CONCLUSION
In the autumn of the year 1635, Champlain suffered from a stroke of
paralysis, which was considered very severe from the commencement.
However, hopes were entertained for his recovery. The months of October
and November passed away, and still no sign of improvement appeared.
Champlain, therefore, made his will, which he was able to sign plainly,
in the presence of some witnesses. Father Charles Lalemant, the friend
and confessor of Champlain, administered to him the last rites of the
church, and on the night of December 25th, 1635, he passed away at Fort
St. Louis.
All the inhabitants, without exception, were deeply affected on hearing
the news of his demise, and a great number attended his funeral. The
funeral sermon was preached by Father Le Jeune. Champlain was buried in
a grave which had been specially prepared, and later on, a small chapel
was erected to protect his precious remains.[28] This chapel was
unfortunately burnt, as we have already mentioned, during the
conflagration of June 14th, 1640.
The Jesuits' Relations of 1636 give a full account of the last days of
Champlain, which we here quote: "On December 25th, the day of the birth
of our Saviour upon earth, Monsieur de Champlain, our governor, was
reborn in Heaven; at least we can say that his death was full of
blessings. I am sure that God has shown him this favour in consideration
of the benefits he has procured for New France, where we hope some day
God will be loved and served by our French, and known and adored by our
savages. Truly he had led a life of great justice, equity and perfect
loyalty to his king and towards the gentlemen of the company. But at his
death he crowned his virtues with sentiments of piety so lofty that he
astonished us all. What tears he shed! How ardent became his zeal for
the service of God! How great was his love for the families here--saying
that they must be vigorously assisted for the good of the country, and
made comfortable in every possible way in these early stages, and that
he would do it if God gave him health. He was not taken unawares in the
account which he had to render unto God, for he had long ago prepared a
general confession of his whole life, which he made with great
contrition to Father Lalemant, whom he honoured with his friendship. The
father comforted him throughout his sickness, which lasted two months
and a half, and did not leave him until his death. He had a very
honourable burial, the funeral procession being formed of the people,
the soldiers, the captains and the churchmen. Father Lalemant officiated
at this burial, and I was charged with the funeral oration, for which I
did not lack material. Those whom he left behind have reason to be well
satisfied with him; for although he died out of France, his name will
not therefore be any less glorious to posterity."
Champlain left no posterity. His wife spent only four years in Canada,
after which she resided continually in Paris. During her residence in
New France, she studied the Algonquin language, and instructed the young
Indians in catechism, and in this manner she won the friendship of the
native tribes. It was the fashion of the time for a lady of quality to
wear at her girdle a small mirror, and the youthful Hélène observed the
custom. The savages, who were delighted to be in her company, were oft
time astonished to see their own image reflected on the crystalline
surface of this mirror, and said, with their native simplicity: "A lady
so handsome, who cures our diseases, and loves us to so great an extent
as to bear our image near her breast, must be superior to a human
being." They, therefore, had a kind of veneration for her, and they
would have offered their homage to her instead of to the Deity of whom
they had only an imperfect knowledge.
The Indians were Madame Champlain's special care, but she was respected
by the French as well. We do not know very much about her social
intercourse with the different families of Quebec, but it is not
probable that she ignored Madame Hébert or her family, as Faillon seems
to believe. Her own distinction and the position of her husband would,
no doubt, render her particular in the choice of friends, but we can
scarcely believe that she would completely ignore Madame Couillard, who
was of her own age. How was it that she consented to live alone in
Quebec during the long absence of her husband?
After her return to Paris in 1624, Madame Champlain lived alone, and
became more and more detached from the world, till she asked her husband
to allow her to enter an Ursuline convent. Champlain, fearing that this
desire might arise rather from caprice than a vocation for the life of
the cloister, thought it advisable to refuse her request, and he bade
her a last adieu in 1633. After Champlain's death, Father Le Jeune
informed her that she was now free to follow the dictates of her heart.
According to the marriage settlement, Champlain was obliged to leave to
his wife, if she were still living, all his possessions. By his last
will, however, he left all his property to the church. Champlain had no
desire to injure his wife by this act; on the contrary, he knew that her
piety was great, and that she would probably applaud the course he had
taken, which was owing to his extraordinary devotion to Notre Dame de la
Recouvrance, the church which he had built and loved. Madame Champlain,
in fact, made no opposition, and the will was confirmed on July 11th,
1637. The will, however, was contested by Marie Camaret, a first cousin
of Champlain, and wife of Jacques Hersault, comptroller of customs at La
Rochelle, and a famous trial was the result. The will was contested on
two grounds: (1.) That the will was contrary to the marriage settlement,
and therefore ought to be annulled; (2.) That the will was made by
foreign hands, as it was difficult to suppose that Champlain had chosen
the Virgin Mary as his heir.
These were the contentions of Master Boileau. The attorney-general
Bignon easily refuted the second allegation by proving that Madame
Champlain had recognized the signature of her husband, and had stated
that the expression and style were his. The terms of this bequest to the
Virgin were quite natural to a man of Champlain's character, "When we
know," said the attorney, "that he frequently made use of Christian
expressions in his general conversation."
Although the authenticity of the will was proved, the attorney-general
argued that it ought to be set aside in face of the deed of settlement.
The court upheld this view, and the property of Champlain, with the
exception of the sum of nine hundred livres, derived from the sale of
his chattels, returned to his natural heirs.
This trial and other affairs prevented Madame Champlain from carrying
out her resolution, and it was not until November 7th, 1645, that she
entered the monastery of St. Ursula at Paris. She first entered the
institution as a benefactress, and soon after became a novice under the
name of Hélène de St. Augustin. There seems to have been some
difficulties with regard to her profession as a nun, and she therefore
resolved to found an Ursuline monastery at Meaux. Bishop Séguier granted
the necessary permission to found the monastery, and also for her to
take with her three nuns and a lay sister. Hélène de St. Augustin left
Paris for Meaux on March 17th, 1648, and made her profession five months
after. As a preparation for this solemn act, she made a public
confession in the presence of the community. She also recited her
faults, kneeling, and wearing a cord about her neck, and bearing a
lighted taper in her hands. Mère Hélène de St. Augustin lived only six
years in her convent at Meaux, and died on December 20th, 1654, at the
age of fifty years, leaving the memory of a saintly life.
Eustache Boullé, the brother of Hélène de St. Augustin, became a
convert to Catholicism through the intervention of his sister, and
entered the Minim order. He was sent to Italy, where he lived for six
years. During his sojourn there his sister sent to him one thousand
livres a year, and at her death she bequeathed to him the sum of six
thousand livres, and all her chattels, together with a pension of four
hundred livres for life.
All those who have carefully studied the life of Champlain, have been
impressed by the many brilliant qualities which he possessed. Some have
praised his energy, his courage, his loyalty, his disinterestedness, and
his probity. Others have admired the charity which he exhibited towards
his neighbours, his zeal, his practical faith, his exalted views and his
perseverance. The fact is, that in Champlain all these qualities were
united to a prominent degree.
The contemporaries of Champlain did not perhaps appreciate his merits,
or his heroic efforts as a founder. This is not altogether singular, for
even in the physical world one cannot rightly estimate the altitude of a
mountain by remaining close to its base, but at a distance a just
appreciation of its proportions may be obtained.
If the contemporaries of Champlain failed to render him justice,
posterity has made amends, and Time, the sole arbitrator of fame, has
placed the founder of Quebec upon a pedestal of glory which will become
more brilliant as the centuries roll on. Nearly three centuries had
elapsed since the heroic Saintongeais first set foot on the soil of
Canada, when, at the close of the nineteenth century, a spectacle was
witnessed in the city of his foundation which proved that the name of
Champlain was graven on the hearts of all Canadians. The ceremonies
attending the inauguration of the splendid monument which now adorns
Quebec, have become a matter of history, and seldom could such a scene
be repeated again. France and England, the two great nations from which
Canadians have descended, each paid homage to the illustrious founder;
nor can we forget the noble tribute which was paid by the latest English
governor, representing Her Majesty Queen Victoria, to the first French
governor, representing His Majesty the King of France and of Navarre.
It is seldom that the deeds of the great men of past ages have been more
fittingly remembered. Champlain, as we have previously remarked,
possessed in an eminent degree all the qualities necessary for a
founder, and his character is therefore exceptional, for over and above
all the heroism he displayed, all his perseverance, his devotion to his
country, we behold the working of a Christian mind, and the desire to
propagate the faith of his fathers.
What would have been the result of the missions without his aid? It was
Champlain who caused the standard of our faith to be planted on the
shores of Canada. It was he who brought the missionaries to the new
settlement, and maintained them at Quebec, at Tadousac, and in the Huron
country. It was Champlain, too, who founded the parochial church of
Quebec, and afterwards endowed it.
Champlain's work rested solely upon a religious foundation, hence his
work has endured. It is true that the founder of Quebec had certain
worldly ambitions: he desired to promote commerce between the French and
the Indians, but surely this is not a matter for which he should be
reproached. Without trade the inhabitants of the settlement could not
exist, and without the development of the settlement, his work of
civilization would necessarily end. He worked for the material
prosperity of the settlement, but not to increase his own fortune. The
development of trade was also essential to Champlain in his capacity of
explorer, and it was only through this means that he could extend the
bounds of his mother country. This was surely the wisdom of a true
patriot. What nobler ambition on earth could any one have than this, to
extend the kingdom of his God and of his king?
Champlain has been justly called _The Father of New France_, and this is
certainly a glorious title. The name of Champlain is indissolubly
associated with this country, and will live long after his
contemporaries are forgotten, for many of them now only live through
him.
America contains a number of towns which have carefully preserved the
names of their founders, whose memories are consecrated by monuments
which will recall to future generations their noble work. But where is
the town or state that can point to a founder whose work equalled that
of Champlain? He had to spend thirty of the best years of his life in
his endeavours to found a settlement on the shores of the St. Lawrence.
Twenty times he crossed the Atlantic in the interests of the colony, and
in the meantime he had constantly to combat the influence of the
merchants who vigorously opposed the settlement of the French in Canada.
If we study the history of the mercantile companies from the years 1608
to 1627, we find on the one hand, a body of men absorbed by one idea,
that of growing rich, and on the other hand, a man, anxious, it is true,
to look after the material interests of the merchants and of the people,
but hand in hand with this the desire to extend the dominion of his
sovereign. Here was a vast country, capable of producing great wealth,
and struggling for its possession was a body of avaricious men, while
valiantly guarding its infancy, we find a single champion, the heroic
Champlain. Champlain watched over the new settlement with the tender
solicitude of a parent carefully protecting his offspring from danger,
and ready to sacrifice his life to save it from disaster. In small
vessels of sixty or eighty tons, Champlain had repeatedly exposed his
life to danger in crossing the ocean. His health had also been exposed
during the days and nights spent in the open forests, or when passing
on the dangerous rivers in his efforts to explore new territory. He was
also constantly at the mercy of the Indians, whose treachery was
proverbial. Under all these dangers and through all these conditions,
Champlain's conduct was exemplary. He was charitable as a missionary
towards these poor children of the woods. When threatened with hunger or
malady, he relieved their wants and took care of the young children,
some of whom he adopted. Others again he placed in French families,
hoping that sooner or later they would be baptized into the fold of
Christ's flock. In his intercourse with the chiefs, Champlain took
occasion to explain to them the rudiments of the Christian faith, hoping
thereby to pave the way for the work of the missionaries. Whenever he
found any children that seemed more intelligent than usual, he sent them
to France, where they could be instructed, and either enter a convent or
take service in some good family. And who can tell whether some of these
children did not afterwards become missionaries to their own country?
Champlain's prudence in his dealings with the savages was not less
remarkable than his charity. This conduct gave him an influence over the
Indians that no other Frenchman was able to obtain. The Indian tribes
regarded Champlain as a father, but their love was mingled with a
reverential fear, and every word and action was of deep significance to
them. They had faith in Champlain, which after all was not unusual, for
he had never deceived them. Though they were barbarous and uncouth, and
generally untruthful, they could distinguish the false from the true
from the lips of a Frenchman. Being given to dissimulation themselves,
they could appreciate sincerity in others.
Some writers have questioned Champlain's prudence touching the alliance
which he made with some Indians for the purpose of fighting the
aggressive Iroquois. We have already shown that if Champlain desired to
maintain his settlement at Quebec, such an alliance was not only
prudent, but essential. The Hurons and allied tribes, it is true, were
barbarous, though not to so great an extent as the Iroquois, but they
had the same vices and were as perfidious. The least discontent or whim
would have been sufficient for the whole band to have swept the fort
away. By making an alliance with them, and promising to assist them
against their inveterate foes, it became to their advantage to support
Champlain, and thus to render his people secure against attack. Moreover
the numerical strength of the settlers in the early days was not
sufficient for Champlain to have imposed terms by force of arms, and as
it was necessary for his people to trade with the Indians, he could not
have done better, under the circumstances, than to form this alliance,
which insured business relations and protection for his countrymen.
This alliance was undoubtedly made at a sacrifice to Champlain, and he
had to suffer many humiliations and privations thereby. We cannot
imagine that he found any pleasure in going to war with a lot of
savages, or in fighting against a ferocious band, with whom neither he
nor his people had any quarrel. It is certain that Champlain did not
encourage them in their wars, and he was careful not to put any weapons
into their hands. The same amount of prudence was not exercised by those
who came after the French and endeavoured to colonize New England and
New Netherland.
Champlain's policy was one of conciliation. He desired peace, harmony
and charity above all things. As a respectful and obedient child of his
mother, the Catholic Church, he was very anxious that her teachings and
advice should be observed by those who were placed under his authority.
Although in his early life he had followed the career of a soldier,
still he regarded the profession of arms as useful only to put into
question the ancient axiom, _Si vis pacem, para bellum_. Wars and
quarrels had no attraction for Champlain, and he always preferred a
friendly arrangement of any difficulty. He was a lover of peace, rather
than of bloodshed, and the kindly nature of his disposition prevented
him adopting vigorous measures.
Nevertheless, in the fulfilment of his duty as a judge, he was just, and
would punish the guilty in order to restrain abuses or crimes. At this
period there was no court of justice in New France, but Champlain's
commission empowered him to name officers to settle quarrels and
disputes. There was a king's attorney, a lieutenant of the Prévôté, and
a clerk of the Quebec jurisdiction, which had been established by the
king. Champlain, however, was often called upon to decide a point of
law, and we learn from his history that he was unable on account of
death to settle a point which had arisen between two of Robert Giffard's
farmers.
Champlain's authority was very extended, and whatever good may have
resulted from his administration is due to the fact that he exercised
his power with wisdom and prudence. Champlain's influence has expanded
throughout the country wherever the French language is spoken, from the
Huron peninsula, along the Algonquins' river, from Sault St. Louis,
Tadousac and Quebec, and every one has recognized that Champlain alone,
among the men of his day, had sufficient patriotism and confidence in
the future of the colony to maintain and hold aloft under great
difficulties, the lily banner of France on our Canadian shores.
After having founded Quebec, Champlain, with characteristic wisdom,
chose the places where now stand the cities of Montreal and Three
Rivers. He was particularly fortunate in his selections, and any
buildings that he caused to be erected, were built from his own plans
and under his own directions.
On the whole, Champlain's writings are very interesting, notwithstanding
the fact that he is somewhat diffuse in his style. Writing in the style
of the commencement of the seventeenth century, we see traces,
especially in his figures and descriptions, of the beauties of a
language which was then in a transitory state. However, whether his
style may be commended or condemned, it is of little consequence, since
he has given to the world such ample details of his life and
achievements as a discoverer, an explorer and a founder. His writings
are the more remarkable from the fact that they were composed during the
scanty leisure of his daily life, and we owe him a debt of gratitude for
having sacrificed this leisure to give us such precious treasures.[29]
Such was the life of this peerless man, whose incessant labours were
dedicated to the service of God and the glory of France.
The city of Quebec is justly proud of her noble founder, and it is a
source of gratification to the inhabitants to point to the stately
monument which stands upon the spot consecrated by the life and death of
Champlain. The inscription commemorates the great work of the founder,
and of his explorations; but in the hearts of the people of Canada,
Champlain has a still more precious monument, and the flourishing
condition of our Dominion to-day is but the unconscious outcome of the
trial and labours of his heroic life.
All historians who have written of Champlain attribute to him the
qualities which we have endeavoured to depict in these pages.
Charlevoix, a Jesuit, and the author of the first great history of
Canada, written about one hundred years after the death of the founder
of New France, thus writes:
"Champlain died at Quebec, generally and justly regretted. M. de
Champlain was, beyond contradiction, a man of merit, and may be well
called, _The Father of New France_. He had good sense, much penetration,
very upright views, and no man was ever more skilled in adopting a
course in the most complicated affairs. What all admired most in him was
his constancy in following up his enterprises, his firmness in the
greatest dangers, a courage proof against the most unforeseen reverses
and disappointments, ardent and disinterested patriotism, a heart tender
and compassionate for the unhappy, and more attentive to the interests
of his friends than his own, a high sense of honour and great probity.
His memoirs show that he was not ignorant of anything that one of his
profession should know, and we find in him a faithful and sincere
historian, an attentively observant traveller, a judicious writer, a
good mathematician and an able mariner.
"But what crowns all these good qualities is the fact that in his life,
as well as in his writings, he shows himself always a truly Christian
man, zealous for the service of God, full of candour and religion. He
was accustomed to say what we read in his memoirs, 'That the salvation
of a single soul was worth more than the conquest of an empire, and that
kings should seek to extend their domain in heathen countries only to
subject them to Christ.' He thus spoke especially to silence those who,
unduly prejudiced against Canada, asked what France would gain by
settling it. Our kings, it is known, always spoke like Champlain on this
point; and the conversion of the Indians was the chief motive which,
more than once, prevented their abandoning a colony, the progress of
which was so long retarded by our impatience, our inconstancy, and the
blind cupidity of a few individuals. To give it a more solid foundation,
it only required more respect for the suggestions of M. de Champlain,
and more seasonable belief on the part of those who placed him in his
position. The plan which he proposed was but too well justified by the
failure of opposite maxims and conduct."
In 1880, the Reverend E.F. Slafter,[30] a Protestant minister, gave to
the American nation an appreciative description of the virtues of
Champlain, from which we quote the following passage: "In completing
this memoir the reader can hardly fail to be impressed, not to say
disappointed, by the fact that results apparently insignificant should
thus far have followed a life of able, honest, unselfish, heroic labour.
The colony was still small in numbers, the acres subdued and brought
into cultivation were few, and the aggregate yearly products were
meagre. But it is to be observed that the productiveness of capital and
labour and talent, two hundred and seventy years ago, cannot well be
compared with the standards of to-day. Moreover, the results of
Champlain's career are insignificant rather in appearance than in
reality. The work which he did was in laying foundations, while the
superstructure was to be reared in other years and by other hands. The
palace or temple, by its lofty and majestic proportions, attracts the
eye and gratifies the taste; but its unseen foundations, with their
nicely adjusted arches, without which the superstructure would crumble
to atoms, are not less the result of the profound knowledge and
practical wisdom of the architect. The explorations made by Champlain
early and late, the organization and planting of his colonies, the
resistance of avaricious corporations, the holding of numerous savage
tribes in friendly alliance, the daily administration of the affairs of
the colony, of the savages, and of the corporation in France, to the
eminent satisfaction of all generous and noble-minded patrons, and this
for a period of more than thirty years, are proof of an extraordinary
continuation of mental and moral qualities. Without impulsiveness, his
warm and tender sympathies imparted to him an unusual power and
influence over other men. He was wise, modest and judicious in council,
prompt, vigorous and practical in administration, simple and frugal in
his mode of life, persistent and unyielding in the execution of his
plans, brave and valiant in danger, unselfish, honest and conscientious
in the discharge of duty. These qualities, rare in combination, were
always conspicuous in Champlain, and justly entitle him to the respect
and admiration of mankind."
These two quotations are sufficient to supplement the observations that
we have made, and there can be no doubt that posterity will forever
confirm this opinion of the life and labours of the founder of New
France, and that the name of Champlain will never be obliterated from
the memory of Canadians.
FOOTNOTES:
[28] The exact site of the chapel wherein Champlain was buried is
unknown, although many antiquarians have endeavoured to throw light upon
the subject. In 1866 some bones and the fragment of an inscription were
found in a kind of vault at the foot of Breakneck Stairs, and Messrs.
Laverdière and Casgrain were under the impression that Champlain's tomb
had been found. In 1875 the Abbé Casgrain discovered a document which he
considered proved that the chapel had been built in the Upper Town, in
the vicinity of the parochial church and of Fort St. Louis. This opinion
was further confirmed by other documents which have since been found.
The chapel was in existence in the year 1661, but after this date no
mention is made of it. The parochial archives contain no mention of the
place, and the only facts that we have concerning the tomb, are that
Father Raymbault and François de Ré, Sieur Gand, were buried near
Champlain's remains.
[29] The last publication of Champlain bears the date of 1632, with the
following title: _Les Voyages de la Nouvelle France occidentale, dicte
Canada, faits par le Sr. de Champlain Xainctongeois. Capitaine pour le
Roy en la Marine du Ponant, et toutes les Descouvertures qu'il a faites
en ce pays depuis l'an 1603, jusques en l'an 1629. MDCXXXII_. This
volume is dedicated to Richelieu. According to M. Laverdière, it has
been reissued, in 1640, with a new date and title.
[30] Edmund Farwell Slafter was born in Norwich, Vt., on May 30th, 1816.
He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1840, studied at Andover Theological
Seminary, and in 1844 was ordained a minister of the Protestant
Episcopal Church. Since 1877 he has given his leisure time to historical
studies. He has published, among other works, _Sir William Alexander and
American Colonization_, in the series of the Prince Society (Boston,
1873), _Voyages of the Northmen to America_, edited with an introduction
(1877), _Voyages of Samuel de Champlain_, translated from the French by
Charles Pomeroy Otis, with historical illustrations and a memoir (three
volumes, 1878, 1880, 1882).
CHRONOLOGICAL APPENDIX
CHRONOLOGICAL APPENDIX
1567 or 1570--Birth of Samuel Champlain.
1598--Champlain makes a voyage to Spain.
1599--Joins an expedition against the English to the West Indies.
1601--Returns from America.
1603--Goes to Canada as lieutenant of Aymar de Chastes, viceroy of New
France, explores the river St. Lawrence to Sault St. Louis, and returns
the same year.
1604--Follows de Monts' fortune in Acadia as geographer and historian of
the expedition; lives on Ste. Croix Island and at Port Royal till the
year 1607.
1608--As lieutenant of de Monts, viceroy of New France, Champlain
crosses the Atlantic and founds Quebec.
1609--Champlain's expedition against the Iroquois. Leaves for France on
September 5th.
1610--Champlain returns to Quebec and goes back to France the same year.
His marriage with Hélène Boullé on December 30th, 1610.
1611--Champlain comes again to Quebec; founds Montreal; sails for France
on July 20th. De Monts' company ceases to exist.
1612--Champlain sails for Canada and explores the country as far as
Allumette Island. Goes to France. Comte de Soissons appointed viceroy of
New France; dies soon after. The Prince de Condé takes his place, and
retains Champlain as his lieutenant.
1613--Champlain leaves France for Canada, where he stays till 1614.
1615--Returns to Quebec with the Récollet Fathers; he goes as far as the
Huron country; particulars of these tribes, their customs, manners,
etc.; Champlain assists them in a war against the Iroquois; follows them
and comes back to the Huron country, where he spends the winter.
1616--Leaves for Quebec on May 20th; work of the missionaries in the
meantime; meeting of the _habitants_ and result of their deliberations;
memorandum addressed to the king; Champlain goes to France.
1617--Champlain sails from Honfleur on April 11th for Quebec; Louis
Hébert's family accompanies him.
1618--Champlain returns to France. Maréchal de Thémines appointed
viceroy _per interim_ after Condé's dismissal. Difficulties met by
Champlain in 1617; his projects laid before the king. Champlain gains
his point and preserves his former position.
1619--Condé sells his commission of viceroy to the Duke of Montmorency;
Champlain's new commission of lieutenant of the viceroy. Company of
Montmorency formed by the Duke of Montmorency.
1620--Champlain comes back to Quebec with his wife, and stays there till
the year 1624.
1621--Champlain receives his instructions from Montmorency and from the
king; entitled to help the new company of merchants; conflict at Quebec
between the agents of the old and of the new company; Champlain's firm
attitude settles the matter.
1622--The Company of Montmorency rules the country.
1624--Champlain recrosses the ocean, bringing his wife.
1625--Arrival of the Jesuits. Champlain at Tadousac and at Quebec; his
intercourse with the Montagnais; the duc de Ventadour named viceroy of
New France; Champlain reappointed lieutenant.
1627--Ventadour resigns his office; Cardinal Richelieu organizes the
Company of the Hundred Associates; privileges granted to them; Champlain
still living at Quebec.
1628--Roquemont sent to Quebec with provisions; his vessels taken by
Kirke; Quebec in danger; correspondence between David Kirke and
Champlain; the enemy retires; distress at Quebec for the want of food.
1629--Kirke before Quebec; the capitulation; fate of the inhabitants;
the missionaries return to France together with Champlain; the last
events at Tadousac.
1629-32--Champlain goes to London; negotiations between France and
England through the French ambassador; Champlain's visits to the king,
and to Cardinal Richelieu; Charles I ready to restore Canada, with
certain conditions.
1632--The Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye terminates the dispute between
the two countries, and Quebec is restored to France.
1632--Arrival at Quebec of the Jesuits; history of their convent since
1626.
1633--Champlain's arrival in Quebec; history of the seminary of Notre
Dame des Anges since its foundation; the Jesuits' missions at Miscou
Island, in the Maritime Provinces, Acadia, Baie des Chaleurs and Cape
Breton. Champlain erects a church at Quebec.
1634--Immigration of French colonists from Perche; Robert Giffard.
1635--Champlain's sickness and death; his wife founds an Ursuline
convent at Meaux.
INDEX
INDEX
A
Aïandacé, Huron seminarist, 232
Alexander, Sir William, his mission, 176;
his charters, 223
Alix, Marguerite, Champlain's mother-in-law, 66
Alix, Simon, Hélène Boullé's uncle, 66, 170
Anadabijou, chief of the Montagnais, 50, 51, 55, 139
Andehoua, Huron seminarist, 232, 233
Antons, Captain des, 31
Armand-Jean, christian name of Andehoua, 33
Arragon, notary, 66
Atarohiat, Huron seminarist, 233
Ateiachias, Huron seminarist, 233
Atokouchioüani, Huron seminarist, 233
Aubert, Pierre, 170
Aubéri, Father, his labours in Acadia, 236
Aubry, priest, 24
Aumont, Marshal, d', 1
B
Bancroft, quoted, 87
Barbier, 66
Batiscan, chief of the Montagnais, 68
Beauchesne, clerk, 115
Beaulieu, councillor and almoner to the king, 72
Bellois, Corneille de, 122, 127
Bentivoglio, Guido, papal nuncio, 84
Berkeley, Sir John, commands Porto Rico, 3
Bessabé, chief of the Souriquois, 28
Biencourt, son of Poutrincourt, 38;
bound for Port Royal, 68
Bignon, attorney-general, 265
Boileau, attorney, 265
Bonneau, Thomas, 170
Bonnerme, surgeon, accompanies Champlain when Quebec is founded, 41;
one of the jury who condemned Jean Duval to death, 43;
dies, 46
Bontemps, captain, 252
Boues, Charles de, Récollet, syndic of Canadian Missions, 117, 148
Boulay, his residence at Port Royal, 25
Boullé, Eustache, Champlain's brother-in-law, 134, 136;
arrives in 1618, 145;
goes to France in 1626, 155, 209;
enters the Minim Order, 267
Boullé, Hélène, marries Champlain, 66;
comes to Quebec and returns to France, 141;
her sojourn at Quebec, 263, 264, 265, 266
Boullé, Nicholas, Champlain's father-in-law, 66;
pays his daughter's inheritance to Champlain, 67
Bourdon, Jean, comes to Canada, 252;
settles at Quebec, 253
Bourioli at Port Royal, 25
Bouthillier, represents the king of France, 220;
signs the Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye, 222
Boyer, Daniel, 122, 123
Brébeuf, Father Jean de, estimates the Huron population, 90;
his opinion of the tribe de l'Ours and other Hurons, 92, 93;
arrives in New France, 152;
assailed by Jacques Michel, 201, 202;
leaves for France, 207, 208;
returns to Canada, 228;
goes to the Huron country, 249
Brûlé, Étienne, with Champlain founding Quebec, 41;
sets out for the Ottawa River, 88, 139;
interpreter, 143, 144;
sent to Three Rivers, 163;
betrays Champlain, 194, 202;
his excuse, 203;
his murder, 246
Bullion, represents France, 220;
signs the Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye, 222
Burel, Friar Gilbert, arrives in Canada, 152;
returns to France, 208
Burlamachi, appointed commissioner, 218;
sent to France by Charles I, 220, 222
C
Cabahis, Souriquois chief, 28
Caën, Emery de, nephew of Guillaume de Caën, 137;
vice-admiral of the fleet, 156;
leaves Quebec to carry on trade, 157;
his character, 182;
defends the colony, 183;
fights with Kirke, 184;
surrenders, 185;
proceeds to Quebec, 199;
failure of his expedition, 201;
tries to secure his goods, 219, 220;
comes back to Quebec, 226;
banqueted, 228;
summoned by Champlain, 249
Caën, Ezechiel de, member of the Company of Rouen, 132, 137
Caën, Guillaume de, member of de Caën's Company, 130, 132;
conflicts with Pont-Gravé, 135;
his promises, 136;
sails for France, 138;
present at Cape de la Victoire, 139;
visits Quebec and its vicinity, 140;
sails for France, 141;
returns with the Jesuits, 152;
appears before the state council, 155;
supports the conduct of the merchants, 157;
condones a murderer, 161;
his character, 182, 183;
his claims, 217, 218, 219
Camaret, Marie, cousin of Champlain, 265
Cananée, Guillaume, navigator, 141
Cartier, Jacques, 13, 22, 23, 28, 29, 34, 35, 45, 52
Casgrain, l'Abbé, his opinion on the site of Champlain's tomb, 261, 262
Castillon, Jacques, one of the Hundred Associates, 168;
offers pictures to Quebec church, 240
Caumont, underclerk, 121
Champdoré, carpenter, 22, 34
Champlain, Antoine, father of Samuel, 1
Champlain, Samuel, see chronological appendix, 283-6
Charlevoix, Father, quoted, 36, 248, 276
Charton, Friar François, 152, 208
Chastes, Aymar de, 7;
viceroy of Canada, 8, 9
Chateauneuf, M. de, French ambassador in England, 211;
retires from his position, 214;
exchanges documents with Fontenay-Mareuil, 216
Chauvin, Pierre, Sieur de la Pierre, at Tadousac, 54;
trades in peltry, 63
Chauvin, Pierre de, Sieur de Tontuit, viceroy of Canada, 8, 13, 17, 41, 54
Cheffault, lawyer of Paris, 244
Chenu, Marcel, merchant of Paris, 66
Cherououny, Montagnais chief, 163
Choquillot, notary, 66
Chou, Iuan, Indian friend of Champlain, 181
Clifford, Sir George, 3
Cloutier, Zacharie, comes with Giffard, 252
Cochon, Thomas, merchant, 122
Collier, 56
Condé, Prince de, viceroy of Canada, 73;
gives a passport to Captain Maisonneuve, 78;
letter from Champlain, 79;
contributes to the Récollet fund, 117;
conspires against the Queen Regent, 122;
discharged from prison, 129
Coton, Father, a Jesuit, 151, 152
Couillard, Elizabeth, a daughter of Guillaume, 225
Couillard, Guillaume, signs the settlers' memorandum, 136;
arrives in Canada, 145;
his family, 146, 184, 195, 196, 208;
native of St. Malo, 250
Couillard, Henry, captain of the _Don de Dieu_, 39
Couillard, Jacques, interpreter, 144;
submits to Kirke, 185
Cramoisy, Sébastien, one of the Hundred Associates, 171
D
Dablon, Simon, one of the Hundred Associates, 168
Daniel, Captain, destroys an English fort at Cape Breton, 200, 212
Daniel, Doctor, sent to London, 212, 213
Daniel, Father, director of the Seminary of Notre Dame des Anges, 231, 237
Darache, Captain, trades furs at Tadousac, 40
Darontal, chief of the tribe de la Roche, 103;
Champlain's friend, 106
Davost, Father, missionary at Cape Breton, 237
Denys, Charles, settles on the shores of Miramichi River, 237
Denys, Nicholas, founds Fort St. Pierre, 236
Deschamps, surgeon, performs an autopsy at Port Royal, 33
Des Marets, Claude Godet, note on his family, 47, 60;
accompanies Champlain's expedition against the Iroquois, 52;
arrives from France, 63;
present at Cape de la Victoire, 139;
Pont-Gravé's grandson, 181
Desportes, Hélène, 146, 208
Desportes, Pierre, 136, 145, 146, 181, 196, 208
Destouches, Eustache Boullé's lieutenant, 155, 209
Dollebeau, Father, perishes at sea, 235
Dolu, intendant of New France, 130, 131, 132, 135
Doughty, A.G., quoted, 168
Duchesne, Adrien, surgeon, 145, 146, 147, 196, 208
Duchesne, Captain, 139
Duchesne, David, one of the Hundred Associates, 168
Du Marché, Father, at Miscou, 234
Dumay, Captain, 133, 134
Dumoulin, shot by an Indian, 164
_Du Parc, Jean Godet_, his family, 47, 60;
commands at Quebec, 64, 68
Du Plessis, Friar Pacifique, 85, 117
Duplessis-Bochart, presents pictures to Quebec church, 240;
receives the keys of the fort, 249
_Duval, Jean_, at Quebec when founded, 41;
leads a conspiracy against Champlain, 42;
sentenced to death, 43
Du Vernet, interpreter, 144
E
Effiat, duke d', heads the list of the Hundred Associates, 170
Endemare, Father d', at Cape Breton, 237
Eon, Pierre, member of the Company of St. Malo and Rouen, 122
F
Faillon, quoted, 207
Féret, 7
Fontenay-Mareuil, French ambassador in England, 214;
exchanges documents with Chateauneuf, 216
_Foucher, Jean_, at Cape Tourmente, 176, 208
Franchise, Sieur de la, 14
Frémin, Father, at the Richibucto mission, 235
G
Gaillon, Michel, put to death, 43, 44
Galleran, Father G., 149
Gamache, Marquis de, contributes to the foundation
of the Jesuits' College, 228
Gand, see Ré
Garnier de Chapouin, provincial of the Récollets, 85
Gates, Sir Thomas, his letters patent, 223
Gaufestre, Friar Jean, 209
Genestou, at Port Royal, 25
Gesvres, de, 9
Giffard, Robert, surgeon, 164, 174;
comes to Canada, 250;
receives lands, 251, 252
Godefroy, Jean-Paul, interpreter, 144
Godefroy, Thomas, interpreter, 144
Gomara, Lopez de, 6
Gondoin, Father N., missionary at Miscou, 234
Goudon, Elizabeth, Gervase Kirke's wife, 173
Gravé, François, grandson of Pont-Gravé, 47
Gravé, François, Sieur du Pont, accompanies Champlain to Tadousac, 8;
comes to Canada in 1603, 9;
proceeds to Sault St. Louis, 13;
Champlain awaits him at Port au Mouton, 19;
at Ste. Croix, 32;
returns to France, 33;
at Tadousac, 40;
one of the jury to judge Duval, 43;
sails for France in 1608, 45;
arrives at Tadousac, 1609, 47;
commands the habitation of Quebec, 48;
his promise to Anadabijou, 51;
returns to France, 54;
receives the command of a fur trading vessel, 56, 57;
trades in peltry, 63;
sails for France, 64;
returns to Canada, 106;
trades at Three Rivers, 121;
Champlain's rival, 125;
represents the old company, 133;
arrives at Quebec, 134;
his conflict with Guillaume de Caën, 135;
chief clerk at Quebec, 138;
at Cape de la Victoire, 139;
sails for France, 141;
his illness, 156;
Champlain reads publicly his commission, 181, 182;
signs articles of capitulation, 191;
leaves for Tadousac, 196
Gravé, Jeanne, 47
Gravé, Robert, son of François, accompanies Champlain
on a voyage of discovery along the American coast, 34
Gravé, Vincent, merchant of Rouen, 122
Groux, J., signs a memorandum, 136
Gua, Pierre du, Sieur de Monts, see Monts
Guers, J.B., delegate of the Duke of Montmorency, 121, 133, 134, 136;
returns to France, 141
Guilbault, merchant of La Rochelle, 236
Guines, Friar Modeste, 115
Guyon, Jean, mason, comes from Perche, 252
H
Halard, Jacques, captain, 136
Hébert, Anne, 117
Hébert, Guillaume, 146, 208
Hébert, Guillemette, 146, 208
Hébert, Louis, comes to Quebec with family, 111, 112;
signs a memorandum, 136;
his family, 146;
at Port Royal, 147;
his death, 148, 250, 251
Hébert, Louise, 146
Hébert, Madame, see Rollet, Marie
Hersault, Jacques, comptroller of customs at La Rochelle, 265
Hertel, Jacques, interpreter, 144
Hervé, François, merchant of Rouen, 132
Honabetha, Indian chief, 30
Hoüel, Louis, Sieur de Petit-Pré, enters into Champlain's views, 83;
one of the Hundred Associates, 168, 170
Hubou, Guillaume, 181, 196, 208
Huet, Father Paul, arrives in Canada, 87;
constructs a chapel at Tadousac, 112
I
Incarnation, Sister Marie de l', 253, 258
Insterlo, Mathieu d', one of the Company of Rouen, 122, 127
Iroquet, Indian chief, 48
J
Jacques, a Slavonian miner, 32
Jamet, Father Denis, arrives in Canada and celebrates
the first mass, 85, 107;
goes to France, 111, 112;
signs a memorandum, 136
Jeannin, President, 72
Jogues, Father Isaac, 207
Jonquest, Étienne, Hébert's son-in-law, his death, 117;
arrives in 1617, 145
Joubert, Captain, 141
Juchereau, Jean, comes with Giffard, 252
K
Kirke, David, intends to make an assault on Quebec, 173;
appointed captain of the fleet, 176;
writes to Champlain, 177, 178;
captures French barques, 179;
abandons Quebec, 180;
accepts articles of capitulation, 192;
visits Quebec, 204;
at Tadousac, 205;
his pretentions as to de Caën's claims, 217;
refuses to pay, 218;
dissatisfied with the agreement, 219
Kirke, Gervase, chief of the Kirke family, 173
Kirke, James, son of Gervase, 173
Kirke, John, son of Gervase, 173
Kirke, Louis, resides in Fort St. Louis, 158;
writes to Champlain, 188;
interviews Father de la Roche, 189, 190;
his answer to Champlain, 191, 192;
receives the keys of the fort, 195;
hoists the English flag, 196;
treats Champlain well, 199;
his conduct towards the Jesuits, 205
Kirke, Thomas, signs a letter to Champlain, 188;
takes part in an interview with Father de la Roche, 189;
signs the answer to Champlain, 192;
treats Emery de Caën as a pirate, 220
L
Lalemant, Father Charles, quoted, 87;
arrives at Quebec, 152;
his letter to the Provincial of the Récollets, 154;
comes back to Quebec, 200;
abandons Canada, 227;
teacher, 229;
parish priest, 238, 239
Lalemant, Father Jérôme, 10
Lamontagne, interpreter, 144
La Motte, at Port Royal, 25
L'Ange, Captain, 78
Langlois, Françoise, 146, 208
Langlois, Marguerite, 146, 208
Langlois, Noël, 252
Langoissieux, Pierre, takes the monastic habit, 149;
returns to France, 209
La Place, Father de, at Miscou, 234
La Roche d'Aillon, Father, arrives at Quebec, 152;
interviews Louis Kirke, 188, 189;
relates his interview, 190;
returns to France, 208
La Routte, pilot, 52
La Taille, at Quebec when founded, 41
Lattaignant, Gabriel de, one of the Hundred Associates, 168, 170
Lauzon, Jean de, 170, 226
Laval, Bishop, 237, 253
Lavalette, a Basque, 59, 60
La Vallée, godfather of young Hurons, 233
Laverdière, antiquarian, 261, 275
Le Baillif, underclerk at Tadousac, 138;
arrives in 1623, 144;
takes charge of the storehouse, 195;
betrays Champlain, 202;
his bad character, 204;
remains in Canada, 208
Le Baillif, Father George, his Relation of 1633, 87;
confers with Champlain, 133;
goes to Tadousac, 134;
his mission in France, 136;
returns to Quebec, 137
Le Borgne, E., takes Fort St. Pierre, 236
Le Caron, Father Joseph, appointed for Canadian missions, 85;
proceeds to the Huron country, 88;
returns from the Petuneux, 104;
receives a visit from Champlain, 106;
returns to Quebec, 107;
goes to France, 111, 115;
goes to Tadousac, 116;
his mission at Three Rivers, 117;
signs a memorandum, 136;
goes to the Huron country, 149;
consults with Champlain, 187;
leaves for France, 208
Le Clercq, Father C., quoted, 112, 258
Le Faucheur, a Parisian, 174
Legendre, Lucas, merchant of Rouen, 56, 57, 122, 127
Le Jeune, Father, his Relation of 1633, 87;
says mass in Hébert's house, 148;
writes to his Provincial, 230, 231, 239;
informs Madame Champlain that she is free to follow her own desires, 264
Lemaistre, Simon, one of the Hundred Associates, 170
Lemoyne, Father Simon, 208
Le Roy, Marguerite, Champlain's mother, 1
Lesage, Marguerite, Pivert's wife, 146, 208
Lesaige, François, attends when Champlain's marriage
settlements are made, 66
Lesaige, Geneviève, attends when Champlain's marriage
settlements are made, 66
Lescarbot, Marc, 20, 21, 25, 35;
composes a drama, 36;
poet and preacher, 37;
returns to France, 38
Le Sire, clerk, 138
Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 6
Le Tardif, Olivier, signs a memorandum, 136;
interpreter, 144, 208
Le Testu, Captain, arrives at Quebec, 42;
entertainment on board of his barque, 43
L'Huillier, Raoul, one of the Hundred Associates, 170
Linschot, quoted, 211
Loquin, clerk, 121, 139
Lormel, Captain de, 252
Lumagne, merchant, 221
Lyonne, Father de, at Nipisiguit, 235
M
Magnan, Pierre, joins an embassy to the Five Nations, 163;
murdered, 164
Mahicanaticouche, chief of the Montagnais, 139, 163;
murderer of two Frenchmen, 164, 165
Maisonneuve, captain, 78, 79
Malot, Friar Louis, drowned at sea, 200
Manet, Jean, interpreter, 144
Manitougatche, Indian chief, 187
Marchim, Indian chief, 34
Mariana, Father, 153
Marion, Nicholas, captain, 40
Marsolet, Nicholas, present at Quebec in 1608, 41, 143;
interpreter, 144;
betrays Champlain, 194, 202;
his character, 203, 204, 205;
remains at Quebec, 208
Martin, Abraham, 145, 146, 147, 196, 208
Martin, Anne, 146
Martin, Charles Amador, priest, 146
Martin, Sir Henry, commissioner, 214
Martin, Marguerite, 146
Martin, Nicholas, commands the _Jonas_, 37
Marye, Anthoine, 66
Massé, Father E., arrives in Canada, 152;
objects to the profanation of a chalice, 206;
returns to France, 207, 208, 227;
comes back, 228
May, Sir Humphrey, commissioner, 214
Membertou, _sagamo_ of the Souriquois, 36
Messamouet, captain of the Souriquois, 22, 34
Michel, Jacques, insults Father de Brébeuf, 201;
his lamented death, 202
Miristou, Montagnais, 159
Mohier, Friar Gervais, 208
Montmagny, Governor, 158
Montmorency, Charles de, admiral of France, 14;
succeeds Condé as viceroy of New France, 129;
his administration, 130;
letter to Champlain, 130, 131;
his gift to Guillaume de Caën, 140;
meets Champlain at St. Germain-en-Laye, 150;
resigns his position of viceroy, 151;
put to death, 215
Monts, Pierre du Gua, Sieur de, lieutenant-general in Acadia, 17;
forms a company of merchants, 18;
his expedition to America, 19, 20;
his settlement at Ste. Croix, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25;
decides to seek a more suitable place, 26;
explores the southern country, 29;
the river Gua, 30;
determines to try Port Royal as a settlement, 31;
returns to France, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36;
obtains a new commission, 39, 40;
meets Champlain at Fontainebleau, 55;
his commission expiring, requests a new one, 56;
meets Champlain, 57;
attends when Champlain's marriage settlements are made, 66;
his interviews with Champlain, 67, 70;
holds a conference with the merchants of Rouen, 71;
bound to colonize New France with Catholic settlers, 86
Moreau, quoted, 25
Morel, Captain, 112
Motin, his ode to Champlain, 72
Murad, Anthoine de, 66
N
Napagabiscou, Indian chief, 176
Natel, Antoine, at Quebec in 1608, 41;
acquaints Captain Le Testu with the details of Duval's plot, 43;
dies from scurvy, 46
Nesle, Captain de, 252
Nicholas, signs a memorandum, 136
Nicolet, Jean, interpreter, 144
Noël, Pierre, 66
Noüe, Father Anne de, 207, 208, 227
Nouveau, Arnould de, merchant of Rouen, 132
Noyrot, Father, 168, 177, 178, 200, 227
O
Ochateguin, Indian chief, 48;
his alliance with Champlain, 55;
commands the Hurons, 69;
fights against the Iroquois, is wounded, 103
Olbeau, Father Jean d', arrives in Quebec, 85, 88;
visits the Bersiamites, 107;
celebrates the first jubilee, 114;
lays the first stone of the Récollet convent, 148;
sees its door closed in 1629, 167
Olmechin, Indian chief, 34
Orville, d', at Ste. Croix, 25
Otis, Charles Pomeroy, translates the _Voyages of Champlain_, 277
Ouanda Koka, Huron chief, 233
Orani, Huron chief wounded in 1615, 103
Overman, finds Champlain's astrolabe, 76
P
Palma Cayet, Victor, 15
Parkman, quoted, 228
Perrault, Father, at Cape Breton, 236, 237
Piat, Father I., goes to France, 141;
to the Montagnais, 149, 150
Pillet, Charles, murdered, 161, 163
Piraube, Martial, godfather of young Hurons, 233
Pivert, Nicholas, 144, 146, 181, 196, 208
Pont-Gravé, see Gravé, François, Sieur du Pont
Poullain, Father G., comes to Canada, 87, 116;
goes to the Nipissing mission, 149
Poutrincourt, Jean de Biencourt, Sieur de, goes to
America with de Monts, 19;
joins Champlain on a voyage of discovery, 34;
plants a cross at Port Fortuné, 35;
leaves for France, 38
Prévert, informs Champlain of the existence of a copper mine, 14
Provençal, Captain, Champlain's uncle, 2
Purchas, 15
Q
Quen, Father J. de, second parish priest of Quebec, 238, 239
Quentin, Barthélemy, one of the Hundred Associates, 170
Quentin, Bonaventure, 170
Quentin, Father Claude, superior of the Canadian missions, 234
R
Ragois, Claude le, merchant of Rouen, 132
Ralde, Raymond de la, 138;
goes to France, 141;
admiral of the fleet, 155;
note on his life, 156
Ralleau, de Monts' secretary, 33
Ravenel, Jehan, 66
Raymbault, Father, buried in Champlain's tomb, 262
Razilly, Isaac de, one of the Hundred Associates, 170;
ordered to assist Quebec, 200;
his commission cancelled, 201, 213
Ré, François de, Sieur Gand, one of the Hundred Associates, 171;
a good Catholic, 239;
buried in Champlain's tomb, 262
Repentigny, godfather of young Hurons, 233
Reye, Pierre, signs a memorandum, 136;
traitor, 194, 202, 204, 208
Richard, Father A., at Richibucto and Miscou, 235
Richer, Jean, interpreter, 144
Roberval, at Charlesbourg Royal, 23
Robin, Guillaume, merchant of Rouen, 132
Robineau, Pierre, one of the Hundred Associates, 170
Roernan, Jehan, 66
Rollet, Marie, widow Hébert, 112, 146, 208
Roquemont, Claude de, 168;
commands a fleet for Quebec, 172;
meets English vessels, 173;
surrenders to David Kirke, 174;
his conduct criticized, 175
Rouer, Hercule, 66
Rouvier, underclerk, 121, 135
Rozée, Jean, one of the Hundred Associates, 170;
merchant of Rouen, 244
Russell, A.J., 76
S
Sagard-Théodat, Friar Récollet, at Cape de la Victoire, 139;
returns to France, 141;
goes to the Huron country, 149;
quoted, 193
Santein, clerk, 138
Satouta, Huron seminarist, 232
Savignon, Huron boy accepted as hostage, 63;
goes to Sault St. Louis, 68;
brother of Tregouaroti, Indian chief, 69
Schoudon, Indian chief, 32
Séguier, Bishop of Meaux, agrees to the founding of
an Ursuline convent at Meaux, 266
Slafter, Reverend E.B., quoted, 277, 278, 279
Soissons, comte de, appointed viceroy of New France, 72, 73;
his death, 73
Soubriago, General, 2
Sourin, at Ste. Croix Island, 25
Stuart, James, Scottish fisherman, erects a fort on Cape Breton, 200
T
Teouatirhon, Huron seminarist, 232
Tessoüat, chief of the Algonquins, 75, 76, 77
Thémines, Maréchal de, appointed viceroy of New France, 122, 123
Thierry-Desdames, appointed captain at Miscou, 121;
note on his life, 138, 173, 181, 209
Tregatin, Indian chief, 176
Tregouaroti, Huron Chief, 69
Troyes, François de, merchant of the Company of Rouen, 132
Trublet, Pierre, merchant of St. Malo, 122
Tsiko, Huron seminarist, 232, 233
Tuffet, Jean, merchant of Bordeaux, 170
Turgis, Father C., at Miscou, 234
V
Vanelly, merchant, 221
Vendremur, Corneille de, clerk, 204, 209
Ventadour, duc de, receives the commission of viceroy of New France, 151;
resigns the office, 168
Verazzano, 211
Verger, Father du, Récollet, 83
Vermeulle, Louis, merchant, 122, 127
Verton, Pierre de, merchant, 132
Viel, Father N., at Cape de la Victoire, 139;
goes to the Huron country, 149
Vieux-Pont, Father de, 200, 237
Vignau, Nicholas du, interpreter, 74, 75, 77, 144
Vigne, Captain de la, 141
Villemenon, intendant of admiralty, 123, 130, 132, 135
Vimont, Father, drowned at sea, 200, 237
Vitelleschi, Father, general of the Jesuits, 228
W
Wake, Sir Isaac, English ambassador to France, 215;
commissioner, 218, 219, 220;
signs the Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye, 222
Transcriber's Notes:
Page 27--minutes and seconds are denoted with single quotes since this
is within a quotation and a double quote could be confusing.
Page 36--changed Dno to Duo.
End of Project Gutenberg's The Makers of Canada: Champlain, by N. E. Dionne