2. _Lie_ down, Rover.
3. I _laid_ down my pen.
4. The dog then _lay_ down.
5. I have _laid_ down my pen.
6. The dog has _lain_ down.
7. _Set_ the pail down.
8. _Sit_ down and rest.
9. I then _set_ it down.
10. I _sat_ down and rested.
11. I have _set_ it down.
12. I have _sat_ down.
13. My work was _laid_ aside.
14. I was _lying_ down.
15. The trap was _set_ by the river.
16. I was _sitting_ by the river.
17. The garment _sits_ well.
18. The hen _sits_ on her eggs.
19. He came in and _lay_ down.
20. The Mediterranean _lies_ between Europe and Africa.
Notice that we may speak of _laying_ something or _setting_ something, or
may say that something is _laid_ or is _set_; but we cannot speak of
_lying_ or _sitting_ something, or of something being _lain_ or _sat_.
_Set_, in some of its meanings, is used without an object; as, "The sun
_set_;" "He _set_ out on a journey."
_Lay_, the present of the first verb, and _lay_, the past of _lie_, may
easily be distinguished by the difference in meaning and in the time
expressed.
POSSESSIVE FORMS.
Pupils may be required to copy such forms as the following:--
The sailor's story; the farmer's son; the pony's mane; the monkey's tail; a
day's work; James's book; a cent's worth; a man's wages; the child's toys;
the woman's hat; the sailors' stories; the farmers' sons; the ponies'
manes; the monkeys' tails; three days' work; five cents' worth; two men's
wages; those children's toys; women's hats.
This may be continued till the pupils are able to form some such statement
as the following:--
(_'s_) and (_'_) are the possessive signs, (_'_) being used when _s_ has
been added to denote more than one, (_'s_) in other cases.
Such expressions as the following may be copied:--
Dombey and Son's business; J. J. Little & Co.'s printing-house; William the
Conqueror's reign; Houghton, Mifflin, and Company's publications.
This may be continued till the pupils learn that, when a group of words may
be treated as a compound name, the possessive sign is added to the last
word only.
THE OBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT.
The treatment of the objective complement may be introduced in a review
course, when the class is sufficiently mature. The following explanation
may aid some teachers:--
In "It made him _sad_," _made_ does not fully express the action performed
upon him--not "_made_ him," but "_made sad_ (saddened) him." _Sad_ helps
_made_ to express the action, and also denotes a quality which as the
result of the action belongs to the person represented by the object _him_.
Whatever completes the predicate and belongs to the object we call an
_Objective Complement_.
Nouns, infinitives, and participles may also be used in the same way; as,
"They made Victoria _queen_,"
"It made him _weep_;"
"It kept him _laughing_."
They | made / queen | Victoria
======|=========================
|
+Explanation+.--The line that separates _made_ from _queen_ slants toward
the object complement to show that _queen_ belongs to the object.
A noun or pronoun used as objective complement is in the objective case.
The teacher may here explain such constructions as, "I proved it to be
_him_," in which _it_ is object complement and _to be him_ is objective
complement. _Him_, the attribute complement of _be_, is in the objective
case because _it_, the assumed subject of _be_, is objective. Let the
pupils compare "I proved it to be _him_" with "I proved that it was _he;_"
"_Whom_ did you suppose it to be?" with "_Who_ did you suppose it was?"
etc.
NOUNS AS ADVERB MODIFIERS.
The following uses of nouns and pronouns, not found in the preceding
Lessons, may be introduced in a review course.
1. He gave _John_ a book.
2. He bought _me_ a book.
_John_ and _me_, as here used, are generally called _Indirect Objects_. The
"indirect object" names the one _to_ or _for_ whom something is done. We
treat these words as phrase modifiers without the preposition. If we change
the order, the preposition must be supplied; as, "He gave a book _to
John;_" "He bought a book _for me_."
Nouns denoting _measure, quantity, weight, time, value, distance_, or
_direction_ may be used adverbially, being equivalent to phrase modifiers
without the preposition; as,
1. We walked four _miles_ an _hour_.
2. It weighs one _pound_.
3. It is worth a _dollar_.
4. The wall is ten _feet_, six _inches_ high.
5. I went _home_ that way.
The following diagram will illustrate both the "indirect object" and the
"noun of measure:"--
They offered Caesar the crown three times.
They | offered | crown
=======|====================
| \ \ \the
\ \ times
\ \------
\ \three
\ Caesar
\------
+Explanation+.--_Caesar_ (the "indirect object") and _times_ (denoting
measure) stand in the diagram on lines representing the principal words of
prepositional phrases.
SCHEMES FOR REVIEW.
These schemes will be found very helpful in a general review. The pupils
should be able to reproduce them, omitting the Lesson numbers.
Scheme for the Sentence.
(_The numbers refer to Lessons_.)
PARTS.
+Subject+.
Noun or Pronoun (6, 14, 19).
Phrase (49).
Clause (61).
+Predicate+.
Verb (6,16).
+Complements+.
Object.
Noun or Pronoun (39).
Phrase (49).
Clause (61).
Attribute.
Adjective (39).
Noun or Pronoun (42).
Phrase.
Clause (61).
+Modifiers+.
Adjectives (20, 22).
Adverbs (24, 27).
Participles (48).
Nouns and Pronouns (53).
Phrases (31, 48, 49).
Clauses (57, 59).
+Connectives+.
Conjunctions (35, 36, 62).
Pronouns (57).
Adverbs (59).
+Independent Parts (36, 64)+.
+Classes+--+Meaning+.--Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative,
Exclamatory (63).
+Classes+--+Form+.--Simple, Complex, Compound (57, 62).
Scheme for the Noun.
(_The numbers refer to Lessons_.)
NOUN (14).
+Uses+.
Subject (6).
Object Complement (39).
Attribute Complement (42).
Adjective Modifier (53).
Prin. word in Prep. Phrase (34).
Independent (64).
+Classes+.
Common (71).
Proper (71).
+Modifications+.
Number
Singular (78, 79).
Plural (78, 79).
+Gender+.
Masculine (80).
Feminine (80).
Neuter (80).
+Person+.
First (81-83).
Second (81-83).
Third (81-83).
+Case+.
Nominative (81-85).
Possessive (81-85).
Objective (81-85).
Scheme for the Pronoun.
PRONOUNS.
+Uses+.--Same as those of the Noun.
+Classes+.
Personal (71, 72).
Relative (71, 72).
Interrogative (71, 72).
Adjective (71, 72).
+Modifications+.--Same as those of the Noun
(78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 95).
Scheme for the Verb.
(_The numbers refer to Lessons_.)
VERB.
+Uses+
To _assert_ action, being, or state.--Predicate (6, 16).
To _assume_ action, being, or state. Participles (48).
Infinitives (49).
+Classes+.
Form.
Regular (74).
Irregular (74, 91).
Meaning.
Transitive (74),
Intransitive (74).
+Modifications+.
Voice.
Active (89).
Passive (89).
Mode.
Indicative (90-94).
Potential (90-94).
Subjunctive (90-94).
Imperative (90-94).
Tense.
Present (90-94).
Past (90-94).
Future (90-94).
Present Perfect (90-94).
Past Perfect (90-94).
Future Perfect (90-94).
Number.
Singular (90, 92-95).
Plural (90, 92-95).
Person.
First (90, 92-95).
Second (90, 92-95).
Third (90, 92-95).
+Participles+.--
Classes.
Present (90-94, 96, 98).
Past (90-94, 96, 98).
Past Perfect (90-94, 96, 98).
+Infinitives+.--
Tenses.
Present (90, 92-94).
Present Perfect (90, 92-94).
Scheme for the Adjective.
(_The numbers refer to Lessons.)_
ADJECTIVE.
+Uses+.
Modifier (20, 23).
Attribute Complement (39).
+Classes+.
Descriptive (73).
Definitive (73).
+Modification+.--Comparison.
Pos. Deg. (87, 88).
Comp. Deg. (87, 88).
Sup. Deg. (87, 88).
Scheme for the Adverb.
ADVERB.
+Classes+.
Time (75).
Place (75).
Degree (75).
Manner (75).
+Modification+--Comparison.
Pos. Deg. (87, 88).
Comp. Deg. (87, 88).
Sup. Deg. (87, 88).
+Schemes for the Conj., Prep., and Int+.
THE CONJUNCTION.--
+Classes+.
Co-ordinate (36, 76). No Modifications.
Subordinate (36, 76). No Modifications.
THE PREPOSITION (34, 41).--No Classes. No Modifications.
THE INTERJECTION (36).--No Classes. No Modifications.
+Model for Written Parsing adapted to all Parts of Speech+.--_Oh! it
has a voice for those who on their sick beds lie and waste away_.
CLASSIFICATION. MODIFICATIONS. SYNTAX.
_Sentence_.
Oh! Class: Int. Voice: Independent.
Sub-C.: Mode:
Tense:
Per.:
Num.:
Gen.:
Case:
Deg. of
Comp.:
it Class: Pro. Voice: Sub. of _has_.
Sub-C.: Per. Mode:
Tense:
Per.: 3d.
Num.: Sing.
Gen.: Neut.
Case: Nom.
Deg. of
Comp.: Pred. of _it_.
has Class: Vb. Voice: Act.
Sub-C.: Ir., Tr. Mode: Ind.
Tense: Pres.
Per.: 3d.
Num.: Sing.
Gen.:
Case:
Deg. of
Comp.:
a Class: Adj. Voice: Mod. of _voice_.
Sub-C.: Def. Mode:
Tense:
Per.:
Num.:
Gen.:
Case:
Deg. of
Comp.: ----
voice Class: N. Voice: Obj. Com. of _has_.
Sub-C.: Com. Mode:
Tense:
Per.: 3d.
Num.: Sing.
Gen.: Neut.
Case: Obj.
Deg. of
Comp.:
for Class: Prep. Voice: Shows Rel. of
Sub-C.: Mode: _has_ to
Tense: _those_.
Per.:
Num.:
Gen.:
Case:
Deg. of
Comp.:
those Class: Pro. Voice: Prin. word after
Sub-C.: Adj. Mode: _for_.
Tense:
Per.: 3d.
Num.: Plu.
Gen.: M.or F.
Case: Obj.
Deg. of
Comp.:
who Class: Pro. Voice: Sub. of _lie_ and
Sub-C.: Rel. Mode: _waste_.
Tense:
Per.: 3d.
Num.: Plu.
Gen.: M.or F.
Case: Nom.
Deg. of
Comp.:
on Class: Prep. Voice: Shows Rel. of _lie_
Sub-C.: Mode: to _beds_.
Tense:
Per.:
Num.:
Gen.:
Case:
Deg. of
Comp.:
their Class: Pro. Voice: Pos. Mod. of
Sub-C.: Per. Mode: _beds_.
Tense:
Per.: 3d.
Num.: Plu.
Gen.: M.or F.
Case: Pos.
Deg. of
Comp.:
sick Class: Adj. Voice: Mod. of _beds_.
Sub-C.: Des. Mode:
Tense:
Per.:
Num.:
Gen.:
Case:
Deg. of
Comp.: Pos.
beds Class: N. Voice: Prin. word after
Sub-C.: Com. Mode: _on_.
Tense:
Per.: 3d.
Num.: Plu.
Gen.: Neut.
Case: Obj.
Deg. of
Comp.:
lie Class: Vb. Voice: ---- Pred. of _who_.
Sub-C.: Ir., Int. Mode: Ind.
Tense: Pres.
Per.: 3d.
Num.: Plu.
Gen.:
Case:
Deg. of
Comp.:
and Class: Conj. Voice: Con. _lie_ and
Sub-C.: Co-or. Mode: _waste_.
Tense:
Per.:
Num.:
Gen.:
Case:
Deg. of
Comp.:
waste Class: Vb. Voice: ---- Pred. of _who_.
Sub-C.: Reg., Int.Mode: Ind.
Tense: Pres.
Per.: 3d.
Num.: Plu.
Gen.:
Case:
Deg. of
Comp.:
away. Class: Adv. Voice: Mod. of _waste_.
Sub-C.: Place Mode:
Tense:
Per.:
Num.:
Gen.:
Case:
Deg. of
Comp.: ----
For exercises in general parsing, select from the preceding Lessons on
Analysis.
LIST OF CONNECTIVES.
+Remark+.--Some of the connectives below are conjunctions proper; some are
relative pronouns; and some are adverbs or adverb phrases, which, in
addition to their office as modifiers, may, in the absence of the
conjunction, take its office upon themselves, and connect the clauses.
CO-ORDINATE CONNECTIVES.
+_Copulative_+.--_And, both...and, as well as_, [Footnote: The _as well as_
in "He, _as well as_ I, went"; and not that in "He is _as well as_ I am."]
are conjunctions proper. Accordingly, _also, besides, consequently,
furthermore, hence, likewise, moreover, now, so, then_, and _therefore_ are
conjunctive adverbs.
+_Adversative_+.--_But_ and _whereas_ are conjunctions proper. However,
_nevertheless, notwithstanding, on the contrary, on the other hand, still_,
and _yet_ are conjunctive adverbs.
+_Alternative_+.--_Neither, nor, or, either... or_, and _neither...nor_ are
conjunctions proper. _Else_ and _otherwise_ are conjunctive adverbs.
SUBORDINATE CONNECTIVES.
Connectives of Adjective Clauses.
_That, what, whatever, which, whichever, who_, and whoever are relative
pronouns. _When, where, whereby, wherein_, and _why_ are conjunctive
adverbs.
Connectives of Adverb Clauses.
_Time_.--_After, as, before, ere, since, till, until, when, whenever,
while_, and _whilst_ are conjunctive adverbs.
_Place_.--_Whence, where_, and _wherever_ are conjunctive adverbs.
_Degree_.--_As, than, that_, and _the_ are conjunctive adverbs,
correlative, with adjectives or adverbs.
_Manner_.--_As_ is a conjunctive adverb, correlative often with an
adjective or an adverb.
_Real Cause_.--_As, because, for, since_, and _whereas_ are conjunctions
proper.
_Reason_.--_Because, for_, and _since_ are conjunctions proper.
Purpose.--_In order that, lest_ (=_that not_) _that_, and _so that_ are
conjunctions proper.
_Condition_.--_Except, if, in case that, on condition that, provided,
provided that_, and _unless_ are conjunctions proper.
_Concession_.--_Although, if_ (=_even if_), _notwithstanding, though_, and
_whether_ are conjunctions proper. _However_ is a conjunctive adverb.
_Whatever, whichever_, and _whoever_ are relative pronouns used
indefinitely.
+Connectives of Noun Clauses+.
_If, lest, that_, and _whether_ are conjunctions proper. _What, which_, and
_who_ are pronouns introducing questions; _how, when, whence, where_, and
_why_ are conjunctive adverbs.
ABBREVIATIONS.
+Remarks+.--Few abbreviations are allowable in ordinary composition. They
are very convenient in writing lists of articles, in scientific works, and
wherever certain terms frequently occur.
Titles prefixed to proper names are generally abbreviated, except in
addressing an officer of high rank. Titles that immediately follow names
are almost always abbreviated.
Names of women are not generally abbreviated except by using an initial for
one of two Christian names.
Abbreviations that shorten only by one letter are unnecessary; as, _Jul._
for "July," _Jno._ for "John," _da._ for "day," etc.
1_st_, 2_d_, 3_d_, 4_th_, etc., are not followed by the period. They are
not treated as abbreviations.
@, At.
+A. B.+ or +B. A.+ (_Artium Baccalaureus_), Bachelor of
Arts.
+Acct., acct.+, or +a/c+, Account.
+A. D.+ (_Anno Domini_), In the year of our Lord.
+Adjt.+, Adjutant.
+Aet.+ or +aet.+ (aetatis), Of age, aged.
+Ala.+, Alabama.
+Alex.+, Alexander.
+A. M.+ or +M. A.+ (_Artium Magister_), Master of Arts.
+A. M.+ (_ante meridiem_), Before noon.
+Amt.+, Amount.
+And.+, Andrew.
+Anon.+, Anonymous.
+Ans.+, Answer.
+Anth.+, Anthony.
+Apr.+, April.
+Arch.+, Archibald.
+Ark.+, Arkansas.
+Arizona+ or +Ariz.+, Arizona Territory.
+Atty.+, Attorney.
+Atty.-Gen.+, Attorney-General.
+Aug.+, August; Augustus.
+Av.+ or +Ave.+, Avenue.
+Avoir.+, Avoirdupois.
+Bart.+, Baronet.
+bbl.+, Barrels.
+B. C.+, Before Christ.
+Benj.+, Benjamin.
+Brig.-Gen.+, Brigadier-General.
+B. S.+, Bachelor of Science.
+bu.+, Bushels.
+c+ or +ct.+, Cents.
+Cal.+, California.
+Cap.+, Capital. +Caps.+, Capitals.
+Capt.+, Captain.
+C. E.+, Civil Engineer.
+cf.+ (_confer_), Compare.
+Chas.+, Charles.
+Chron.+, Chronicles.
+Co.+, Company; County.
+c/o+, In care of.
+C. O. D.+, Collect on delivery.
+Col.+, Colonel; Colossians.
+Coll.+, College; Collector.
+Conn.+, Connecticut.
+Colo+, or +Col.+, Colorado.
+Cr.+, Credit; Creditor.
+cub. ft.+, Cubic feet.
+cub. in.+, Cubic inches.
+cwt.+, Hundred-weight.
+d.+, Days; Pence.
+Danl.+ or +Dan.+, Daniel.
+D. C.+, District of Columbia.
+D. C. L.+, Doctor of Civil Law.
+D. D.+ (_Divinitatis Doctor_), Doctor of Divinity.
+D. D. S.+, Doctor of Dental Surgery.
+Dec.+, December.
+Del.+, Delaware.
+Deut.+, Deuteronomy.
+D. G.+ (_Dei gratia_), By the grace of God.
+Dist.-Atty.+, District-Attorney.
+D. M.+, Doctor of Music.
+do.+ (_ditto_), The same.
+doz.+, Dozen.
+Dr.+, Doctor; Debtor.
+D. V.+ (_Deo volente_), God willing.
+E.+, East.
+Eben.+, Ebenezer.
+Eccl.+, Ecclesiastes.
+Ed.+, Edition; Editor.
+Edm.+, Edmund.
+Edw.+, Edward.
+e. g.+ (_exempli gratia_), For example.
+E. N. E.+, East-northeast.
+Eng.+, English; England.
+Eph.+, Ephesians; Ephraim.
+E. S. E.+, East-southeast.
+Esq.+, Esquire.
+et al.+ (_et alibi_), And elsewhere.
+et al.+ (_et alii_), And others.
+et seq.+ (_et sequeniia_), And following.
+etc.+ or +&c.+ (et caetera), And others; And so forth.
+Ex.+, Example; Exodus.
+Ez.+, Ezra.
+Ezek.+, Ezekiel.
+Fahr.+ or +F.+, Fahrenheit (thermometer).
+Feb.+, February.
+Fla.+, Florida.
+Fr.+, French; France.
+Fran.+, Francis.
+Fred.+, Frederic.
+Fri.+, Friday.
+ft.+, Feet.
+Ft.+, Fort.
+fur.+, Furlong.
+Ga.+, Georgia.
+Gal.+, Galatians.
+gal.+, Gallons.
+Gen.+, General; Genesis.
+Geo.+, George.
+Gov.+, Governor.
+gr.+, Grains.
+h.+, Hours.
+Hab.+, Habakkuk.
+Hag.+, Haggai.
+H. B. M.+, His (or Her) Britannic Majesty.
+hdkf.+, Handkerchief.
+Heb.+, Hebrews.
+H. H.+, His Holiness (the Pope).
+hhd.+, Hogsheads.
+H. M.+, His (or Her) Majesty.
+Hon.+, Honorable.
+Hos.+, Hosea.
+H. R. H.+, His (or Her) Royal Highness.
+ib.+ or +ibid+, (_ibidem_), In the same place.
+id.+ (_idem_), The same.
+Idaho+, Idaho.
+i.e.+ (_id est_), That is.
+I. H. S.+ (_Jesus hominum Salvator_), Jesus, the Savior of Men.
+Ill.+, Illinois.
+in.+, Inches.
+incog.+ (i_ncognito_), Unknown.
+Ind.+, Indiana.
+Ind. T.+, Indian Territory.
+inst.+, Instant, the present month.
+Iowa+ or +Io.+, Iowa.
+I. O. O. F.+, Independent Order of Odd Fellows.
+Isa.+, Isaiah.
+Jac.+, Jacob.
+Jan.+, January.
+Jas.+, James.
+Jer.+, Jeremiah.
+Jona.+, Jonathan.
+Jos.+, Joseph.
+Josh.+, Joshua.
+Jr.+ or +Jun.+, Junior.
+Judg.+, Judges.
+Kans.+ or +Kan.+, Kansas.
+Ky.+, Kentucky.
+l.+, Line; ll., Lines.
+l.+ or +lb.+, Pounds sterling.
+La.+, Louisiana.
+Lam.+, Lamentations.
+L.+, Latin.
+lb.+ or lb-. (_libra_ or _librae_), Pound or pounds in weight.
+l.c.+, Lower case (small letter).
+Lev.+, Leviticus.
+L. I.+, Long Island.
+Lieut.+, Lieutenant.
+LL. B.+(_Legum Baccalaureus_), Bachelor of Laws.
+LL. D.+ (_Legum Doctor_), Doctor of Laws.
+M.+ or +Mons.+, Monsieur.
+M.+ (_meridies_), Noon.
+m.+, Miles; Minutes.
+Mad.+, Madam. +Mme.+, Madame.
+Maj.+, Major.
+Mal.+, Malachi.
+Mar.+, March.
+Mass.+, Massachusetts.
+Matt.+, Matthew.
+M. C.+, Member of Congress.
+M. D.+ (_Medicinae Doctor_), Doctor of Medicine.
+Md.+, Maryland.
+mdse.+, Merchandise.
+Me.+, Maine.
+Mem.+, Memorandum; Memoranda.
+Messrs.+, Messieurs.
+Mic.+, Micah.
+Mgr.+, Monseigneur.
+Mich.+, Michigan; Michael.
+Minn.+, Minnesota.
+Miss.+, Mississippi.
+Mlle.+, Mademoiselle.
+Mmes.+, Mesdames.
+Mo.+, Missouri.
+mo.+, Months.
+Mon.+, Monday.
+M. P.+, Member of Parliament.
+Mont.+, Montana.
+Mr.+, Mister.
+Mrs.+, Mistress (pronounced Missis).
+MS.+, Manuscript.
+MSS.+, Manuscripts.
+Mt.+, Mountain.
+N.+, North.
+N. A.+, North America.
+Nath.+, Nathaniel.
+N. B.+ (_nota bene_), Mark well.
+N. C.+, North Carolina.
+N. Dak.+, North Dakota.
+N. E.+, New England.
+N. E.+, Northeast.
+Nebr.+ or +Neb.+, Nebraska.
+Neh.+, Nehemiah.
+Nev.+, Nevada.
+N. H.+, New Hampshire.
+N. J.+, New Jersey.
+N. Mex.+ or +N. M.+, New Mexico.
+N. N. E.+, North-northeast.
+N. N. W.+, North-northwest.
+N. O.+, New Orleans.
+No.+ (_numero_), Number,
+Nov.+, November.
+N. W.+, Northwest
+N. Y.+, New York.
+Obad.+, Obadiah.
+Oct.+, October.
+Ohio+ or +O.+, Ohio.
+Oreg.+ or +Or.+, Oregon.
+Oxon.+ (_Oxonia_), Oxford,
+oz.+, Ounces.
+p.+, Page, +pp.+, Pages.
+Pa.+ or +Penn.+, Pennsylvania.
+Payt.+ or +payt.+, Payment.
+per cent+, or +per ct.+ (_per centum_) or %, By the hundred.
+Ph. D.+ (_Philosophiae Doctor_), Doctor of Philosophy.
+Phil.+, Philip; Philippians.
+Phila.+, Philadelphia.
+pk.+, Pecks.
+P. M.+, Postmaster.
+P. M.+ or +p. m.+ (_post meridiem_), Afternoon.
+P. O.+, Post-Office.
+Pres.+, President.
+Prof.+, Professor.
+Pro tem.+ (_pro tempore_), For the time being.
+Prov.+, Proverbs.
+prox.+ (_proximo_), The next month.
+P. S.+, Postscript.
+Ps.+, Psalms.
+pt.+, Pints.
+pwt.+, Pennyweights.
+qt.+, Quarts.
+q. v.+ (_quod vide_), Which see.
+Qy.+, Query.
+rd.+, Rods.
+Recd.+, Received.
+Rev.+, Reverend; Revelation.
+R. I.+, Rhode Island.
+Robt.+, Robert.
+Rom.+, Romans (Book of); Roman letters.
+R. R.+, Railroad.
+R. S. V. P.+ (_Repondez s'il vous plait_), Answer, if you please.
+Rt. Hon.+, Right Honorable.
+Rt. Rev.+, Right Reverend.
+S.+, South.
+s.+, Shillings.
+S. A.+, South America.
+Saml.+ or +Sam.+, Samuel.
+Sat.+, Saturday.
+S. C.+, South Carolina.
+S. Dak.+, South Dakota.
+S. E.+, Southeast.
+Sec.+, Secretary.
+sec.+, Seconds.
+Sep.+ or +Sept.+, September.
+Sol.+, Solomon.
+sq. ft.+, Square feet.
+sq. in.+, Square inches.
+sq. m.+, Square miles.
+S. S. E.+, South-southeast.
+S. S. W.+, South-southwest.
+St.+, Street; Saint.
+S. T. D.+ (_Sacrae Theologiae Doctor_), Doctor of Divinity.
+Sun.+, Sunday.
+Supt.+, Superintendent.
+S. W.+, Southwest.
+T.+, Tons; Tuns.
+Tenn.+, Tennessee.
+Tex.+, Texas.
+Theo.+, Theodore.
+Theoph.+, Theophilus.
+Thess.+, Thessalonians,
+Thos.+, Thomas.
+Thurs.+, Thursday.
+Tim.+, Timothy.
+tr.+, Transpose.
+Treas.+, Treasurer.
+Tues.+, Tuesday.
+ult.+ (_ultimo_), Last--last month.
+U. S.+ or +U. S. A.+, United States of America; United States Army.
+U. S. M.+, United States Mail.
+U. S. N.+, United States Navy.
+Utah+ or +U. Ter.+, Utah Territory.
+Va.+, Virginia.
+Vice-Pres.+, Vice-President.
+viz.+ (_videlicet_), To wit, namely.
+vol.+, Volume.
+vs.+ (_versus_), Against.
+Vt.+, Vermont.
+W.+, West.
+Wash.+, Washington.
+Wed.+, Wednesday.
+Wis.+, Wisconsin.
+wk.+, Weeks.
+Wm.+, William.
+W. N. W.+, West-northwest.
+W. S. W.+, West-southwest.
+W. Va.+, West Virginia.
+Wyo.+, Wyoming.
+Xmas.+, Christmas.
+yd.+, Yards.
+y.+ or +yr.+, Years.
+Zech.+, Zechariah.
+& Co.+, And Company.
SUPPLEMENT.
+Exercises on the Composition of the Sentence and the Paragraph+.
SELECTION FROM DARWIN.
Morren says that angleworms often lie for hours almost motionless close
beneath the mouths of their burrows. I have occasionally noticed the same
fact with worms kept in pots in the house; so that by looking down into
their burrows their heads could just be seen. If the ejected earth or
rubbish over the burrows be suddenly removed, the end of the worm's body
may very often be seen rapidly retreating.
This habit of lying near the surface leads to their destruction to an
immense extent. Every morning, during certain seasons of the year, the
thrushes and blackbirds on all the lawns throughout the country draw out of
their holes an astonishing number of worms; and this they could not do
unless they lay close to the surface.
It is not probable that worms behave in this manner for the sake of
breathing fresh air, for they can live for a long time under water. I
believe that they lie near the surface for the sake of warmth, especially
in the morning; and we shall hereafter find that they often coat the mouths
of their burrows with leaves, apparently to prevent their bodies from
coming into close contact with the cold, damp earth.
+The Uses of Words and Groups of Words+.--We will break up Mr. Darwin's
first group of sentences into single sentences or single statements, each
having but one predicate verb.
1. Angleworms often lie for hours almost motionless close beneath the
mouths of their burrows. 2. Morren says this. 3. I have occasionally
noticed the same fact with worms kept in pots in the house. 4. By looking
down into their burrows their heads could just be seen. 5. The ejected
earth or rubbish over the burrows may suddenly be removed. 6. The end of
the worm's body may then very often be seen rapidly retreating.