and things; _that_, persons, animals, and things; and _what_, things.
CORRECT THE FOLLOWING ERRORS.
I have a dog who runs to meet me.
The boy which I met was quite lame.
Those which live in glass houses must not throw stones.
REVIEW QUESTIONS.
+To the Teacher+.--For "Schemes," see p. 186.
How many modifications have nouns and pronouns? Name and define each. How
many persons are there? Define each. How many cases are there? Define each.
How do you determine the case of an explanatory noun or pronoun? What is
declension? How are the forms _mine, yours_, etc., now used? What is the
rule for forming the possessive case? What words are used only in the
nominative case? What words are used only in the objective case? [Footnote:
_Her_ is used in the possessive case also.] How do you determine the
number, gender, and person of pronouns?
LESSON 86.
NOUNS AND PRONOUNS--PARSING.
+To the Teacher+.--For general "Scheme" for parsing, see p. 189.
Select and parse all the nouns and pronouns in Lesson 53.
+Model for Written Parsing+.--_Elizabeth's favorite, Raleigh, was beheaded
by James I._
Elizabeth's
CLASSIFICATION. _Nouns_.
_Kind_. Prop.
MODIFICATIONS. _Person_. 3d
_Number_. Sing.
_Gender_. Fem.
_Case_. Pos.
SYNTAX. Pos. Mod. of _favorite_.
favorite
CLASSIFICATION. _Nouns_.
_Kind_. Com.
MODIFICATIONS. _Person_. 3d
_Number_. Sing.
_Gender_. Mas.
_Case_. Nom.
SYNTAX. Sub. of _was beheaded_.
Raleigh
CLASSIFICATION. _Nouns_.
_Kind_. Prop.
MODIFICATIONS. _Person_. 3d
_Number_. Sing.
_Gender_. Mas.
_Case_. Nom.
SYNTAX. Exp. Mod. of _favorite_.
James I.
CLASSIFICATION. _Nouns_.
_Kind_. Prop.
MODIFICATIONS. _Person_. 3d
_Number_. Sing.
_Gender_. Mas.
_Case_. Obj.
SYNTAX. Prin. word after _by_.
+To the Teacher+.--Select other exercises, and continue this work as long
as it may be profitable. See Lessons 56, 57, 61, 64, and 65.
LESSON 87.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
+Adjectives have one modification;+ viz., _Comparison_.
DEFINITIONS.
+_Comparison_ is a modification of the adjective to express the relative
degree of the quality in the things compared+.
+The _Positive degree_ expresses the simple quality+.
+The _Comparative degree_ expresses a greater or a less degree of the
quality+.
+The _Superlative degree_ expresses the greatest or the least degree of the
quality+.
+RULE.--Adjectives are regularly compared by adding _er_ to the positive to
form the comparative, and _est_ to the positive to form the superlative+.
Adjectives of one syllable are _generally_ compared regularly; adjectives
of two or more syllables are often compared by prefixing _more_ and _most_.
When there are two correct forms, choose the one that can be more easily
pronounced.
Compare the following adjectives. For the spelling, consult your
dictionaries.
Model.--_Positive. Comparative. Superlative_.
Lovely, lovelier, loveliest; _or_
lovely, more lovely, most lovely.
Tame, warm, beautiful, brilliant, amiable, high, mad, greedy, pretty,
hot.
Some adjectives are compared _irregularly_. Learn the following forms.
_Positive. Comparative. Superlative_.
Good, better, best.
Bad, |
Evil, + worse, worst.
Ill, |
Little, less, least.
Much, |
Many, | more, most.
LESSON 88.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.
+_Remember_+ that, when two things or groups of things are compared, the
_comparative_ degree is commonly used; when more than two, the
_superlative_ is employed.
+_Caution_+.--Adjectives should not be _doubly_ compared.
CORRECT THE FOLLOWING ERRORS.
Of all the boys, George is the more industrious.
Peter was older than the twelve apostles.
Which is the longer of the rivers of America?
This was the most unkindest cut of all.
He chose a more humbler part.
My hat is more handsomer than yours.
The younger of those three boys is the smarter.
Which is the more northerly, Maine, Oregon, or Minnesota?
+_Caution_+.--Do not use adjectives and adverbs extravagantly.
CORRECT THE FOLLOWING ERRORS.
The weather is horrid.
That dress is perfectly awful.
Your coat sits frightfully.
We had an awfully good time.
This is a tremendously hard lesson.
Harry is a mighty nice boy.
+_Remember_+ that adjectives whose meaning does not admit of different
degrees cannot be compared; as, _every_, _universal_.
Use in the three different degrees such of the following adjectives as
admit of comparison.
All, serene, excellent, immortal, first, two, total, infinite,
three-legged, bright.
+_Adverbs_+ are compared in the same manner as adjectives. The following
are compared regularly. Compare them.
Fast, often, soon, late, early.
In the preceding and in the following list, find words that may be used as
adjectives.
The following are compared irregularly. Learn them.
_Pos. Comp. Sup. _
----------- ---------- --------
Badly, Ill, worse, worst.
Well, better, best.
Little, less, least.
Much, more, most.
Far, farther, farthest.
Adverbs ending in _ly_ are generally compared by prefixing _more_ and
_most_. Compare the following.
Firmly, gracefully, actively, easily.
+To the Teacher+.--Let the pupils select and parse all the adjectives and
adverbs in Lesson 27. For forms, see p. 189. Select other exercises, and
continue the work as long as it is profitable. See "Schemes" for review, p.
188.
REVIEW QUESTIONS.
How is a noun parsed? What modification have adjectives? What is
comparison? How many degrees of comparison are there? Define each. How are
adjectives regularly compared? Distinguish the uses of the comparative and
the superlative degree. Give the directions for using adjectives and
adverbs (Lesson 88). Illustrate. What adjectives cannot be compared? How
are adverbs compared?
LESSON 89.
MODIFICATION OF VERBS.
VOICE.
+Hints for Oral Instruction+.--_I picked the rose_. I will tell the same
thing in another way. _The rose was picked by me_. The first verb _picked_
shows that the subject _I_ represents the actor, and the second form of the
verb, _was picked_, shows that the subject names the thing acted upon. This
change in the form of the verb is called +Voice+. The first form is called
the +Active Voice+; and the second, the +Passive Voice+.
The _passive_ form is very convenient when we wish to assert an action
without naming any actor. _Money is coined_ is better than _somebody coins
money_.
DEFINITIONS.
+_Voice_ is that modification of the transitive verb which shows whether
the subject names the _actor_ or the _thing acted upon_+.
+The _Active Voice_ shows that the subject names the actor+.
+The _Passive Voice_ shows that the subject names the thing acted upon+.
In each of the following sentences, change the _voice_ of the verb without
changing the meaning of the sentence. Note the other changes that occur in
the sentence.
The industrious bees gather honey from the flowers.
The storm drove the vessel against the rock.
Our words should be carefully chosen.
Death separates the dearest friends.
His vices have weakened his mind and destroyed his health.
True valor protects the feeble and humbles the oppressor.
The Duke of Wellington, who commanded the English armies in the
Peninsula, never lost a battle.
Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt.
Dr. Livingstone explored a large part of Africa.
The English were conquered by the Normans.
Name all the transitive verbs in Lessons 20 and 22, and give, their
_voice_.
LESSON 90.
MODE, TENSE, NUMBER, AND PERSON.
+Hints for Oral Instruction+.--When I say, _James walks_, I assert the
walking as a _fact_. When I say, _James may walk_, I do not assert the
action as a fact, but as a _possible_ action. When I say, _If James walk
out, he will improve_, I assert the action, not as an actual fact, but as a
_condition_ of James's, improving. When I say to James, _Walk out_, I do
not assert that James actually does the act, I assert the action as a
_command_.
The action expressed by the verb _walk_ has been asserted in _four_
different _ways_, or +modes+. The first way is called the +Indicative
Mode+; the second, the +Potential Mode+; the third, the +Subjunctive Mode+;
the fourth, the +Imperative Mode+.
Let the teacher give other examples and require the pupils to repeat this
instruction.
For the two forms of the verb called the +Infinitive+ and the +Participle+,
see "Hints," Lessons 48 and 49.
_I walk. I walked. I shall walk_. In each of these three sentences, the
manner of asserting the action is the same. _I walk_ expresses the action
as _present_. _I walked_ expresses the action as _past_, and _I shall walk_
expresses the action as _future_. As +Tense+ means _time_, the first form
is called the +Present Tense+; the second, the +Past Tense+; and the third,
the +Future Tense+.
We have three other forms of the verb, expressing the action as _completed_
in the _present_, the _past_, or the _future_.
_I have walked out to-day. I had walked out when he called. I shall have
walked out by to-morrow_. The form, _have walked_, expressing the action as
_completed_ in the present, is called the +Present Perfect Tense+. The
form, _had walked_, expressing the action as _completed_ in the past, is
called the +Past Perfect Tense+. The form, _shall have walked_, expressing
an action to be _completed_ in the future, is called the +Future Perfect
Tense+.
Let the teacher give other verbs, and require the pupils to name and
explain the different tenses.
_I walk. Thou walkest. He walks. They walk_.
In the second sentence, the verb _walk_ was changed by adding _est_; and in
the third, it was changed by adding _s_. These changes are for the sake of
agreement with the person of the subject. The verb ending in _est_ agrees
with the subject _thou_ in the second person, and the verb ending in _s_
agrees with _he_ in the third person. In the fourth sentence, the subject
is in the third person; but it is plural, and so the verb drops the _s_ to
agree with they in the plural.
Verbs are said to agree in +Person+ and +Number+ with their subjects. The
person and number _forms_ will be found in Lessons 93, 94.
+DEFINITIONS+.
+_Mode_ is that modification of the verb which denotes the manner of
asserting the action or being+.
+The _Indicative Mode_ asserts the action or being as a fact+.
+The _Potential Mode_ asserts the power, liberty, possibility, or necessity
of acting or being+.
+The _Subjunctive Mode_ asserts the action or being as a mere condition,
supposition, or wish+.
+The _Imperative Mode_ asserts the action or being as a command or an
entreaty+.
+The _Infinitive_ is a form of the verb which names the action or being in
a general way, without asserting it of anything+.
+The _Participle_ is a form of the verb partaking of the nature of an
adjective or of a noun, and expressing the action or being as assumed+.
+The _Present Participle_ denotes action or being as continuing at the time
indicated by the predicate+.
+The _Past Participle_ denotes action or being as past or completed at the
time indicated by the predicate+.
+The _Past Perfect Participle_ denotes action or being as completed at a
time previous to that indicated by the predicate+.
+_Tense_ is that modification of the verb which expresses the time of the
action or being+.
+The _Present Tense_ expresses action or being as present+.
+The _Past Tense_ expresses action or being as past+.
+The _Future Tense_ expresses action or being as yet to come+.
+The _Present Perfect Tense_ expresses action or being as completed at the
present time+.
+The _Past Perfect Tense_ expresses action or being as completed at some
past time+.
+The _Future Perfect Tense_ expresses action or being to be completed at
some future time+.
+_Number_ and _Person_ of a verb are those modifications that show its
agreement with the number and person of its subject+.
LESSON 91.
CONJUGATION OF THE VERB.
+DEFINITIONS+.
+_Conjugation_ is the regular arrangement of all the forms of the verb+.
+_Synopsis_ is the regular arrangement of the forms of one number and
person in all the modes and tenses+.
+_Auxiliary Verbs_ are those that help in the conjugation of other verbs+.
The auxiliaries are _do_, _be_, _have_, _shall_, _will_, _may_, _can_, and
_must_.
+The _Principal Parts_ of a verb are the present indicative or the present
infinitive, the past indicative, and the past participle+.
These are called _principal parts_, because all the other forms of the verb
are derived from them.
We give, below, the _principal parts_ of some of the most important
_irregular verbs_. Learn them.
_Present_. _Past_. _Past. Par._
Be _or_ am, was, been.
Begin, began, begun.
Blow, blew, blown.
Break, broke, broken.
Choose, chose, chosen.
Come, came, come.
Do, did, done.
Draw, drew, drawn.
Drink, drank, drunk.
Drive, drove, driven.
Eat, ate, eaten.
Fall, fell, fallen.
Fly, flew, flown.
Freeze, froze, frozen.
Go, went, gone.
Get, got, got _or_ gotten.
Give, gave, given.
Grow, grew, grown.
Have, had, had.
Know, knew, known.
Lay, laid, laid.
Lie, (to rest) lay, lain.
Ride, rode, ridden.
Ring, rang _or_ rung, rung.
Rise, rose, risen.
Run, ran, run.
See, saw, seen.
Set, set, set.
Sit, sat, sat.
Shake, shook, shaken.
Sing, sang _or_ sung, sung.
Slay, slew, slain.
Speak, spoke, spoken.
Steal, stole, stolen.
Swim, swam _or_ swum, swum.
Take, took, taken.
Tear, tore, torn.
Throw, threw, thrown.
Wear, wore, worn.
Write, wrote, written.
The following irregular verbs are called +_Defective_,+ because some of
their parts are wanting.
_Present_. _Past_. | _Present_. _Past_.
--------------------|---------------------
Can, could. | Will, would.
May, might. | Must, ----
Shall, should. | Ought, ----
LESSON 92.
CONJUGATION OF THE VERB +SEE+ IN THE SIMPLE FORM.
+PRINCIPAL PARTS+.
_Pres_. _Past_. _Past Par._
See, saw, seen.
INDICATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
_Singular_. _Plural_.
1. I see, 1. We see,
2. You see, _or_ 2. You see,
Thou seest,
3. He sees; 3. They see.
PAST TENSE.
1. I saw, 1. We saw,
2. You saw, _or_ 2. You saw,
Thou sawest,
3. He saw; 3. They saw.
FUTURE TENSE.
1. I shall see, 1. We shall see,
2. You will see, _or_ 2. You will see,
Thou wilt see,
3. He will see; 3. They will see.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
1. I have seen, 1. We have seen,
2. You have seen, _or_ 2. You have seen,
Thou hast seen
3. He has seen; 3. They have seen.
PAST PERFECT TENSE.
1. I had seen, 1. We had seen,
2. You had seen, _or_ 2. You had seen,
Thou hadst seen,
3. He had seen; 3. They had seen.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
1. I shall have seen, 1. We shall have seen,
2. You will have seen, _or_ 2. You will have seen,
Thou wilt have seen,
3. He will have seen; 3. They will have seen.
POTENTIAL MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
_Singular_. _Plural_.
1. I may see, 1. We may see,
2. You may see, _or_ 2. You may see,
Thou mayst see,
3. He may see; 3. They may see.
PAST TENSE.
1. I might see, 1. We might see,
2. You might see, _or_
Thou mightst see, 2. You might see,
3. He might see; 3. They might see.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
1. I may have seen, 1. We may have seen,
2. You may have seen, _or_ 2. You may have seen
Thou mayst have seen,
3. He may have seen; 3. They may have seen.
PAST PERFECT TENSE.
_Singular_. _Plural_.
1. I might have seen, 1. We might have seen,
2. You might have seen, _or_ 2. You might have seen,
Thou mightst have seen,
3. He might have seen; 3. They might have seen.
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
_Singular_. _Plural_.
1. If I see, 1. If we see,
2. If you see, _or_ 2. If you see,
If thou see,
3. If he see; 3. If they see.
IMPERATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
2. See (you _or_ thou); 2. See (you).
INFINITIVES.
PRESENT TENSE.
To see.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
To have seen.
PARTICIPLES.
PRESENT. PAST. PAST PERFECT.
Seeing, Seen, Having seen.
+To the Teacher+.--Let the pupils prefix _do_ and _did_ to the simple
present _see_, and thus make the _emphatic form_ of the present and the
past tense.
Let _can_ and _must_ be used in place of _may_; and _could_, _would_, and
_should_, in place of _might_.
Require the pupils to tell how each tense is formed, and to note all
changes for agreement in number and person.
A majority of modern writers use the _indicative_ forms instead of the
_subjunctive_, in all of the tenses, unless it may be the _present_. The
_subjunctive_ forms of the verb _to be_ are retained in the present and the
past tense. Let the pupils understand that the mode and tense forms do not
always correspond with the actual meaning. _The ship sails next week. I may
go to-morrow_. The verbs _sails_ and _may go_ are _present_ in form but
_future_ in meaning. _If it rains by noon, he may not come_. The verb
_rains_ is _indicative_ in form but _subjunctive_ in meaning.
The plural forms, _You saw, You were_, etc., are used in the _singular_
also.
LESSON 93.
CONJUGATION OF THE VERB--SIMPLE FORM.
Fill out the following forms, using the principal parts of the verb _walk.
Pres., walk; Past, walked; Past Par., walked_.
INDICATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
_Singular_. _Plural_.
1. I / _Pres_ /, 1. We / _Pres_ /,
2. You / _Pres_ /, 2. You / _Pres_ /,
Thou / _Pres_ /est,
3. He / _Pres_ /s; 3. They / _Pres_ /.
PAST TENSE
1. I / _Past_ /, 1. We / _Past_ /,
2. You / _Past_ /, 2. You / _Past_ /,
Thou / _Past_ /st,
3. He / _Past_ /; 3. They / _Past_ /.
FUTURE TENSE.
1. I _shall_ / _Pres_ /, 1. We _will_ / _Pres_ /,
2. You _will_ / _Pres_ /, 2. You _will_ / _Pres_ /,
Thou _wil-t_ / _Pres_ /,
3. He _will_ / _Pres_ /; 3. They _will_ / _Pres_ /.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
1. I _have_ /_Past Par._/, 1. We _have_ /_Past Par._/,
2. You _have_ /_Past Par._/, 2. You _have_ /_Past Par._/,
Thou _ha-st_ /_Past Par._/,
3. He _ha-s_ /_Past Par._/; 3. They _have_ /_Past Par._/.
PAST PERFECT TENSE.
1. I _had_ /_Past Par._/, 1. We _had_ /_Past Par._/,
2. You _had_ /_Past Par._/, 2. You _had_ /_Past Par._/,
Thou _had-st_ /_Past Par._/,
3. He _had_ /_Past Par._/; 3. They _had_ /_Past Par._/.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
1. I _shall have_ /_Past Par._/, 1. We _will have_ _Past Par._,
2. You _will have_ /_Past Par._/, 2. You _will have_ _Past Par._,
Thou _wil-t have_ /_Past Par._/,
3. He _will have_ /_Past Par._/; 3. They _will have_ _Past Par._.
POTENTIAL MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
1. I _may_ / _Pres._ /, 1. We _may_ / _Pres._ /,
2. You _may_ / _Pres._ /, 2. You _may_ / _Pres._ /,
Thou _may-st_ / _Pres._ /,
3. He _may_ / _Pres._ /; 3. They _may_ / _Pres._ /.
PAST TENSE.
1. I _might_ / _Pres._ /, 1. We _might_ / _Pres._ /,
2. You _might_ / _Pres._ /, 2. You _might_ / _Pres._ /,
Thou _might-st_ / _Pres._ /,
3. He _might_ / _Pres._ /; 3. They _might_ / _Pres._ /.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
1. I _may have_ /_Past Par._/, 1. We _may have_ /_Past Par._/,
2. You _may have_ /_Past Par._/, 2. You _may have_ /_Past Par._/,
Thou _may-st have_ /_Past Par._/,
3. He _may have_ /_Past Par._/; 3. They _may have_ /_Past Par._/.
PAST PERFECT TENSE.
1. I _might have_ /_Past Par._/, 1. We _might have_ /_Past Par._/,
2. You _might have_ /_Past Par._/, 2. You _might have_ /_Past Par._/,
Thou _might-st have_ /_Past Par._/,
3. He _might have_ /_Past Par._/; 3. They _might have_ /_Past Par._/.
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
_Singular_. _Plural_.
1. If I / _Pres._ /, 1. If we / _Pres._ /,
2. If you / _Pres._ /, 2. If you / _Pres._ /,
If thou / _Pres._ /,
3. If he / _Pres._ /; 3. If they / _Pres._ /.
IMPERATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
2. / _Pres._ / (you _or_ thou); 2. / _Pres._ / (you).
INFINITIVES.
PRESENT TENSE.
To / _Pres._ /.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
To _have_ /_Past Par._/.
PARTICIPLES.
PRESENT. PAST. PAST PERFECT.
/_Pres./ing_. /_Past Par._/ _Having /Past Par./_
+To the Teacher+.--Let the pupils fill out these forms with other verbs. In
the indicative, present, third, singular, _es_ is sometimes added instead
of _s_; and in the second person, old style, _st_ is sometimes added
instead of _est_.
LESSON 94.
CONJUGATION OF THE VERB BE.
In studying this Lesson, pay no attention to the line at the right of each
verb.
INDICATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
_Singular_. _Plural_.
1. I am ----, 1. We are ----,
2. You are ---- _or_ 2. You are ----,
Thou art ----,
3. He is ----; 3. They are ----.
PAST TENSE.
1. I was ----, 1. We were ----,
2. You were ----, _or_ 2. You were ----,
Thou wast ----,
3. He was ----; 3. They were ----.
FUTURE TENSE.
1. I shall be ----, 1. We shall be ----,
2. You will be ----, _or_ 2. You will be ----,
Thou wilt be ----,
3. He will be ----; 3. They will be ----.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
1. I have been ----, 1. We have been ----,
2. You have been ---- _or_ 2. You have been ----,
Thou hast been ----,
3. He has been ----; 3. They have been ----.
PAST PERFECT TENSE.
1. I had been ----, 1. We had been ----,
2. You had been ---- _or_ 2. You had been ----,
Thou hadst been ----,
3. He had been ----; 3. They had been ----.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
1. I shall have been ----, 1. We shall have been ----,
2. You will have been ---- _or_ 2. You will have been ----,
Thou wilt have been ----,
3. He will has been ----; 3. They will have been ----.
POTENTIAL MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
_Singular_. _Plural_.
1. I may be ----, 1. We may be ----,
2. You may be ---- _or_ 2. You may be ----,
Thou mayst be ----,
3. He may be ----; 3. They may be ----.
PAST TENSE.
1. I might be ----, 1. We might be ----,
2. You might be ---- _or_ 2. You might be ----,
Thou mightst be ----,
3. He might be ----; 3. They might be ----.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
1. I may have been ----, 1. We may have been ----,
2. You may have been ---- _or_ 2. You may have been ----,
Thou mayst have been ----,
3. He may have been ----; 3. They may have been ----.
PAST PERFECT TENSE.
1. I might have been ----, 1. We might have been ----,
2. You might have been ---- _or_ 2. You might have been ----,
Thou mightst have been ----,
3. He might have been ----; 3. They might have been ----.
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
_Singular_. _Plural_.
1. If I be ----, 1. If we be ----,
2. If you be ---- _or _ 2. If you be ----,
If thou be ----,
3. If he be ----; 3. If they be ----.
PAST TENSE.
1. If I were ----, 1. If we were ----,
2. If you were ---- _or_ 2. If you were ----,
If thou wert ----,
3. If he were ----; 3. If they were ----.
IMPERATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
2. Be (you _or_ them) ----; 2. Be (you)------.
INFINITIVES.
PRESENT TENSE.
To be ----.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
To have been ----.
PARTICIPLES.
PRESENT. PAST. PAST PERFECT.
Being ----. Been. Having been ----.
+To the Teacher+.--After the pupils have become thoroughly familiar with
the verb _be_ as a principal verb, teach them to use it as an auxiliary in
making the +Progressive Form+ and the +Passive Form+.
The _progressive form_ may be made by filling all the blanks with the
_present participle_ of some verb.
The _passive form_ may be made by filling all the blanks with the _past
participle_ of a _transitive_ verb.
Notice that, after the past participle, no blank is left.
In the progressive form, this participle is wanting; and, in the passive
form, it is the same as in the simple.
LESSON 95.
AGREEMENT OF THE VERB.
+To the Teacher+.--For additional matter, see pp. 163-167.
+_Remember_+ that the verb must agree with its subject in number and
person.
Give the person and number of each of the following verbs, and write
sentences in which each form shall be used correctly.
_Common forms_.--Does, has=ha(ve)s, is, am, are, was, were.
_Old forms_.--Seest, sawest, hast=ha(ve)st, wilt, mayst, mightst, art,
wast.
When a verb has two or more subjects connected by _and_, it must agree with
them in the plural. _A similar rule applies to the agreement of the
pronoun_.
CORRECT THE FOLLOWING ERRORS.
+Model+.--Poverty and obscurity _oppresses_ him who thinks that _it is
oppressive_.
Wrong: the verb _oppresses_ should be changed to _oppress_ to agree with
its two subjects, connected by _and_. The pronoun _it_ should be changed to
_they_ to agree with its two antecedents, and the verb _is_ should be
changed to _are_ to agree with _they_.
Industry, energy, and good sense is essential to success.
Time and tide waits for no man.
The tall sunflower and the little violet is turning its face to the sun.
The mule and the horse was harnessed together.
Every green leaf and every blade of grass seem grateful.
+Model+.--The preceding sentence is wrong. The verb _seem_ is plural, and
it should be singular; for, when several singular subjects are preceded by
_each_, every_, or _no_, they are taken separately.
Each day and each hour bring their portion of duty.
Every book and every paper were found in their place.