See also _Children, Defective_
Defectives, 50, 74, 85, 127-128, 226-229.
See also _Blind_, _Deaf and Dumb_, and _Children, Defective_
---- mentally.
See _Unsound Mind, Persons of_
Denison's Act, 105, 179
Destitution, causes of, 300, 347;
definition of, as regards medical relief, 116, 212 _n._;
want of education a form of, 105 _n._
---- authority, plea for, in Majority Report, 278-281;
necessity for, in 1834, 278;
not to apply to mentally defective, 279;
connection of, with "moral" defect, 281;
incompatibility of, with principle of curative treatment, 284-289;
with principle of compulsion, 289-292;
with principle of universal provision, 292-295;
the officials of a, 285;
inability of, to deal with incipient stage, 286-287;
inability of, to search out, 287-288;
inability of, to deal with ins and outs, 288-289;
inability of, to deal with unemployed, 291;
overlapping of other authorities with, 293;
Prof. Bosanquet's argument for, 350-361
Detention. See _Workhouse_
---- Colony, 307
Disciplinary supervision as substitute for deterrence, 316-317
Dietaries and Accounts Order, 170, 171 _n._, 240 _n._, 245, 248, 249
Diseases Prevention Act, 209 _n._, 213
Disfranchisement of able-bodied, 168 _n._, 261;
of sick, 209, 213, 217
Dispensaries, Poor Law, 118, 146, 208, 258, 264;
provident, 118
Dissenters. See _Nonconformists_
Distress Committee, 172;
powers and constitution of, 169;
employment of able-bodied by, 169 _n._, 260, 261, 262
Distress from want of employment, Committee of House of Commons on, 167
District medical officers. See _Medical Officers, District_
---- Nurses Order, 181, 210 _n._ See also _Nurses_
Divided Parishes and Poor Law Amendment Act, 175 _n._, 209 _n._, 245
_n._
Dodson, Mr., 151-152
Doyle, Mr., 148
Drink, 304-306
Drouet, Mr., 108
Dumsday, Mr. W. H., 197 _n._
Ebrington, Lord, 137 _n._
Education, provision of, for paupers, 126, 266-267, 271.
See also _Children, Education of_
---- Aid Society, Manchester and Salford, 105 _n._
---- Department, 180
---- Acts (1870-1909), 105-106, 177, 179 _n._, 180 _n._, 198, 201, 227
_n._, 228, 312, 313, 344, 361
---- (Administrative Provisions) Act (1907), 312
---- of Poor Children Act (1855), 105 _n._
---- (Provision of Meals) Act (1906), 312, 313
---- (Scotland) Act (1908), 312, 344, 361
Elementary Education (Blind and Deaf Children) Act (1893), 227 _n._, 228
---- (Defective and Epileptic Children) Act (1899), 227 _n._
Emigration, 10, 19, 141-143, 169, 249-251, 260, 266
Epileptics, 217, 218, 255
Estcourt, Mr. Sotheron, 96 _n._, 97 _n._
Factory Acts, 198
Family, how the Minority Report deals with the, 301-302, 348-349
Farm colonies, 169-172, 255, 260, 265, 270
Fawcett, Professor H., 115
Feeble-minded, 80;
proposed authority for the, 354-355;
Royal Commission on, 312, 314, 345, 354, 355, 361.
See _Unsound Mind, Persons of_
Fels, Mr. Joseph, 170
Fever wards, 122
Fleming, Mr. Baldwyn, 181-182, 192, 234 _n._, 254 _n._
Fowle, Rev. T. W., vi, 115
Fowler, Sir Henry (Lord Wolverhampton), 167, 230 _n._, 238
Franchise, extension of, 148
Free Education Act (1891), 106
Friendly societies, out-relief to members of, 47, 48, 148, 253-255, 265
Froment, Mons. G. E. de, vi
Fust, Mr. Jenner, 190-191
Gambling, 304
Gardiner, Colonel Lynedoch, 145 _n._
General Board of Health, 146
---- Consolidated Order (1847), 32-33, 35-36, 46, 54, 56, 61-62, 79,
81-82, 88, 91, 107-108, 113, 126-127, 133, 170, 188, 235-237, 240,
249, 260
---- Orders or Rules, 21-22, 48, 61-62
Gilbert's Act, 321
Girls, employment of, 67;
in workhouse, 66-67, 134
Glanville, Dr. Mortimer, 210 _n._, 211 _n._
Goschen, Mr. G. J. (Lord Goschen), 100, 102, 103, 104 _n._, 123,
144-145, 147 _n._, 148, 149, 207, 214, 219, 253, 254, 255, 266,
282-283
Grant, Colonel C. W., 114 _n._
Greater Eligibility, Principle of, 263, 264, 265
Guardians, grant of relief by, 12;
apprenticing of children by, 17;
consent of, for building new workhouse, 19, 54;
opposition of, to establishment of vagrant districts, 35, 97;
to establishment of boarding-schools, 45;
subscriptions by, to voluntary institutions, 63 _n._, 116, 217 _n._;
refractory paupers brought before, 76;
part taken by, in provision of relief works, 90 _n._, 93-94, 165, 166,
167;
nomination of members of Distress Committees by, 169;
Conference of, in London, 178 _n._, 198 _n._;
proceedings taken against parents by, for neglect of children, 180,
181, 184;
inspection of boarded-out children by, 199-200;
in country, conservatism of, 187, 192;
election of, 209 _n._, 247;
in rural districts, the public health authorities, 212 _n._, 219-220;
combination of, for classification by workhouses, 243-244
Guilds of Help, sphere of, under Minority Report, 311
Hanway's Act, 17 _n._
Hardy, Mr. Gathorne, 120, 215
Harries, Mr. Thomas, 137 _n._
Hart, Dr. Ernest, 119
Head, Sir Edmund, 86
Head, Sir Francis, 57, 58, 60, 86, 131
Health Societies, 311
---- visitors, 220, 310
Hedley, Mr., 151 _n._, 220 _n._
Henley, Mr., 163
Hervey, Mr., 187 _n._, 219
Hibbert, Sir J., 189
Hicks-Beach, Sir M. (Lord St. Aldwyn), 98-99
Hill, Miss F., 114 _n._
Hill, Miss Octavia, 145 _n._, 253
Hodgson, Mr., 104
Homes, Children's, 109-111, 201;
convalescent, 241, 255;
for aged, 239 _n._
See _Cottage Homes_
Hospitals, relation of Poor Law to, 63 _n._, 116, 119, 120, 216-217,
220, 241, 255, 266
House of Lords. See _Committees, Parliamentary_
Houseless Poor, 35 _n._
See also _Vagrants_
Idiots, 63, 123, 224-225, 242.
See _Unsound Mind, Persons of_
Imbeciles. See _Unsound Mind, Persons of_
Impotent, 8-9, 18, 51. See also _Aged_
Industrial Schools. See _Schools, Industrial_
---- Schools Acts, 111
Inebriates Act, 206
Infants, in workhouse, 56, 61, 62, 63-64, 66, 67, 72.
See also _Children_
Infectious disease, 126, 245 _n._, 271;
provision for, by Guardians, 62 _n._, 119, 136, 214 _n._;
by Metropolitan Asylums Board, 123, 209 _n._, 212-213.
See also _Hospitals_
Infirm. See _Aged and Infirm_
Infirmaries, Bill for establishment of District, 49, 52
---- Poor Law, 121, 207, 235 _n._;
pressure on Guardians to provide, 211-212, 216;
cost of maintenance in, borne by Common Poor Fund, 214;
increasing popularity of, 214-216;
admission to, 214 _n._, 215;
maintenance in, held to be medical relief only, 217.
See also _Workhouse, Sick in_
"Ins and Outs," 132, 192 _n._, 206;
detention of, 244-245
Insane. See _Unsound Mind, Persons of_
Inspectors of Local Government Board, 147, 181-182, 190, 206, 216, 225,
241; strict policy urged by, 148-153, 159, 164, 175, 178, 207-208,
229, 232, 243, 251, 252; test workhouse advocated by, 159-161, 163,
243;
conferences of, 151
---- of Lunacy Commissioners, 125
---- of Schools, 113, 114
Justices, granting of relief by, 12, 13, 14, 18;
committal of lunatics to asylum by, 18;
detention of lunatics in workhouse by order of, 222, 223
Kennedy, Mr., 182 _n._, 187 _n._
Labour colonies for vagrants, 171 _n._
---- Exchanges Act (1908), 346
---- Exchanges of Distress Committees, 169, 172, 270;
in Majority Report, 277;
in Minority Report, 358-359
---- Test, 156-158, 165, 178, 261
_Laisser faire_, 270
Lambert, Sir John, 153 _n._, 219
_Lancet, The_, 117, 134, 210 _n._, 211 _n._, 235
Land, cultivation of, 165, 168-170, 246
Landquist, Mr. J. F., 188 _n._
Lansbury, Mr. G., 170
Lefevre, Mr. Shaw (Lord Eversley), 167, 168 _n._
Less Eligibility, Principle of, how far applicable, 1, 3, 11, 45, 83-85,
88-89, 109, 112, 114, 117-118, 122, 125-126, 172, 187, 192, 200, 212
_n._, 250, 256, 259-263, 265-266, 269, 271
Lewis, Sir George Cornewall, 86, 89
Lewis, Sir G. F., 89 _n._
Local Authorities, position of, 2, 12
---- Government Board for England and Wales, 146-255, 263
---- Government Board for Scotland, order of, as to phthisis, 344, 345,
352
Lock Hospital at Aldershot, 217 _n._
Lockwood, Mr., 163 _n._
London County Council, 310
---- Hospital, 63 _n._
Long, Mr. Walter, 169, 218 _n._, 245, 250
Longley, Sir Henry, 148, 150 _n._, 151, 154 _n._, 159-160, 161 _n._, 177
_n._, 207 _n._, 208, 214 _n._, 229, 230, 232, 235, 237, 243, 247,
251 _n._
Longman, Miss M., ix
Lonsdale, Miss S., vii
Lunacy Acts, 124 _n._, 222 _n._, 223 _n._
---- Commissioners, 125-127, 133, 221, 222, 224
Lunatics, 8, 18, 25 _n._, 49, 50, 63, 89 _n._, 123-126, 252, 267, 271.
See _Unsound Mind, Persons of_
Lushington, Mr., 195 _n._, 238 _n._
Lying-in cases, 62, 63, 136
M'Culloch, Mr. J. R., 132
Mackay, Mr. T., vi, vii, 87 _n._, 94 _n._, 105 _n._, 115, 151 _n._
Macmorran, Mr., 195 _n._, 238 _n._
Magistrates, police, 162
Majority Report, 274-295;
repudiates "Principles of 1834," 275;
adopts "Principles of 1907," 275;
pleads for a single Destitution Authority, 278-281;
reverts to "Principles of 1834," 281-283;
summary of, 313-314
Makers Up, Society of, 94
"Manchester Rules," 152, 153, 175, 179 _n._
Markham, Dr., 139 _n._
Married couples, separate accommodation for, in workhouse, 65-66, 81,
236 _n._, 238
---- Women's Property Act, 175 n.
Martineau, Harriet, 85-86, 131
Master of Workhouse, 70, 72, 74, 76, 77, 238, 244 _n._
Matron of Workhouse, 70, 73, 74, 238
"Medical extras," 25 _n._, 48
---- inspection and treatment, in Majority Report, 277
---- Officer, District, 211, 231;
qualifications and remuneration of, 48, 117, 251-252, 264;
inspection by, of boarded-out children, 199;
of boarded-out lunatics, 224
Medical officer of workhouse, 8, 60, 68-69, 74, 138, 189, 237 _n._,
246, 247;
appointment and duties of, 71
---- Relief Disqualification Act. 209 _n._, 217 _n._
---- Relief, 4, 8, 13, 18, 117, 123, 143, 153, 210, 211, 219-220, 264
Medicines, supply of free, to sick poor, 123, 219;
supply of, by Public Health Authorities, 220;
expensive, supply of, by Guardians, 117, 264
Mentally defective, proposed Authority for the, 354-355.
See _Unsound Mind, Persons of_
Merchant Shipping Acts, 17, 202
Metropolitan Asylums Board, infectious diseases hospitals of, 123, 209
_n._, 212-213, 214, 216;
establishment of training-ships by, 112;
provision made by, for idiots, 127, 224-225, 227-228;
for "remand children," 192 _n._;
expenditure of, 219 _n._, 243 _n._
---- Board of Works, 97 _n._, 164-165
---- Common Poor Fund, 97 _n._, 168, 170, 185, 212, 213, 214, 232, 235
---- Houseless Poor Acts, 97, 98, 99
---- Police District, 19, 55
---- Poor Acts, 89 _n._, 112, 118, 160, 161, 208 _n._, 214 _n._, 215
_n._, 232 _n._
Migration, 144, 169, 260 _n._
"Miners' phthisis," 221
Minority Report, 274, 296-311;
adopts Principles of 1907, 296-297;
adds to them Principle of Prevention, 297-304;
economy of, 298-300;
the "Moral Factor" in, 304-307;
drink in, 304-306;
unemployment in, 306-307;
voluntary agencies in, 307-311;
summary of, 314-317
"Moral Factor," the, 304-309, 350-361
Mouat, Dr., 216 _n._
Mozley, Mr., 185 _n._
Municipalities, relief works undertaken by, 92-94, 165-168;
regularisation of work of, 168
National Committee to Promote the Break-up of the Poor Law, 274
---- Labour Exchange, 359
---- Uniformity, Principle of, 1-3, 11, 12, 22-23, 83-84, 90-91,
153-154, 173, 174, 234, 256-259, 271
Nichols, Sir George, vii, 86
Nonconformists, provision for, 77-79
Non-parishioners, relief to, 13, 14
Non-residents, relief to, 53-54, 128 _n._, 130, 187-188, 232 _n._,
240-242, 254 _n._
North-Eastern Metropolitan District, 35
Nurses, for indoor sick, 67, 120, 211, 216 _n._, 218, 219;
for outdoor sick, 210, 211 _n._, 258, 264;
in lunatic ward, 126;
for epileptics, 218.
See also _District Nurses Order_
Oakum-picking, 75, 157, 161-164, 178
Obligation, mutual, between community and individual, 269-270
Offences against the Person Act (1861), 113 _n._
Old Age Pensions Act (1908), 312, 344, 354
---- Age Pensions, in Majority Report, 277;
in Minority Report, 363
Operations, surgical, 264
Orders of Central Authority. See _General Orders_, _Special Orders_,
_Outdoor Relief_, and _Outdoor Labour Test Order_
Orphans. See _Children_
Outdoor Labour Test Order, 26, 29, 30-31, 36, 39, 41, 43, 46, 49, 83-84,
88, 90-91, 100-101, 149, 154, 156, 167-168, 261 _n._
---- Medical Relief. See _Medical Relief and Sick_
---- Relief to able-bodied, 4-8, 13, 15, 22-32, 39, 43, 51, 54, 83-87,
90-91, 94, 130, 149, 154-155, 167, 228, 257-259, 262;
to be always adequate, 103, 145, 258, 265;
to aged and infirm, 6-9, 15, 18, 51, 52, 65 _n._, 84, 128-131, 149,
182-183, 232 _n._, 258, 262, 265;
to the blind, 50;
charitable supplementation of, 103, 144;
to children, 43, 83, 104 _n._, 179-185, 196, 201-202;
to the deaf and dumb, 50;
to deserted wives, 36, 40, 101, 175;
discouragement of, 87 _n._, 143-153, 179, 207-209, 229-230, 232, 243,
265;
discrimination in grant of, 2, 27-28, 42, 258, 262;
enquiries into, 103, 145 _n._, 149, 229;
to Friendly Society members, 47, 265;
in kind, 28, 36, 39, 42-43, 128-130;
on Labour Test, see _Outdoor Labour Test Order_;
Sir H. Longley on, 151, 207;
on loan, 47, 232 _n._, 253;
to lunatics, 49, 123, 223;
as maintenance in voluntary institution, 255;
"Manchester Rules" as to, 152-153, 175;
medical, 25 _n._; under Modified W. T. Order, 170-171, 260;
to mothers of illegitimate children, 7-23;
to non-residents, 53, 54;
orders as to, in different unions, 321-342;
to partially disabled, 27;
proposed prohibition of, 13, 85-87;
sanctioned by Central Authority, 43-44;
to the sick, 6-9, 15, 17, 46-48, 63 _n._, 84, 115-118, 131, 149, 155
_n._, 210;
statistics as to, 130-131, 154, 155;
supplementing other resources, 144, 253-255;
weekly payment of, 128;
to widows, 101-104, 115, 154, 176-178;
to women, 7, 23, 36-38, 42, 83, 90-91, 101-104, 115, 154, 175-179, 258
Outdoor Relief Friendly Societies Act (1904), 254, 255 _n._
---- Relief Prohibitory Order (1844), 23, 25 _n._, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32,
36, 40, 42, 43, 46, 49, 54, 83, 88, 90, 91, 100, 101, 102, 106, 130,
131, 132, 149, 153, 154, 155, 156, 241, 260, 261
---- Relief Regulation Order (1852), 23, 25 _n._, 27, 39, 41, 43, 46,
49, 88, 90-91, 100, 101, 102, 115, 128-130, 149, 154, 156, 158-159,
171, 175, 232, 241, 261
Overlapping, 293;
in Scotland, 343-346, 349, 354-355
Overseers, 5, 12, 13, 14, 86, 131
Owen, Sir Hugh, 167
Paget, Mr. R. H., M.P., 253 _n._
Parental responsibility, 306-307, 358
Parish Apprentices Act, 17
"Particular orders," 21
Pashley, Mr. Robert, Q.C., 133 _n._
Pauper Inmates Discharge and Regulation Act, 172, 173 _n._, 244 _n._
Pauperism, statistics of, 103, 150 _n._, 232 _n._;
connection between disease and, 221
Paupers Conveyance Expenses Act, 89 _n._
Pell, Mr. Albert, M.P., 153 _n._
Pensions, attachment of, in repayment of cost of relief, 20;
to aged, 266-267, 271
---- Act (1908), 20 _n._
Phelps, Rev. L. R., 282-283
Phthisis, how dealt with by voluntary agencies, 308;
by Local Health Authority, 309;
order of Local Government Board for Scotland as to, 344, 345, 352
Playfair, Dr. Lyon (Lord Playfair), 137 _n._
Police, 147;
service of, as assistant relieving officers, 95, 98, 98 _n._, 99, 173;
administration of relief to vagrants by, 100
Poor Law Acts Amendment Act (1834), 1, 2, 11-20, 21-22, 33, 46, 50, 51,
54, 77, 85-87, 321
---- areas, list of, 321-342;
cost of, v
---- Royal Commission on (1832-1834), 1, 2-11, 85-87; (1905-1909),
274-319, 343-363
---- attempt to restrict operations of, 145-146;
revival of public interest in, 147-148
---- (Apprentices) Act, 113 _n._
---- Board, 25 _n._, 88-146;
establishment of, 86, 87;
made permanent, 146;
abolition of, 130, 146, 147
---- Certified Schools Act, 128 _n._
---- Commissioners, 21-87, 95, 99, 140, 141.
See also _Poor Law Inquiry Commissioners_
Poor Law Conferences, 151, 152-153
---- Inquiry Commissioners, 159;
Report of, 1-11, 12, 19, 21, 22, 27, 33, 36, 42, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52,
54, 55, 57, 59, 74, 75, 82-83, 84-85, 88, 95, 106, 112, 115, 118,
121, 128, 131, 141, 148, 160, 210, 229 _n._, 232, 236, 239, 242,
256, 257, 258, 259, 262, 263, 267, 268
---- Loans Act, 185 _n._
---- Schools. See _Schools, Poor Law_
---- (Schools) Act, 108 _n._
Poor Relief, Committee of House of Commons on, 97, 117;
of House of Lords on, 174
Preston, Mr. J. W., 215 _n._
Preston-Thomas, Mr. H., v., 179 _n._, 216, 221 _n._, 225-226, 246 _n._
Prevention, different meanings of, 308
---- of destitution, 346-349
---- of Cruelty to Children Acts, 180-181, 184
Principles of 1834, 1, 11, 36, 82-87, 88, 91, 148, 149, 151, 164,
256-262, 267, 269, 270, 271, 272;
abandonment of by L.G.B., 237-273;
repudiation of by Royal Commission of 1905-1909, 275
Privy Council, General Rules of Central Authority disallowable by, 21;
Committee of, on Education, 107 _n._, 109 _n._;
public health service of, 146
Provident dispensaries. See _Dispensaries_
---- sick clubs, 48
Public Assistance Authority, only for the undeserving, 282-283;
argument for and against, 350-363
Public Health Acts, 213 _n._, 219-220
---- Authorities, 92, 94, 213, 262;
service of Guardians as, in rural districts, 212 _n._, 219-220;
medical service of, 219-221
Quatt School, 113
Quinine, supply of, 117
"Rate in aid of wages," 27, 37, 41-42, 102
Ratepayers, consent of required, 19, 54
Rathbone, Mr. W., 120
Rawlinson, Sir R., 93 _n._, 94 _n._
Relatives, contributions from, 126, 150, 152, 229, 261
Relief in kind, 4, 25
---- on loan, 10-11, 16, 20, 143, 153, 176, 183-184, 251-253
---- works, for unemployed, 90, 92-94, 164-169, 172
Relieving officer, 96, 103, 119, 128, 145, 157, 173, 199, 209, 214, 217,
231, 252
Remand children. See _Children on remand_
Rent, payment of for paupers, prohibited, 25 _n._, 123
Revising barristers, 217 _n._
"Revolvers," 244
Ritchie, Lord, 166, 200 _n._, 203, 204 _n._, 237 _n._
Röntgen rays, 218 _n._
Roscoe, Sir Henry, 94
Salt, Mr., 290 _n._
Salvation Army, 171
Sanitary Act (1868), 220 _n._
Sanitation, 123 _n._, 266, 267, 271
Scattered Homes for Children, 185-187, 191, 258
School districts, Act for, 107-108;
combination of parishes into, 16;
in Metropolis, 108, 186
Schoolmasters for pauper children, 73, 107-109, 113
Schools, certified, 111, 147, 185, 195, 241, 255, 258
---- District, 16, 45, 108, 111-112, 133, 185-188, 193, 264
---- industrial, 187, 241, 262
---- maintenance of, for children on out relief, 104, 105 _n._
"Schools for Mothers," 310
---- separate Poor Law, 16, 45, 107-114, 133, 185-188, 190, 193-195,
243, 264
---- workhouse, 10, 16, 113, 185, 193
Sclater-Booth, Mr., 208, 210
Scotland, Minority Report for, 343-363;
overlapping in, 344;
proposed introduction of Principle of Less Eligibility into, 357-358;
application of Minority Report to, 361-363
Scottish National Committee to Promote the Break-up of the Poor Law, 343
Senior, Mr. Nassau, 282
Sick in 1834 Report, 6-8, 84, 210;
almost ignored in orders of Central Authority, 82;
asylum districts formed for, 89, 121, 161, 215;
attendance on and nursing of, 67, 136, 146, 160, 211-219, 242-243,
262;
beer for, 218;
compulsory removal of, to workhouse, 209-210;
definition of, 211;
detention of, 268;
deterrence abandoned with regard to, 217, 261-263;
dietary for, 68-69, 138, 242;
disfranchisement of, 217, 264;
domiciliary treatment of, 6-8, 15-17, 46-48, 63, 84-85, 115-119, 131,
143, 149-153, 155, 207-211, 229, 251-252;
Mr. Goschen's proposed gratuitous treatment of, 207-208, 219, 266;
use of hospitals for, 49, 63;
illustrated books for, 218;
institutional
treatment of, 47-49, 56, 62-63, 67-69, 71, 85, 116-123, 133-134, 136,
138, 146, 150, 160, 207-208, 211-219, 236, 242-243, 258, 261-263;
separate institutions for, 160, 211-219, 236, 242, 262-263;
members of friendly societies, 48;
under Metropolitan Asylums Board, 212-213, 216, 243;
nursing of outdoor, 210, 264;
out relief to, 6-8, 15-17, 46-48, 63, 84-85, 115-119, 131, 143,
149-153, 155, 207-211, 229, 251-252;
Principle of Curative Treatment applied to, 263-264;
Principle of Less Eligibility not applicable to, 3, 117-118, 121-122,
212, 215, 261-263;
Principle of National Uniformity not applied to, 258;
under Public Health Authorities, 219-221;
relief on loan to, 143, 251-252;
statistics of, 89, 122, 216;
suggested free medical attendance for, 207-208, 219, 266;
tea for, 218;
treatment of, in cholera panic, 116, 119;
in workhouses, 47-49, 56, 62-63, 67-69, 71, 85, 116-123, 133-134, 136,
138, 146, 150, 160, 207-208, 211-219, 236, 242-243, 258, 261-263
"Sixpenny Doctor," 118
Smart, Professor W., 94 _n._
Smith, Dr. E., 134 _n._, 135 _n._, 137, 235 _n._, 242 _n._
"Special Orders," 21-30, 51, 69
Spencer, Mrs. F. H., ix
Sprigge, Mr. S. Squire, 117 _n._, 132 _n._
Stansfeld, Mr., 148, 151, 208
Stevens, Mr., 37
Stone-breaking or pounding as task, 75, 157, 161, 246
Stoneyards, 84, 157-158
"Sudden or urgent necessity," 13, 29, 37, 42, 60, 214 _n._, 252
Sunday Schools, children sent to, 191
Surgical appliances, 264
Tea, 69, 139, 238-240
Test workhouse, 159-164, 170, 243, 270, 358-359
Tobacco, 237-239
Tools, provision of, 25, 144
Torrens, Mr. W. T. M'Cullagh, 94 _n._
Town Councils, relief by, 90, 92-94, 167
Training ships, 112
Trollope, Sir John, 129
Tufnell, Mr. E. Carleton, 45 _n._, 108 _n._, 264
Underfed children. See _Children_
Unemployed, the, 90, 92-96, 98-99, 148-172, 164-169, 250, 257, 261-262;
in Scotland, 356-361;
how the Majority Report deals with, 275-279, 282, 291;
how the Minority Report deals with, 306, 317, 358-360. See
_Able-bodied_
Unemployed Workmen Act (1905), 169, 250, 257-258, 261, 297, 312-313,
317;
in Scotland, 344
Unions, list of, 321-342
Universal Provision, Principle of, 263, 266-272;
in Majority Report, 277;
in Minority Report, 298-299
Unsound mind, persons of, 49-50, 62-63, 80, 123-127, 133, 138, 143, 146,
188, 221-228, 242, 268, 270, 279, 297-299, 312;
in Scotland, 354-355, 362
Vaccination, 266-267
Vagrancy, Departmental Committee on, 174, 312
Vagrant Acts, 14, 34, 77, 81, 89, 184, 244
Vagrants, 6, 13-14, 33-36, 62, 64, 80, 89, 95-100, 133, 171-174, 257,
259, 262, 266-267, 281, 288, 297, 312;
in 1834 Report, 6, 13-14, 259;
in Departmental Committee Report of 1904-1906, 174, 312;
in Majority Report, 281, 288;
in Minority Report, 297;
in Scotland, 344;
Acts as to, 13-14, 34, 77, 81-89, 184, 244;
orders as to, 36;
asylums for, 14, 35;
casual wards for, 64, 133, 259;
classification of, 62, 64;
detention of, 14, 35, 88, 95-96, 100, 172-174, 257-259, 267;
dietary for, 36, 98-99;
discrimination, policy of, 95-99, 172, 174, 259;
labour colonies for, 171;
Principle of Curative Treatment not applied to, 266;
Principle of Less Eligibility adhered to, 172, 257, 259, 266;
Principle of National Uniformity aimed at, 257, 259;
task of work for, 14, 33, 35, 95-96, 99, 172-173, 257, 259.
See also _Casual Wards_
Vestries, 10, 12; Metropolitan, 166, 168, 213
Vestry of Liverpool, 112, 120, 146, 237
Villiers, Mr. C. P., 134 _n._, 140, 142
Visiting Committee. See _Committee, Visiting_
Voluntary Agencies, sphere of; co-operation of, 144-146, 255;
proper sphere of, 307-311
---- Aid Committee in Majority Report, 281; purpose of, 282
Wakley, Mr. Thomas, 117, 132
Watts, Dr. John, 94 _n._
Weekly, Mr. John, 188 _n._
"Weighting the alternatives," 318
Wethered, Mr., 234 _n._
Widows, 6-7, 12, 15-16, 23, 36-38, 40, 42, 79, 85, 101-104, 115, 130,
149, 153, 176-179, 183, 207, 229, 241;
in 1834 Report, 6-7, 36;
with illegitimate children, 37, 115;
statistics as to, 103, 176-179
Wilson, Miss, 120 _n._
Wives, 6-7, 12, 15, 36-42, 83, 89, 101, 143, 175-178;
of absentee husbands, 6-7, 15, 36, 40-42, 89, 101, 175-176;
accompanying husbands, 6, 36, 39, 41, 83, 178;
deserted, 6-7, 12, 15, 40, 175-176;
of prisoners, 176-178;
of soldiers and sailors, 6-7, 15, 36, 41-42, 176, 178;
test work for, 39-40
Wodehouse, Mr., 103, 148
Women, 6-7, 9, 15-16, 23-24, 27, 29, 30-31, 36-43, 64-65, 67, 74, 76,
79, 83-85, 89-91, 100-104, 134, 136, 138, 143, 149, 152, 154, 162,
174-179, 196, 254, 257, 258, 261;
in 1834 Report, 6-7, 9;
whether ever "able-bodied," 3, 6, 23-24, 27, 30, 36, 83;
dietary for, 138;
discrimination as to character among, 27, 42, 64-65, 76, 134, 136,
258;
oakum-picking for, 162, 164;
and Principle of Less Eligibility, 261;
statistics as to, 100-101, 178-179;
rate in aid of wages to, 37-38, 42, 100-102, 254;
task of work for, 31, 42, 162, 164, 178;
in the workhouse, 6, 9, 43, 64-65, 67, 74, 76, 79, 134, 136, 196.
See also _Wives_ and _Widows_
Workhouse, the, in 1834 Report, 5-19;
under the Poor Law Commissioners, 21-87;
under the Poor Law Board, 95-146;
under the Local Government Board, 152-240;
able-bodied in, 5, 83-85, 128, 235, 242;
admission to, 60-61, 71, 80, 247;
aged in, 5, 9, 83, 219, 222, 235, 237, 240-242, 258;
alcohol in, 19, 68, 218;
children in, 5, 7, 83, 106, 113, 181, 222, 236, 258;
detention in, 19, 80, 82, 164, 209-210, 268, 244-245, 276, 289-292;
dietary of, 67-70, 137-139, 171, 237, 240, 242, 245-246, 248-249;
punishments in, 19, 76, 82;
religion in, 19, 77-79, 82;
sick in, 8, 62, 116, 118-119, 122, 134, 136-137, 209-210, 216, 219,
222, 235, 242, 245, 277;
smoking in, 74c;
statistics as to, 45, 132, 140, 235, 242;
vagrants in, 95-97
---- system, the, 11, 256, 261, 271
---- test, the, 33-34, 52-53, 132, 150, 154-156, 158-159, 165, 258;
modified, 158-159, 170-171
Workmen's Compensation Act (1900), 177 _n._
Printed by R. & R. Clark, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.
* * * * *
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
THE PREVENTION OF DESTITUTION
Demy 8vo (1911). Price 6s. net.
ADVERTISEMENT
In this volume the authors propound a constructive policy, worked out in
considerable detail, by the adoption of which they believe that the
nation could, within a very few years, progressively get rid of the
great bulk of the involuntary destitution in which so large a proportion
of our population is now plunged. They analyse the several causes of
this destitution, and show how these can severally be arrested in their
operation. The extensive ravages of preventable sickness are shown to be
productive, directly and indirectly, of probably half the whole mass of
destitution; and the authors give us the outlines of a national campaign
against sickness. The evil effects of child neglect, from infancy to
adolescence, are traced in their resulting adult destitution; and the
authors describe the methods of securing, from one end of the kingdom to
the other, what may be called a "National Minimum" of child nurture. The
dependence of destitution on feeble-mindedness and mental deficiency
leads to an examination of the bearing, upon the problem, of the
doctrines of Eugenics. The effects of "Sweating" and Unemployment in
producing destitution are specially dealt with; and a full exposition is
given of the striking plan for actually preventing the great bulk of
unemployment, and for maintaining under training those whose
unemployment cannot be prevented, with which the authors' names are
associated. The experiments and proposals in Insurance, whether
voluntary or compulsory, against sickness or against unemployment,
receive elaborate analysis and criticism; and the experience both of the
Friendly Societies and of the German Government is invoked to indicate
in what way Insurance may safely be made use of as part of the provision
for Old Age, Invalidity, Industrial Accidents, Sickness, and Involuntary
Unemployment. The proper sphere of voluntary agencies in connection with
the action of the public authorities, and as a part of the national
campaign against destitution, is described at length. The grave social
evil of the "overlapping" and duplication of relief at present resulting
from the multiplicity of unco-ordinated authorities and agencies is
described at some length; and proposals are made for preventing it by a
Common Register. Finally, an elaborate chapter is devoted to "the Moral
Factor," and a full examination is made of the direct and indirect
effects on personal character and on family life, both of the present
system of dealing with those who are in need, and of the proposed
campaign of prevention. "The universal maintenance of a definite
standard of civilised life is the joint obligation of an indissoluble
partnership between the individual and the community."
In order to keep the page free from footnotes and references these are
relegated to an appendix following each chapter.
CONTENTS
PREFACE
CHAP.
I. DESTITUTION AS A DISEASE OF SOCIETY.
II. HOW TO PREVENT THE DESTITUTION THAT ARISES FROM SICKNESS.
III. DESTITUTION AND EUGENICS.
IV. HOW TO PREVENT THE DESTITUTION ARISING FROM CHILD NEGLECT.
V. SWEATING AND UNEMPLOYMENT AS CAUSES OF DESTITUTION.
VI. HOW TO PREVENT UNEMPLOYMENT AND UNDEREMPLOYMENT.
VII. INSURANCE.
VIII. THE ENLARGED SPHERE OF VOLUNTARY AGENCIES IN A PREVENTIVE CAMPAIGN
AGAINST DESTITUTION.
IX. THE NEED FOR A COMMON REGISTER AND A REGISTRAR OF PUBLIC ASSISTANCE.
X. THE MORAL FACTOR.
INDEX.
Longmans, Green & Co.
London, New York, Calcutta, and Bombay
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
GRANTS IN AID:
A CRITICISM AND A PROPOSAL
BY SIDNEY WEBB
Demy 8vo, 120 pp. (1911). Price 5s. net.
ADVERTISEMENT
This is the first volume dealing with Grants in Aid as an instrument of
government. In the United Kingdom, at the present time, a sum of about
thirty millions sterling is annually paid by the Chancellor of the
Exchequer to the various Local Governing Authorities of the Kingdom.
This large subvention has important effects on Local Government which
have never before been critically examined. The author's thesis is that
in the Grant in Aid we have unconsciously devised an instrument of
administration of extraordinary potency; and that its gradual adoption
during the past three-quarters of a century has created a hierarchy of
local government far superior to that of France and Germany on the one
hand (termed by the author "The Bureaucratic System"); and to that of
the United States on the other (which the author describes as "The
Anarchy of Local Autonomy"). But the efficiency of our English system
depends on the particular conditions upon which the Grants in Aid are
made; and the book concludes with a detailed proposal for the complete
revision, on novel principles, of all the existing subventions, and for
their extension to other services. An elaborate bibliography is
appended.
The book forms No. 24 of the Studies in Economics and Political Science,
issued under the Editorship of the Director of the London School of
Economics and Political Science.
CONTENTS
PREFACE.
CHAP.
I. WHAT THE GRANTS IN AID SEEM TO BE AND WHAT THEY REALLY ARE.
II. WHY HAVE GRANTS IN AID AT ALL?
III. HOW WE DISTRIBUTE THIRTY MILLIONS A YEAR IN GRANTS IN AID.
IV. THE GRANTS IN AID OF THE POOR LAW AUTHORITIES.
V. THE GRANTS IN AID OF THE LOCAL EDUCATION AUTHORITIES.
VI. THE LINES OF REFORM.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
INDEX.
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.
LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
ENGLISH POOR LAW POLICY
=Demy 8vo, pp. xiii and 379 (1910). Price 7s. 6d. net.=
In this volume, the authors of _Industrial Democracy_ and _English Local
Government_ present what is practically a history of the English Poor
Law, so far as the policy of the central authority is concerned, from
the Report of the Royal Commission of 1832-4 down to that of the Royal
Commission of 1905-9. For this work they have analysed, not only the
statutes, but also the bewildering array of General and Special Orders,
Circulars, Minutes, Inspectors' exhortations, and unpublished letters,
by means of which the Poor Law Commissioners, the Poor Law Board, and
the Local Government Board have sought to direct the policy of the
Boards of Guardians. No such history has before been attempted. For the
first time the gradual development of policy can be traced, with regard
to children, to the sick, to the aged and infirm, to vagrants, to the
able-bodied, etc. The reader is enabled to watch the gradual and almost
unconscious evolution, from out of the "principles of 1834," of what may
be called the "principles of 1907"; being the lines of policy to which
the experience of three-quarters of a century had brought the
administrator, when the recent Royal Commission overhauled the subject.
Two concluding chapters summarise and analyse the proposals of the
Majority and Minority Reports.
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.
LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
Demy 8vo, pp. xxvi and 664 (1907). Price 16s. net.
ENGLISH LOCAL GOVERNMENT
(THE PARISH AND THE COUNTY)
FROM THE REVOLUTION TO THE MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS ACT
This work, the result of eight years' research into the manuscript
records of the Parish and the County all over England and Wales--from
Northumberland to Cornwall, from Cardigan to Kent--combines history and
description in a continuous narrative of extraordinary interest.
Avoiding the questions of the origin of English local institutions, and
even of their mediæval development, the authors plunge at once into a
vivid description of the Parish Officers and the Vestry, Quarter
Sessions and the Justices of the Peace, the Lord-Lieutenant and the High
Sheriff, together with all the other authorities by which the internal
administration was actually carried on. An entirely new view is
presented of the social and political development of Parish Vestry and
Quarter Sessions, of their relations to the Squire and the Incumbent,
and of their attitude towards Parliament and the problems of their age.
But the book is more than a contribution to history and political
science. Practically all the counties of England and Wales, and
literally hundreds of parishes, find place in this unique record of life
and manners, in which are embedded not a few dramatic episodes of
absorbing interest. It is a new picture of English life between 1689 and
1835 as it actually was in country and town, with graphic tracings of
its results on national progress and on the social and economic problems
by which we are now confronted.
CONTENTS
THE PARISH
INTRODUCTION.
THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF THE PARISH.
(_a_) THE AREA AND MEMBERSHIP OF THE PARISH; (_b_) THE OFFICERS OF
THE PARISH; (_c_) THE SERVANTS OF THE PARISH; (_d_) THE INCUMBENT;
(_e_) THE PARISH VESTRY; (_f_) THE PARISH AS A UNIT OF OBLIGATION.
UNORGANISED PARISH GOVERNMENT.
(_a_) THE PARISH OLIGARCHY; (_b_) GOVERNMENT BY CONSENT; (_c_) THE
UNCONTROLLED PARISH OFFICERS; (_d_) THE RULE OF THE BOSS; (_e_) THE
TURBULENT OPEN VESTRY.
AN EXTRA-LEGAL DEMOCRACY.
(_a_) THE ORGANISATION OF THE PUBLIC MEETING; (_b_) THE CONTROL OVER
THE UNPAID OFFICERS; (_c_) A SALARIED STAFF; (_d_) THE PARISH
COMMITTEE; (_e_) AN ORGANISED DEMOCRACY; (_f_) THE RECALCITRANT
MINORITY.
THE STRANGLING OF THE PARISH.
(_a_) EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY LEGISLATION; (_b_) THE STURGES BOURNE ACTS;
(_c_) THE STURGES BOURNE SELECT VESTRIES; (_d_) THE SALARIED
OVERSEER; (_e_) THE REFERENDUM; (_f_) THE DEATH OF THE PARISH.
THE LEGALITY OF THE CLOSE VESTRY.
(_a_) THE CLOSE VESTRY BY IMMEMORIAL CUSTOM; (_b_) THE CLOSE VESTRY
BY BISHOP'S FACULTY; (_c_) THE CLOSE VESTRY BY CHURCH BUILDING ACT;
(_d_) THE CLOSE VESTRY BY LOCAL ACT; (_e_) THE CONSTITUTIONS OF
CLOSE VESTRIES.
CLOSE VESTRY ADMINISTRATION.
(_a_) PROVINCIAL CLOSE VESTRIES; (_b_) METROPOLITAN CLOSE VESTRIES;
(_c_) CLOSE VESTRY EXCLUSIVENESS; (_d_) THE WORST AND THE BEST.
THE REFORM OF THE CLOSE VESTRY.
(_a_) THE ASSAULTS THAT FAILED; (_b_) A LONDON MOVEMENT; (_c_)
OPENING THE CLOSE VESTRY.
THE COUNTY
INTRODUCTION.
THE LEGAL CONSTITUTION OF THE COUNTY.
(_a_) THE AREA AND DIVISIONS OF THE COUNTY; (_b_) THE CUSTOS
ROTULORUM; (_c_) THE SHERIFF AND HIS COURT; (_d_) THE HIGH
CONSTABLE; (_e_) THE CORONER; (_f_) THE COMMISSION OF THE PEACE;
(_g_) COUNTY SERVICE; (_h_) AN ORGAN OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. ON SOME
ANOMALOUS COUNTY JURISDICTIONS, INCLUDING THE COUNTIES PALATINE.
THE RULERS OF THE COUNTY.
(_a_) NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF JUSTICES; (_b_) THE JUSTICE OF MEAN
DEGREE; (_c_) THE TRADING JUSTICE; (_d_) THE COURT JUSTICE; (_e_)
THE SYCOPHANT JUSTICE AND RURAL TYRANT; (_f_) THE MOUTH-PIECE OF THE
CLERK; (_g_) THE CLERICAL JUSTICE; (_h_) THE LEADER OF THE PARISH;
(_i_) LEADERS OF THE COUNTY; (_j_) THE LORD-LIEUTENANT AND THE HIGH
SHERIFF; (_k_) CLASS EXCLUSIVENESS.
COUNTY ADMINISTRATION BY JUSTICES OUT OF SESSIONS.
(_a_) THE "SINGLE JUSTICE"; (_b_) THE "DOUBLE JUSTICE"; (_c_) THE
SPECIAL SESSIONS; (_d_) PETTY SESSIONS; (_e_) THE SERVANTS OF THE
JUSTICES; (_f_) THE SPHERE OF JUSTICES "OUT OF SESSIONS."
THE COURT OF QUARTER SESSIONS.
(_a_) THE TIME AND PLACE OF MEETING; (_b_) THE CHAIRMAN OF THE
COURT; (_c_) THE PROCEDURE OF THE COURT; (_d_) ADMINISTRATION BY
JUDICIAL PROCESS; (_e_) THE GRAND JURY; (_f_) THE HUNDRED JURY;
(_g_) PRESENTMENTS BY CONSTABLES; (_h_)PRESENTMENTS BY JUSTICES.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXTRA-LEGAL CONSTITUTION.
I. THE COUNTY EXECUTIVE.
(_a_) THE HIGH SHERIFF AND HIS BAILIFFS; (_b_) THE HIGH CONSTABLE;
(_c_) THE CLERK OF THE PEACE; (_d_) THE COUNTY TREASURER; (_e_) THE
COUNTY SURVEYOR; (_f_) EXECUTIVE MAKESHIFTS; (_g_) COMMITTEES OF
JUSTICES.
II. AN INCHOATE PROVINCIAL LEGISLATURE.
III. AN EXTRA-LEGAL COUNTY OLIGARCHY.
THE REACTION AGAINST THE RULERS OF THE COUNTY.
(_a_) THE BREAKDOWN OF THE MIDDLESEX BENCH; (_b_) THE LACK OF
JUSTICES; (_c_) THE RESTRICTION OF PUBLIC HOUSES; (_d_) THE
JUSTICES' POOR LAW; (_e_) THE GROWTH OF COUNTY EXPENDITURE; (_f_)
THE SEVERITY OF THE GAME LAWS; (_g_) THE STOPPING UP OF FOOTPATHS;
(_h_) THE STRIPPING OF THE OLIGARCHY; (_i_) WHY THE JUSTICES
SURVIVED.
LONGMANS. GREEN & CO.
LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
Demy 8vo, pp. viii and 858, in 2 volumes (1908). Price 25s. net.
ENGLISH LOCAL GOVERNMENT
(THE MANOR AND THE BOROUGH)
FROM THE REVOLUTION TO THE MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS ACT
In this second instalment of their English Local Government the authors
apply their method of combined history and analysis to the fascinating
story of the towns and the manorial communities, of which several
hundreds find mention, belonging to all the counties of England and
Wales. An interesting new account is given, from unpublished materials,
of the organisation and development in the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries of the Manor and its several Courts, with picturesque glimpses
of the hitherto undescribed part played by the Jury in the common-field
agriculture. But the Manor is shown to be also the starting-point for a
whole series of constitutional developments, passing through grade after
grade of Manorial Borough, hitherto undescribed, into the complete
Municipal Corporation. This, too, is analysed and described in a way
never before attempted, so as to make the strangely interesting life of
the towns live before us. A special chapter is devoted to the Boroughs
of Wales, in which their national peculiarities are brought out. Their
extensive study of the manuscript records enable the authors to set
forth the inner working of the "Municipal Democracies" that existed
alongside the chartered oligarchies, with their many analogies to
modern American cities; and to bring vividly to notice the conditions
and limitations of successive Democratic government. There is an
interesting sketch of English hierarchies of town government, chief
among them being the Cinque Ports, the constitutional position of which
is presented in a new light. The anomalous history of the City of
Westminster is explored by the light of the unpublished archives of its
peculiar municipal organisation. An altogether novel view is presented
of the constitutional development of the greatest municipality of all,
the Corporation of the City of London, to which no fewer than 124 pages
are devoted. The work concludes with a picturesque account of the
"Municipal Revolution" of 1835, and the Homeric combat of Brougham and
Lyndhurst which ended in the Municipal Reform Act of 1835.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION.
THE LORD'S COURT--
(_a_) THE LAWYER'S VIEW OF THE LORD'S COURT.
(_b_) THE COURT BARON.
(_c_) THE COURT LEET.
THE COURT IN RUINS--
(_a_) THE HIERARCHY OF COURTS.
(_b_) THE COURT OF THE HUNDRED.
(_c_) THE COURT OF THE MANOR:
(i.) THE BAMBURGH COURTS.
(ii.) THE COURT LEET OF THE SAVOY.
(iii.) THE COURT LEET AND COURT BARON OF MANCHESTER.
(_d_) THE PREVALENCE AND DECAY OF THE LORD'S COURT.
THE MANORIAL BOROUGH--
(_a_) THE VILLAGE MEETING.
(_b_) THE CHARTERED TOWNSHIP.
(_c_) THE LORDLESS COURT.
(_d_) THE LORD'S BOROUGH.
(_e_) THE ENFRANCHISED MANORIAL BOROUGH.
(_f_) MANOR AND GILD.
(_g_) ARRESTED DEVELOPMENT AND DECAY.
THE CITY AND BOROUGH OF WESTMINSTER--
(_a_) BURLEIGH'S CONSTITUTION.
(_b_) MUNICIPAL ATROPHY.
THE BOROUGHS OF WALES--
(_a_) INCIPIENT AUTONOMY.
(_b_) THE WELSH MANORIAL BOROUGH.
(_c_) THE WELSH MUNICIPAL CORPORATION.
THE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION--
(_a_) THE INSTRUMENT OF INCORPORATION.
(_b_) CORPORATE JURISDICTIONS.
(_c_) CORPORATE OBLIGATIONS.
(_d_) THE AREA OF THE CORPORATION.
(_e_) THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE CORPORATION.
(_f_) THE SERVANTS OF THE CORPORATION.
(_g_) THE CHIEF OFFICERS OF THE CORPORATION.
(_h_) THE HEAD OF THE CORPORATION.
(_i_) THE BAILIFFS.
(_j_) THE HIGH STEWARD AND THE RECORDER.
(_k_) THE CHAMBERLAIN AND THE TOWN CLERK.
(_l_) THE COUNTY OFFICERS OF THE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION.
(_m_) THE MAYOR'S BRETHREN AND THE MAYOR'S COUNSELLORS.
(_n_) THE COURTS OF THE CORPORATION.
(_o_) COURTS OF CIVIL JURISDICTION.
(_p_) THE COURT LEET.
(_q_) THE BOROUGH COURT OF QUARTER SESSIONS.
(_r_) COURTS OF SPECIALISED JURISDICTION.
(_s_) THE ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS OF THE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION.
(_t_) THE MUNICIPAL CONSTITUTIONS OF 1689.
MUNICIPAL DISINTEGRATION--
(_a_) THE RISE OF THE CORPORATE MAGISTRACY.
(_b_) THE DECLINE OF THE COMMON COUNCIL.
(_c_) THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW STATUTORY AUTHORITIES.
(_d_) THE PASSING OF THE FREEMEN.
(_e_) THE MINGLING OF GROWTH AND DECAY.
ADMINISTRATION BY CLOSE CORPORATIONS--
(PENZANCE, LEEDS, COVENTRY, BRISTOL, LEICESTER, AND LIVERPOOL.)
ADMINISTRATION BY MUNICIPAL DEMOCRACIES--
(MORPETH, BERWICK-UPON-TWEED, NORWICH, AND IPSWICH.)
THE CITY OF LONDON--
(_a_) THE LEGAL CONSTITUTION OF THE CITY.
(_b_) THE SERVICE OF THE CITIZEN TO HIS WARD.
(_c_) THE PRECINCT.
(_d_) THE INQUEST OF THE WARD.
(_e_) THE COMMON COUNCIL OF THE WARD.
(_f_) THE DECAY OF WARD GOVERNMENT.
(_g_) THE COURT OF COMMON HALL.
(_h_) THE COURT OF COMMON COUNCIL.
(_i_) THE COURT OF ALDERMEN.
(_j_) THE SHRIEVALTY.
(_k_) THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE LORD MAYOR.
(_l_) THE OFFICERS OF THE CORPORATION.
(_m_) A RATEPAYERS' DEMOCRACY.
THE MUNICIPAL REVOLUTION--
(_a_) TOWARDS THE REVOLUTION.
(_b_) INSTALMENTS OF REFORM.
(_c_) THE ROYAL COMMISSION.
(_d_) AN ALTERNATIVE JUDGMENT.
(_e_) THE WHIG BILL.
(_f_) THE MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS ACT.
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
INDEX OF AUTHORS AND OTHER PERSONS.
INDEX OF PLACES.
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.
LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
_SOME PRESS NOTICES OF_
ENGLISH LOCAL GOVERNMENT
"A book of the deepest, even of fascinating interest. Here for the first
time we have a real study of local life in England, in village and town
and country.... Everywhere we follow the gallant fights of humane and
just men whose stories are scattered through these pages, along with the
sharp dealings of the astute. Familiar names meet us--a great-uncle of
Cecil Rhodes making his 'Empire' in St. Pancras; the novelist Fielding
cutting down the gains of the magistrate who preyed on the poor....
Noble figures stand out among the ignoble. As in the parish, the rulers
of the county ... found themselves left free ... to administer as they
thought fit. They used the power fully; governed, legislated, silently
transformed their constitution, and showed themselves capable of the
same extremes as the men of the parish, except that they never
surrendered to the 'boss.' ... We have only touched here on the tale the
authors give, so absorbing in interest to any Englishman.... The best
tribute to the writers of this most valuable work is the difficulty of
turning away for comment or criticism from the subjects they present in
such a vigorous and human form.... They have opened a new chapter in
English history."--Mrs. J. R. GREEN, in _Westminster Gazette_.
"Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Webb's monumental work on our local institutions
must be a source at once of pride and of something a little like shame.
Here at last we have a book which is more than worthy to be placed
beside those of the great continental writers on the subject.... Mr. and
Mrs. Sidney Webb are as learned as the Prussian, as lucid as the
Frenchman, and as scholarly and careful as the Austrian.... If it is
literature to present a singularly vivid picture of a past stage of
society, to render it real and lifelike by a careful selection and
skilful grouping of illustrative details, and to explain its meaning
with clearness, sound judgment, and not infrequent touches of quiet
humour, then assuredly is this volume literary as well as learned....
Packed as it is with quotations and references, it is full of
transcripts from life which one reader at least has found more
fascinating than many of the efforts made to revivify the past through
the medium of historical romance or romantic history. The story of the
rise, the decline, and the fall of the parish autonomy and the old
county oligarchy is in itself a sort of epic not wanting in the
elements of adventure, and even of tragedy.... Here and there a
remarkable personality emerges."--Mr. SIDNEY LOW, in _Standard_.
"Without exaggeration it may be said that this work will necessitate the
rewriting of English history.... We are ushered into a new world, full
of eager and heated interest.... The authors have contrived to make
these dead bones live. Everywhere are peepholes into the lives of the
people, and occasionally a connected story ... throws a flood of light
on English society. There is not a chapter which is not full of facts of
general interest, while the whole volume ... will be altogether
indispensable to the serious student.... There is a fascinating tale of
the 'boss' of Bethnal Green.... A history of the English people, richer
in local colour, more comprehensive in its survey of social affairs, and
more truly human in its sympathies than any treatise hitherto given to
the public."--Mr. R. A. BRAY, in _Daily News_.
"Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Webb continue their laborious and luminous studies
of English local institutions. In the last two volumes we find the same
characteristics as those already published respecting the parish and the
county--a minute investigation conducted not in the spirit of the
antiquary, but with an eye to realities which are of interest to the
politician, the historian, and the economist; an examination of the vast
mass of printed matter on the subject, much of it practically
inaccessible; and exhaustive enquiry among unedited manuscript records,
some of them probably never before read. A few lines in the text or in a
footnote are the results of prolonged local investigation; a few
unobtrusive words at the close of a sentence, or qualifying some general
statement, are the fruits of a careful search among the muniments of
some corporation. We cannot speak too highly of the industry and
patience which these volumes attest. They possess even rarer merits. The
whole subject is set in a new light. We get away from traditional
formulæ and conceptions. We see the local institutions at work, and they
appear very different from what they are represented by lawyers to
be."--_Times._
"If it be true, as many deep thinkers maintain, that history affords the
only sure key to a thorough knowledge of political institutions, then
the work of which these two learned and elaborate volumes form a part
is indispensable to every serious student of English Local Government,
for the history of that subject has never yet been expounded with such
completeness and so scientific an impartiality.... A pioneer in a new
way of writing the history of institutions.... By the skill with which
they present the general movement of institutional developments as the
outgrowth of natural forces, and constantly illustrate it by particular
points of actuality and human interest, these writers have given new
life to a study too long neglected."--_Scotsman._
"Closely packed tomes, crowded with detail, and exhibiting the result of
a sum of research and investigation which leaves the indolent,
irresponsible reviewer almost wordless with respectful admiration....
Such a collection of original material has been weighed and sifted as
might move the envy of any German professor."--_Evening Standard._
"For years to come they will still be sifting, amassing, arranging, but
their reputation as the foremost investigators of fact now amongst us is
likely to be confirmed rather than shaken. Their work is as minute in
detail as it is imposing in mass. In their patience they possess their
intellect, and they remind us of the scholar with a magnifying glass in
a picture by Jan van Eyck."--_Observer._
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
THE BREAK-UP OF THE POOR LAW
BEING PART I. OF THE MINORITY REPORT OF THE POOR LAW
COMMISSION
EDITED, WITH INTRODUCTION, BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
Demy 8vo, xx and 604 pp. 7s. 6d net. Uniform with
"English Local Government"
Bluebooks, it has been said, are places of burial. The original edition
of the Report of the Royal Commission on the Poor Law and the Agencies
dealing with the Unemployed is a ponderous tome of seven pounds weight,
crowded with references, footnotes, and appendices, impossible either to
handle or to read. Mr. and Mrs. Webb have, therefore, rescued from this
tomb the Minority Report signed by the Dean of Norwich, Messrs. Chandler
and Lansbury, and Mrs. Webb herself. By omitting all the notes and
references, and printing the text in clear type on a convenient octavo
page, they present the reader with something which he can hold with
comfort by his fireside.
This Minority Report is a new departure in such documents. More than
20,000 copies have already been disposed of, and it is still selling
like the last new novel. It is readable and even exciting. It is
complete in itself. It presents, in ordered sequence, page by page, a
masterly survey of what is actually going on in our workhouses and in
the homes of those maintained on Outdoor Relief. It describes in precise
detail from carefully authenticated evidence what is happening to the
infants, to the children of school age, to the sick, to the mentally
defective, to the widows with children struggling on their pittances of
Outdoor Relief, to the aged and infirm inside the workhouse and outside.
It sets forth the overlapping of the Poor Law with the newer work of the
Education and Public Health Authorities, and the consequent waste and
confusion. It gives a graphic vision of the working of the whole Poor
Law machinery in all parts of the United Kingdom, which is costing us
nearly twenty millions sterling per annum.
The volume concludes with a Scheme of Reform, of novel and far-reaching
character, which is elaborately worked out in detail, involving the
abolition of the workhouse, the complete disappearance of the Poor Law,
and the transfer of the care of the children, the sick, the mentally
defective, and the aged to the several committees of the Town and County
Councils already administering analogous services, in order that we may
now, in the twentieth century, set ourselves to prevent destitution,
instead of waiting until it occurs.
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.
LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
THE PUBLIC ORGANIZATION OF
THE LABOUR MARKET
BEING PART II. OF THE MINORITY REPORT OF THE POOR LAW
COMMISSION
EDITED, WITH INTRODUCTION, BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
Demy 8vo, xvi and 332 pp. 5s. net. Uniform with
"English Local Government"
The Problem of the Unemployed, which the Royal Commission on the Poor
Law was incidentally set to solve, is the question of the day. Part II.
of the Minority Report deals with it in a manner at once comprehensive
and complete. The whole of the experience of the Poor Law Authorities,
and their bankruptcy as regards the destitute able-bodied, is surveyed
in vivid and picturesque detail. There is a brief account of the work of
Voluntary Agencies. A lucid description is then given, with much new
information, of the movement started by Mr. Chamberlain in 1886, which
culminated in the Unemployed Workmen Act of 1905. The story is told of
the various experiments and devices that have been tried during the past
twenty years, the Relief Works and the Farm Colonies, etc. This leads up
to an altogether novel descriptive analysis of the Unemployed of to-day,
who they actually are, and what they really need. The final chapter on
Proposals for Reform gives, in elaborate detail, the Minority's plan for
solving the whole problem of Unemployment--not by any vague and
chimerical panacea, but by a series of administratively practicable
reforms, based on the actual experience of this and other countries,
which are within the compass of the Cabinet, and could, if desired, be
carried in a single session of Parliament.
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.
LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
THE STATE AND THE DOCTOR
Demy 8vo, pp. viii and 276 (1910). Price 6s. net.
In this work a great deal that will be new to the ordinary citizen is
brought to light. The authors show that we do a great deal of State
Doctoring in England--more than is commonly realised--and that our
arrangements have got into a tangle, which urgently needs straightening
out. Everywhere there is a duplication of authorities, and more or less
overlapping of work. We are spending out of the rates and taxes, in one
way or another, directly on sickness and Public Health, a vast sum of
money annually--no man knows how much, but it certainly amounts to six
or seven millions sterling. Meanwhile, as is now being revealed to us, a
vast amount of sickness goes altogether untreated, with the result of
grave damage to our population, and unnecessary loss of productive
capacity to the community as a whole.
The authors suggest that we put up with this waste, and we allow our
statesmen to postpone the task of straightening out the tangle, very
largely because we are not aware of the facts. There has hitherto been
no popular description of our State Doctoring. Many worthy people,
thinking themselves educated, do not even know of its existence. There
is not even an official report setting forth exactly what is being done
and left undone for sickness and the Public Health in the different
parts of the kingdom.
But the authors do not content themselves with a picture of the costly
and wasteful muddle that our responsible statesmen allow, session after
session, to continue unreformed. The work concludes with a remarkable
series of proposals for "straightening out the tangle"--proposals based
on the very authoritative evidence received by the Royal Commission on
the Poor Law, supported not only by the administrators, but also by a
large section of the medical profession, and rapidly commending
themselves to the unprejudiced enquirer.
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.
LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
THE HISTORY OF TRADE UNIONISM
Demy 8vo; Tenth Thousand; New Edition, with New Introductory
Chapter; lvii and 558 pp. (1911).
=Price 7s. 6d. net.=
This work describes, not only the growth and development of the Trade
Union Movement in the United Kingdom from 1700 down to the end of the
nineteenth century, but also the structure and working of the present
Trade Union organisation in the United Kingdom. Founded almost entirely
on material hitherto unpublished, it is not a mere chronicle of Trade
Union organisation or record of strikes, but gives, in effect, the
political history of the English working class during the last one
hundred and fifty years. The opening chapter describes the
handicraftsman in the toils of the industrial revolution, striving
vainly to retain the mediæval regulation of his Standard of Life. In
subsequent chapters the Place Manuscripts and the archives of the Priory
Council and the Home Office enable the authors to picture the struggles
of the early Trade Unionists against the Combination Laws, and the
remarkable Parliamentary manipulation which led to their repeal. The
private records of the various Societies, together with contemporary
pamphlets and working-class newspapers, furnish a graphic account of the
hitherto undescribed outburst of "New Unionism" of 1830-34, with its
revolutionary aims and subsequent Chartist entanglements. In the course
of the narrative we see the intervention in Trade Union history of
Francis Place, Joseph Hume, J. R. M'Culloch, Nassau Senior, William the
Fourth, Lord Melbourne, Robert Owen, Fergus O'Connor, Thomas Slingsby
Duncombe, John Bright, the Christian Socialists, the Positivists, and
many living politicians. The hidden influence of Trade Unionism on
English politics is traced from point to point, new light being
incidentally thrown upon the defeat of Mr. Gladstone's Government in
1874. A detailed analysis is given of the economic and political causes
which have, since 1880, tended to divorce the Trade Union Movement from
its alliance with "official Liberalism." A new introductory chapter
brings the story down to the last few years. The final chapter describes
the Trade Union world of to-day in all its varied features, including a
realistic sketch of actual Trade Union life by a Trade Union Secretary,
and a classified census founded on the authors' investigations into a
thousand separate Unions in all parts of the country. A coloured map
represents the percentage which the Trade Unionists bear to the
population of each county. A bibliography of Trade Union literature is
appended (which, together with that given in _Industrial Democracy_,
affords a unique index of almost every available source of information).
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO THE NEW EDITION.
PREFACE.
CHAP.
I. THE ORIGINS OF TRADE UNIONISM.
II. THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE (1799-1825).
III. THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD (1829-1842).
IV. THE NEW SPIRIT AND THE NEW MODEL (1843-1860).
V. THE JUNTA AND THEIR ALLIES (1860-1875).
VI. SECTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS (1863-1885).
VII. THE OLD UNIONISM AND THE NEW (1875-1889).
VIII. THE TRADE UNION WORLD.
APPENDIX
ON THE ASSUMED CONNECTION BETWEEN THE TRADE UNIONS AND THE GILDS IN
DUBLIN--SLIDING SCALES--THE SUMMONS TO THE FIRST TRADE UNION
CONGRESS--DISTRIBUTION OF TRADE UNIONISTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM--THE
PROGRESS IN MEMBERSHIP OF PARTICULAR TRADE UNIONS--LIST OF
PUBLICATIONS ON TRADE UNIONS AND COMBINATIONS OF WORKMEN.
"A masterly piece of work."--_Times_.
"To the politician ... an invaluable guide."--_Observer_.
"An admirably lucid presentation of a great mass of complicated facts.
Its very footnotes display a wealth of material such as would have amply
sufficed to turn each note into an article of considerable length. In
the learning they exhibit, and the concise and decisive way in which
they settle important subsidiary questions and side-issues, they
remind us of the notes in such monuments of German industry and
erudition as Zeller's _Griechische Philosophie_.... The result is a
full, clear, and condensed history such as can have few parallels....
We may fairly repeat that the book is a masterpiece of lucidity of
knowledge. Every page is of value, and nearly every sentence contains a
fact."--_Speaker_.
"Readable every word of it. There is plenty of excitement and plenty
of romance in the book."--_Queen_.
"As fascinating reading as a well-written novel."--_Cotton Factory Times_.
"Infinitely painstaking, comprehensive, clear and acute, the first correct
and scholarly history of Trade Unionism in England.... Marked by
immense research.... The book must find a permanent place upon the
shelf of every student of Economics.... Undeniably marked by the
qualities of true history--fulness, accuracy, and clear connection in
the presentation of facts."--_Newcastle Chronicle_.
"It would not be easy to overestimate the value and importance of their
admirable and masterly work ... not likely to be superseded for some
time to come."--_Economic Review_.
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.
LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY
Demy 8vo; Tenth Thousand; New Edition in 1 vol., with New Introductory
Chapter; lxi and 929 pp. (1907), with Two Diagrams.
=Price 12s. net.=
ADVERTISEMENT
In this work the authors of _The History of Trade Unionism_ deal, not
with the past, but with the present. They describe, with the systematic
detail of the scientific observer, and in the same objective spirit, all
the forms of Trade Unionism, Factory Legislation, and other regulation
of industry to be found within the British Isles. The whole structure
and function of Labour Organisations and Restrictive Legislation in
every industry is analysed and criticised in a manner never before
attempted. The employer in difficulties with his workmen, the Trade
Unionist confronted with a new assault upon his Standard Rate, the
politician troubled about a new project for Factory Legislation, the
public-spirited citizen concerned as to the real issues of a labour
dispute, will find elucidated in this work the very problems about which
they are thinking. It is a storehouse of authenticated facts about every
branch of "the Labour Question," gathered from six years' personal
investigation into every industry in all parts of the Kingdom;
systematically classified; and made accessible by an unusually elaborate
Index. But the book is more than an Encyclopedia on the Labour Question.
Scientific examination of Trade Union structure reveals, in these
thousand self governing republics, a remarkable evolution in Democratic
constitutions, which throws light on political problems in a larger
sphere. The century-long experience of these working-class organisations
affords unique evidence as to the actual working of such expedients as
the Referendum, the Initiative, Government by Mass Meeting, Annual
Elections, Proportional Representation, Payment of Members, and,
generally, the relation between the citizen-elector, the chosen
representative, and the executive officer. The intricate relations of
trade with trade have an interesting bearing upon such problems as Local
Government, Federation, and Home Rule. Those who regard the
participation of a working-class electorate in the affairs of Government
as the distinctive, if not the dangerous feature in modern politics,
will here find the phenomenon isolated, and may learn how the British
workman actually deals with similar issues in his own sphere. The
intricate constitutions and interesting political experiments of the
thousand self-governing Trade Union republics are dissected and
criticised by the authors in such a way as to make the work a
contribution to Political Science, as to the scope and method of which
the authors, in describing their investigations, propound a new view.
The analysis of the working of Trade Unionism and Factory Legislation in
the various industries of the United Kingdom has involved a
reconsideration of the conclusions of Political Economy. The authors
give a new and original description of the working of industrial
competition in the business world of to-day; and they are led to
important modifications of the views currently held upon Capital,
Interest, Profits, Wages, Women's Labour, the Population Question,
Foreign Competition, Free Trade, etc. The latter part of the work is, in
fact, a treatise upon Economics.
A new Introductory Chapter deals at length with Compulsory Courts of
Arbitration and Wages-Boards in New Zealand and Australia.
CONTENTS
PREFACE.
INTRODUCTION TO THE NEW EDITION.
PART I
TRADE UNION STRUCTURE
CHAP.
I. PRIMITIVE DEMOCRACY.
II. REPRESENTATIVE INSTITUTIONS.
III. THE UNIT OF GOVERNMENT.
IV. INTERUNION RELATIONS.
PART II
TRADE UNION FUNCTION
CHAP.
I. THE METHOD OF MUTUAL INSURANCE.
II. THE METHOD OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING.
III. ARBITRATION.
IV. THE METHOD OF LEGAL ENACTMENT.
V. THE STANDARD RATE.
VI. THE NORMAL DAY.
VII. SANITATION AND SAFETY.
VIII. NEW PROCESSES AND MACHINERY.
IX. CONTINUITY OF EMPLOYMENT.
X. THE ENTRANCE TO A TRADE.
(_a_) APPRENTICESHIP.
(_b_) THE LIMITATION OF BOY LABOUR.
(_c_) PROGRESSION WITHIN THE TRADE.
(_d_) THE EXCLUSION OF WOMEN.
XI. THE RIGHT TO A TRADE.
XII. THE IMPLICATIONS OF TRADE UNIONISM.
XIII. THE ASSUMPTIONS OF TRADE UNIONISM.
PART III
TRADE UNION THEORY
CHAP.
I. THE VERDICT OF THE ECONOMISTS.
II. THE HIGGLING OF THE MARKET.
III. THE ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF TRADE UNIONISM.
(_a_) THE DEVICE OF RESTRICTION OF NUMBERS.
(_b_) THE DEVICE OF THE COMMON RULE.
(_c_) THE EFFECT OF THE SECTIONAL APPLICATION OF THE
COMMON RULE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRY.
(_d_) PARASITIC TRADES.
(_e_) THE NATIONAL MINIMUM.
(_f_) THE UNEMPLOYABLE.
(_g_) SUMMARY OF THE ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
DEVICE OF THE COMMON RULE.
(_h_) TRADE UNION METHODS.
IV. TRADE UNIONISM AND DEMOCRACY.
APPENDICES
THE LEGAL POSITION OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING IN ENGLAND--THE BEARING OF
INDUSTRIAL PARASITISM AND THE POLICY OF A NATIONAL MINIMUM ON THE FREE
TRADE CONTROVERSY--SOME STATISTICS BEARING ON THE RELATIVE MOVEMENTS OF
THE MARRIAGE AND BIRTH-RATES, PAUPERISM, WAGES, AND THE PRICE OF
WHEAT--A SUPPLEMENT TO THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TRADE UNIONISM.
* * * * *
"A permanent and invaluable contribution to the sum of human
knowledge.... We commend to the public a book which is a monument of
research and full of candour.... Indispensable to every publicist and
politician."--_Times_ (on day of publication).
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.
LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
=PROBLEMS OF MODERN INDUSTRY=
Post 8vo; Fourth Thousand; New Edition, with New Introductory
Chapter; xx and 286 pp. (1907).
=Price 5s. net.=
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO THE NEW EDITION.
PREFACE.
CHAP.
I. THE DIARY OF AN INVESTIGATOR.
II. THE JEWS OF EAST LONDON.
III. WOMEN'S WAGES.
IV. WOMEN AND THE FACTORY ACTS.
V. THE REGULATION OF THE HOURS OF LABOUR.
VI. HOW TO DO AWAY WITH THE SWEATING SYSTEM.
VII. THE REFORM OF THE POOR LAW.
VIII. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CO-OPERATION AND TRADE UNIONISM.
IX. THE NATIONAL DIVIDEND AND ITS DISTRIBUTION.
X. THE DIFFICULTIES OF INDIVIDUALISM.
XI. SOCIALISM TRUE AND FALSE.
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.
LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
THE HISTORY OF
LIQUOR LICENSING IN ENGLAND
Small 8vo; Seventh Thousand; viii and 162 pp.
=Price 2s. 6d. net.=
CONTENTS
CHAP.
I. THE FIRST CENTURY OF LICENSING.
II. A PERIOD OF LAXNESS.
III. REGULATION AND SUPPRESSION.
IV. FREE TRADE IN THEORY AND PRACTICE.
V. LEGISLATIVE REPENTANCE.
APPENDIX--THE MOVEMENT FOR THE REFORMATION OF MANNERS.
"No book could be more opportune. The sale of alcoholic liquor has been
under statutory regulation by means of licences for 300 years; but the
period which Mr. and Mrs. Webb have taken as their special study
deserves the very careful examination they give to it, for within those
130 years we find periods of regulation and suppression, of laxness and
neglect in regard to the control of the liquor traffic, equally
instructive. There is during this period one brief six years wherein the
magistrates, awaking to their responsibilities and compelled to a
consciousness of the evil results of excessive gin-drinking, made a
general effort to improve the condition of things through the one means
in their power. To this remarkable episode the authors devote a valuable
chapter. Strangely enough, it has hitherto not been noticed by
historians, nor has it been mentioned in the voluminous literature of
the temperance movement. Yet the effort of the magistrates during those
six years was very far-sighted. It included--
"The deliberate and systematic adoption of such modern devices as early
closing, Sunday closing, the refusal of new licences, the withdrawal of
licences from badly conducted houses, the peremptory closing of a
proportion of houses in a district over-supplied with licences, and, in
some remarkable instances, even the establishment of a system of local
option and local veto, both as regards the opening of new public-houses
and the closing of those already in existence, all without the slightest
idea of compensation.
"All this in the closing years of the eighteenth century! But what a
contrast to this spasm of local statesmanship the earlier years of that
drink-sodden century display! Then, and not really till then, were sown
the seeds of drunkenness in England. Contrasted with that reign of orgy
the action of the magistrates in 1787 seems all the brighter, and the
disappearance of the fact from public memory the more remarkable.
Mr. and Mrs. Webb bring their detailed story to an end with the
Drink Bill of 1830, which led to another outbreak of the drinking
habit."--_Guardian._
"A valuable contribution to the history of the liquor
traffic."--_Political Science Quarterly._
"This little book, with its abundance of newly discovered facts, is
highly opportune."--_Economic Review._
"The book is of great interest, contains evidence of laborious
investigation, and provides an admirably clear history of a matter of
immediate practical importance."--_Speaker._
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.
LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
LONDON EDUCATION
BY SIDNEY WEBB
Small 8vo; viii and 219 pp. (1903).
=Price 2s. 6d. net.=
A Description of the Educational Organisation of London, with a Survey
of some of its Administrative Problems--avoiding both politics and
religion.
CONTENTS
CHAP.
I. THE EVOLUTION OF AN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM.
II. THE ORGANISATION OF THE UNIVERSITY.
III. THE ORGANISATION OF COMMERCIAL EDUCATION.
IV. THE ORGANISATION OF THE POLYTECHNICS.
V. THE ORGANISATION OF THE LIBRARY SERVICE.
VI. THE LION IN THE PATH.
"This small but important volume.... It is a noble ideal."--_Spectator._
"Patiently and laboriously he has surveyed our educational equipment ...
and he presents a creditably clear and comprehensible picture of the
whole field. It enables the administrator to see the various parts in
their due proportion. It lays a much-needed emphasis on higher
education; it suggests some administrative improvements, and forms an
indispensable starting-point for the far-reaching schemes of
co-ordination which it shows to be so sorely needed."--_Speaker._
"In dealing with elementary education, Mr. Webb is most practical;
in dealing with the nascent London University he is most
stimulating."--_Pilot._
"A debt of gratitude is due to Mr. Sidney Webb.... The book contains at
once ideal and practical proposals for the attainment of this
ideal."--_Daily News._
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.
LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT IN
GREAT BRITAIN
BY BEATRICE POTTER (Mrs. SIDNEY WEBB)
Crown 8vo; Second Edition (1893); Fifth Thousand; xii and 260 pp.,
with Coloured Map, Appendices, and Index.
=Price 2s. 6d.=
CONTENTS
CHAP.
I. THE CO-OPERATIVE IDEA.
II. THE SPIRIT OF ASSOCIATION.
III. THE STORE.
IV. FEDERATION.
V. ASSOCIATION OF PRODUCERS.
VI. A STATE WITHIN A STATE.
VII. THE IDEAL AND THE FACT.
VIII. CONCLUSION.
APPENDIX
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION--LIST OF PARLIAMENTARY PAPERS
RELATING TO LABOUR QUESTION IN THIS CENTURY--CLASSIFIED TABLES OF
ASSOCIATIONS OF PRODUCERS--EXTRACT FROM LETTER FROM MR. D. F.
SCHLOSS--TABLE OF PERCENTAGES OF CO-OPERATIVE SALES PER HUNDRED OF
POPULATION--TABLE OF THE RELATIVE PROGRESS OF THE CO-OPERATIVE
MOVEMENT.
"Miss Beatrice Potter's luminous and suggestive volume is not a mere
bald, historical outline, but a thoughtful and pregnant study of
tendencies, causes, and effects."--_Times._
"The whole volume is full of suggestion, both to co-operators and
politicians.... It is without doubt the ablest and most philosophical
analysis of the co-operative movement which has yet been
produced."--_Speaker._
GEORGE ALLEN AND CO., LIMITED
RATHBONE PLACE, LONDON
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
PUBLISHED BY GEORGE ALLEN AND CO., LIMITED
SOCIALISM IN ENGLAND
BY SIDNEY WEBB
Crown 8vo; Second Edition (1894), with New Introductory Chapter;
xxii and 136 pp.
=Price 2s. 6d.=
"The best general view of the subject from the moderate Socialist
side."--_Athenæum._
* * * * *
PUBLISHED BY GEORGE ALLEN AND CO., LIMITED
THE LONDON PROGRAMME
BY SIDNEY WEBB
Crown 8vo; Second Edition (1894), with New Introductory Chapter;
viii and 214 pp.
=Price 2s. 6d.=
"Brimful of excellent ideas."--_Anti-Jacobin._
* * * * *
PUBLISHED BY WALTER SCOTT, LIMITED
THE EIGHT HOURS' DAY
BY SIDNEY WEBB, LL.B., AND HAROLD COX, B.A.
Crown 8vo; 280 pp. with Bibliography
=Price 1s.=
"The unique value of this little book lies in its collection of facts.
It is likely to hold the field as the handbook to one of the chief items
in the social politics of the immediate future."--_Pall Mall Gazette._
* * * * *
PUBLISHED BY VANDENHOEK UND RUPRECHT (GÖTTINGEN)
DER SOCIALISMUS IN ENGLAND. Geschildert
von englischen Socialisten.
HERAUSGEGEBEN VON SIDNEY WEBB
Transcriber's Notes: The underscore markup indicates italics. The =
markup indicates bold font. The oe ligature has been expanded.
In order to make the index more clear, it has been displayed in a
single column, rather than the double column of the original. Some
formatting markup (such as italics markup) has been removed from
the large table in order to improve readability. Other than obvious
printing errors which have been corrected, the spelling and punctuation
are as in the original publication.
Some of the formatting markup in the large table have been removed in
order to improve readability.
Corrections in punctuation were made on pages 2, 12, and 192.