=Siryanians.= A tribe of Ugrian Finns, dwelling on both sides
of the Northern Urals, resembling the Samoyedes (_q.v._), except
in their white colour and fair hair, probably due to a mixture of
Slavonic blood. See FINNO-UGRIAN.
=Slavonic Races=, =Slavs= or =Slavonians=. A main
stock of the Aryan family, occupying the greater part of Eastern
Europe, and formerly extending as far west as the Elbe. Many
ethnologists consider them to be the primitive Aryan stock. They
are a peaceful and industrious agricultural and pastoral race,
broad-skulled, with fair hair and blue eyes; though the primitive
type has been much modified by intermixture of blood, especially
with Mongolic races, who have imprinted a Tartar character on
many Slavonic physiognomies. The Slavs are divided into Eastern
(Russians and Ruthenians), Western (Czechs and Slovaks, Poles and
Wends or Sorbs), and Southern (Bulgarians, Servians, and Croats,
Dalmatians, Slovenians, and Montenegrins). See under these heads.
=Slovaks.= See CZECHS.
=Slovenians.= A branch of Southern Slavonic stock, inhabiting
Styria, Carinthia, and adjoining districts.
=Solimas.= See TEMNÉ GROUP.
=Somalis.= An Eastern Hamitic race of Somaliland in North-East
Africa. They are a pastoral people, of good physique, handsome
features, and light-brown colour, warlike and independent. The
original Hamitic stock--closely akin to that of the Gallas
(_q.v._)--is modified by Semitic and Negro blood. They make
excellent soldiers and servants.
=Sonrhays.= A Negro race of the Middle Niger, in whom the
Sudanese stock is modified by Arab and Berber elements.
=Sorbs.= See WENDS.
=Soyots.= A tribe of Ugrian Finns, mixed with Tartar blood, in
the Sayan Mountains of South Siberia. See FINNO-UGRIAN.
=Spaniards=, or =Spanish=. The earliest known race
of Spain was the Hamitic Iberians (_q.v._), now represented by
the Basques. They were modified by Celtic invasions, which gave
birth to the Celt-Iberian races of Central and Western Spain,
who struggled so long against the Roman arms, by which they were
finally subjugated and further modified. In the fifth century
the Vandals and Visigoths (_q.v._) invaded Spain, and founded
a Gothic monarchy, which fell before the Saracens in 711. The
Visigothic refugees in the northern mountains gradually recovered
the country, and the kingdoms of Leon, Navarre, Castile, and Aragon
were ultimately united into a single state. The modern Spaniards
are thus of mixed race, in which the Iberian and Visigothic are
the predominant elements. They are haughty, brave, and warlike, by
which qualities they once owned the greatest power in Europe. But
they are turbulent and lacking in political skill, so that Spain
has decayed. There are now signs of a return to prosperity.
=Spanish Americans.= White natives of Central and South
American States, except Brazil.
=Spartans.= Natives of Sparta, the greatest state of ancient
Greece after Athens, of Dorian stock, eminently warlike and
patriotic, but wanting in art or literature.
=Sudanese.= Full-blooded Negroes inhabiting the Western,
Central, and Eastern or Egyptian Sudan--_i.e._ most of Africa
north of the Victoria Nyanza. They are black in colour, with
woolly hair, projecting jaws, long skulls, broad, flat feet and
projecting heels, and form one of the main divisions of Ethiopic
Man. They are less intelligent and susceptible of civilisation
than the Bantus (_q.v._), in whom the Negro blood is modified by
Hamitic or Semitic admixtures. They are mostly of strong physique,
warlike and predatory, fond of music and bright colours, with the
most elementary notions of art and religion. They may be divided
for convenience into several racial groups (_q.v._), such as Wolof,
Felup, Toucouleur, Mandingan, Temné, Nigerian, Nilotic, Liberian,
Lake Chad, Wadai, Welle, Nuba, and Nilotic, besides the Tshi, Ga,
Ewe, and Yoruba peoples of the Guinea district.
=Suevi.= See SWABIANS.
=Sundanese.= Natives of the Sunda Islands, of Malayan stock,
closely allied to Javanese (_q.v._).
=Susus.= See MANDINGAN.
=Sutughils.= See MAYA-QUICHÉ.
=Swabians.= Natives of Swabia, an ancient duchy occupying the
south-western part of the modern German Empire; descended from the
ancient Suevi, with whom the Alemanni (_q.v._) were amalgamated. A
strong, large-boned, and good-humoured race of High German stock.
The Alsatians are closely allied to them.
=Swahilis.= Natives of Zanzibar and the adjoining mainland,
Bantu Negroes, with a strong infusion of Arab blood, which has made
them superior in intelligence and enterprise to the average negro.
They play a large part in the commerce of East Africa, and their
language--Ki-Swahili--is the principal medium of communication
throughout the part of Africa between the Equator and the Zambesi.
=Swazis.= Natives of Swaziland, a native state on the
south-east of the Transvaal. A cross between Zulus and other
Kafirs, they are industrious and warlike.
=Swedes.= Natives of Sweden, a branch of the Scandinavian
stock. They seem to have been originally a Teutonic race, who
entered Northern Sweden about 3,000 years ago, and drove out the
aboriginal Lapps and Finns. The inhabitants of Southern Sweden
were called Goths, and may have been the ancestors of the Teutonic
Goths. In time they amalgamated with the Swedes, and formed one
nation, which has been an independent kingdom through most of the
Christian era. The Swedes are warlike, and successful in commerce
and industry; they make good sailors, and possess a considerable
literature.
=Swiss=, or =Switzers=. The prehistoric inhabitants of
Switzerland were the unknown builders of the lake dwellings. At the
dawn of history, in Cæsar’s time, the country was largely occupied
by a Celtic race, the Helvetii. Later, Switzerland was invaded by
Teutonic races of High German stock, Alemanni, Burgundians, etc.
The modern Swiss are mostly descended from these races; there
is also a considerable mixture of French, Italic and Romansch
elements. The Swiss have always been a warlike race, who preserved
the independence of their mountainous country through all ages, and
in earlier times furnished excellent mercenary soldiers to foreign
armies. They are now very industrious and successful in many arts
and crafts, such as watchmaking, wood-carving, hotel-keeping, etc.
They are a simple and handsome race, possessing in full measures
the virtues of the mountaineer.
=Syrians.= The ancient Syrians were a branch of the Aramæn
stock of the Semitic family, and the modern Syrians are their
descendants, with some Arab and Turkish elements added. They are
tall, with white skins and dark complexions, black eyes and hair,
often very handsome, and approaching the Jewish type. They are not
warlike, but succeed in commerce.
=Tacullis.= See ATHABASCAN.
=Tahitians.= Natives of Tahiti, of Polynesian stock;
pleasure-loving and polite, but immoral and untrustworthy; now
civilised but formerly noted for their cruelty.
=Taipings.= The Chinese rebels who attacked the dynasty from
1850 to 1864.
=Tajiks.= See PERSIANS.
=Talaings.= An Indo-Chinese race who preceded the Burmese
in the Irawadi Delta, and founded a state of which Pegu was the
capital. They were subjugated by Burmese in the eighteenth century.
=Talamancas.= Wild hunting Indians, perfectly uncivilised, who
occupy the forest-covered Atlantic slopes of Costa Rica.
=Tamils.= Natives of Northern Ceylon and the Indian Carnatic.
See DRAVIDAS.
=Taos.= See PUEBLO INDIANS.
=Tanguts.= Nomadic Mongols of Northern Tibet. See
SHARRAS.
=Tarahumaras.= See OPATA-PIMA.
=Tarascans.= A group of Indian tribes inhabiting the province
of Michoaca in Mexico.
=Tartars= or =Tatars.= The modern Tartars are inhabitants
of the Russian Empire, belonging to the Turki stock of the Northern
Mongolic family. They are divided into various geographical
subdivisions, such as the Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimean (or Krim)
Caucasian and Siberian Tartars. The name has no definite ethnical
significance. The Tatars--a Manchu word meaning “archers” or
“nomads”--were Mongol tribes who were first so named in the ninth
century. They formed a large part of the hordes of Genghiz Khan
[see MONGOLS] and stood in the van of the mediæval Mongol
incursions into Europe, whence they attracted an attention out of
proportion to their importance. Europeans called them Tartars,
confusing the name Tartar with the Greek Tartarus or Hell. See
TURKI.
=Tasmanians.= The extinct aborigines of Tasmania, akin to the
Australians (_q.v._), but of a still lower Oceanic Negro type. They
held a place at the very bottom of humanity, alike in physique,
intelligence and culture, being still in the early Stone Age;
savage, untamable, and degraded.
=Tatars.= See TARTARS.
=Tats.= See PERSIANS.
=Tavastians.= A branch of the Baltic Finns, with thick-set
figures, small blue eyes, light hair, and white skins, probably
the consequence of an admixture of German blood with the original
Finnish stock. They inhabit central Finland.
=Tazis.= See TUNGUSES.
=Teguas.= See PUEBLO INDIANS.
=Tehuelches.= Another name for the gigantic Patagonians
(_q.v._) of South America.
=Telugus.= See DRAVIDIANS.
=Tembus=, =Amatembu=, or =Tambukies=. A group of
Kafir (_q.v._) tribes in Tembuland, to the north of the Kei River
in Cape Colony. Formerly warlike and troublesome, now settled to
agriculture and subjected to British rule.
=Temné Group.= A group of Sudanese Negro tribes, inhabiting
the Sierra Leone district of West Africa, including the Temnés or
Timnis, Kissis, Sherbros, Gallinas, Bulloms, Solimas, Limbas, and
Mendis.
=Tepeguanas.= See OPATA-PIMA.
=Teutons.= An important stock of the Aryan family, inhabiting
England and the Scottish Lowlands, with the United States and
British Empire, Germany, Holland, and parts of Austria and
Switzerland, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The Teutonic races are
divided into Low German and High German divisions, to which some
add, but others do not, Scandinavians.
=Thlinkits.= A race of North American Indians inhabiting the
Pacific coast from Mount St. Elias to the Simpson River, and the
adjacent islands. They live chiefly by fishing and hunting.
=Thos.= An Indo-Chinese race of Lao descent [see
SHANS], in the north of Tongking.
=Thracians.= The ancient inhabitants of Thrace, on the west
of the Black Sea. Their origin is dubious, but they are generally
assumed to have belonged to the Aryan family, and been related
to the Teutons and the Greeks. They were wild hill tribes, who
acquired in later days a certain amount of Roman culture and spoke
the Latin language. There is some probability that they were the
ancestors of the Vlachs or Roumanians (_q.v._).
=Thuringians.= A High German tribe inhabiting Thuringia in the
fifth century, probably a branch of the Suevi (_q.v._). Now merged
into the modern Saxons.
=Tibetans=, or =Bod-Pa=. Natives of Tibet, forming
the Tibetan stock of the Southern Mongolic family, and allied
to the minor races of Lepchas, Baltis, Ladakhis, etc. (_q.v._).
The Tibetans are akin to the Burmese, with Mongolic features,
broad-shouldered and muscular. They are a secluded and archaic
race, with many curious customs, such as polyandry. Their religion
is full of elaborate ceremonials, and the land abounds in
monasteries.
=Tibbus.= A race inhabiting the oases of the Sahara,
intermediate between Berbers and Negroes; perhaps descended from
the ancient Garamantes (_q.v._).
=Timnis.= See TEMNÉ GROUP.
=Tinné=, or =Tinney=. See ATHABASCAN.
=Tobas.= A warlike and predatory race of South American
Indians on the Rio Vermejo in Bolivia.
=Tocantins.= See TUPI-GUARANI.
=Todas.= An isolated group of Caucasic race inhabiting the
Nilgiri Hills, and distinguished from the neighbouring Dravidian
tribes by their fine physique and regular features of Caucasic
type; a dying race.
=Togos.= See EWE.
=Toltecs.= The oldest of Nahuan (_q.v._) races, who
established a semi-civilised State in Mexico before the Aztecs.
=Tongans.= See POLYNESIANS.
=Tongas=, or =Amatonga=. A Kafir race of peaceful
agriculturists, occupying Tongaland, to the north of Zululand.
=Tonkinese.= A branch of the Annamese (_q.v._), skilled in
agriculture and dyke-building.
=Toucouleurs.= Sudanese Negroes of Senegambia, probably
crossed with Hamitic blood; formerly dominant in the Western Sudan.
=Tshi Group.= A group of Sudanese Negro tribes of the Guinea
Coast, including the warlike Ashantis, Fantis and Adansis.
=Tuaregs.= The predatory Berber (_q.v._) Nomads of the Sahara.
=Tudas.= See DRAVIDIANS.
=Tumalis.= See NUBA GROUP.
=Tunguses.= A branch of the Mongol stock of the Northern
Mongolic family, who lead a nomad existence in the mountains of
East Siberia and the Amur region. They are of Mongolic physical
type, with square skulls, low stature, and wiry, well-knit figures.
They are distinguished by fine moral qualities, a fearless race of
hunters, industrious, trustworthy, and self-reliant. Their main
tribes are the Lamuts, or “sea people,” Orochs, Chapogirs, Golds,
and Tazis. The modern Tunguses probably represent the primitive
stock of the Manchus (_q.v._).
=Tupi-Guarani.= A wide-spread family of South American
Indians, in Brazil, including numerous distinct tribes, of which
the Chiriguanas of Bolivia, Caribunas of the Rio Negro, Paraguay
Indians, Tupinambas of the Para coast, Mundrucus of the Tapajos,
Omaguas, Goajiris and Tocantins, are the most important. They are
copper-coloured, thick-set and muscular, with broad features,
black hair and sometimes obliquely set eyes. They are of apathetic
nature, and are slow to acquire civilisation.
=Tupinambas.= See TUPI-GUARANI.
=Turanian.= An ethnological term, now abandoned, roughly
corresponding to the Northern Mongolic or Ural-Altaic family.
=Turguts.= See KALMUKS.
=Turkanas.= An African Hamitic race, allied to the Masais
(_q.v._), and dwelling between Lake Rudolf and the Nile.
=Turki=, or =Turks=. An important and wide-spread stock
of the Northern Mongolic family, dwelling in Central Asia, Asia
Minor, and in European Turkey. The primitive Turki stock--the
Chinese Tu-kiu and ancient Turcæ--seem to have inhabited the Altai
region as early as the second century B.C. Thence they
spread far and wide, and founded many powerful and predatory,
but unstable empires. The Huns (_q.v._) who followed Attila were
largely of Turki stock. Their chief modern race is that of the
Ottoman Turks [see TURKS], who raised their empire on the
ruins of Constantinople in 1453. Other Turki races are the Yakuts,
Usbegs, Naimans Andijanis, Nogais, Tartars, Bashkirs, Kizil-Bashis,
Anatolian Turks, etc. They are closely allied to the Kirghiz,
Kipchaks, Kara-Kalpaks and Turkomans (_q.v._). The Turki physical
type, of Mongol origin, has been modified by intermixture with
Caucasic races.
=Turks=, =Osmanlis=, or =Ottoman Turks=. The
dominant inhabitants of the Turkish Empire in Europe and Asia
Minor, the most powerful of Turki races. They trace their descent
from the Seljuks, a confederacy of Turki tribes who were settled
on the Jaxartes in the eleventh century, and there adopted Islam.
They conquered Persia and established kingdoms in Syria--the great
Saladin was one of their princes--and Asia Minor, or Anatolia.
The true Ottoman Turks entered the service of the Seljuk rulers
in the thirteenth century, being driven from Kharasan by the
advance of the Mongol hordes, and under Othman and his successors
they became the dominant Turk race. They reared a great military
power, and soon invaded Europe, where they destroyed the Eastern
Empire in the middle of the fifteenth century and founded the still
existing Turkish Empire. The Ottoman Turks are proud, ignorant
and fanatical, but honourable and upright. They make admirable
soldiers, when properly led, but are surpassed in the arts of peace
by their subject races, Greeks, Bulgarians, Jews, etc.
=Turkomans.= A race of Turki nomads who inhabit the steppes
east of the Caspian and south of the Oxus. They include such tribes
as the Chaudors, Tekkes (Akhal and Merv), Salors, Yomuds, Goklen,
and Ali-Elis. They were formerly noted for their predatory and
man-stealing habits, but under Russian rule have been forced to
live a more peaceful life. _m_
=Tusayas.= See PUEBLO INDIANS.
=Tuscaroras.= North American Indians. See IROQUOIAN.
=Tushis.= See CHECHENZES.
=Tushilange.= A branch of the Baluba (_q.v._).
=Tutelos.= See SIOUAN.
=Tyrolese.= Natives of the Tyrol, the ancient Rhaetia, a
mountainous district now belonging to the Austrian Empire. They are
of High German Teutonic stock, and are noted for their patriotism
and bravery, illustrated by their resistance under Hofer to the
arms of Napoleon. They are industrious and thrifty, but backward in
education, and devout Catholics.
=Tyrrhenes.= An ancient pre-Hellenic race of Greece, found in
Thrace and Etruria, who probably belonged to the Pelasgian stock of
the Hamitic family, giving birth to the Etruscans (_q.v._).
=Ugrian.= A branch of the Finno-Ugrian stock (_q.v._)
including the Samoyedes, Voguls, Ostyaks, Soyots and Siryanians of
Siberia, the Permian Finns of Russia, and the Magyars of Hungary.
See under these heads.
=Umbquas.= See ATHABASCAN.
=Umbrians.= An ancient Italic race, perhaps allied to the
Etruscans (_q.v._) or the Samnites, afterwards subjugated by Rome.
=Ural-Altaic.= A term applied to the Northern Mongolic family
of races, corresponding nearly to the older Turanian. It includes
the Mongol, Turki, Finno-Ugrian, Siberian, and Koreo-Japanese
stocks.
=Uruts.= See SHARRAS.
=Utahs.= See SHOSHONEAN.
=Uzbegs.= Nomadic Turki race of the Oxus Basin.
=Vaalpens.= A Negrito race of the Kalahari Desert, probably a
half-breed between Bechuanas and Bushmen, formerly the serfs of
the dominant Bantu races, but now freed under British rule.
=Vandals.= A Teutonic race, settled at the dawn of the
Christian era in North-east Germany between the Oder and the
Vistula. Like the Goths, whom they physically resembled, they were
a warlike and roving race. Early in the fifth century they invaded
Gaul and formed a settlement in Spain, where Andalusia (anciently
Vandalitia) preserves their name. Later, under the fierce Genseric,
they crossed to Africa and over-ran Mauretania, where they
established a short-lived piratical Empire. In 534 it was destroyed
by a Byzantine army under Belisarius, and the Vandals thereafter
disappeared as a separate race. Their name has become a by word on
account of their turn for devastation.
=Vaudois.= See WALDENSES.
=Veddahs.= A primitive hunting people of Ceylon, who are
sometimes classed as Dravidian, but more probably represent the
still older (Negrito?) aborigines of the island. They are dwarfish,
of dark complexion, with features intermediate between the Hindu
and Papuan types. They rank among the rudest and least civilised
of races, being equally unable to laugh, count, or cook. They are
dying out.
=Veis=, or =Vey=. A Sudanese Negro race, of Mandingan
stock, on the West Coast of Africa, who are said to be the only
Negro race who have invented an alphabet.
=Venezuelans.= White natives of Venezuela, of Spanish descent.
Most of them are crossed with Indian blood.
=Vikings.= See NORSEMEN.
=Visigoths.= See GOTHS.
=Voguls.= A nomadic Finno-Ugrian race who inhabit both slopes
of the Urals. They closely resemble the Ostyaks and Samoyedes
(_q.v._). _m_
=Vuaregga=, =Vuarua=, =Vuarunga=, =Vuavinza=.
Bantu Negro tribes inhabiting the Congo basin and the Tanganyika
district.
=Wachaga.= A predatory Bantu race on the southern slopes of
Kilimanjaro.
=Wadai Group.= A group of Sudanese Negro tribes inhabiting
Wadai and East Darfur, including Birkits, Massalits, Korungas,
Mabas (mixed with Hamitic blood), and other tribes. They are mainly
of pastoral habit.
=Waganda.= A Bantu Negro race who founded the kingdom of
Uganda and attained a remarkable degree of civilisation before the
arrival of white men. They are very intelligent, and their skill in
the industrial arts has caused them to be called the Japanese of
Africa. They are also warlike, and formerly indulged in frequent
plundering and slave hunting raids among the surrounding races.
=Wagogo.= A Bantu Negro race of German East Africa.
=Wahehe.= See WASAGARA.
=Wa-Huma.= A conquering pastoral race, of Eastern Hamitic
stock, who migrated from Gallaland and penetrated as far south
as Unyamwezi, founding various kingdoms on the way. They are of
Hamitic features, fair complexion, and tall stature; very warlike.
The ruling classes of Uganda and Unyoro are of Wa-Huma origin. The
Wa-Huma are a branch of the Gallas (_q.v._). Among their tribes are
the Wajiji, Warundi, Waruanda, etc.
=Wajiji.= See WA-HUMA.
=Waldenses=, or =Vaudois=. A heretical sect which
originated in the South of France in the twelfth century, and was
formed into a separate race by persecution; of French, Swiss, and
Italian elements. They are now settled in Savoy.
=Walloons.= Natives of South-eastern Belgium, of mixed Celtic
and Romanic stock, probably descended from the ancient Belgae
(_q.v._). They are tall, bony, and of strong physique, and are very
successful in industry, as shown in the great manufacturing town of
Liege.
=Wanyamwezi.= A warlike Bantu race of German East Africa, who
formerly composed a powerful predatory state.
=Wanyoro.= Natives of Unyoro, in British East Africa, of Bantu
race, skilled in industrial arts, and formerly allied with Arab
slave-traders.
=Wapisianas.= See ARAWAKS.
=Wapokomo.= The chief Bantu race of the Tana basin, skilled
boatmen and hunters, formerly under Masai domination, now acquiring
civilisation under British rule.
=Warraus.= An aboriginal Indian race of British Guiana.
=Warua.= A powerful, warlike, and barbarous Bantu race of the
Lualaba district in the Congo Free State, forming a powerful native
state, and skilled in industry and rude art.
=Waruanda=, =Warundi=. See WA-HUMA.
=Wasagara.= A warlike and widespread Bantu people of German
East Africa; fierce mountaineers, much given to marauding. The
Wahehe, who claim Zulu affinities, are one of their tribes.
=Waswahili.= See SWAHILIS.
=Wataveita.= A mild and settled agricultural Bantu race
inhabiting the slopes of Kilimanjaro in German East Africa.
=Welle Group.= A group of Sudanese Negro races inhabiting the
region of the Upper Welle River in Central Africa, including the
cannibal Niam-Niam, or Azandeh, the Mangbattu, Nsakkara, Amadi,
Ababua, and other tribes.
=Welsh=, or =Cymry=. The chief surviving branch of the
Brythonic or P Celts, inhabiting Wales, where they preserve their
ancient language and customs. They probably represent the ancient
Britons who inhabited England at the time of the Anglo-Saxon
immigrations. “An old and haughty nation, proud in arms.”
=Wends.= A stock of the Western Slavonic family, settled in
the north and east of Germany in the sixth century. They were
gradually absorbed by the Teutonic Germans. A remnant of the
Wendish race, preserving their ancient language and customs,
survives in Lusatia, on the borders of Saxony and Prussia, where
they are also known as Sorbs.
=Winnebagos.= See SIOUAN.
=Wochuas.= See PYGMIES.
=Wolofs.= Sudanese Negroes, dwelling between Lower Senegal and
Gambia; very black, but with regular features, indicating a trace
of Hamitic blood. Their chief branch is that of the Jolofs.
=Wulwas.= See LENCAN.
=Xanthochroi.= A suggested division of Caucasic Man, opposed
to the Melanochroi, characterised by fair hair, blue eyes, and rosy
complexion. It would thus include the Teutonic, Scandinavian, and
Slavonic stocks of the Aryan family.