum et Junium Blaesum nominavit, ex quis
pro consule Africae legeretur.”
[2147] πάρεδροι (Dio Cass. liii. 14).
[2148] Wilmanns _Index_ p. 553.
[2149] Gaius i. 6. On the changed position of these assistants of the
proconsuls, see Bethmann-Hollweg _Civilprozess_ ii. p. 102; Greenidge in
_Class. Rev._ ix. p. 258.
[2150] pp. 417, 385.
[2151] Except when a colleague was occasionally appointed. See p. 360.
[2152] _Dig._ 1, 21, 5.
[2153] Dio Cassius (lii. 22) attributes this power ἐς μόνον τὸν
ὑπατευκότα ἄρχοντα, i.e. to a _legatus consularis_.
[2154] Dio Cass. liii. 13.
[2155] Wilmanns _Index_ p. 559.
[2156] Tac. _Ann._ i. 80; vi. 39; iv. 18.
[2157] Plut. _Galba_ 4.
[2158] Dio Cass. liii. 13; Tac. _Ann._ i. 80.
[2159] Dio Cass. liii. 23
[2160] Wilmanns 1267; _procurator vices agens legati_ (ib. 1622 _a_). The
title _procurator et praeses_ was also applied to them. The _procurator
vice praesidis_ was an ordinary procurator holding an _interim_ command
for the regular governor of a province (Wilmanns _Index_ p. 568).
[2161] See p. 428; and cf. Tac. _Hist._ i. 11.
[2162] Josephus _Antiq. Jud._ xviii. 4, 2.
[2163] _Leg. pro pr. exercitus Germanici superioris, legato pro pr.
Germaniae super(ioris) et exercitus in ea tendentis_ (Wilmanns 867,
1186). Cf. Tac. _Ann._ vi. 30 “Gaetulicus ea tempestate superioris
Germaniae legiones curabat.”
[2164] Tac. _Ann._ i. 31.
[2165] Tac. _Hist._ i. 11 “Aegyptum copiasque, quibus coerceretur,
jam inde a divo Augusto equites Romani obtinent loco regum: ita visum
expedire provinciam aditu difficilem, annonae fecundam ... domi retinere.”
[2166] Tac. _Ann._ ii. 59 “Augustus ... vetitis nisi permissu ingredi
senatoribus aut equitibus Romanis illustribus, seposuit Aegyptum, ne fame
urgueret Italiam, quisquis eam provinciam claustraque terrae ac maris ...
insedisset.”
[2167] Ulpian (in _Dig._ 1, 17, 1) speaks of his having an “imperium ...
ad similitudinem proconsulis.”
[2168] Tac. _Ann._ xii. 60 “divus Augustus apud equestres, qui Aegypto
praesiderent, lege agi decretaque eorum proinde haberi jusserat, ac si
magistratus Romani constituissent.”
[2169] Cic. _ad Att._ xiv. 12, 1; Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 32; Plin. _H.N._ iii.
30.
[2170] See Mitteis _Reichsrecht und Volksrecht_.
[2171] Cf. Plin. _Epp. ad Traj._ 17 (28), 37 (46), 39 (48), 47 (56), 54
(62), 111 (112).
[2172] The _lex Malacitana_ (the charter of a Latin colony in Spain
founded between 81 and 84 A.D.) contains (c. li.) elaborate provisions
for forcing candidates to come forward for office (Bruns _Fontes_).
Trajan in a letter to Pliny speaks of those “qui inviti fiunt decuriones”
(Plin. _Ep. ad Traj._ 113 [114]).
[2173] See Marquardt _Staatsverw._ i. p. 190; Kuhn _Verfassung des
römischen Reichs_ i. p. 238. Cf. Plin. _ad Traj._ 112 (113) “ii quos
indulgentia tua quibusdam civitatibus super legitimum numerum adicere
permisit.” Contrast with this the principle of admission to local senates
recognised by the _lex Julia Munic._ l. 85 “nei quis eorum quem ...
legito neve sublegito ... nisi in demortuei damnateive locum.”
[2174] _Lex Julia Munic._ l. 135 “II vir(atum) IIII vir(atum) aliamve
quam potestatem, ex quo honore in eum ordinem perveniat.”
[2175] Paulus in _Dig._ 50, 2, 7, 2 “Is, qui non sit decurio, duumviratu
vel aliis honoribus fungi non potest, quia decurionum honoribus plebeii
fungi prohibentur.”
[2176] _Dig._ 50, 2, 1.
[2177] ib. 50, 4, 1, 3 “Illud tenendum est generaliter personale quidem
munus esse, quod corporibus labore cum sollicitudine animi ac vigilantia
sollemniter extitit, patrimonii vero, in quo sumptus maxime postulatur.”
But the two ideas were often inseparable. Hence the recognition of _mixta
munera_ by Arcadius (50, 4, 18). For a complete enumeration of _munera_
see Kuhn _Verfassung_ i. pp. 35 ff.
[2178] _Dig._ 50, 4, 1, 2; 50, 4, 18, 8, 16 and 26.
[2179] ib. 50, 4, 1, 1.
[2180] That coercion was sometimes employed is shown by Tacitus _Ann._
iv. 36 “objecta publice Cyzicenis incuria caerimoniarum divi Augusti,
additis violentiae criminibus adversum cives Romanos. Et amisere
libertatem.”
[2181] Cf. Plin. _Paneg._ 80 “velocissimi sideris more omnia invisere,
omnia audire, et undecumque invocatum statim, velut numen, adesse et
adsistere. Talia esse crediderim quae ipse mundi parens temperat nutu ...
tantum caelo vacat, postquam te dedit, qui erga omne hominum genus vice
sua fungereris.” Boissier (_La Religion Romaine_ i. pp. 206, 207) quotes
a very similar passage from Bossuet, which concludes “qu’il faut obéir
aux princes comme à la justice même; ils sont des dieux et participent en
quelque façon à l’indépendance divine.”
[2182] Dio Cass. li. 22.
[2183] ib. liv. 25.
[2184] Joseph. _Antiq._ xv. 10, 3.
[2185] Suet. _Aug._ 52 “templa, quamvis sciret etiam proconsulibus
decerni solere, in nulla tamen provincia nisi communi suo Romaeque nomine
recepit.”
[2186] Eckhel _Doctrina Numorum_ ii. 466.
[2187] Dio Cass. liv. 32; Rhys _Hibbert Lectures_ pp. 409, 421, 424.
[2188] Tac. _Ann._ i. 57.
[2189] Egger _Examen critique des historiens du règne d’Auguste_ App. ii.
pp. 360-375.
[2190] Mourlot _Histoire de l’Augustalité dans l’Empire Romain_ pp. 29-33.
[2191] Tac. _Ann._ i. 73.
[2192] Thus in 15 A.D. a temple was erected at Tarraco (Tac. _Ann._ i.
78).
[2193] p. 363.
[2194] Suet. _Vesp._ 23 “Prima quoque morbi accessione, ‘Vae,’ inquit,
‘puto, Deus fio.’”
[2195] _Vita Marci_ 18.
[2196] Tac. _Ann._ i. 54.
[2197] See the inscription of Narbonne in Rushforth _Latin Historical
Inscriptions_ n. 35. In this case the _Flaminica_ was the wife of the
_Flamen_, as at Rome; but this was usually not the case in the municipal
towns. See Marquardt _Staatsverw._ i. p. 174.
[2198] Mommsen _Staatsr._ iii p. 455.
[2199] This was the usual type, but there were local variations, and the
relation of _sevir_ to _Augustalis_ was not always the same. In Cisalpine
Gaul we have _seviri et Augustales_, where the ex-sevir retains his
title. In southern Italy _Augustalis_ is used for _sevir_. See Mourlot
_op. cit._ pp. 69-72; Rushforth _op. cit._ p. 64.
[2200] For a “templum et monumentum” in honour of the governor see Cic.
_ad Q. fr._ 1, 1, 9, 26. A temple to Roma was erected by Smyrna as early
as 195 B.C. (Tac. _Ann._ iv. 56).
[2201] Tac. _Ann._ xiv. 31 “templum divo Claudio constitutum quasi arx
aeternae dominationis aspiciebatur.”
[2202] Imperial rescripts to _concilia_ or κοινά are frequent See _Dig._
47, 14, 1; 49, 1, 1; 48, 6, 5, 1. Cf. 1, 16, 4, 5.
[2203] Plin. _Ep._ iii. 4, 2. Where, as in this passage, the _legati_
of a province are represented as making a complaint, they doubtless
represent the _concilium_. In A.D. 62 a _senatus consultum_ was passed
“ne quis ad concilium sociorum referret agendas apud senatum pro
praetoribus prove consulibus grates” (Tac. _Ann._ xv. 22).
[2204] _Cod._ 5, 27, 1 (A.D. 336).
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
(_The references are to the pages_)
References to subjects will also be found in the Index of Latin words.
Administrative functions, of people, 243;
of magistrates, 153;
of Senate and Princeps, 393;
rescripts of Princeps, 379, 380
Adoption, 17, 32
Aediles, 208-212, 246, 365, 368;
curule, 121, 153, 160, 246, 365;
plebeian, 98
Allies of Rome, origin, 299;
status, 305 foll.;
federated, 311
Amalgamation of races, 3
Amnesty, a prerogative of the Senate, 249
Anti-senatorial party, 331 foll.
Appeal, 106, 109, 410;
from the king, 64;
from the consul, 79, 167;
from the dictator, 194;
against fines, 170;
not applicable to tribunician coercion, 168;
nor after decretum ultimum, 279 foll.;
courts of appeal under Principate, 382, 390, 412
Army, 41, 68 foll., 154;
auxiliaries, 307;
controls appointment of Princeps, 359
Augurs, 37, 123
Augury, _see_ Auspices
Auspices, 36-40, 162-167, 172, 196, 257
Autonomy of Roman subject states, 325;
inconsistent with imperium, 329;
its dangers, 324
Ballot, 258
Banausia, 185, 400
Caesar, 141, 142, 198, 201, 235, 248, 249, 314, 315;
nature of his dictatorships, 336 foll.;
his other powers, 337;
a title of the Princeps, 353, 354
Caesar-worship, 440
Capital punishment within the walls, _see_ Appeal;
without the walls, _see_ Jurisdiction, military;
Sempronian law, 281
Caput, 31, 33; _see_ Rights
Censorship, 114-116, 122, 153, 198, 216-233, 347, 374, 430
Census, 347, 430
Centuriate organisation, 70-78
Character, a qualification for public rights, 116, 183
Citizenship, 34, 35, 132-140, 184, 240, 310 foll.;
how conferred, 133, 134, 240, 300, 303, 304;
complete or partial, 300 foll.;
exclusiveness of Roman, 301
City, growth of, 2, 3
Clan, 1, 9-17
Claudian gens, 1, 5, 14, 16
Clientship, 5, 7, 8, 45
Codification, 102
Coercion, a magisterial prerogative, 167-171;
of tribunes, 95, 98;
relation to jurisdiction, 167;
how affected by the ultimum decretum, 279
Colleagueship, 47, 79, 114, 150, 194, 197, 218, 351
Colonisation of Latin league, 297, 300;
a prerogative of Princeps, 345
Comitia, in monarchy, 43;
in early Republic, 88;
in later Republic, 238-260;
in Principate, 371 foll.;
municipal, 423
Commerce, its influence on Roman law, 293
Concilium of the Plebs, 96;
to meet tributim, 101;
its jurisdiction, 100, 107, 254;
its continuity, 149
Conflict of powers, 172-181
Constitution, the Roman, 146, 147, 261, 262;
effect of foreign wars on, 83, 92, 117, 141, 151, 182
Consuls, 78, 112, 153, 196-202;
plebeian, 121;
functions limited by quaestorship, 80;
censorship, 114;
praetorship, 121;
appeal from, 79;
under the Principate, 367
Cooptation of gentes, 13;
in priestly colleges, 124;
in Senate, 373
Corn-supply, 210, 411
Curators, 413 foll.
Curies, 40, 41, 42, 250
Custom, 22, 58, 269
Debt, 90-92, 106, 117, 127
Decemvirate, 30, 104-108
Declaration of war, 56, 290, 344, 372, 376
Delegation, 61, 80, 98, 323, 324, 327, 358, 377, 382, 384, 389,
406
Dictator, 84, 85, 91-195, 336 foll.
Dispensation from laws, 276
Divine right, 45, 77
Domitian law, 255
Economic condition of Italy, 90 foll., 332, 425;
measures of relief under the Principate, 425
Edict, 153, 177, 178, 205;
provincial, 326;
Emperor’s, 342
Egypt, 435
Election, not primitive, 46;
method of appointing Republican magistrates, 78;
of appointing Princeps, 358, 376;
a prerogative of the people, 245, 372;
procedure, 186, 187, 349;
control of Princeps over, 349
Empire, 316, 427;
effect on Roman constitution, 147
Equites, 41, 73, 224, 402;
revision of, 224, 402;
formation of an equestrian order, 225, 404, 415;
their policy, 334, 402;
influence on the Revolution, 333
Exile, 139, 140
Family, 18-23, 140, 226;
the imperial, 356
Federal Government, traces of, 295, 311, 336
Fetiales, 56, 60, 290
Finance, 213, 286;
public finance, 229, 394 foll.;
the Budget, 231, 287, 429;
finance in allied cities, 307, 424;
in provinces, 417, 429;
the fiscus, 395, 416
Fines, 169, 246, 371
Flamens, 52, 53, 189
Fleet, 236
Foreign elements in early Rome, 3, 293;
foreign influences, 4, 209
Foreign policy, controlled by the Senate, 60, 282, 376;
by the Princeps, 372, 376
Forms of law, 56, 87, 128, 205
Franchise, 241;
a gift of the Princeps, 345
Freedmen, 144-146;
freedmen’s vote, 145;
freedmen under the Principate, 414
Germany, administration of, 435
Gracchus, Gaius, 142, 184, 201, 254;
Tiberius, 176, 248
Hereditary succession, 45, 362
Imprisonment, 168
Inauguration, 50
Infamia, 185;
grounds of, 226-228;
effects of, 229
Intercession, 176, 181, 217;
not applicable to censors, 217;
nor to judices, 177
International law, 56, 60, 139, 141, 244, 283, 289 foll.
Interregnum, 47, 48, 83, 147
Italy, organisation of, 285, 422 foll.;
races of, 289
Jurisdiction, civil, 242;
distinction of jus and judicium, 64, 204, 382;
exercised by king and judex, 62;
magistrate and judex, 121, 204, 205, 382;
curule aediles and judex, 210, 211, 369;
by personal cognisance of praetor, 382;
and of Princeps, 382, 419;
by procurators, 416;
by consuls and Senate, 385;
tribune’s intercession, 178, 371, 383, 384, and Appendix
Jurisdiction, criminal, 62, 167;
exercised by king, 62;
by duumviri, 63, 161;
consuls, 86, 199;
aediles, 211, 369;
people, 86, 88, 372;
quaestors, 63, 80, 211 foll.;
praetors, 207;
Senate and consuls, 386, 387;
Princeps, 388;
praefectus urbi, 408, 424;
pr. annonae, 412;
pr. vigilum, 413;
pr. praetorio, 410, 424;
in standing courts, 177, 183, 207, 213, 236, 372, 386, 390;
by special commissions, 239, 278;
tribune’s intercession, 178, 371
⸺ administrative, of consuls, 198;
censors, 232
⸺ capital, 79, 107, 109, 161;
of the people, 245;
on appeal from consuls, praetors, quaestors, curule aediles,
and tribunes, 246;
of Plebs on appeal from tribunes, 100, 107, 161, 168, 246;
and plebeian aediles, 246;
procedure in judicia populi, 246
⸺ domestic, 2
⸺ international, 294 foll.
⸺ military, 63, 76, 79, 84, 85, 108, 151, 155, 279, 328, 389
⸺ municipal, 302, 304, 423
⸺ political, 182, 211
⸺ provincial, 155, 325, 435
Land, public, 89, 90, 117, 229, 286, 413;
tenure, 8, 15, 65-69, 75, 310;
connexion with Servian tribes, 67, 223;
in Italy, 307;
in provinces, 320, 430
Latin league, 295 foll.;
status of Latins, 308
Law, religious, 23, 51-57;
judge-made, 206;
form of a, 242;
influence of Roman law on the Empire, 437
Legates, 434 foll.
Legislation, procedure in, 256 foll.
Legislative powers, of Populus, 5, 42, 239, 377;
limited by magisterial initiative, 43, 88;
by veto, 86, 179;
by encroachments of Princeps and Senate, 372, 377 foll.
⸺ of Plebs, 96-97, 109, 124, 126
Licinio-Sextian laws, 120, 130, 216
Lot, 47, 124, 148, 191, 198, 200, 204, 213, 285, 433
Magistracy, 84, 150, 152-191, 363 foll.;
qualifications, 183;
candidature, 187 foll.;
minor magistracies, 234 foll., 364
Manumission, 133, 134
Marius, 134, 240, 249
Marriage, 17, 39, 111, 136;
intermarriage with foreigners, 295
Martial law, 279
Master of the Horse, 196
Military service, 41, 68-74, 137, 138;
conscription, 154;
cavalry, 41, 73, 225;
pensions, 396
Monarchy, 44, 45-65, 337
Municipal administration of Italy, 304, 305, 313 foll.;
in the provinces, 437
Nobility, in later Republic, 129, 265;
in Principate, 398 foll.
Nomination to office, 47, 78, 98, 191, 245, 360
Pardon, 391
Patria potestas, 18-23
Patricians, origin of, 5;
possess caput, 31;
predominance in early Republic, 86, 87;
alliance with plebeian aristocracy, 129 foll.;
created by Princeps, 347, 399;
special powers of patrician senators, 265, 273, 275
Plebeians, origin of, 5, 6;
generally excluded from clans, 10, 11;
members of Populus, 66;
gradual rise to power, 92 foll., 111, 120, 126, 127;
plebeian law, 17, 28, 29, 104
Political misdemeanours, 181, 182, 227
Pomerium, extension of, 342, 345
Pontifex Maximus, in monarchy, 50, 51;
conducts an election of tribunes, 108;
in Principate, 350, 351, 397
Pontifical college, in monarchy, 50 foll.;
exponents of fas, 54;
of jus, 86;
admission of Plebeians, 123;
election to, 124, 254
Praefects, 394, 396, 401, 406
Praetors, 120, 153, 157, 202-208;
under Principate, 364, 368; _see_ Edict
Priestly orders, 442
Primogeniture, 22, 130
Prisoners of war, 141
Procurators, 414
Prohibition, magisterial right of, 119, 173-176
Property, tenure of, 5, 8, 35;
Servian classification, 69 foll.;
registration by censor, 221-223;
tenure by foreigners, 295
Provinces, 317 foll., 426 foll.;
jurisdiction, 155, 325;
revenues, 231, 286, 417, 429 foll.;
formation, 284, 285;
arrangements of Sulla, 201, 251, 322;
of Gracchus, 180, 201, 322;
of Pompeius, 323;
of the Principate, 345, 401, 428
Public works, 209, 232, 413
Publilian law, 124, 125, 126, 216
Quaestors, delegates of king, 63;
of consul for jurisdiction, 80, 161, 246;
for finance, 81, 155, 178, 394, 432;
in the field, 117, 141;
functions, 212, 216;
no vocatio or prensio, 181;
appointment, 81, 102;
qualifications, 184, 364, 373;
under Principate, 369
Ramnes, 3, 40, 67, 73
Religious ideas, 36, 46, 51, 162, 440;
their connexion with the clans, 16;
international influence of, 56, 289, 291
Religious sanctions, 54, 99, 109
Representation, 312, 443
Rescission of sentences, 248
Responsibility of magistrates, 181, 217
Revenues, 229
Revolution, 332
Rights, 31, 33, 136, 138 foll., 240, 241; _see_ Caput and
Citizenship
Romanisation of provinces, 436
Rotation in tenure of power, 198, 199
Scourging, 168
Senate, 147, 151, 261, 262;
relation to king, 58 foll.;
to consuls and other magistrates, 81 foll., 264, 267;
to Princeps, 348, 359, 362, 376;
powers, 59 foll., 83, 273, 276, 282 foll., 395, 397;
control of legislation and elections, 125, 254, 273 foll., 377;
procedure, 268 foll., 348;
insignia, 265;
revision, 219, 263, 347, 374;
reform attempted by Sulla, 266, 335, 373;
under the Principate, 373;
conscripti, 82;
senatorial order at Rome, 399, 411;
in municipalities, 438.
Servian organisation, 65 foll., 138, 145
Servius Tullius, 58, 62, 138
Slavery, 24 foll., 105, 141 foll.; _see_ Manumission
Solon, 69, 127
Sulla, 146, 180, 183, 189, 197, 202, 204, 207, 213, 221, 234,
253, 254, 266
Taxation, Roman theory of, 319;
direct, 320, 431;
tithes, 321, 431; _see_ Tribute
Testaments, 26 foll., 106, 135, 136, 144, 251, 295
Tities, 3, 40, 67 (priores, posteriores, 73)
Treaties, 56, 60, 139, 244, 283, 291, 345, 372, 376;
commercial, 293
Tribes, original, 3, 40, 41, 66, 67;
Servian, 66 foll.;
Republican, 101, 223, 252
Tribunate, consular, 112-114;
military, 364, 373;
of the Plebs, 93 foll., 108, 365;
inviolability, 99, 345;
power of prohibition, 119, 176;
intercession, 178 foll., 346, 370;
jurisdiction, 168, 169, 371;
relation to the Senate, 161, 179, 371, 375;
to the Plebs, 96, 124, 126, 346
Tribunician power possessed by Princeps, 338, 370
Tribute, from citizens, 41, 75, 137, 138, 222, 303;
from subject states, 319 foll., 430
Triumph, 156-158
Triumvirate (43 B.C.), 338
Twelve Tables, 7, 16, 19, 26, 29, 87, 91, 92, 102, 104 foll.,
111, 126, 161, 205, 241, 281
Valerio-Horatian laws, 108 foll., 124, 126, 236
Varian commission, 175, 248
Vestals, 52, 53
Voting: procedure, 258, 259;
basis of division, 253;
deprivation of right of, 241;
freedmen’s vote, 146;
rights of new citizens, 312
INDEX OF LATIN WORDS
(_The references are to the pages_)
Abductio in carcerem, 168;
in vincula, 168
Abolitio, 392
Abolitiones publicae, 391
Absolve, 205
Accensi, 72, 73, 190, 253
Accusationes, 247
Acta, 363, 366, 374, 379, 381
Actio, de in rem verso, 143;
de peculio, 143;
quod jussu, 143;
tributoria, 143
Actionem dare, 206
Actor publicus, 144
Addictio, 128
Addictus, 91
Adlectio, 365, 373, 374, 399, 438
Adlectus, 82, 365
Adoptio, 17
Adrogatio, 17
Adrogatus, 32
Adscripticii, 72
Adsertor in libertatem, 134
Aedi dedicandae, 237
Aediles, 98;
cereales, 411;
curules, 122
Aedilicii, 265
Aedium sacrarum procuratio, 209
Aerarii, 73, 224, 228
Aerarium, 81, 155, 173, 194, 209, 213, 214, 231, 256, 259, 368,
369, 394, 395, 398, 413;
militare, 396
Aes, 73;
equestre, hordearium, 74, 137;
aes et libram (per), 28, 90, 106
Ager, assignatus, 89;
Campanus, 229;
occupatorius, 230;
privatus, 15;
publicus, 15, 67, 69, 90, 304, 320;
quaestorius, 89, 214;
Romanus, 68, 101, 192
Agere cum patribus, 161;
cum plebe, 96, 161;
cum populo, 158, 160, 161, 246
Agnati, 10, 106
Agris dandis assignandis, 234, 237
Album senatorium, 374
Alieni juris, 33
Alimentarium, 425
Alter ego, 61, 409
Ambitio, 187
Ambitus, 118, 181
Amici, 292, 357
Amicitia, 292
Anquisitio, 246, 248
Antiquo, 258
Appellatio, 177, 346, 382, 384
Applicatio, 9
Aquarii, 209
Arator, 320
Arbiter, 2, 64
Arbor infelix, 63
Area Capitolii, 256
Arquites, 41
Artifices, 282
Arx, 1
As, 69, 137;
libralis, 72;
sextantarius, 69
Assidui, 73
Asylum, 53
Atrium, 129
Auctoritas, 46, 48, 125, 180, 272
Augures, 163
Augustales, 443
Auspex, 39
Auspicatio, 136, 257
Auspicato, 113
Auspicia, 36, 37, 38, 39, 50, 99, 136, 147, 148, 157, 162, 163,
217, 233;
caduca, 163;
coelestia, 164;
ex tripudiis, 164;
majora, minora, 147, 165;
maxima, 165;
privata, 39;
publica, 39, 166
Auxilium, 92, 94, 96, 178, 194, 346, 370, 383
Aves internuntii Jovis, 164
Avocare contionem, 172
Beneficia, 380
Bona caduca, 417;
damnatorum, 395, 417;
fides, 227;
vacantia, 395
Boni, 333
Caduca, 163, 417
Caesar dixit, 379
Calceus mulleus, 265
Calles, 215
Calumnia, 228
Candidatus, 187;
Caesaris, 349
Capite censi, 73, 184, 221
Capitis deminutio, 32, 33, 138, 139, 140
Captus, 53
Caput, 31, 32, 33, 73, 86, 138, 139, 281
Carmen, 57
Castellum, 1
Casus belli, 306
Celeres, 41, 42
Censibus equitum Romanorum (a), 403
Censitor, 430
Censor, 115, 355, 430;
perpetuus, 347
Censoria potestas, 217
Census, 4, 75, 135, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 223, 229, 263, 374
Census accipiendos (ad), 430
Centenarius, 418
Centesima rerum venalium, 396, 417
Centumviri, 13, 392
Centuriae, 41, 69, 70, 97;
equitum, 74, 224;
praerogativa, 253
Centuriatim, 89
Cerealia, 211
Certae precationes, 87
Certus ordo magistratuum, 186, 364
Cessio in jure, 135
Cista, 259
Civis, 34, 85, 133, 207, 281, 295, 299, 300, 301, 303;
optimo, non optimo jure, 132, 133;
sine suffragio, 300, 301, 302
Civitas, 6, 14, 133, 134, 139, 140, 273, 277, 300, 301, 309, 310,
311, 312, 313, 317, 428, 436, 437;
foederata, 245, 299, 306, 317, 428;
libera, 245, 306, 317, 428;
libera et foederata, 306, 317;
peregrina, 345;
sine suffragio, 304
Civium capita, 133
Clarissimus, 400, 411
Classici, 73
Classis, 69, 70, 72, 74, 75, 137
Clavi fingendi causa, 193
Clavus annalis, 193
Clientela, 5, 45
Clientes, 9
Coemptio, 17
Coercitio, 95, 98, 154, 167, 170, 171, 173, 178, 181, 190, 191,
199, 210, 211, 246
Coetus nocturni, 107
Cogere, 206
Cognitio, 382, 388
Cognitionem suscipere, 388;
a cognitionibus, 419
Cognomen, 353, 354
Cohortes urbanae, 408
Collega, 360;
major, 193
Collegia, 4, 71, 107, 114, 178, 235, 255, 282
Colonia, 315, 429;
civium Romanorum, 300;
Latina, 296;
maritima, 301
Coloniae deducendae causa, 237
Comites, 324, 357
Comitia, 43, 75, 76, 84, 87, 107, 108, 125, 127, 130, 149, 160,
164, 165, 172, 174, 182, 191, 198, 199, 240, 241, 245, 247,
248, 250, 254, 255, 257, 261, 273, 288, 315, 335, 338, 347,
366, 369, 371, 372, 373, 377, 381, 423;
calata, 26, 27, 251;
centuriata, 27, 88, 89, 97, 102, 103, 112, 115, 125, 145, 172,
195, 196, 216, 224, 244, 246, 248, 252, 259;
curiata, 9, 12, 14, 26, 42, 46, 47, 48, 49, 60, 76, 88, 89,
250, 251, 423;
tributa, 102, 115, 125, 145, 155, 161, 170, 208, 210, 224, 235,
236, 237, 238, 246, 249, 253, 304
Comitiales dies, 255
Comitiatus maximus, 107, 252
Commendatio, 348, 349, 350, 373
Commercium, 22, 33, 35, 295, 296, 304, 308, 310
Communia, 443
Commutatio, 32
Comparatio, 191, 198
Conceptivae, 255
Concilia, 93, 299, 315, 443, 444
Concilium plebis, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 100, 102, 103, 107, 109,
110, 115, 126, 127, 145, 149, 161, 170, 172, 210, 221, 224,
237, 246, 250, 253, 255
Concordia ordinum, 333
Condemna, 205
Conductor, 229
Confarreatio, 17, 39
Congruentia, 439
Conjurationes, 279
Consaepta, 258
Conscripti, 82, 83, 315
Consecratio bonorum, 170;
capitis, 55
Consensus, 17, 226
Consiliarii, 410;
Augusti, 420
Consilium, 48, 61, 85, 219, 285, 328, 357, 386, 388, 410, 419,
420, 421;
domesticum, 22;
publicum, 58, 61
Consors imperii, 353, 360
Consortes, 26
Constitutiones principum, 380, 421
Consul, 79, 355;
major, 198
Consulare imperium, 94, 152
Consulares, 265, 269, 271, 365, 384, 423, 433, 435
Consularis potestas, 152
Consultatio, 380, 419
Consultum, 272
Contio, 158, 159, 191, 218, 246, 247, 255, 256, 257, 361;
contionem dare, 160
Contra rem publicam, 277
Conubium, 33, 35, 39, 133, 295, 296, 304, 308
Conventio in manum, 32
Conventus, 327, 328
Cornicines, 71, 253
Corpus Romani juris, 105
Correctores, 424, 425, 428
Creatio, 78, 148
Cultus, 51, 53, 54, 209
Cura, 412, 413;
alvei et riparum Tiberis, 413;
annonae, 210, 368, 411;
aquarum, 413;
legum et morum, 347;
morum, 219, 347;
operum publicorum, 413;
viarum, 413
Curatio, 401
Curatores, 411, 413, 428;
alimentorum, 426;
alvei et riparum Tiberis, 401;
annonae, 237;
aquarum, 401, 413;
operum publicorum, 401, 413;
rei publicae, 424;
tribuum, 221;
viarum, 237, 401, 413
Curia, 6, 15, 40, 41, 42, 43, 49, 59, 76, 88, 93, 97, 101, 102,
196, 222, 251, 255, 259, 315, 399, 438, 441
Curiales, 41, 42, 88, 438, 439
Curiatim, 89, 93
Curio, 42
Cursus honorum, 213, 364, 371
Curules, 270
Custodes, 259
Custos urbis, 407
Damnatio memoriae, 363
Damno, 258
Datio in mancipium, 32
Decemviri, 100, 108, 288;
sacris faciundis, 119, 123;
stlitibus judicandis, 236
Decretum, 379
Decuma, 231, 320, 321, 431
Decumani, 431, 432
Decuriae, 47
Decuriati, 282
Decurio, 315, 438
Dediticia civitas, 306
Deditio, 306
Deditus, 139
Deminutio capitis, 32, 33, 138
Designatus, 189
Detestatio sacrorum, 251
Devotio, 57
Dicere dictatorem, 191
Dico, 258
Dictator, 2, 44, 78, 84, 157, 191
Diem a praetore petere, 161;
dixit, 161
Dies civilis, 165;
fasti, 128, 176, 255;
imperii, 359;
legitimi, 187;
nefasti, 255
Dilectus, 154, 300
Dirae, 163, 172
Diribitio, 259
Diribitores, 259
Discessio, 271
Disciplina, 38
Dispensator summarum, 416
Ditio, 306
Divisores, 188, 282
Divus, 441, 442
Domi, 79, 153, 166, 197
Dominica potestas, 18, 25
Dominium, 24, 26, 144, 352
Dominus, 25, 26, 142, 143, 144, 352, 414
Domus Caesaris, 356
Ducenarius, 418
Duci jubere, 314
Duo Augusti, 353
Duumviri juri dicundo, 313;
navales, 236;
perduellionis, 63, 80, 161, 246, 247;
sacris faciundis, 119;
viis purgandis, 235
Edictum, 177, 378;
provinciale, 207;
perpetuum, 326
Egregii, 405
Elogium, 129
Eminentissimus, 405
Empti, 29
Epistola, 379;
ab epistulis, 414, 418, 419
Epulum Jovis, 124
Equestris militia, 405;
nobilitas, 415
Equites, 73, 138, 196, 224, 253, 265, 333, 334, 335, 347, 356,
402;
Romani equo publico, 74, 184, 402, 404
Equitum census, 225
Evocatio, 57
Execratio, 189, 243
Exercitus, 27, 68, 217
Exheredatio, 30
Exilium, 309
Extra ordinem, 204, 382;
propiusve urbem, 235;
sortem, 200
Fabri, 71, 253
Facio, 71, 253
Facultas agendi, 62
Familia, 10, 12, 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 29, 32, 88, 91, 140, 143, 145
Fas, 23, 51, 52, 54, 56, 87, 239
Fasces, 44, 48, 80, 355, 443
Feriae, 87, 255, 288
Feriarum constituendarum causa, 193
Fetiales, 56, 245, 290
Fides, 45, 227, 306;
publica, 56;
Romana, 127;
fidei commissa, 367, 382, 385;
fidei commissarii, 368
Filia familias, 32
Filius familias, 30, 31
Fiscalis, 368
Fiscus, 368, 370, 395, 413, 417;
castrensis, 417
Flamen Augustalis, 442;
curialis, 42;
Dialis, 189
Flamines, 51, 52, 131, 251, 443
Flaminica Augustalis, 442;
Dialis, 442
Floralia, 211
Foedera, 60, 283, 299, 306, 317;
aequum, iniquum foedus, 307
Forensis factio, 223
Forma censualis, 430
Formula, 56, 62, 205, 210, 211, 238, 242, 293, 294, 307, 382
Forum agere, 327
Frumentum aestimatum, 321;
emptum, 321;
in cellam, 321
Furiosus, 22
Furtum, 181
Genius, 355, 440, 441
Gens, 1, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 40, 41, 67, 101, 130,
222, 251, 294, 295;
gentes majores, minores, 12, 41
Gentilis, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 41, 106
Gentilitas, 10, 17, 88
Gradus honorum, 186
Habere auspicia, 38
Haruspex, 196, 397
Heredium, 15, 30
Heres, 8, 15, 27, 29, 30
Honor, 138, 183, 305
Hordearium, 74, 137
Hostis, 6, 249, 279, 281, 290, 292
Ignobilis, 130
Illustris, 405
Imagines, 129
Imminuto jure, 193
Immunitas, 429
Imperator, 60, 154, 156, 283, 292, 331, 337, 344, 352, 353, 355,
359, 361
Imperium, 2, 44, 47, 49, 57, 76, 78, 79, 84, 99, 113, 120, 121,
122, 127, 136, 147, 152, 153, 156, 157, 158, 160, 162, 165,
167, 171, 189, 190, 192, 195, 196, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203,
204, 211, 213, 215, 217, 239, 251, 252, 267, 278, 279, 301,
302, 316, 322, 327, 329, 337, 338, 339, 341, 342, 343, 344,
345, 347, 350, 353, 359, 360, 361, 366, 378, 383, 407, 433, 436
Impetrativa, 36, 162, 163, 233
Impolitia, 225
Improbe factum, 168
Improbi, 333
Incensi, 138, 139
Incivilis potestas, 407
Incola, 309, 311, 315
Infames, 185
Infamia, 221
Infra classem, 70
Ingenui, 5, 135, 136
Ingenuitas, 135, 136, 140, 345, 374, 402
In judicio, 204
In jure, 178, 204, 383
Injuria, 181
Insignia, 4, 43, 44, 45, 99, 113, 233, 265, 342, 355, 366, 402,
443
Intercessio, 156, 173, 176, 178, 274, 346, 370
Intercessionem remittere, 180
Interdictio (aquae et ignis), 55, 140, 249, 254
Interregnum, 47, 48, 59, 82, 83, 131, 147, 148, 149, 166, 187,
188, 275, 358
Interrex, 46, 47, 48, 108, 265, 273
Italici, 305, 308
Judex, 44, 65, 78, 106, 167, 177, 205, 210, 211, 212, 214, 227,
233, 236, 248, 325, 381, 382, 383, 386, 392, 404;
extra ordinem datus, 382, 385;
ordinarius, 382;
peregrinus, 326;
privatus, 64
Judicium, 64, 281, 382;
dare, 206;
legitimum, 302;
ordinarium, 382, 383;
populi, 181, 214, 245, 246, 247;
publicum, 207
Juniores, 70, 154, 252, 253
Jupiter lapis, 291
Jurare, 206
Juridici, 423, 424
Jurisdictio, 302
Jurisperiti, 420, 421
Juris statio, 175
Juris sui, 137, 138, 140
Jus, 52, 56, 62, 64, 65, 86, 113, 136, 138, 239, 378, 382, 383,
386;
agendi cum patribus, 161;
agendi cum plebe, 96, 161;
agendi cum populo, 160, 161, 246;
auspiciorum, 36, 172;
auxilii, 95;
civile, 35, 139, 206, 242, 294, 295, 378, 380;
commercii, 6, 298;
consulendi senatus, 161;
conubii, 7, 298;
divinum, 350;
edicendi, 153;
exulandi, 6;
gentium, 139, 141, 207, 294;
gladii, 389;
honorarium, 206;
honorum petendorum, 183;
imaginum, 129;
Italicum, 307, 429;
liberorum, 433;
multae dictionis, 169;
ordinarium, 424;
poenae, 95;
postliminii, 140;
primae relationis, 342, 348;
privatum, 64;
publicum, 23, 62;
referendi ad senatum, 161;
rogandi, 58;
vitae necisque, 20
Jusjurandum in leges, 366
Jussio principis, 351