breach. The new faith and the old perplex each other and the reader,
in the pages of Mill.
Footnote 464:
_Pol. Econ._, Introd. Cf. the Discussions on the Measure of Value,
_Pol. Econ._, ch. ii., and pamphlet on the subject. So Roscher,
_Nationalökonomie_, § 1 and n.
Footnote 465:
Arist., _Ethics_, i. (3).
Footnote 466:
“_Definitions in Political Economy_, preceded by an inquiry into the
rules which ought to guide political economists in the definition and
use of their terms, with remarks on the deviations from these rules in
their writings” (1827), p. 5.
Footnote 467:
_Pol. Econ._, Introd. p. 11.
Footnote 468:
_Definitions_, p. 4.
Footnote 469:
_Ibid._, p. 5.
Footnote 470:
_Definitions_, pp. 6, 7.
Footnote 471:
_Pol. Econ._ (1820), p. 28. “And have an exchangeable value,” was the
Ricardian addition; and in the _Quarterly Rev._, Jan. 1824, p. 298,
Malthus weakly allows the addition to pass.
Footnote 472:
_Pol. Econ._, Introd. p. 11.
Footnote 473:
MacCulloch, _Life of Ricardo_, prefixed to _Princ. of Econ. and
Taxation_ (ed. 1876), p. xxv.
Footnote 474:
Letter quoted by Empson in _Edin. Review_, Jan. 1837.
Footnote 475:
_Pol. Econ._, Pref. pp. 12, 13 (2nd ed.). Cf. above, p. 57.
Footnote 476:
Arist., _Ethics_, x. 1. Some thought pleasure was the goal, but, for
the sake of others, “one must not say so.”
Footnote 477:
See below, ch. iv.
Footnote 478:
Porter’s _Progress of the Nation_, p. 148 (ed. 1851). Cf. MacCulloch,
_Wealth of Nations_, Notes, p. 525.
Footnote 479:
Dissolved in 1817.
Footnote 480:
Between 1767 and his death in 1820, he wrote no less than a hundred
volumes on agriculture. His bet is given in Sir J. Sinclair’s _Life_
by Archdeacon Sinclair, i. 253.
Footnote 481:
At the end of 1801.
Footnote 482:
_Communications to Board of Agriculture_, iv. 232–5 (1805). Cf. _Ann.
Reg._, 1801, p. 131.
Footnote 483:
_E. g._ that the members should always use mixed instead of pure
wheaten flour.
Footnote 484:
_Ann. Reg._, 1801, p. 129.
Footnote 485:
As was done, _e. g._, by Chief Justice Kenyon, King’s Bench, Rex _v._
John Rusby, Nov. 1799.
Footnote 486:
See J. S. Girdler, _Forestalling_, &c. (1800), S. J. Pratt’s poem on
_Bread for the Poor_ (1800).
Footnote 487:
Girdler, _l. c._ pp. 46,48, &c.
Footnote 488:
Philps, _Progress of Great Britain_, p. 132.
Footnote 489:
Cf. the figures given in Malthus’ _Tract on Value_, pp. 69–79, and in
Professor Rogers’ _Six Centuries of Work and Wages_, pp. 487
_seq._,—both of them taken chiefly from Eden on the Poor.
Footnote 490:
_Wealth of Nations_, I. viii. 44, 1.
Footnote 491:
On the whole subject see Craik, _Hist. of Commerce_, ii. 142–5.
Footnote 492:
Macpherson, ditto, iii. 148 (year 1728), 307 (year 1757).
Footnote 493:
_Ibid._, iii. 329, 331; MacC., _Comm. Dict._ (ed. 1871), p. 430.
Footnote 494:
Cf. _Essay on Population_, p. 352 (7th ed.). Cf. above, p. 25.
Footnote 495:
Macpherson, iii. 438, 452.
Footnote 496:
Cf. Malthus, _Essay on Pop._, p. 453 (2nd ed.); _Grounds of on
Opinion_, &c., p. 43.
Footnote 497:
E. g. _National Industry of Scotland_, vol. ii. pp. 208–9 (1779).
MacCulloch has quoted other passages (_Wealth of Nations_, xlviii. n.,
and _Note on Rent_, p. 453, 1, and n.). Sir Edward West agrees with
Malthus in his qualified approval of the Corn Laws. See _Price of
Corn_, &c., p. 139.
Footnote 498:
A reprint of the 3rd (?)
Footnote 499:
If we include the _Crisis_, it would be the fifth time.
Footnote 500:
It was popular enough to reach a 3rd edition in 1815.
Footnote 501:
See _Grounds of an Opinion_, &c., p. 2.
Footnote 502:
_Observations_, pp. 20–1.
Footnote 503:
_Ibid._, p. 17.
Footnote 504:
The English price in Nov. 1884.
Footnote 505:
_Observations_, pp. 19, 22, 23, 27.
Footnote 506:
_Ibid._, p. 28. If the Ricardian hypothesis is not true of
individuals, it is still less true of Governments, as Cobden
experienced.
Footnote 507:
_Ibid._, pp. 30, 31.
Footnote 508:
_Ibid._, p. 32: “Many of the questions both in morals and politics
seem to be of the nature of the problems _de maximis et minimis_ in
fluxions; in which there is always a point where a certain effect is
the greatest, while on either side of this point it gradually
diminishes.”
Footnote 509:
Cf. even _Observations_, pp. 5, 12, 13.
Footnote 510:
See below, chs. ii. and iii.
Footnote 511:
The expression of Grenville in a letter to Pitt, 1800. See Stanhope,
_Life of Pitt_, ii. 371.
Footnote 512:
Unless perhaps Mr. Bagehot’s. Col. Thompson understood the theory of
population only in its cruder form. In answer 337 of the _Catechism_
(1839) he meets the objection that free trade would only increase
population by saying: “No man has a right to prevent us running a
constant race with hunger if we can.”
Footnote 513:
_Grounds_, &c., p. 46 n.
Footnote 514:
_Ibid._, pp. 3, 11, 12,
Footnote 515:
_Ibid._, pp. 30, 33.
Footnote 516:
Ricardo, _Works_, p. 33[8?]5 (MacC.’s ed.). For remarks on this part
of Malthus’ tract see _ibid._, p. 382.
Footnote 517:
_Grounds_, &c., p. 36 n. Cf. Ricardo, p. 390.
Footnote 518:
See above, p. 211.
Footnote 519:
_Pol. Econ._, ch. iii. sect. i. p. 134 (1820).
Footnote 520:
_Wealth of Nations_, I. xi., beginning.
Footnote 521:
He does not always prefix this qualification; but that he intended it
appears clearly from the _Tract on Rent_, p. 3 n.: Not every land that
yields food will yield rent. Cf. _Pol Econ._ (1820), p. 141.
Footnote 522:
Compare _Tract on Rent_, p. 16 n.
Footnote 523:
The title of the tract is, _An Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of
Rent, and the Principles by which it is regulated_. It appears from a
letter of Malthus to Sir John Sinclair on 31st Jan., 1815, that it was
passing through the press in that month. Sinclair, _Correspondence_,
i. 391 (1831).
Footnote 524:
As, he might have added, in education.
Footnote 525:
_Pol. Econ._ (1820), p. 142, but especially p. 187. Cf. _Tract on
Rent_, pp. 8–12.
Footnote 526:
_Rent_, p. 10.
Footnote 527:
Cf. also below, p. 294.
Footnote 528:
_Wealth of Nations_, IV. ii. 307, 2; cf. IV. v. 240, 2.
Footnote 529:
_Essay on the Application of Capital to Land_, with observations
showing the impolicy of any great restriction of the importation of
corn, and that the bounty of 1688 did not lower the price of it. By a
fellow of University College, Oxford. (London, 1815.) Page 2.
Footnote 530:
_W. of N._, II. iii. 148, 1.
Footnote 531:
_Essay_, 1st ed., p. 363.
Footnote 532:
_Tract on Rent_, p. 16; _Essay on Pop._ (7th ed.), p. 327. Cf. above.
Footnote 533:
_Rent_, p. 20; cf. pp. 18, 57. _Essay on Pop._, 2nd ed., p. 433; 7th
ed., p. 327. “If we look only to the clear monied rent,” &c.
Footnote 534:
Ricardo, Preface to _Principles of Pol. Econ. and Taxation_.
Footnote 535:
Reprinted by MacCulloch in his edition of _Pol. Econ. and Taxation_,
pp. 367–390.
Footnote 536:
MacCulloch ed. of _Pol. Econ. and Taxation_, p. 374 n.
Footnote 537:
_Ibid._, p. 371.
Footnote 538:
So Prof. Rogers ascribes the high rents of the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries very largely to the low wages; higher ones would
have “reduced rent first, and profits afterwards.”—_Six Centuries_, p.
482; cf. pp. 480 and 492.
Footnote 539:
_Pol. Econ._ (1820), p. 161 (ch. iii. sect. iii.).
Footnote 540:
_Pol. Econ. and Taxation_, pp. 373, 375, 379–80; cf. pp. 71 and 72,
but especially 68 ft. Malthus on the whole follows Adam Smith, I. ix.;
Mill has followed Ricardo.
Footnote 541:
So far as the account is meant to be historical, it must be corrected
by Carey. See above, p. 65.
Footnote 542:
Ricardo, _l. c._ p. 372 and n. Cf. below. He appeals to Adam Smith’s
principle of compensation (_Wealth of Nations_, I. x.).
Footnote 543:
Rogers (_Six Centuries_, p. 352) goes so far the other way as to make
improvements the only cause of an increase of rent, though the passage
should be read with p. 480, and especially pp. 482 and 492.
Footnote 544:
_E. g._ Mrs. Fawcett, _Pol. Econ. for Beginners_, pp. 65, 66; and even
West, on _Rent_, p. 50.
Footnote 545:
_3rd Report_, 1827, p. 321, qu. 3341. Cf. Perr. Thompson, _True Theory
of Rent_, pp. 8, 12, 34, &c. (1832, 9th ed.).
Footnote 546:
_Tract on Value_, p. 6.
Footnote 547:
Ricardo, _Low Price of Corn_, &c., _Works_, pp. 373, 380, 381, &c.
Footnote 548:
_Ibid._, pp. 377, 379.
Footnote 549:
Ricardo, _Works_, _l. c._ p. 378.
Footnote 550:
_Pol. Econ. and Tax._, ibid. pp. 50 _seq._, esp. pp. 54, 55.
Footnote 551:
_l. c._ p. 55 ft.
Footnote 552:
_Low Price_, &c., _ibid._, p. 379.
Footnote 553:
_Pol. Econ. and Tax._, ch. v.; cf. Malthus, _Pol. Econ._ (1820), p.
230.
Footnote 554:
But cf. _Works_, p. 377 n.
Footnote 555:
_Pol. Econ._, IV. iii § 4. Cf. Walker, _Land and its Rent_, pp.
177–81, though it has been pointed out that on p. 178 that writer
omits Mill’s qualifying phrase, (improvements) “suddenly made.”
Footnote 556:
See Sir James Caird’s table appended to _Landed Interest_ (1878). Cf.
Cairne’s _Essays in Pol. Ec._, vi. p. 216.
Footnote 557:
Bk. III. ch. vii p. 429.
Footnote 558:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., Bk. III. ch. viii. p. 437.
Footnote 559:
_Ibid._, _l. c._ ch. ix. pp. 443 _seq._
Footnote 560:
_Essay_, Bk. III. ch. ix. p. 450.
Footnote 561:
_Ibid._, ch. x. p. 465.
Footnote 562:
_Ibid._, Bk. V. ch. x. p. 468 n.
Footnote 563:
_Pol. Econ._ (1820), pp. 227 _seq._, (1836) pp. 240 _seq._
Footnote 564:
_Six Centuries of Work and Wages_, ch. xii., esp. p. 345.
Footnote 565:
The facts of Malthus’ “review” may be roughly given in the following
diagram, where the bar indicates the wheat earned per day by the
agricultural labourer. The amount for 1350 assumes that the Statute of
Labourers was successful.
One peck. Two pecks.
1340 (before Plague) :-------------- : :
1350 (after Plague) :----------------- : :
1400 :-------------------: :
1500 :-------------------:-------------------:
1603 :----------------- : :
1650 :----------- : :
1699 :-------------------: :
1730 :-------------------: :
1766 :------------------ : :
1811 :------------------ : :
1822 (?) :-------------------: :
Add 1884, taking wages ------------------------------------
at 14_s._ a week and
wheat at 36_s._ a
quarter, or 1_s._
1½_d._ a peck.
Footnote 566:
7th ed., pp. 321 _seq._ (Bk. III. ch. viii.), first in 1817.
Footnote 567:
Cf. above, p. 225 n. In _Pol. Econ._ (1820), p. 432, he says, “All the
great results in _Pol. Econ._ respecting wealth depend upon
proportions.” 2nd ed. added (p. 376), “not only there, but throughout
the whole range of nature and art.” So he thinks a peck of wheat a
good “middle point” of wages. _Pol. Econ._ (1820), p. 284, (1836) p.
254.
Footnote 568:
_Essay_, 7th ed., Bk. III. ch. ix. pp. 328 _seq._ Cf. pp. 334, 338.
Footnote 569:
_Ibid._, p. 332.
Footnote 570:
_Ibid._, Bk. III. ch. x. pp. 334 _seq._
Footnote 571:
See above, p. 201 n. Cf. _Essay on Pop._, 7th ed., p. 337.
Footnote 572:
_Essay_, _l. c._ p. 338.
Footnote 573:
_l. c._ Bk. III. ch. x. pp. 338–9.
Footnote 574:
_Fortnightly Review_, Nov. 1881, his last writing. Cf. _Essay_, _l.
c._ pp. 340–342.
Footnote 575:
In two long chapters on Corn Laws and Bounties, _Essay on Pop._, Bk.
III. ch. xi. pp. 343–367. Cf. above, pp. 226 _seq._
Footnote 576:
See below, Bk. IV.
Footnote 577:
_The Measure of Value stated and illustrated, with an application of
it to the alteration in the value of the English currency since 1790._
(April) 1823.
Footnote 578:
So _Tract on Value_, p. 1. But in _Definitions_ value is “the relation
of one object to some other or others, in exchange, resulting from the
estimation in which a thing is held” (def. 40, 41; cf. with def. 5).
Footnote 579:
Adam Smith, _Wealth of Nations_, I. v.
Footnote 580:
_Measure of Value_, p. 23. Cf. _Pol. Econ._ (1820), pp. 126 _seq._;
(1836), pp. 84, 93 _seq._
Footnote 581:
_Measure of Value_, p. 20 n. On pp. 23–4 he adds, “taking the average
of summer and winter wages.”
Footnote 582:
See below, p. 268. _Pol. Econ._ (1820), p. 125; (1836) p. 102, &c.;
_Tract on Value_, passim.
Footnote 583:
_Work and Wages_, ch. iii. p. 75. Malthus, _Pol. Econ._, 2nd ed., pp.
108 _seq._
Footnote 584:
Cf. Marx, _Kapital_, pp. 19, 21, &c.
Footnote 585:
MacC.’s ed., pp. 45 _seq._ Cf. _Tract on Value_, p. 20 n., above
quoted.
Footnote 586:
Cf. Ricardo, _Pol. Econ._, _Works_ (ed. MacC.), p. 15.
Footnote 587:
_Meas. of Value_, pp. 8–12.
Footnote 588:
_Meas. of Value_, pp. 22, 65. Cf. Cairnes, _Australian Episode_, in
_Essays in Pol. Econ._ (pp. 92 _seq._; cf. pp. 37, 61), (1873),—first
published in _Fraser’s Mag._, Sept. 1859.
Footnote 589:
_Meas. of Value_, p. 23.
Footnote 590:
_Ibid._, pp. 27–29.
Footnote 591:
_Meas. of Value_, p. 29 n.
Footnote 592:
He might have said simply that the one is intrinsic, the other
extrinsic, in relation to the agricultural products themselves.
Footnote 593:
_Meas. of Value_, p. 63.
Footnote 594:
_Meas. of Value_, pp. 67 _seq._ Cf. below, pp. 283 _seq._
Footnote 595:
Who allows cost to play a greater part in value. Cf. below, pp. 278–9.
But Ricardo, _Pol. Econ._, sect vi. p. 28, disclaims belief in _any_
universal measure of value.
Footnote 596:
Malthus, quoted by Empson, _Edin. Rev._, Jan. 1837, p. 499.
Footnote 597:
He was F.R.S. 1819, and a member of Pol. Econ. Club at its foundation
in 1821.
Footnote 598:
4th May, 1825; 7th Nov., 1827. _Transactions of it R. S. L._, vol. i.
part i. p. 171.
Footnote 599:
_Report of R. S. L._, 1824, p. 21.
Footnote 600:
We might expressly wish to know a coat’s value in money or its value
in cutlery or coals. The Professor at the Breakfast-table talks of
“Madeira worth from two to six Bibles a bottle.”
Footnote 601:
_Definitions_ (1827), p. 235.
Footnote 602:
I. e. _to_ the object which measures that _cost-value_.
Footnote 603:
_Ibid._, p. 243.
Footnote 604:
See above, p. 254. Ricardo’s long correspondence with Malthus on the
subject is mentioned by Empson, _Edin. Rev._, _l. c._ p. 469. Empson’s
extracts from it are the most valuable part of his article.
Footnote 605:
R. Torrens, _Production of Wealth_, 1821, pp. iv, v.
Footnote 606:
Held, _Sociale Geschichte Englands_, p. 205.
Footnote 607:
_Dialogues of Three Templars on Political Economy_, 1824 (_Works_,
Black, 1863, vol. iv.). All depends on the assumption in the middle of
Dialogue I. p. 196, (“it is Mr. Ricardo’s doctrine that,” &c.), and on
the confinement of the discussion to natural value (p. 198).
Footnote 608:
_Measure of Value_, p. 20 n.
Footnote 609:
London, 1832; Birmingham, 1833. The Constituent Assembly applied the
same measure, but in a different way, in 1791. See Roscher,
_National-ökon._ (1879), p. 298.
Footnote 610:
The words are, “enable the labourers to maintain a stationary or an
increasing population” (_Pol. Econ._, 1836, p. 218). The awkwardness
of the sentence may be due to bad editing; but we read elsewhere of
the “_price of wages_.”
Footnote 611:
_Pol. Econ._, 1836, pp. 218, 223.
Footnote 612:
See Lassalle and Marx.
Footnote 613:
Cf. Malthus, _Pol. Econ._ (1836), pp. 224, 225, &c. _Essay on
Population_, 7th ed., III viii. 323, but especially IV. xiii. 473. See
also Rogers, _Six Centuries_, ch. viii., ‘The Famine and the Plague,’
especially pp. 233–242.
Footnote 614:
Malthus, _Essay on Pop._, IV. xiii. 473; cf. pp. 373 and 434.
Footnote 615:
Cf. especially _Essay on Pop._ (2nd ed.), III. ix. 444. “The price of
labour has been rising—not to fall again.”
Footnote 616:
_Emigr. Comm._ (1827), p. 326, qu. 3411; cf. 3408, 3409. Cf. above, p.
197.
Footnote 617:
The chief of them being the rate of profits which is at the given time
enough to induce the “undertaker” (or “enterpriser”) to continue
business.
Footnote 618:
See Mill on Thornton’s ‘Labour,’ _Fortnightly Review_, May 1869. Cf.
Walker on _The Wages Question_, pp. 140 _seq._
Footnote 619:
So in _Quarterly Review_, Jan. 1824, p. 315, Malthus says profits
depend rather on the demand for produce than on the demand for labour.
Footnote 620:
_Discourse on Pol. Econ._, by J. R. MacCulloch, pp. 61, 62 (1st and
2nd edd.), 1825.
Footnote 621:
_Conversations on Pol. Econ._, 1817 (1st and 2nd edd.), p. 137. Mrs.
Marcet’s memory is preserved for latter-day readers by Macaulay’s
reference to her in the essay on Milton.
Footnote 622:
_Discourse_, _l. c._ Cf. MacC.’s _Pol. Econ._, Pt. III. ch. ii. p. 378
(ed. 1843); Prof. Fawcett’s _Manual of Pol. Econ._, p. 131 (1876).
Footnote 623:
James Mill, _Elem._ (1821), p. 25; John Mill, _Principles_, II. xi. §
1. Cf. _Fort. Rev._, 1869, May; Thornton, _Labour_, II. i. p. 83.
Footnote 624:
_Wealth of Nations_, I. viii. p. 31, 2.
Footnote 625:
_Ibid._, IV. ix. 306, 1.
Footnote 626:
_Ibid._, IV. ix. 310, 2.
Footnote 627:
_Ibid._, V. i. 327, 2.
Footnote 628:
_Pol. Econ._, ed. 1836, ch. iv. sect. ii. p. 224.
Footnote 629:
_Ibid._ ed. 1820, ch. iv. p. 248.
Footnote 630:
_Quarterly Review_, Jan. 1824. Cf. below, p. 288.
Footnote 631:
Supplement to _Encyclopædia Britannica_. Cf. above, p. 71.
Footnote 632:
Empson in _Edin. Rev._, Jan. 1837, p. 496.
Footnote 633:
_Quart. Rev._, Jan. 1824 (no. lx.), pp. 333–4.
Footnote 634:
Ricardo, _Pol. Econ. and Tax._, ch. i. sections iv., v.; _Works_, pp.
20, 25. Cf. Malthus, _Pol. Econ._, 1820, p. 104, and the whole of
section iii. pp. 72 _seq._
Footnote 635:
_Quart. Rev._, _l. c._ p. 324; cf. p. 315. Cf. above.
Footnote 636:
_Pol. Econ. and Tax._, ch. i. sections iv. and v.
Footnote 637:
Any given value, it might be added, is influenced by custom as well as
competition.
Footnote 638:
1821, p. 186, ch. iv. sect. iii. “That consumption is coextensive with
production.”
Footnote 639:
_Pol. Econ._, III. xiv. “Of excess of supply.” Cf. I. v. § 3, p. 42.
Footnote 640:
A cargo of skates was sent to Rio Janeiro in 1808.
Footnote 641:
The intention of the new Corn Law of 1815 was to keep out all foreign
grain till the home price should reach 80_s._ a quarter, or the loaf
1_s._ See above, p. 221.
Footnote 642:
The article on the Bullion question, in August of the same year, might
be his, if it was not Francis Horner’s. Cf. Horner’s _Life_, vol. i.
ch. vi., dates April and Sept. 1805, from which it appears that Horner
was working hard at the question and meant to write on it, as he might
have done better in 1811, fresh from his experience on the Bullion
Committee. As to the February article, the authorship is shown partly
by internal evidence, partly by Horner’s _Life_, vol. ii. p. 68 (Jan.
1811): “I received Malthus’ MS. from you [Jeffrey] and have since
transmitted it to him with such remarks as occurred to me in perusing
it,” &c. MacCulloch did not begin to write the economical articles for
the _Edin. Rev._ till 1818. See _Notes and Queries_, 5th Oct., 1878.
Footnote 643:
For the history of the currency in the interval see Miss Martineau’s
_Introd. to Hist. of Peace_, Bk. II. ch. iii.; _Hist. of the Peace_,
Bk. I. ch. iii. and ch. xv.; Cobbett’s _Paper v. Gold_; Macleod’s
_Banking_, vol. ii., end of ch. ix. pp. 174–221, much the completest
account.
Footnote 644:
Peel changed his views then on Currency, as he did later on Catholic
Emancipation and the Corn Laws.
Footnote 645:
p. 370. He speaks approvingly of the American free trade in banking in
a way that would have pleased Cobden.
Footnote 646:
p. 371.
Footnote 647:
_E. g._ Horner complains of this even in so clear a paper as that on
Newenham. See Horner’s _Life_, vol. i. pp. 436–7 (_sub dato_ 1808).
Footnote 648:
_Works_ (ed. MacC.), pp. 291–296.
Footnote 649:
Ricardo, _Works_ (MacC.), p. xxi.
Footnote 650:
Cf. below, Bk. V.
Footnote 651:
Horner’s _Life_, vol. ii. p. 68 (Jan. 1811).
Footnote 652:
_Thoughts and Details on High and Low Prices during the last Thirty
Years, 1793–1823._ The later ed. of 1838 in three vols. is more
valuable.
Footnote 653:
_Political Register_, 30th Nov., 1816.
Footnote 654:
Internal evidence, _e. g._ p. 237 of the _Quarterly_, compared with p.
65 of _Measure of Value_, would show his authorship, and the article
is ascribed to him by Tooke, _Prices_, ed. 1838, vol. i. p. 21.
Footnote 655:
_l. c._ pp. 215–16.
Footnote 656:
Bosanquet, _Practical Observations on the Report of the Bullion
Committee_ (1810); Ricardo, _The High Price of Bullion a Proof of the
Depreciation of Bank-Notes_ (1809), and his _Reply to Bosanquet_
(1811).
Footnote 657:
_l. c._ _Pol. Econ._, Introd. (1820), pp. 6 and 7 n., (1836) p. 5 n.
Cf. Tooke, _Prices_, Part I. p. 6 (ed. 1823).
Footnote 658:
Tooke, _Prices_, Part III. p. 91.
Footnote 659:
See _Tract on Value_, p. 18.
Footnote 660:
_Quarterly_, April 1823, p. 230.
Footnote 661:
_Econ. Pol._, Part III. ch. ii., 2nd ed., 1842; 1st ed., 1802.
Footnote 662:
“Products” is Say’s word, however.
Footnote 663:
_Elements_ (1821), ch. iv. sect. iii. pp. 186 _seq._ “That consumption
is coextensive with production.” Mill taught this as early as 1808 in
his tract (against Spence) _Commerce defended_.
Footnote 664:
_Lettres à M. Malthus sur différents sujets d’écon. pol., notamment
sur les causes de la stagnation générale du commerce_ (1820), pp. 26
_seq._
Footnote 665:
_Pol. Econ._ (1820), p. 355, (1836) p. 316. Against Say’s general
position see _Definitions_, p. 56 n.
Footnote 666:
_Wealth of Nations_, I. iii.
Footnote 667:
See above, p. 232. A curious footnote in _Essay on Pop._, 3rd ed.,
vol. ii. p. 264, suggested that there might be over-production in the
case of high farming when its cost made the farmers charge more than
the public could bear. But this note disappeared afterwards.
Footnote 668:
Ricardo, _Pol. Econ. and Taxation_, ch. xxi. p. 176 (MacCull.’s ed.).
Mill (_Elements_, pp. 193 ft., 194) is more rigid.
Footnote 669:
_Essay_, 7th ed., IV. xiii. 473.
Footnote 670:
_Pol. Econ._ (1836), ch. iv. sect. iii. p. 239, slightly altered from
1st ed., 1820, ch. iv. sect. iii. p. 266.
Footnote 671:
Sismondi, _Nouveaux Principes de l’Écon. Pol._, 1819. See Malthus,
_Pol. Econ._ (1820), p. 420, (1836) pp. 325 n., 366 n. Cf. on the
other hand _Essay_, III. xiii. 372–3 and n.
Footnote 672:
_Wealth of Nations_, V. i. art. ii. pp. 350–353 (ed. MacC.). He is
outrivalled by Ferguson, _Civil Society_, parts iv. and v. (ed. 1773).
Footnote 673:
3rd ed. of _Pol. Ec. and Tax._ (1821), ch. xxxi. pp. 468–9, ed.
MacCull., pp. 235–6. Cf. below (Critics). It is the position of Marx.
Footnote 674:
If we believe Bowring, _Life of Bentham_ (ed. 1843), p. 176.
Footnote 675:
“Supposing that his opinions have not altered within the last twelve
months.”—_De Quincey_, vol. iv. p. 231.
Footnote 676:
James Mill, _Elements_, pp. 193, 194. MacCull., _Pol. Ec._, p. 207.
Cf. the tract _Mordecai Mullion_ (1826).
Footnote 677:
Especially by Sunday Schools, according to the testimony of Samuel
Bamford.—_Radical_, vol. i. p. 7 (1844).
Footnote 678:
We have his counterpart in our own day.
Footnote 679:
See below, Bk. III., for disproof of the charge that he was
reactionary in his politics, like many economical optimists.
Footnote 680:
_Pol. Econ._, 1820, p. 236.
Footnote 681:
_l. c._ p. 472.
Footnote 682:
_Emigr. Comm._ (1827), p. 317, qu. 3281.
Footnote 683:
Some such view is suggested by Malthus himself, _Essay_, IV. xiii. p.
473 (cf. _Pol. Ec._, 1820, p. 475), a passage which it is hard to
reconcile with the passages in the _Quarterly_ and in the _Pol. Ec._
that speak of the necessity of a special class of unproductive
consumers.
Footnote 684:
_Pol. Econ._ (1820), ch. vii. sect. ix. p. 473. Cf. _Tract on Rent_,
p. 48 n.
Footnote 685:
_Essay on Pop._, III. iii. p. 282 (in relation to Robert Owen). Cf.
the whole ch. xiii. of Book III., where he treats of “Increasing
Wealth as it affects the Condition of the Poor.”
Footnote 686:
_Pol. Econ._, _l. c._ p. 474.
Footnote 687:
_Ibid._, _l. c._ pp. 474–5.
Footnote 688:
See above, pp. 245 _seq._ and 252.
Footnote 689:
See below, Bk. IV., and cf. above, p. 208.
Footnote 690:
See above, p. 142.
Footnote 691:
The passage is quoted in full because by recent critics it is much
garbled; _e. g._ in _Progress and Poverty_, VII. i. 304 n.
Footnote 692:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., IV. vi. 531.
Footnote 693:
Lucretius, iii. 951. Cicero’s simile of the theatre open to all
comers, but giving each man his own seat, had special application to
Property (_De Finibus_, iii. 20).
Footnote 694:
Epitaph on Fenton.
Footnote 695:
James Grahame’s _Population_ (1816), p. 34. Cf. _Quarterly Rev._, Dec.
1812, p. 327; Hazlitt, _Spirit of the Age_, ‘Malthus,’ end.
Footnote 696:
Book III. Part I. ch. iv. (1785).
Footnote 697:
_E. g._ Godwin, _Population_ (1820), I. iii. 17. The withdrawal was
probably due to Sumner. See Otter, Life of Malthus in _Pol. Ec._
(1836), p. lii.
Footnote 698:
Cf. _Essay_, 2nd ed., pp. 400, 401, and nn.; 7th ed., p. 298 n. Cf.
pp. 295 and 297 n. Cf. also Tooke, above quoted, p. 291.
Footnote 699:
Cf. above, p. 220.
Footnote 700:
On Bounties and the Corn Trade. Cf. _High Price of Provisions_, p. 3.
Footnote 701:
_l. c._ p. 23. See above, p. 289. Also _Corn Law Catechism_, 1839, qu.
244.
Footnote 702:
_l. c._ pp. 9–11. Cf. the “make up” and “bread money” mentioned in
_Report of Poor Law Commission_, 1834, p. 27.
Footnote 703:
_High Price_, &c. pp. 19, 20.
Footnote 704:
_l. c._ p. 27. Cf. above, p. 43.
Footnote 705:
1st ed., pp. 82, 83; 7th ed., pp. 302–3.
Footnote 706:
_Essay_, 7th ed., Appendix, p. 493.
Footnote 707:
He borrows, as he himself says, the language of Sir Frederick Eden on
the _State of the Poor_ (1797). See _Essay on Population_, 2nd ed., p.
417 n.; 7th ed., p. 308 n.
Footnote 708:
_Letter to Whitbread_ (1807), pp. 12, 13; cf. _Essay_, p. 445 ft.
Footnote 709:
Quoted, _Essay_, III. vi. 308 n.
Footnote 710:
7th ed., III. vi. 303; 1st ed., p. 365.
Footnote 711:
III. vi. (7th ed.), p. 305.
Footnote 712:
See e. g. _Emigration Committee_, 1827, qu. 3369, p. 323.
Footnote 713:
Dr. John Moore’s _View of Society and Manners in France, Switzerland,
and Germany_ (7th ed., 1789), vol. ii. pp. 144–157.
Footnote 714:
_Essay_, 7th ed., III. vi. p. 307; _Emigration Committee_ (1827), qu.
3361, p. 323.
Footnote 715:
_l. c._ pp. 307–8. Cf. above, p. 134.
Footnote 716:
_Reports to Local Gov. Bd. on Foreign Poor Laws_, 1875, p. 7.
Footnote 717:
Macvey Napier’s _Correspondence_, pp. 29 _seq._ Date 30th Sept, 1821.
Footnote 718:
_Report of Poor Law Comm._, 1834; _Remedial Measures_, p. 227.
Footnote 719:
_Essay on Population_, Appendix, p. 492. It was probably this
disclaimer of public duty that led Coleridge to complain, “the entire
tendency of the modern or Malthusian political economy is to
denationalize” (_Table Talk_, p. 327). Cf. Toynbee, _Industr. Revol._,
p. 24. But it may have been simply the idea that Malthus, like
Ricardo, advocated _laissez faire_; and in this case it is singular he
should not have said “Ricardian” instead of “Malthusian.”
Footnote 720:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., IV. vii. p. 538; 7th ed., IV. viii. p. 530.
Footnote 721:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 539.
Footnote 722:
E. g. _Report of Commissioners_, p. 13.
Footnote 723:
_Report_, pp. 227–8.
Footnote 724:
_Report_, p. 228.
Footnote 725:
Even if he were a poor ratepayer, voting a sum of which his richer
neighbour would pay the larger share.
Footnote 726:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 490; 7th ed., p. 394; cf. pp. 392 top and 396.
Footnote 727:
_Essay_, 7th ed., IV. x. pp. 442–3; cf. p. 161.
Footnote 728:
7th ed., IV. i. p. 390. Cf. above, p. 37.
Footnote 729:
Not quite logical, if the test of a virtuous action is its tendency to
produce happiness.
Footnote 730:
_Ibid._, IV. i. p. 390.
Footnote 731:
2nd ed., pp. 489, 490, 501; 7th ed., pp. 390, 401. Cf. Paley, _M. and
P. Phil._, I. vi., II. iv.; Tucker, _Light of Nature_ (1st ed., 1768),
vol. ii. ch. xxix., esp. § 12.
Footnote 732:
_Essay_, 7th ed., IV. i. 391. Kant’s test of a moral law, so far as it
was not purely dogmatic, was most easily illustrated, or he would have
said parodied, by this Utilitarian argument.
Footnote 733:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 487; 7th ed., p. 392.
Footnote 734:
_Ibid._, 2nd ed., p. 488; 7th ed., pp. 392–3; cf. p. 398.
Footnote 735:
_Ibid._, 1st ed. (1798), p. 211.
Footnote 736:
The passage in _A Tale of the Tyne_, which left no trace on Miss
Martineau’s own memory, but so faithfully expounded Malthus that he
called on purpose to thank her for it (_Autobiogr._, i. 253), is
easily identified in the light of these extracts as ch. iii. p. 56 of
ed. 1833.
Footnote 737:
2nd ed., pp. 491–2; 7th ed., p. 395. See above, p. 36.
Footnote 738:
2nd ed., p. 494; 7th ed., p. 397. Cf. above, p. 38.
Footnote 739:
The phrase in _Essay_, 7th ed., p. 401.
Footnote 740:
Not to be confused with his contemporary, Josiah Tucker, Dean of
Gloucester, the forerunner of Adam Smith.
Footnote 741:
1727 to 1774, the year of his death. Betchworth, now absorbed in Mrs.
Hope’s estate of Deepdene, was on the farther side of Dorking from
Albury and the Rookery.
Footnote 742:
This lucid epithet is ascribed to George III.
Footnote 743:
A point of difference has been noted above (p. 39) and below (p. 330).
He differs from Bentham also, who would not gratify the passions but
destroy them. See Held, _Soc. Geschichte_, p. 213.
Footnote 744:
_Essay_, 7th ed., IV. x. 441.
Footnote 745:
_Ibid._, IV. i. 391.
Footnote 746:
See above, p. 35.
Footnote 747:
7th ed., p. 441 ft.
Footnote 748:
_Ibid._, p. 442 top.
Footnote 749:
_Essay_, III. ii. 279, explains in this way the popular prejudice
which, in one case at least, visits the same sin more severely in a
woman than in a man.
Footnote 750:
_Essay_, 7th ed., IV. x. 442.
Footnote 751:
_Ibid._, IV. ii. 401. Cf. Paley, _Moral Philos._, Vol. I. Book II. ch.
iv. p. 65, there quoted, and Tucker, _L. of N._ (1st ed.), vol. ii ch.
xxix., especially §§ 5–7 and 12.
Footnote 752:
_Essay_, 7th ed., IV. x. 443, 444 ft.
Footnote 753:
_Ibid._, IV. viii. 432, 433, compared with p. 492.
Footnote 754:
_Essay_, 7th ed., App. pp. 492–3. Cf. 7th ed., p. 280: “Self-love is
the mainspring of the great machine.”
Footnote 755:
III. vii. 311.
Footnote 756:
_Edin. Rev._, 1810 (Aug.), an article on Ingram’s _Disquisitions on
Population_, and [Hazlitt’s] _Letters in Reply to Malthus_. As the
relations of Malthus to the _Review_ were close at this time, and as
the arguments and the style are remarkably like our author’s, there is
at least a strong probability that he wrote the article, Jeffrey after
his custom providing it with a head and tail to disguise the
authorship. Cf. Cockburn’s _Life of Jeffrey_, Vol. I. 301, 302, cf.
285.
Footnote 757:
Cf. _Wealth of Nations_, I. x. 48, 49.
Footnote 758:
_Edin. Rev._, 1810 (Aug.), p. 475.
Footnote 759:
Paley, _Mor. and Pol. Phil._, I. vii. 9; cf. Malthus, _Essay_, IV. ii.
397, &c. Cf. above, p. 39.
Footnote 760:
Paley, _ibid._, I. iv. 14.
Footnote 761:
See above, p. 37. The passages there cited completely refute Held’s
assertion that “Malthus appealed to Utility in the teeth of his belief
in the Bible” (_Sociale Geschichte Englands_, Book I. ch. ii p. 234).
Footnote 762:
_Mor. and Pol. Phil._, vii. 10.
Footnote 763:
“Any condition may be denominated ‘happy’ in which the amount or
aggregate of pleasure exceeds that of pain.”—Paley, _M. and P. Ph._,
I. vi.
Footnote 764:
_Essay_, 7th ed., III. vi. 305.
Footnote 765:
See Mr. Sidgwick’s _Method of Ethics_, p. 385 ft.
Footnote 766:
Quoted from _The Crisis_, by Empson, _Edin. Rev._, Jan. 1837, p. 482.
Footnote 767:
_Report of the Crofters Commission_, 1884, p. 9.
Footnote 768:
_Essay_, IV. iii. 407.
Footnote 769:
It would help the social reformer to learn, _e. g._ from clergymen,
guardians of the poor, and police magistrates, what exact proportion
of the destitution within their experience has been due, (_a_) to the
fault of the victim, (_b_) to the fault of his parents, (_c_) to the
fraud or oppression of others, and (_d_) to the mere accidents of
trade.
Footnote 770:
7th ed., p. 280.
Footnote 771:
III. ii. 434.
Footnote 772:
_Scenes of Clerical Life_, p. 250.
Footnote 773:
7th ed., p. 404.
Footnote 774:
p. 464, 1817. As early as 1803 (_Essay_, 2nd ed., IV. xi 689) Malthus
had recommended Savings Banks.
Footnote 775:
7th ed., p. 397. Cf. p. 407, &c.
Footnote 776:
7th ed., p. 405. To make the whole picture complete we must add what
is said above (ch. i.) on the place of man on the earth, and also (Bk.
III. chs. ii. and iii.) on industrial society as it might be.
Footnote 777:
See above, p. 298.
Footnote 778:
Mackintosh changed but never recanted. See Macaulay’s _Essays_.
Footnote 779:
_Essay_, 7th ed., IV. vi 420–1.
Footnote 780:
_W. of N._, I. i.
Footnote 781:
More strictly, what grows of itself is natural; what makes it grow of
itself is Nature.
Footnote 782:
See e. g. _Essay_, p. 390.
Footnote 783:
_Life of Godwin_, ii. 266.
Footnote 784:
Southey wished some “Crusader” like Rickman to write economical
articles for the Quarterly and keep out Malthus (_Life and Letters_,
vol. iii. p. 188).
Footnote 785:
_Essay_, III. vii. 318; written in 1817.
Footnote 786:
2nd ed., IV. vi.; 7th ed., IV. vi. and vii. He must have remembered,
when he wrote these words, the imprisonment of his poor tutor Gilbert
Wakefield for a seditious pamphlet (1799–1800). See below, Bk. V.
Footnote 787:
7th ed., p. 417.
Footnote 788:
7th ed., p. 426: written in 1817. For the tendency of the French
before the Revolution to look to Government for everything, see _e.
g._ Dyer’s _Modern Europe_, vol. iv. ch. lii p. 304.
Footnote 789:
7th ed., p. 418.
Footnote 790:
_Essays Moral and Political_, vol. i. p. 49; ‘The British Parliament.’
Footnote 791:
Malthus, _Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 502; 7th ed., p. 402. Cf. a striking
passage in the review of Newenham, _Edin. Rev._, July 1808, pp. 348–9.
Footnote 792:
_E. g._ 7th ed., pp. 438–9 and 478. Cf. above, p. 56. Horner’s letter
to Malthus in. Feb. 1812 (_Mem. of Horner_, vol. ii. pp. 109–10) shows
it was an active sympathy. Malthus agreed to act as a “steward” at one
of Lancaster’s meetings in London.
Footnote 793:
2nd ed., pp. 556–7; opponents “may fairly be suspected of a wish to
encourage their ignorance as a pretext for tyranny.”
Footnote 794:
7th ed., p. 439; 2nd ed., pp. 555–6.
Footnote 795:
Miss Martineau, _Hist. of Peace_, I. vii. 117–18.
Footnote 796:
_Essay_, 7th ed., IV. ix. 440, 441.
Footnote 797:
Held, _Soc. Gesch._, p. 215.
Footnote 798:
See above, pp. 95, 96, &c.
Footnote 799:
See above, p. 340.
Footnote 800:
_Essay_, 7th ed., IV. x. 446–7.
Footnote 801:
Emigr. Comm. (1827), qu. 3310.
Footnote 802:
IV. xiii. 474. Potatoes are a godsend to such, he says in another
place (_Edin. Rev._, July 1808, p. 344).
Footnote 803:
See above, Bk. II. ch. i.
Footnote 804:
See above, p. 301.
Footnote 805:
E. g. _Essay_, IV. ix. 433.
Footnote 806:
In Germany poor scholars from the country are often, when attending
the University, billeted for bread and butter on the well-to-do
citizens; and learning proves on the whole so inconsistent with
laziness, that the practice does not make them unwilling to earn their
own living afterwards.
Footnote 807:
A protective duty is indirect relief of the protected industry, but as
a rule the protected are secured against indolence by their own
domestic competition; and the fault of protection lies elsewhere than
in encouragement of indolence.
Footnote 808:
Rénan, _Qu’est ce qu’une Nation?_
Footnote 809:
Cf. above, p. 225.
Footnote 810:
Cf. p. 36.
Footnote 811:
The reaction against Rousseau and Godwin may partly account for the
absence of Cosmopolitanism.
Footnote 812:
See above, ch. i.
Footnote 813:
Some one has said, “Was man nicht definiren kann, zieht man als
Organismus an;” and we had been told, long before, that a simile is
either “idem per idem” or “idem per aliud,” either of them a logical
fallacy.
Footnote 814:
_Essay_, Bk. IV. ch. x. p. 445. “Every man has a right to do what he
will with his own.” But the question is:—What is his own?
Footnote 815:
Professor T. H. Green, _Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract_,
Oxford, 1881.
Footnote 816:
τὴν φιλίαν ἀναγκαῖον ὑάρη γίνεσθαι. _Ar. Pol._, II. ii.
Footnote 817:
See above, p. 310.
Footnote 818:
_Discourse on the Christian Union._ See _Essay on Population_, 7th
ed., p. 254 n.; Price, _Observations_, p. 206 n.
Footnote 819:
From Matth. vi. 10, and Psal. cxxii. 2 _seq._
Footnote 820:
See esp. pp. 12–18, and 20 (4th ed., 1790).
Footnote 821:
Pt. II. Essay V. pp. 228 _seq._ _Life_, ii. 292. Cf. ii. 64.
Footnote 822:
_Life_, ii. 64.
Footnote 823:
_Thoughts_, p. 10 and n. Cf. pp. 43, 45. In _Progress and Poverty_ (p.
93, ed. 1881) we are told that Godwin “until his old age disdained a
reply” to Malthus.
Footnote 824:
_Thoughts_, p. 61.
Footnote 825:
_Ibid._, p. 67.
Footnote 826:
_Ibid._, pp. 72–3.
Footnote 827:
_Life of Godwin_, i. 324.
Footnote 828:
See above, p. 208 n. In the 5th edition he turns his back on Godwin
and addresses Owen.
Footnote 829:
So Coleridge (MS. note to p. vii. of his quarto copy of the essay):
“And of course you wholly confute your former pamphlet, and might have
spared yourself the trouble of _making up_ the present quarto.”
Footnote 830:
_Edin. Rev._, 1802, on Dr. Rennel’s _Discourses_, Syd. Sm., _Works_,
i. p. 8.
Footnote 831:
p. 18. Compare De Quincey’s answer to Hazlitt in _London Magazine_,
1823 (vol. viii. pp. 349, 459, 569, 586).
Footnote 832:
Senior, _Lect. on Pop._, p. 35.
Footnote 833:
_Population_, I. iv. p. 27 (1820).
Footnote 834:
Cf. also speech on 9th April, 1816. Hansard, _sub dato_, p. 1109.
Footnote 835:
See above, p. 75. Cf. also above, pp. 142 _seq._, on Emigration.
Footnote 836:
Godwin, _Popn._, I. xiii. 106. Cf. I. iv. 22, II. ii. 142, VI. vi.
585.
Footnote 837:
Hawick, 1807, especially p. 84.
Footnote 838:
Sadler, _Popn._, I. i. 15 (1830).
Footnote 839:
Append. to 3rd ed., 1806; 7th ed., p. 485; cf. pp. 395, 446, and al.
Footnote 840:
See Appendix to ed. 1826, 7th ed., p. 627.
Footnote 841:
_Life_, ii. 271.
Footnote 842:
_l. c._ p. 259.
Footnote 843:
_Life_, ii. 259, 260. Cf. what Godwin writes to Sir John Sinclair,
July 1821 (Sinclair’s _Correspondence_, i. 393).
Footnote 844:
_l. c._ p. 271.
Footnote 845:
Morgan and Rosser, _e. g._ See _Life_, ii. 272–5; cf. p. 280.
Footnote 846:
_Edin. Rev._, July 1821, p. 364.
Footnote 847:
_Life of Godwin_, ii. 274
Footnote 848:
_Ibid._, pp. 274–5.
Footnote 849:
No. 1, Oct 1802, esp. p. 26.
Footnote 850:
_Population_, I. i.
Footnote 851:
Appendix to 3rd ed., p. 520 n.; 7th ed., p. 491 n.
Footnote 852:
See his Letter to Godwin, dated October 1818, and quoted in Godwin’s
_Population_, Bk. II. ch. i pp. 116–123, with comments.
Footnote 853:
See above, p. 66.
Footnote 854:
_Population_, II. x. 244–7.
Footnote 855:
_E. g._ II. xi. 274, 282, but especially I. iv. 25, and for the third
argument, pp. 29, 30, cf. pp. 43–50, &c. Cf. also Godwin to Sinclair
in Sinclair’s _Correspondence_, i. 393.
Footnote 856:
Population tends to double in a bundled years, and there is no risk of
over-population except in occasional times of dull trade (Letter of
Godwin to Sinclair, Sinclair’s _Correspondence_, _l. c._). A notable
exception.
Footnote 857:
_Population_, II. xi. 251–2.
Footnote 858:
IV. i.
Footnote 859:
II. ii. 127, and cf. above.
Footnote 860:
II. xi. 287, &c., &c.
Footnote 861:
III. iii. 327 _seq._
Footnote 862:
_Coups d’état_ in nature. Paul Bert, _L’Enseignement Primaire_, 1880,
p. xxviii.
Footnote 863:
_Edinburgh Review_, July 1821. Cf. Letter to the Rev. T. R. Malthus by
David Booth (1823), who absurdly assumes Malthus to be the reviewer.
Though internal evidence dispels this fancy, it shows that Malthus was
still believed to write for the _Edinburgh Review_.
Footnote 864:
Others, in _Table Talk_ and _Biogr. Literaria_, are chiefly
declamation.
Footnote 865:
In these quotations the capitals are in the original, and the italics
correspond to underlinings.
Footnote 866:
Arthur Aikin’s _Annual Review_, vol. ii. (for 1803) pp. 292 _seq._ Cf.
Southey’s _Life and Correspondence_ (ed. 1850), vol. ii. p. 251, 20th
Jan. 1804: “Yesterday Malthus received, I trust, a mortal wound from
my hand;” cf. vol. vi. p. 399, and vol. ii. p. 294. There is no hint
of obligation to Coleridge.
Footnote 867:
Cf. above, ch. iii. pp. 81 _seq._, and Bk. III.
Footnote 868:
_Sic_, though it explains a thing by itself.
Footnote 869:
He probably meant 353rd, but his numbers are careless.
Footnote 870:
On margin of p. 364, 2nd paragr.: “Quote and apply to himself.”
Footnote 871:
_E. g._ on p. 65 opposite to lines 5, 6, “Ass!” a monosyllabic
refinement omitted in Southey’s review.
Footnote 872:
First in 1817, 7th ed., pp. 509 _seq._
Footnote 873:
One of the charges (p. 18: that Malthus recommends the same remedies
as Condorcet) is sufficient to stamp the character of the book—_An
Inquiry into the Principle of Population_, &c., by James Grahame. Its
Introduction gives a useful list of writers on both sides; see p. 71.
(Edin., 1816.) Simonin repeats Grahame’s charges, with more mistakes
of his own. See his _Hist. de la Psychologie_ (1879), pp. 397–9.
Footnote 874:
7th ed., p. 511. Cf. above, p. 52, and the reply to Godwin’s Reply,
_Essay_, 2nd ed., III. iii. 384.
Footnote 875:
_Edinburgh Review_, Jan. 1837.
Footnote 876:
_Life and Correspondence of Southey_, vol. iii. pp. 21–2, and p. 188.
Footnote 877:
Bishop of Gloucester and later of Hereford. _Theolog. Works_ (1832).
Footnote 878:
“The prolificness of human things, otherwise similarly circumstanced,
varies inversely as their numbers.”—Sadler, _Popn._, vol. iii. p. 352
(1830). Reviewed somewhat caustically by Macaulay in _Edin. Rev._,
July 1830. See Trevelyan’s _Life of Macaulay_, vol. i. p. 126. Cf.
Sadler’s ‘Reply’ to _Edin. Rev._ His weakest point was his use of
“inversely.”
Footnote 879:
Malthus, _Essay_, II. v. (7th ed.), pp. 164, 166; cf. p. 485.
Footnote 880:
G. P. Scrope, M.P., _Pol. Econ._, 1833, &c. Malthus, _Essay_, III.
iii. (7th ed.), 282–6 (Owen), IV. xii. 457 (Owen), III. xiv. 380 n.
(Anderson).
Footnote 881:
John Weyland, junr., F.R.S. _The Principles of Population and
Production as they are affected by the Progress of Society with a view
to Moral and Political Consequences_, 1816.
Footnote 882:
So Arnold Toynbee, _Industrial Revolution_, p. 107.
Footnote 883:
Ch. iii. p. 21. He adds, as his second: “This tendency can never be
destroyed.”
Footnote 884:
_Essay_, Appendix, p. 517.
Footnote 885:
Propos. iii and iv.
Footnote 886:
_Essay_, _l. c._ p. 521, a very strong passage.
Footnote 887:
Append. p. 526.
Footnote 888:
_Pop. and Prod._, pp. 82 _seq._
Footnote 889:
7th ed., I. ii. 12 n.; 2nd ed., p. 16.
Footnote 890:
_Tour in Southern Counties of England_, 1767, p. 342.
Footnote 891:
Between 1767 and 1820. Cf. above (England).
Footnote 892:
_Travels in France_, pp. 408–9 (ed. 1792) and al.
Footnote 893:
_Essay on Pop._, 7th ed., pp. 449, 451 _seq._; _Annals of
Agriculture_, no. 239, pp. 219 _seq._ (quoted in _Essay_, App. pp.
496–7). Young had reproached Malthus for denying the right to relief.
Footnote 894:
_Travels in France_, ed. 1792, pp. 438–9.
Footnote 895:
App. to _Essay_, pp. 499, 500. It is not true that “Owen was right _as
against Malthus_ when he regarded a certain amount of comfort as the
indispensable condition of a moral life, and thought that a
considerable increase of man’s powers of production was possible”
(Held, _Soc. Gesch. Englands_, pp. 351–2). Malthus himself did both.
Footnote 896:
The _Plan_ is quoted by Cobbett, _Pol. Reg._, Dec. 14, 1816. Malthus
(_Pol. Ec._ (1820), pp. 434, 435, (1836) p. 378) thinks that
“co-proprietorship” of Government with the landlords, after the scheme
of the Economists and on the analogy of Oriental “sole
proprietorship,” might become too ready an engine of taxation for a
military despotism.
Footnote 897:
See above, pp. 87, 112, &c.
Footnote 898:
_Essay_, 7th ed., p. 284.
Footnote 899:
_E. g._ by Bagehot, _Econ. Stud._ (1880), pp. 135 _seq._, and by
Southey in Aikin’s _Annual Review_ above quoted.
Footnote 900:
III. iii. 286. This and the rest of his argument (even its application
to Civil Liberty) is to be found in Aristotle, _Politics_, ii. 3 and
4, but esp. 5. δεὶ δὲ μηδὲ τοῦτο λανθάνειν, &c.
Footnote 901:
_Essay on Pop._, 7th ed., p. 282.
Footnote 902:
See above, p. 24.
Footnote 903:
_Genesis of Species_, 2nd ed., 1871, p. 5.
Footnote 904:
The puzzling effect of counting up one’s great-grandfathers and
great-grandmothers up to the twentieth degree or so is described by
Blackstone as quoted by Godwin (_Popn._) and re-quoted by Hazlitt
(_Spirit of the Age_, 1825, p. 273, ‘Godwin’). The puzzle is less if
we remember that our remote ancestors must have married into each
other’s families, or rather were scions in the end of the same
families. We cannot go back to a single pair except through the
“prohibited degrees.”
Footnote 905:
We are to understand, therefore, that Malthus and the author agree
_that_ population needs a check, and are simply not agreed _what_ the
checks are to be.
Footnote 906:
See below, p. 392.
Footnote 907:
See above, p. 370. The sixteen positions not touched in their own
place will be met by a reference to the following places in this book:
i. to p. 20, add _Essay_, 2nd ed. Bk. III. ch. iii. p. 383, ii. to p.
37, iii. to p. 338, iv. to pp. 51, 78, v. to p. 80, vi. to p. 83,
viii. to p. 113, ix. to p. 376, x. to p. 67, xi. to pp. 231, 297, see
_Essay_, 7th ed. p. 381, xii. to pp. 70, 75, 91, xiii. to p. 393, xiv.
to pp. 91, 270, xv. to p. 294, xvi. to p. 69, and xvii. to p. 75.
Footnote 908:
_Das Kapital_, 7ter Abschn. 23tes Kap. pp. 653 _seq._ (ed. 1872); cf.
646 _seq._
Footnote 909:
The language of Ricardo, ch. xxxi. p. 236 (quoted by Marx, p. 656 n.).
Cf. above, p. 297. Cf. also Marx, pp. 427 foll.
Footnote 910:
Cf. what Prof. Rogers says in _Six Centuries_, p. 229, of the attempt
made in the fifteenth century to increase the “residuum” of
agricultural labour for the benefit of the farmers and landlords. Also
above, p. 164 n.
Footnote 911:
Marx, _ibid._, p. 659.
Footnote 912:
Misprinted in Marx as 254.
Footnote 913:
See above, pp. 137, 188, &c.
Footnote 914:
See above, p. 335.
Footnote 915:
See above, pp. 299, 335, &c.
Footnote 916:
_Das Kap._, p. 549 n.
Footnote 917:
_Das Kap._, p. 641 n.
Footnote 918:
The passage omitted is neither true nor decent.
Footnote 919:
G. M. Ortes _Reflessioni sulla popolazione_ (1790).
Footnote 920:
_Das Kap._, p. 549 n.
Footnote 921:
Cf. above, p. 382, and Malthus, _Essay_, 2nd ed. III. iii. 386, where
he says that Duty and Interest must work together.
Footnote 922:
‘Theory of Population,’ in _Westminster Rev._, April 1852, pirated by
the German Professor Trall in 1877 (_Eine neue Bevölkerungstheorie_),
and substantially maintained by its author (Mr. Herbert Spencer) in
_Principles of Biology_, Vol. II. Part vi., ‘Laws of Multiplication.’
Footnote 923:
_Essay_, 7th ed., p. 269.
Footnote 924:
Above, p. 377.
Footnote 925:
_E. g._ Hazlitt, _Reply to Essay on Population_, p. 20.
Footnote 926:
W. R. Greg, _Enigmas of Life_, 8th ed., 1874, pp. 58 _seq._ This was
nearly Godwin’s position in his first reply.
Footnote 927:
Sadler on _Population_, and Reply to _Edinburgh Review_. Godwin,
_Population_, Bk. VI. ch. ii., &c.
Footnote 928:
Carey (H. C.), _Princ. of Social Science_ (1858), vol. i. ch. xiv.;
cf. above, p. 74 _seq._ H. George, _Progress and Poverty_, pp. 115,
116. Sadler, p. 70, &c.
Footnote 929:
Godwin, Sadler, &c.
Footnote 930:
Sadler, pp. 354–5, &c. Cf. Adam Smith, _W. of N._, I. viii. 36. See
above, pp. 82, 83.
Footnote 931:
Godwin, see above, p. 361. Southey, _Life and Corresp._, III. 188.
Bagehot, _Econ. Studies_, pp. 133 _seq._ Cf. George, II. ii. 94.
Above, pp. 362, 381.
Footnote 932:
Besant, _Law of Population_, ch. iii. Cf. Malthus, pp. 407 _seq._ (IV.
iv.); Cobbett, _Taking Leave of his Countrymen_ (1817), p. 6;
_Political Register_, 4th Jan. 1817, p. 26, &c., &c. Above, p. 329.
Footnote 933:
Godwin, _Population_, passim. George, II. ii. 102, 109. Above, pp.
111, 112.
Footnote 934:
Godwin, _ibid._; George, pp. 138, 259, &c., &c.; Coleridge, MS. note
to p. 358 (of _Essay_, 2nd ed.), where for “physical constitution of
our nature” he would read, “in the existing system of society.” So
verbatim Southey in Aikin’s _Ann. Rev._ _l. c._
Footnote 935:
Doubleday, _True Law of Population_ (1841). Above, p. 65. See Herbert
Spencer, _Biology_, Vol. II. pt. vi. ch. xii. pp. 455, 480, &c. The
physiologists have amply refuted Doubleday.
Footnote 936:
Herbert Spencer. See above, p. 393. W. R. Greg, _Enigmas_. Above, p.
394.
Footnote 937:
New Malthusians. See above, p. 24.
Footnote 938:
See above, pp. 365 _seq._ The orthodoxy of Malthus is proved not by a
few orthodox sentences which can be gleaned from him (as from Bacon),
or even by the discovery of flaws in the received doctrine, but by the
whole logic of the essay.
Footnote 939:
See above, pp. 365 _seq._
Footnote 940:
See above, p. 336.
Footnote 941:
See above, p. 328.
Footnote 942:
See above, p. 96.
Footnote 943:
The authorship of the article is shown by Macvey Napier’s Letters _sub
dato_, and that of the biogr. preface by Empson’s art., p. 472.
Footnote 944:
“Daniel Malthus, 17, Sydenham de parochia Sti Giles Londini Armigeri
filius” (Matriculation entry, Easter term, 1747).
Footnote 945:
See Gibbon’s _Memoirs_, p. 46 (ed. Hunt and Clarke), and Jeffrey’s
_Life_, i. 40.
Footnote 946:
Cf. _Wealth of Nations_, V. i. art., pp. 341 foll.
Footnote 947:
Biogr. pref. to _Pol. Econ._ (1836), p. xxvi.
Footnote 948:
The name Malthus itself is probably Malt-hus, or Malthouse (cf.
Shorthouse, Maltby), which still occurs as a surname in England.
Francis (or, some say, Thomas) Malthus wrote on ‘Fireworks,
fortification, and arithmetic,’ in French and in English, 1629.
Footnote 949:
Except _perhaps_ in a letter quoted by Otter, biogr. pref. p. xxvii.
(date 1788).
Footnote 950:
_l. c._ p. xxv.
Footnote 951:
_l. c._ pp. xxv and xxvi, which show, however, that at fifty-seven the
strength had failed a little.
Footnote 952:
“He was not born to copy the works of others.”—Letter in _Gentl.
Mag._, Feb. 1800. See above, p. 7, and Otter, p. xxii.
Footnote 953:
Otter, pp. xxi, xxii.
Footnote 954:
So he urges Robert continually to “apply his tools.” “I hate to see a
girl working curious stitches upon a piece of rag.”—Otter, p. xxvi.
Footnote 955:
_Gentl. Mag._, Jan. 1800, p. 86; cf. Feb. 1800, p. 177; Otter, p.
xxvi.
Footnote 956:
_Monthly Mag._, March 1800, Otter, p. xxii. What and where were the
pieces we are not told.
Footnote 957:
Written in 1772, and republished in Mrs. Barbauld’s series of _British
Novelists_, 1820. Graves lived at Claverton from 1750 till his death
in 1804, in his ninetieth year. He became Fellow of All Souls in 1730,
and may have known Daniel Malthus at Oxford.
Footnote 958:
Whom he names and quotes freely. Tucker, in _Light of Nature_, shows
the same open dislike of them, but with much more good-humour and
taste.
Footnote 959:
In 1780 or thereabouts.
Footnote 960:
Wakefield’s _Life_ (1804), vol. i. p. 214. It is curious to remember
that Marat is said to have been an usher at a Warrington School a
short time before this.
Footnote 961:
Wakefield’s _Life_, i. p. 344.
Footnote 962:
Elected in 1776. See _Life_, i. p. 111 ft.
Footnote 963:
Otter, _l. c._ p. xxvii. ft.
Footnote 964:
Letter in App. II. to Wakefield, Life, ii. pp. 454–463. A comparison
of this letter with Wakefield, _Life_, ii. p. 334, and Otter, _l. c._
p. xxiv. ft. (“by his own acknowledgment”), makes it almost certain
that the letter is by Malthus.
Footnote 965:
_E. g._ with such very different men as Watson, Bishop of Llandaff,
and Thomas Paine.
Footnote 966:
Though at college he took several prizes for Latin and Greek and
English Declamations. We may hope that his defect of utterance had not
become pronounced at that date, or that the declamations were not
always declaimed.
Footnote 967:
Wakefield, _Life_, ii. p. 9.
Footnote 968:
Otter, _l. c._ p. xxv.
Footnote 969:
Otter himself was fourth wrangler in 1790, and E. D. Clarke junior
optime in the same year.
Footnote 970:
Otter, _l. c._ p. xxviii.
Footnote 971:
_l. c._ p. xxvii.
Footnote 972:
_l. c._ p. xxviii.
Footnote 973:
On the road leading out of Albury towards Guildford, a snug little
low-roofed house clinging to a hill slope, less ambitious than the
Rookery, but not without its pleasant garden walks, trees, and
shrubberies.
Footnote 974:
See above, p. 7.
Footnote 975:
Of which the genesis has been sufficiently described above, Bk. I. ch.
i.
Footnote 976:
One of his sources is shown by _Essay_, IV. ix. 438: “In some
conversations with labouring men during the late scarcities.” Cf. the
tract on _The High Price of Provisions_, p. 10, &c.
Footnote 977:
See above, pp. 48, 49 (abroad), and p. 195 (in Ireland).
Footnote 978:
Clarke (E. D.) (_Life_ by Otter, vol. ii. p. 15) refers to a letter
from Malthus, asking about the Foundling Hospital at St. Petersburg
(date March 1800). Cf. _ibid._, p. 39: “As for Malthus, tell him he is
not worth writing to. He is wrapped up in other matters and
obliterating all traces of his pilgrimage.... He is a great deal _trop
de plomb pour un tourist_” [_sic_]. So he draws on Mackintosh when the
latter is in India, in 1804. See Mackintosh’s _Life_ (1836), p. 215.
Footnote 979:
_E. g._ Ricardo, Senior, and Dr. Thos. Chalmers (who paid him a flying
visit in October 1822: _Life_ by Hanna, vol. ii. p. 358), and Francis
Horner (_Memoirs and Corresp._, e. g. vol. i. p. 406). In i. 436 of
his _Memoirs_ Horner speaks of having gone with John Whishaw, the
barrister, to visit Malthus at Haileybury in 1808, and takes occasion
to praise his mere love of truth above the eloquence and versatility
of others, though that, he says, may look like a decision in favour of
dulness.
Footnote 980:
_E. g._ the reservoir, p. 106; but the most extravagant is perhaps the
botanical figure, on p. 273, where he says that “the forcing manure,”
employed to cause the French Revolution, has “burst the calyx of
humanity.” Macaulay uses a similar metaphor of precisely the same
event, in the _Essay on Burleigh_.
Footnote 981:
His own command of metaphor made it the easier for him to turn the
edge of an opponent’s. See _e. g._ his handling of Weyland’s Giant,
Musket-ball, and Swaddling-clothes, in _Essay_, Append. pp. 514–521.
Footnote 982:
Engraved by Fournier for the _Dictionnaire de l’Économie Politique_,
art. ‘Malthus.’
Footnote 983:
See below, p. 418 n.
Footnote 984:
_Gentl. Mag._, March 1835, p. 324.
Footnote 985:
_Essay_ (7th ed.), II. iii. 148, where “winter of 1788” is perhaps for
1798, though it is 1788 in the second and all subsequent editions; or
else “preceding” may be wrong. Cf. _High Price of Prov._, p. 2.
Footnote 986:
Cf. above, pp. 48, 127, which should be read in conjunction with this
Biography.
Footnote 987:
_Life of Clarke_, vol. ii. p. 183. We know from a footnote in the
essay itself (7th ed., p. 194) that part of it at least was written in
1802.
Footnote 988:
Stanhope, _Life of Pitt_, iii. p. 36; cf. p. 53. “Our election at
Cambridge was perfectly quiet.”
Footnote 989:
_Life of Clarke_, ii. 203–4 n.
Footnote 990:
Earl of Carlisle, the poet. See _Engl. Bards and Scotch Reviewers_.
Footnote 991:
Otter, _l. c._ p. xxvi. Cf. _Essay_, 1st ed., pp. 210–12. _Gentl.
Mag._, April 1804, p. 374. A compliment which Otter pays him (in an
obituary in the _Athenæum_, 10th Jan. 1835), that his servants stayed
long with him, would fall more naturally to his wife.
Footnote 992:
Mr. Sargant (_Life of Owen_, p. 85) says, on the authority of Mr.
Holyoake, that Malthus visited New Lanark in its palmy days. Owen’s
work then was after Malthus’ own heart; he was reforming the world by
beginning with one individual corner of it. Cf. _Essay_, III. iii. 282
ft.
Footnote 993:
See below, p. 423.
Footnote 994:
_Memoirs of Horner_, i. 436–7; cf. p. 406. Cf. Miss Martineau, _Hist.
of Peace_, Introduction, II. i. 257.
Footnote 995:
He was made a member of the French Institute, and, in 1833, one of the
five foreign Associates of the Acad. des Sciences Mor. and Pol., and a
member of the Royal Academy of Berlin (Otter, _l. c._ p. xli.). See
Chas. Comte, _Notice_, and Garnier, _Dict. de l’Éc. Pol._
Footnote 996:
Bain, _Life of James Mill_ (1882), p. 199.
Footnote 997:
All that is certainly known of the bulk of his contributions to the
_Edin. Review_ is that, like those of James Mill and Mackintosh, they
do not occur before the twentieth number of it (in July 1807). See
Bain, _Life of James Mill_, p. 75 n. Horner mentions (_Memoirs_, Vol.
I. p. 437) the article on Newenham’s _Population of Ireland_, 1808,
and another (of which he had seen the MS.) Feb. 1811 (Vol. II. p. 68).
But see above, p. 285, note.
Footnote 998:
The apocryphal story of his eleven daughters is given and exposed by
Garnier, _Dict. de l’Éc. Pol._, art. ‘Malthus.’
Footnote 999:
Otter’s son-in-law. “Hal” in his childhood was asked what he would
have done if, like the Good Samaritan, he had found a man half dead by
the roadside; he answered (on the analogy of flies), “I should have
killed him outright.” Contrast the child’s answer with his father’s
remarks on the same parable in _Essay_, IV. xi. 447.
Footnote 1000:
Clergy List, 1881.
Footnote 1001:
Moore’s _Memoirs_, _Journals_, &c. (ed. Russell, 1853), vol. iii. p.
148, date Sept. 1820. Moore himself speaks of meeting Malthus and his
wife when he was on a visit to Mackintosh at Haileybury in May 1819.
_Ibid._, ii. 315.
Footnote 1002:
_Volksvermehrung_, p. 9. Kautsky sometimes trips, but he is more
accurate than most of Malthus’ foreign biographers. Chas. Comte (in
his _Notice historique sur la vie et les travaux de M. T. R. Malthus_,
read to Acad. of Mor. and Pol. Sciences, 28th Dec., 1836) converts
Haileybury into _Aylesbury_ (p. 31).
Footnote 1003:
_Pol. Econ._ (1836), p. 380 n. Sydney Smith wrote to Grey about him
without success, in 1831 (Holland’s _Life of Sydney Smith_, vol, ii.
p. 328).
Footnote 1004:
Richard, the brother of Wellington. See his Minute of 18th August,
1800, quoted by Malthus in his _Statements_.
Footnote 1005:
_E. India Register and Directory_ (Hatchard), year 1807, pp. xxiv.
_seq._ “Preliminary view of the establishment of the E. India
College.” These two branches of the Haileybury programme correspond in
their subjects to the Competitive and the Further examinations of
candidates for the Civil Service of India as at present conducted.
Malthus claims the credit of making the test in Oriental languages a
necessary condition of final appointment (_Statements_, p. 100).
Footnote 1006:
Accordingly Malthus gets many of his illustrations from India, e. g.
_Pol. Ec._ (2nd ed.), pp. 154–5.
Footnote 1007:
_India Register_, _l. c._ p. xxv.
Footnote 1008:
There must be some on the Pension List who still remember him.
Footnote 1009:
From the first there was a school, affiliated with the college though
not confined to its future pupils. The present school is of later
origin.
Footnote 1010:
_Statements_, p. 103, &c. This idea of the proper preparation for a
civilian’s career in India chimes in with Malthus’ idea of the first
requisite of good citizenship at home and everywhere.
Footnote 1011:
A hare-lip. Miss Martineau, who describes it, adds that “his vowels at
least were sonorous, whatever might become of the consonants.” But she
understood him without her ear trumpet. _Autobiogr._, i. 327–8. Cf.
above, p. 58. Sydney Smith says, “I would almost consent to speak as
inarticulately if I could think and act as wisely.” _Life_ by Holland,
vol. ii. p. 326. He attributes a similar physical defect to
Talleyrand, with perhaps as much seriousness. _Life_ by Holland, vol.
ii. pp. 256–7.
Footnote 1012:
_Letter to Lord Grenville_ (1813), p. 14. Cf. what he says of the
importance of teaching Political Economy in elementary schools, &c.
_Essay_, IV. ix. 438 n.
Footnote 1013:
Jeffrey, _Life_, vol. ii. pp. 339, 340. To Mrs. C. Innes, 9th May,
1841.
Footnote 1014:
_Autobiogr._, i. 327. Other visits of Malthus to her are recorded,
iii. 83, i. 253. For her view of him and his work see especially i.
200, 209, 253, 331.
Footnote 1015:
_Ib._ I. pp. 328–9.
Footnote 1016:
Cf. 1st _Essay_, pp. 225–6, which shows him on the Hunting-Field.
Footnote 1017:
A slip of the pen for “Professor.” The Principal was J. H. Batten,
F.R.S.
Footnote 1018:
Where the fear expressed in some quarters (see _Statements_, p. 87)
that the place would become a barrack has been realized
architecturally.
Footnote 1019:
_Life_ by Holland, vol. ii. p. 73.
Footnote 1020:
_l. c._ vol. ii p. 150.
Footnote 1021:
Debate in House of Lords, April 9th, 1813, Hansard, pp. 750, 751.
Footnote 1022:
‘Statements respecting the East India College, with an appeal to facts
in refutation of the charges lately brought against it in the Court of
Proprietors’ (1817). Cf. his ‘Letter to Lord Grenville, occasioned by
some observations of his Lordship on the E. India Co.’s establishment
for the education of their Civil servants’ (1813). Cf. _Edin. Rev._,
Dec. 1816. The Letter to Lord Grenville (1813) states the case a
little less fully; but both pamphlets contain substantially the same
arguments.
Footnote 1023:
A property it often was, in the most literal sense, being bought and
sold for cash. See _Hist. of Peace_, Introd. II. ii. 329–30.
Footnote 1024:
_Statements_, p. 103 n.
Footnote 1025:
Candidates were to be nominated in groups of four, the best of the
four to have the appointment. Cf. Mill and Wilson’s _Brit. India_,
Vol. IX. Book III. ch. ix. p. 381.
Footnote 1026:
The steps of the change may be followed in the fourth _Report (1858)
of the Civil Service Commissioners_, pp. xix. _seq._ and 228 _seq._
Cf. also their first Report (1855).
Footnote 1027:
For proofs of their regard, see the letters quoted in the blue-book of
1876 on “the Selection and Training of candidates for the Civil
Service of India,” _passim_, and Trevelyan’s “Competition Wallah”
(1864), pp. 7, 8, 15, 16, but cf. 149.
Footnote 1028:
See _Works_, Review of Rennel, footnote.
Footnote 1029:
_Memoirs_, Vol. I. p. 436, &c.
Footnote 1030:
Quoted in Empson, _Edin. Rev._, Jan. 1837, p. 473. Sinclair’s
‘Correspondence’ (1831), amongst other curious matter, gives the
autographs of the three great masters (I. 101).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
1. Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in
spelling.
2. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed.
3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.