China, 112, 113
Clarke, Edw., 48, 127, B. V. _passim_
Cobbett, Wm., 6 and note, 287, 290, 298, 338, 363, 395
Cobden, R., 225, 287, 353;
cf. 55
Coleridge, S. T., the Poet, 22, 48, 95, 111, 371 _seq._;
the MS. notes genuine? 374;
cf. 48, 377
Comte, Auguste, 20, 344;
cf. 213
Comte, Charles, 413, 416
Condorcet, Marquis de, 11, 22–24, 30, 31, 375, &c.
Conversion of the world, the postulate of Socialism as of Christianity,
392
Cook, Captain, _passim_ B. I. ch. iv.
Co-operation, 232, 300, 352, 392
Copleston, Dr. E., 363
Corn Laws, B. II. ch. i.;
corn as measure of value, 224, 255–6
Corn Law Catechism, 227, 308
Cosmology of Malthus, 34 _seq._
Cosmopolitanism, 347, 356, 396;
cf. 328
Cripps, 127
Critics of Malthus, I, 45, B. IV. _passim_
Currency, 226–7, and B. II. ch. iii.
Cycle, 83, 84, 147
Darwin, Chas., 24, 46, 363
Decreasing returns, law of, 234 _seq._;
cf. 37, 74, 78
‘Definitions in Pol. Econ.,’ 211, 265, and generally B. II. ch. ii.
Dependence on the foreigner, 217, 225, 233;
dependent poverty, 310
Depopulation controversy, 173 _seq._
Depreciation of currency, 285, and generally B. II. ch. iii.;
cf. 227, 248–9
Distribution, when keeping pace with production, 166
Doubleday, Thos., 396
Dyer, T. H., 339
Eckersall, Harriet (Mrs. Malthus), 412;
cf. 322
Economists, 47, 247, 248, 276
Economy, political, its method, &c., B. II. ch. i.;
Club first founded, 263, 413;
place among the studies of youth, 419
Eden, Sir Fred., ‘the State of the Poor’ (1797), 248, 310, &c.
‘Edinburgh Review,’ notice of Malthus, 43;
connection with Malthus, 33, 329, 364, 371, 412;
but _see_ ‘Malthus, T. R.’;
notice of Godwin, 12, 368, 371
Education, 56, 77, 275, 298, 301, 340, 341;
cf. 403, 404, 419, 420
Egypt, 111
Emigration, B. I. ch. v.;
Commons Committee, _l. c._ and 195 _seq._, 240, 377
Empson, Wm., 43, 213 n.;
his classification of critics, 377, 394;
life of Malthus, 399
Enclosures, 176, 215, 217
‘Encyclopædia Britannica,’ article of Malthus in Supplement, 70 _seq._
England, B. I. ch. vii.
Essay on Population, editions, 2;
origin, 5, 32, &c.;
B. I. _passim_, B. IV. _passim_
Ethics of Malthus, B. III.
Euler, 69, 369
Factory Acts, 301, 343, 345
Fawcett, Mrs., 240
Fawcett, Prof., 273
Ferguson, Adam, 297
Fifth Monarchy Men, 385
Finland, 48, 127
Foundling Hospitals, 134, 135;
cf. 409
Fox, Ch. J., 29, 31, 338
Fox, Henry, 173
France, B. I. ch. vi.
Franklin, Benj., 10, 14, 63, 369
Frend, tutor of Malthus, 406
Fyffe, C. A., 161
Gallois, 416
Garnier, his article on Malthus in ‘Dict. de l’Écon. Pol.,’ 214, 410,
415
George, Henry, 38, 40;
cf. 236, 382;
on population, 385–388
George III., 29, 324
Germany, 126, 183
Gibbon, Edw., 21 n., 107, 108, 400
Giffen, R., 72 n., 78 n.
Gilbert’s Act, 27
Glut, or over-production, B. II. ch. iii.
Godwin, Wm., 7; Pol. Justice, 9–11, &c.;
cf. 355, 371;
Enquirer, 13, 14;
cf. 355–371;
Caleb Williams, 10;
Memoir of Mary Wollstonecraft, 21;
St. Leon, 21, 22, 31;
Parr’s Sermon, 43 n., 45, 358;
Population, 43, 87, 364 _seq._;
character, 58;
in hands of ‘Edinburgh Review,’ 12, 368, 371
Government, influence on population, 112, &c.;
due to our wickedness? 9;
acting from passion, 225;
Whig, as patrons, 415, 416
Grahame, Jas., 376 _seq._
Graves, Rich., tutor of Malthus, 404 _seq._
Green, T. H., 354
Greg, W. R., 41, 394
Grote, George, 413
Haileybury College, Malthus’ lectures in, 214, 222, 229, 416 _seq._;
_raison d’être_ and death, 415 _seq._;
physical surroundings, 420
Hallam, H., 85, 363
Hazlitt, W., 85, 329, 372, 386, 394
Held, Adolf, 41, 325, 331, 382
Highlands, 150, 187–190
‘High Price of Provisions,’ 43, 49, 215, 307, 408, 411
‘High Price of Gold Bullion,’ 285
History, needs to be rewritten, 83;
of English commerce, 25, 282, 283, 298;
Corn Laws, 219;
currency, 286–290
Holcroft, friend of Godwin, 22
Holland, B. I. ch. v.
Holyoake, G. J., 412
Horner, Francis, B. V. _passim_;
cf. 285, 340, &c.
Hume, David, 31, 32, 99, 115 n., 116, 135, 173, &c., &c.
Hume, Joseph, 425
Huntingford, Bishop, 377
India, child-murder, 117;
cf. 115
India Civil Servants, 417 _seq._
Ingram, Disquisitions on Population, 329
Ireland, 146, 172, and B. I. ch. vii.
d’Ivernois, Sir F., 154, 163
Jeffrey, Francis, 329;
description of Haileybury, 418
Kant, E., 309, 321, 323
Kautsky, Karl, 416
Labour, as the measure of value, and as earning wages, B. II. ch. ii.
Land and its rent, B. II. ch. i.
Lassalle, 268
Lecky, W. E. H., 26, 177, 202
Leslie, Cliffe, 138, 165, 210, 252
Levasseur, E., 164 _seq._
Levellers, 385
Locke, J., 13
Luddites, 290
Luxuries, 215, 225, 295.
See Standard of living.
Lyell, Sir Chas., 46
Macaulay, T. B., 272, 336;
review of Sadler, 377, 410, 425
MacCulloch, J. R., 33, 40, 167, B. II. ch. i. _passim_
Mackintosh, Sir Jas., B. V. _passim_;
cf. 336
Macleod, H. D., 287
Malthus, Daniel, 7, 399 _seq_.;
cf. 135, 324
Malthus, Henry, 6, 415
Malthus, T. R., his several works: Crisis, 7, 30;
Essay on Population, B. I. chs. i. ii and _passim_;
High Price of Provisions, 43, 49, 307, &c.;
Letter to Whitbread, 215, 313;
Article on Newenham, 93, 195, 202;
other articles in ‘Edinburgh’ and ‘Quarterly,’ 33, 212, 271, 275, 285
and note, 288, 290, 329, 371;
Observations on the Corn Laws, 222, 223;
Grounds of an Opinion, 227;
Nature and Progress of Rent, 229;
Political Economy, 210–214;
Measure of Value, 254;
Definitions in Political Economy, 211, 265;
article in Encyclopædia Britannica, 71;
Papers read before Royal Society of Literature, 263;
Evidence before Emigration Committee, 144 _seq._;
Summary View, 80;
Tracts on East India College, 423;
correspondence with Godwin, Senior, Napier, Ricardo, Clarke,
Sinclair, _see_ under these names;
letter on Wakefield, 405;
style, 50, 265, 304, 408, 409;
character, 57, and B. V. _passim_
Man on the earth. _See_ Cosmology and Ethics
Manufacturer, late and early sense, 26
Marat, 404
Marcet, Mrs., 272
Martineau, Harriet, 3, 57, 58, 85, 287, 323, and B. V. _passim_
Marx, Karl, 84, 257, 268, 388 _seq._
Mean, golden, 225 and note, 295, 320
Mercantile theory, 47
Middle classes, 225
Mill, Jas., 208, 209, 273, 276, 280, 281, 293, 413, 414
— John, 209, 239, 244, 271, 273, 281
Millennium, Godwin’s, 16;
Socialistic and Christian, 392
Milne, Joshua, 71, 72
Minimum of wages, 217, 268, &c.;
of prices, 279
Mivart, St George, 385
Montesquieu, 32, 108, 109, 138, &c.
Moore, Dr. John, 311
— Thomas, 416
Moral impossibility, &c., 53
Moral restraint, 49–53, 118, 119, 383, &c., &c.
— Philosophy of Malthus, B. III.
Moravians, 383
‘Mordecai Mullion,’ 297
More, Sir Thos., 11 n., 27, 385
Muret, 148 _seq._, 174, 377
Napier, Macvey, 6, 43, 71, 314, 398, &c.
Nationality, 346–7
Nationalization of land, 236, 382, 392
‘Nature’ defined, 337;
‘Nature’s mighty feast,’ 305
Navigation Act, 228–9
Necessaries and luxuries, 117, 118, 122
New and old Malthusians, 24, 375;
cf. 384
Newenham, reviewed by Malthus, 93, 195
‘New School of Political Economy,’ 275 _seq._
Norway, B. I. ch. v.
Ortes, G. M., 391
Otaheite, B. I. ch. iv.
Otter, Bishop, 48, 127, B. V. _passim_
Over-population, 117, 145, 164, &c.
Over-production, B. II. ch. iii.;
cf. 57, 215;
of food not possible, 232, 294
Over-profits, see under Rent, esp. 230
Owen, Robert, 11 n., 24, 267, 301, 377, 380, 382 _seq._, 412
Paine, Thos., 9, 336, 405
Paley, W., 34, 38 and note, 39, 43, 269, B. III. _passim_, &c.
Parr, Dr. S., 43;
_see_ Godwin
Peace of Paris, 35, 220
Perfectibility of man, 11, 22;
_see_ Condorcet, Godwin
Petty, W., 68, 186, 369
Pitcairn Island, 102
Pitt, W., B. I. chs. i., ii.;
cf. 227, 363; B. II. ch. iv. &c., &c.
Plato, 66 n., 101 n., 113;
cf. 385
Poland, 249
Political justice. _See_ Godwin
Politics of Malthus; _see_ B. III.;
cf. 198, 225, 298, &c.
Poor Bill of Pitt, 6, 29, 43
Poor Laws, English, 6, 27, 29, 215, 135, &c., B. II. ch. iv.
— Foreign, 313
Population, B. I. _passim_, B. IV. _passim_;
cf. esp. 212
Populousness of ancient nations, 31, 32, 113–117
Postulates of 1st Essay, 16, 47;
cf. B. I. ch. ii., Theses
Potatoes, 194–198, 203, 204, 217, 380
Price, Dr. R., 31, 32, 39, 174, but esp. 175, 176;
cf. 377
Production in relation to distribution, 166, and _passim_;
in relation to consumption, 296
Productive labour, 212
Property, private, 76, 236;
cf. 18
Prosperity, criterion of national, 123
Protection, B. II. ch. i.
Prussia, B. I. ch. v.
‘Quarterly Review,’ articles of Malthus in, 212, 285 _seq._
— attitude to Malthus, 363–4
‘Querist,’ Berkeley’s. _See_ Wall of Brass
de Quincey, 266, 297, 363
Ratio, geometrical and arithmetical, 17, 66, and generally B. I. ch.
iii.;
B. IV. esp. 369
Raynal, Abbé, 26, 28, 97, 336, 337
Revolution, Industrial, in England, 25, 282
— in France, 7, 11, 27, 154 _seq._, 336, &c.
Ricardo, D., 57, B. II. _passim_;
letters to Malthus, 213, 265 note, 414;
Pol. Econ. and Taxation, 209;
High Price of Bullion, 285;
Low Price of Corn, 238;
contrasted with Malthus, 265–6
Rickman, J., 179 _seq._, 338
Rogers, Prof. Thorold, 37, 96, 136, 238, 240, 269, &c.
Rome, B. I. ch. iv.
Roscher, W., 210, 267
Rousseau, J. J., 7, 27, 135, 401
Russia, B. I. ch. v.
Sadler, Mich., 377 _seq._
Sargant, W. L., 412
Say, J. B., 57, 208, 292 _seq._
Scotland, B. I., ch. vii.
Scrope, G. Poulett, 377
Senior, W. N., 3, 4, 47, 209, 414
Short, 369
Simonin, 376
Sinclair, Sir John, 186, 216, 368, 369, 370, 426
Sismondi, Chas. de, 209, 296, 415
Smith, Adam, 3, 5, 9, 26, 31, 33, 47, 56, 57, 86, 95, 105, 117 and
_passim_
Smith, Sydney, B. V. _passim_
Socialism, 214, 252, 312, 382 _seq._
Society, Royal, 413;
of Literature, 263, 414;
Statistical, 415
Southey, Robt., 4, 11, 338, 374, 377, 383
Speenhamland Act, 30
Spence, Wm., Great Britain Independent of Commerce, 247, 293
Spence, author of ‘The Land the People’s Farm,’ 382, 385
Spencer, Herbert, 393, 396
Standard of Comfort, 117, 120 _seq._, 137, 140, 194, 195–198, 269, 295,
&c., &c.
State insurance, 24
Steuart, Sir J., 32
Stewart, Dugald, barrel-organ, 385
Struggle for existence, 20, 47, 119;
not leading to progress, 96, 112
Styles, Dr. E., 357, 369
‘Summons of Wakening,’ 365
Sumner, Dr. J. B., Archbishop of Canterbury, 12, 34, 38, 307
Sunday Schools, 298
Suspension of cash payments, 284 _seq._
Süssmilch, J. P., 39, 115, 124 _seq._, 139, 369
Sweden, B. I. ch. v.;
cf. 72, 73, 370
Taine, 121
Talleyrand, 418
Teleology, 319 _seq._, 326
Tendency, B. I. ch. iii. _passim_, esp. 61, 65, 66
Theses. _See_ Postulates
Thompson, l’erronet, 227, 308
Thornton, W. T., 130 n., 210, 273
de Tocqueville, 89
Tooke, Thos., 288, 291, B. II. ch. iii., _passim_, 412, &c.
Torrens, R., contrasts Malthus unfavourably with Ricardo, 265
Townsend, Joseph, 32, 64
Toynbee, A., 314, 378
Tucker, Abraham, 35, 164, B. III. _passim_, esp. 324, 403, &c.
Tucker, Josiah, 33, 324
Turkey, 112
United States. _See_ America
Utilitarianism, 39, 53, and B. III.;
cf. 213, 374–5
Vice and virtue defined, 81, 327, 330;
cf. 374
Voltaire, 27, 33
Wages, B. II. ch. ii.;
cf. 226;
review of wages for five centuries, 247–8
Wages Fund, 270 _seq._
Wakefield, Gilb., tutor of Malthus, 339, 404
Walker, F. A., 210, 244
Wall of Brass, 201, 250–1
Wallace, A. R., 46, 47
Wallace, Dr. Robt., 8, 9, 20, 31, 126, 173
War, reparable and irreparable evils of, 155 _seq._
Watson, Bishop of Llandaff, 11, 405
Wealth, as subject of Pol. Econ., 210, 212
Wesleyan movement, 26;
cf. 403
West, Sir Edw., 222, 234–5, 240
Weyland, J., 377, 410
Whishaw, John, 409
Whitbread, Samuel, 29, 31, &c.
Wollstonecraft, Mary, 21
Young, Arthur, 69, 159 _seq._, 178, 201, 216, 380
_R. Clay & Sons, Bread Street Hill, London, E. C._
-----
Footnote 1:
The Germans talk of ‘Smithianismus.’
Footnote 2:
_Autobiogr._, vol. i. p. 71.
Footnote 3:
Senior, _Two Lectures on Population_, 1829, Appendix, pp. 56, 57.
Footnote 4:
Senior, _l. c._, p. 56.
Footnote 5:
Macvey Napier’s _Correspondence_, p. 187. Cf. _Pol. Econ._, 2nd ed.,
pp. xxxv, liv.
Footnote 6:
“Why,” said I, “how many children do you reckon to have at last?” “I
do not care how many,” said the man, “God never sends mouths without
sending meat.” “Did you ever hear,” said I, “of one Parson Malthus? he
wants an act of parliament to prevent poor people from marrying young,
and from having such lots of children.” “Oh, the brute!” exclaimed the
wife; while the husband laughed, thinking I was joking.—Cobbett’s
_Advice to Young Men_, Letter 3, p. 83. The references to Cobbett in
the Essay are probably, 7th ed., pp. 310 and 318, cf. p. 313; but his
name is not mentioned.
Footnote 7:
Namely, in the _Monthly Magazine_ for Jan. 1800. But see below, Book
V.
Footnote 8:
_Thoughts on Parr’s Sermon_, p. 2, and _Pol. Justice_, Pref. p. x.
Footnote 9:
Preface to first edition of Essay, 1798.
Footnote 10:
Leyden, 1767, translated under the title _Philosophical Survey of the
Animal Creation_, Lond., 1768. See especially chs. vii. and x.
Footnote 11:
_Common Sense_, p. 1, quoted in _Pol. Justice_, Bk. II. ch. i. p. 124
(3rd ed.).
Footnote 12:
_Pol. Justice_, Bk. VIII. ch. vi. p. 484. On the other hand, Franklin,
in his _Letter on Luxury, Idleness, and Industry_ (1784), had
estimated the necessary labour more moderately at four hours. Sir
Thos. More suggested nine. Owen recurred to the half-hour. _New Moral
World_, 1836, pp. x, xi.
Footnote 13:
_Essay_, 1st ed., pp. 161–2, footnote.
Footnote 14:
_Records of the Creation_, vol. i. p. 54, note.
Footnote 15:
Life by Kegan Paul, vol. i. p. 80. Cf. a curious passage in the
_Edinburgh Review_, about Godwin’s _Population_: “As the book was
dear, and not likely to fall into the hands of the labouring classes,
we had no thoughts of noticing it,” July 1821, p. 363.
Footnote 16:
_Enquirer_ (1797), Pref., p. 7.
Footnote 17:
Part II., Essay II.
Footnote 18:
Part II., Essays I. and III.
Footnote 19:
_Political Justice_, Book VIII. ch. ix. pp. 515–19 (3rd ed.).
Footnote 20:
Cf. Rich. Jones, _Pol. Econ._ (1859), p. 596.
Footnote 21:
Quoted, _Political Justice_, Book VIII. ch. viii. pp. 503, 520, on the
authority of Price.
Footnote 22:
_l. c._, Book VIII. ch. ix. p. 528.
Footnote 23:
_Essay_, 1st ed., p. 14.
Footnote 24:
1st ed., pp. 20, 173, &c., 7th ed., Book III. ch. ii.
Footnote 25:
1st ed., p. 128; cf. p. 210.
Footnote 26:
_Ibid._ p. 211.
Footnote 27:
_Ibid._ p. 215.
Footnote 28:
_Ibid._ p. 215.
Footnote 29:
1st ed., p. 17; cf. pp. 47–8.
Footnote 30:
Even Comte, who reproves economists for saying that difficulties right
themselves in the “long run,” thinks that this particular difficulty
will only occur _there_. (_Pos. Phil._, ii. 128 (tr.); cf. p. 54.)
Footnote 31:
1st ed., pp. 15, 16.
Footnote 32:
_Ibid._ pp. 19, 62–66.
Footnote 33:
_Pol. Just._, VIII. iii 466.
Footnote 34:
_Essay_, 1st ed., pp. 175–6, 193; 7th ed., pp. 272, 277. Cf. Gibbon,
ch. L., quoted in _Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 94; 7th ed., p. 65: “The
measure of population is regulated by the means of subsistence.”
Footnote 35:
_Pol. Just._, Book VIII. ch. ix. p. 520 n. (3rd ed.).
Footnote 36:
_Essay_, 1st ed., pp. 240–1.
Footnote 37:
Due to Coleridge. See Godwin’s _Life_, i. 357.
Footnote 38:
_Ibid._ i. 25.
Footnote 39:
_Esquisse d’un tableau historique des progrès de l’esprit humain_ (3rd
ed., 1797), pp. 384 _seq._
Footnote 40:
_Political Justice_, VIII. ix. 520 n.
Footnote 41:
_Essay_, 1st ed., p. 227.
Footnote 42:
_Esquisse_, pp. 362 _seq._
Footnote 43:
_Essay_, 1st ed., pp. 146, 150.
Footnote 44:
_Ibid._ p. 154; Condorcet, _Esquisse_, pp. 364–373.
Footnote 45:
The _locus classicus_ in Malthus is _Essay_, Append, (of 1817), p.
512; cf. III. iii. 286, IV. xiii. 474. The pages are those of the 7th
edition (Reeves and Turner), a reprint of the 6th.
Footnote 46:
Malthus sometimes uses the word in the earlier sense, and Adam Smith
seldom in the later.
Footnote 47:
Lecky, _Hist. of Eighteenth Century_, vol ii. p. 638.
Footnote 48:
Cf. Godwin, pref. to _Pol. Just._
Footnote 49:
Hansard, _Parl. Hist._, vol. xxxiii, pp. 703 _seq._, Feb 12, 1796; cf.
vol. xxxii. pp. 687 _seq._ The “Speenhamland Act of Parliament” was
really an act of the Berkshire magistrates (1795), but had been widely
imitated, and had certainly prepared the way for Pitt’s bill.
Footnote 50:
Cf. _Essay_, 7th ed., I. vii. p. 65; 1st ed., pp. 94, 95, &c.
Footnote 51:
Godwin, _Pol. Just._, VIII. viii. 508 (3rd ed.).
Footnote 52:
Preface to _Essay_, 2nd ed.
Footnote 53:
By implication. See below, Book I. ch. vii. p. 175.
Footnote 54:
_Moral and Political Essays_, Vol. I., Essay XI., Of the Populousness
of Ancient Nations (ed. 1768), written in 1752.
Footnote 55:
So even Sir James Steuart, Vol. I. _Pol. Econ._, ch. iii. p. 22 (ed.
1805), might have helped him. Steuart wrote in 1767.
Footnote 56:
_Essay_, Book II. ch. vi.; 7th ed., p. 184.
Footnote 57:
Buckle would include Voltaire. See _Civil. in Europe_, ii. 304 n.
Footnote 58:
_Wealth of Nations_, I. viii. 36, 2 (MacCulloch’s ed.). These passages
are said to have suggested to Malthus the idea of his essay. The
article on Population in _Edin. Review_, Aug. 1810, possibly written
by Malthus himself, bears out this view.
Footnote 59:
Compare _Essay_, Appendix (to 3rd ed., 1807), 7th ed., p. 507.
Footnote 60:
_Records of Creation_, 1816.
Footnote 61:
1st ed., p. 395.
Footnote 62:
_Ibid._ p. 353. This and much else were probably suggested by Tucker,
_Light of Nature_, Theology, ch. xix. (especially § 20). Cf. below,
Book III.
Footnote 63:
_Essay_, 1st ed., p. 381.
Footnote 64:
_Ibid._ p. 371.
Footnote 65:
Cf. _Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 65; later editions, I. vi. (beginning), where
he says that sloth is the natural state of man, and his activity is
due in the first instance to the “strong goad of necessity,” though it
may be kept up afterwards by habit, the spirit of enterprise, and the
thirst for glory.
Footnote 66:
1st ed., pp. 360–366. For the replenishment of the gap made by the
Great Plague of 1348, see Prof. Rogers, _Six Centuries of Work and
Wages_ (1884), p. 226.
Footnote 67:
1st ed., p. 391.
Footnote 68:
1st ed., pp. 394–6; cf. pp. 241–6. Compare Mr. Henry George’s epilogue
to _Progress and Poverty_. It is right to remember that this passage
of Malthus was written two years before Paley’s _Natural Theology_,
though four years after his _Evidences of Christianity_, and many more
after the _Moral and Political Philosophy_.
Footnote 69:
_R. of Cr._, vol. ii. 103.
Footnote 70:
_Essay_, 1st ed., p. 387.
Footnote 71:
See below, Book I. ch. v.
Footnote 72:
_Ibid._ p. 356 note.
Footnote 73:
_l. c._ He is ready with a similar excuse in the tract on the _Measure
of Value_, p. 61. Where there is no will there is no way.
Footnote 74:
Part II. sect. ii. pp. 204–6.
Footnote 75:
MacCulloch (J. R.), editor of the _Commercial Dictionary_, and
probably the original of Carlyle’s Macrowdy. No one could have a
proper reverence for the Fathers of Political Economy who perpetually
referred to the greatest of them without his distinctive prænomen.
Footnote 76:
Introduction to _W. of N._, p. lii. So the writer of _Progress and
Poverty_ tells us “the doctrine of Malthus did not originally and does
not necessarily involve the idea of progression” (Bk. II. ch. i. p.
89, ed. 1881).
Footnote 77:
Bagehot (_Econ. Studies_, p. 136 _seq._), W. R. Greg (_Enigmas of
Life_), and Held (_Sociale Geschichte Englands_) may be acquitted, but
they are not writers of text-books.
Footnote 78:
_Wealth of Nations_, Introduction, p. lii.
Footnote 79:
See _e. g._ the tract on the _Measure of Value_, p. 23, and cf. _Pol.
Ec._ (2nd ed.), p. 234.
Footnote 80:
Godwin’s _Thoughts on Parr’s Sermon_, 1801, p. 54; cf. Godwin’s
_Population_ (1820), Bk. i. 27.
Footnote 81:
Godwin’s _Life_, by Kegan Paul, vol. i. 321.
Footnote 82:
Hansard, _sub dato_, p. 1429.
Footnote 83:
Empson in _Edinburgh Review_, Jan. 1837, p. 483; cf. _Essay on
Population_, 7th ed. p. 473 n. Empson’s authorship of that article
appears from Macvey Napier’s _Correspondence_, p. 187. See below, Book
V.
Footnote 84:
_Works_, vol. viii. p. 440.
Footnote 85:
_Thoughts on Parr’s Sermon_, p. 56.
Footnote 86:
_Essay_, 1st ed., pp. 17, 47, 48; _Origin of Species_, ch. iii. p. 50.
Hence Sir Chas. Lyell even denies the originality of Darwin and
Wallace (_Antiquity of Man_, ch. xxi p. 456).
Footnote 87:
Cf. A. R. Wallace, _Contributions to Theory of Natural Selection_, and
the discussions raised thereupon, 1868. See also _Essays in
Philosophical Criticism_ (1883), Essay VIII., _The Struggle for
Existence_, in which some of the mixed motives are further described.
Footnote 88:
Appendix to 5th ed., 1817; 7th ed., p. 526. Cf. Bacon (Essay
XXXVIII.), “to bend nature like a wand to a contrary extreme whereby
to set it aright.” Adam Smith had used the simile of a bent stick to
describe the reaction of the French Economists against the Mercantile
theorists (_Wealth of Nations_, IV. ix. 300).
Footnote 89:
_Essay_, 1st ed., p. 367. Cf. Senior’s _Lectures on Population_, p.
79, and p. 75, where he compares such progress to the exploits of the
snail which every day climbed up a wall four feet and fell back three.
Footnote 90:
_Essay_, 1st ed., p. 10.
Footnote 91:
Cf. St. Matth. xix. 12.
Footnote 92:
MS. notes on p. vii of S. T. Coleridge’s copy of the 2nd ed. of the
_Essay_, in Brit. Museum (from the library of his executor, Dr. Joseph
H. Green).
Footnote 93:
See Otter’s biographical preface to Malthus’ _Pol. Ec._ (1836), p.
xxxvi, and Otter’s _Life of Clarke_ (1825), i. 437, &c.
Footnote 94:
See below, Book II. chap. iv.
Footnote 95:
2nd ed., Book IV. chap, xii.; 7th ed., p. 477.
Footnote 96:
2nd ed., I. ii. 10, 11; cf. xiv. 180; 7th ed., pp. 8 note, 262, &c.
Footnote 97:
2nd ed., p. 11.
Footnote 98:
7th ed., p. 351; so I. ix. 82, “moral impossibility” of increase, in a
case where there is plenty of food, but bad distribution makes it
unattainable. The impossibility is due not to physical law but to
human institutions (_mores_).
Footnote 99:
Malthus, _Essay_, 1st ed., p. 387.
Footnote 100:
In an unpublished MS. quoted in his _Life_, i. 76. His published
writings contain nothing quite so strong.
Footnote 101:
See below, Book III.
Footnote 102:
_Essay_, 7th ed., B. IV. chap. vi. and ix.
Footnote 103:
_Wealth of Nations_, B. V. ch. i. Pt. iii. Art. 2.
Footnote 104:
_Essay_, Book IV. ch. ix. of 7th ed., esp. p. 439.
Footnote 105:
Cf. even _Essay_, 1st ed., pp. 33, 34, and 324. But see later, B. II.
chaps. ii. and iii.
Footnote 106:
7th ed., Append., p. 495. Cf. Miss Martineau’s _Autob._, vol. i. p.
211; cf. pp. 209, 210.
Footnote 107:
_Life_, vol. i. ch. ix. p. 233.
Footnote 108:
Ingloriously, because of the severe chapter he wrote in the _Political
Justice_, ‘Of Pensions and Salaries’ (ch. ix. of Bk. VI.).
Footnote 109:
Cf. _Essay_, 7th ed., II. xiii. p. 259.
Footnote 110:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 2.
Footnote 111:
2nd ed., p. 3.
Footnote 112:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 3.
Footnote 113:
1st ed.; see p. 16, above. “Food” in such propositions includes all
the outward conditions necessary to life.
Footnote 114:
2nd ed., p. 4; 7th ed., p. 3.
Footnote 115:
_l. c._ Franklin’s _Observations concerning the Increase of Mankind_,
1751.
Footnote 116:
_Dissertation on the Poor Laws by a well-wisher to Mankind_ (1786),
pp. 42–45, 53. He is quoting Dampier’s _Voyages_, vol. i. pt. ii p.
88.
Footnote 117:
It is fair to say that Ulloa, B. II. ch. iv., says “two or three
goats.”
Footnote 118:
2nd ed., p. 4; cf. 7th ed., p. 3.
Footnote 119:
Carey (H. C.) has certainly made a good case for the reverse. See
_Princ. of Social Science_, vol. i. ch. iv. (1858).
Footnote 120:
Letter to Senior, Appendix to Senior’s _Lectures on Population_, pp.
60–72.
Footnote 121:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 5.
Footnote 122:
He might have been warned from such by “οὐ γεωμετρικαῖς ἀλλ’ ἐρωτικαῖς
ἀνάγκαις” (Plato, _Republic_, v. 458). But Bacon had applied the same
figure still more widely: “Custom goes in arithmetical, Nature in
geometrical progression” (_Advancement of L_., VI. iii. 259).
Footnote 123:
Cf. what is said of the cosmology of Malthus above, pp. 34 _seq._
Footnote 124:
Or, keeping in view Mr. Carey’s exception, we should say not perhaps
the first crop, but the earliest in which the farmer did justice to
the known resources of the best land.
Footnote 125:
_Political Arithmetic—Essay on the Multiplication of Mankind_, 1682,
pp. 7, 13 _seq._, especially p. 21 (ed. 1755).
Footnote 126:
Sir James Caird, _Landed Interest_, 4th ed., 1880, p. 177.
Footnote 127:
But see below, Bk. II. ch. i.
Footnote 128:
2nd ed., I. i. p. 8; 7th ed., p. 6.
Footnote 129:
_Essay_, IV. iii., 7th ed., p. 407.
Footnote 130:
_Encycl. Brit., art. Population._ Cf. _Essay_, 7th ed., p. 236 n.
Footnote 131:
Sweden was a favourite with statisticians because Sweden alone at that
time furnished sound statistics. For an account of the American
population down to 1880, and its probable future, see Mr. Giffen’s
Address on the Utility of Common Statistics (Stat. Soc., Dec. 1882).
Footnote 132:
1804–24, or simply from the first census, 1801, to the third, 1821.
The increase was such as would double the population of England in
fifty-one years at the least (_Essay_, II. ix., 7th ed., p. 217).
Footnote 133:
_Encycl. Brit._, _l. c._
Footnote 134:
_Essay_, III. xiv., 7th ed., p. 387.
Footnote 135:
Caird, _Landed Interest_, pp. 18, 46.
Footnote 136:
_Encycl. Brit._, _l. c._
Footnote 137:
Apart, he ought to have said, from prudence in marriage, which would
allow each man’s share to be much more than a bare living. But see
below, Bk. II. ch. ii.
Footnote 138:
See below, Bk. II. ch. iii.
Footnote 139:
By the “law” of decreasing returns. See below, Bk. II. ch. i.
Footnote 140:
Mr. Giffen, in the Address above quoted, speaks as if Malthus
considered the positive checks as the “natural checks” (p. 531). This,
however, is against his distinct statement in _Essay_, 7th ed., App.
p. 480.
Footnote 141:
This is probably the meaning of the author’s phrase, “alter the
_proportionate amount_ of the checks to population, or the degree in
which they press upon the actual numbers” (_Encyclop._, _l. c._, p.
415).
Footnote 142:
See his letter of that date in Macvey Napier’s _Correspondence_, p.
29.
Footnote 143:
It was not published till 1824. It was certainly written after the
results of the Census of 1821 had been published.
Footnote 144:
Pref. to 2nd ed., pp. iv, v; 7th ed., p. vi.
Footnote 145:
p. 52.
Footnote 146:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 11 n.; 7th ed., p. 9 n.
Footnote 147:
2nd ed., Pref. p. vii.
Footnote 148:
2nd ed., Bk. I. ch. ii. p. 10.
Footnote 149:
Adds the 3rd ed.
Footnote 150:
3rd ed., p. 21; 7th ed., p. 9.
Footnote 151:
3rd ed. _l. c._
Footnote 152:
2nd ed., p. 13; 7th ed., p. 10. His own book has helped to make this
less true.
Footnote 153:
2nd ed., pp. 14, 15. With this description of the “cycle” compare the
view of Marx as given below in Book IV.
Footnote 154:
Miss Martineau, _Autob._, vol. i. p. 210.
Footnote 155:
Reply to Malthus, p. 20. Cf. below, Book IV.
Footnote 156:
Pref. to 2nd ed., p. vi.
Footnote 157:
2nd ed., Pref. p. vi. True even then, and much more afterwards.
Footnote 158:
Godwin, _On Population_, I. iv. 31, 32.
Footnote 159:
2nd ed., p. 31; 7th ed., p. 23.
Footnote 160:
_Démocratie en Amérique_, Pt. II. ch. x. p. 278. The author is in
thorough agreement with Malthus.
Footnote 161:
2nd ed., p. 39; 7th ed., p. 28.
Footnote 162:
2nd ed., p. 25; 7th ed., p. 18.
Footnote 163:
_Ibid._ p. 43; 7th ed., p. 31.
Footnote 164:
_Ibid._ p. 39; 7th ed., p. 28.
Footnote 165:
2nd ed., p. 44; 7th ed., p. 32.
Footnote 166:
Malthus in _Edin. Rev._, July 1803, p. 345.
Footnote 167:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 25; 7th ed., p. 18.
Footnote 168:
_Ibid._ p. 29; 7th ed., p. 21.
Footnote 169:
2nd ed., pp. 37, 45; 7th ed., pp. 27, 32.
Footnote 170:
Though, like Coleridge (MS. note in another place), he mentions
brandy.
Footnote 171:
2nd ed., pp. 43, 92; 7th ed., pp. 31, 64. Cf. I. vi., 2nd ed., p. 82
n.; 7th ed., p. 57 n.
Footnote 172:
See above, pp. 35, 36.
Footnote 173:
_E. g._ 2nd ed., II. ii. 199; 7th ed., p. 135.
Footnote 174:
Compare the suggestive remarks of Rogers, _Six Centuries_, pp. 270,
271. He thinks that a movement like Lollardism could not have
succeeded in times of utter depression.
Footnote 175:
_Essay_, Book I. ch. v.
Footnote 176:
_E. g._ cannibalism and late marriages.
Footnote 177:
2nd ed., p. 46; 7th ed., p. 33. Cf. pp. 290 and 339.
Footnote 178:
In _Essays_, vol. i., Essay XI., _Populousness of Ancient Nations_, p.
444 (ed. 1768).
Footnote 179:
Cf. Plato, _Repub._, ii.
Footnote 180:
2nd ed., p. 57; 7th ed., p. 41.
Footnote 181:
Behm and Wagner (Bevölk. d. Erde, 1882) give it at 16,300.
Footnote 182:
2nd ed., p. 57 n.; 7th ed., p. 40 n.
Footnote 183:
Report of Admiral D’Horsey to the Admiralty, 1878.
Footnote 184:
See above, pp. 17, 18.
Footnote 185:
Behm and Wagner say ninety-three.
Footnote 186:
_Essay_, Book I. ch. vi.
Footnote 187:
See above, p. 83.
Footnote 188:
2nd ed., p. 68 n.; 3rd ed., p. 115 n. He afterwards altered “totally”
to “often entirely,” 7th ed., p. 47 n.
Footnote 189:
_Wealth of Nations_, Book IV. ch. vii. Part iii. p. 286 (ed. MacC.).
Footnote 190:
2nd ed., p. 66; 7th ed., p. 46.
Footnote 191:
His own word: 2nd ed., p. 67; 7th ed., p. 47.
Footnote 192:
Gen. xiii. 1–9. _Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 65; 7th ed., p. 45.
Footnote 193:
See _e. g._ Mackenzie Wallace: _Russia_, vol. ii. pp. 48, 90, &c.
Footnote 194:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 72; 7th ed., pp. 50, 51.
Footnote 195:
_Gibbon_, ch. ix. p. 175.
Footnote 196:
Tacitus, _Germ._ 14.
Footnote 197:
2nd ed., pp. 74, 77; 7th ed., pp. 52, 53.
Footnote 198:
Ch. ix. 176: “indeed the _impossibility_ of the supposition.”
Footnote 199:
_Grandeur et Décadence des Romains_, ch. xvi. p. 138, ed. 1876.
Footnote 200:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 76; 7th ed., p. 53.
Footnote 201:
_Ibid._ Bk. I. ch. vii.
Footnote 202:
2nd ed., p. 99; 7th ed., p. 68.
Footnote 203:
7th ed., p. 82.
Footnote 204:
2nd ed., p. 92; 7th ed., p. 63.
Footnote 205:
2nd ed., p. 94; 7th ed., p. 65.
Footnote 206:
_Ibid._ p. 104; 7th ed., p. 72.
Footnote 207:
Coleridge (MS. notes) reminds our author that Mahomet allowed
oblations of _sand_ for water.
Footnote 208:
Cf. above, p. 96, &c.
Footnote 209:
2nd ed., III. xi. 474–5; 7th ed., III. xiv. 381.
Footnote 210:
Especially Book I. ch. x., the chapter on Turkey.
Footnote 211:
_Essay_, Bk. I. ch. xii., ‘China and Japan.’
Footnote 212:
2nd ed., p. 162; 7th ed., p. 112.
Footnote 213:
_Ibid._ p. 175; 7th ed., p. 120.
Footnote 214:
See _Essay_, Bk. I. chs. xiii., xiv.
Footnote 215:
Sparta is the chief Greek instance.
Footnote 216:
2nd ed., p. 172; 7th ed., p. 118.
Footnote 217:
2nd ed., p. 150; cf. pp. 164, 172–3. 7th ed., p. 104; cf. pp. 113,
118.
Footnote 218:
See above, p. 99.
Footnote 219:
1st ed., p. 119; 7th ed., Appendix, p. 515.
Footnote 220:
_Essay_, 7th ed., p. 122.
Footnote 221:
2nd ed., p. 254; 7th ed., p. 246. Cf. 2nd ed., pp. 172, 175, and 67;
7th ed., pp. 118, 120, and 47. Cf. Hume, _Pop. of Anc. N._, pp. 487,
and especially 504.
Footnote 222:
7th ed., pp. 163, 387, 394; 2nd ed., pp. 113, 287, 292. Cf. 1st ed.,
pp. 118–19, 123 n.
Footnote 223:
2nd ed., p. 178; 7th ed., p. 122.
Footnote 224:
7th ed., p. 380, top.
Footnote 225:
2nd ed., p. 175; 7th ed., p. 120.
Footnote 226:
2nd ed., p. 175; 7th ed., p. 120.
Footnote 227:
2nd ed., p. 180; 7th ed., p. 124. “It is therefore upon these causes
alone,—independently of [2nd ed. says ‘besides’] actual
enumerations,—on which we can with certainty rely.”
Footnote 228:
Dr. Wallace, _Dissertation_, p. 55, had given Attica in its palmy days
a population of 608 to the square mile; England in the nineteenth
century has only 445, and crowded Belgium 487.
Footnote 229:
_Essay_, 1st ed., p. 54; 7th ed., pp. 120, 122; cf. pp. 262, 434. Cf.
_Wealth of Nations_, IV. vii. 254, 255.
Footnote 230:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 598; 7th ed., p. 476.
Footnote 231:
_l. c._ cf. 2nd ed., pp. 175, 178; 7th ed., pp. 120, 122.
Footnote 232:
_Essay on Population_, 2nd ed., p. 180; 7th ed., p. 124.
Footnote 233:
_E. g._ II. iii. 152, 1; IV. ix. 304, 2 (ed. MacC.).
Footnote 234:
_E. g._ 7th ed., pp. 307, 434, 473–4.
Footnote 235:
Taine, _Angleterre_, pp. 176, 232–3.
Footnote 236:
_Ibid._ p. 233.
Footnote 237:
_Wealth of Nations_, III. iv. 183, 2, &c.
Footnote 238:
Bacon, _Nov. Org._, I. xlv.
Footnote 239:
See below, Bk. IV.
Footnote 240:
Except the hog, adds Gibbon, _Decl. and F._, ch. ix. p. 171 n.
Footnote 241:
See above, p. 48.
Footnote 242:
The phrase on p. 216 of 2nd ed. (p. 148 of 7th), “in the preceding
summer of 1788,” is probably a slip. We do not hear elsewhere of any
visit so early. See below, Bk. V.
Footnote 243:
See above, p. 49. Cf. 2nd ed., p. 281; 7th ed., p. 173, &c.
Footnote 244:
For his other movements and other details of his life, see Bk. V.
(Biography).
Footnote 245:
2nd and 7th edd., Bk. II. ch. i.
Footnote 246:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 189; 7th ed., p. 129.
Footnote 247:
The Russian figures being incredible. See later, p. 133.
Footnote 248:
2nd ed., p. 184; 7th ed., p. 126.
Footnote 249:
2nd ed., pp. 188, 189; 7th ed., pp. 128, 129. Cf. Thornton’s chapter
(II.) on the “Social Effects of Peasant Proprietorships,” _Peas.
Prop._ (ed. 1874), p. 55.
Footnote 250:
In 6th ed., 1826. See 7th ed., p. 144.
Footnote 251:
_English Blue Book on Foreign Poor Laws_, 1875, p. 109.
Footnote 252:
_Statesman’s Year Book_, 1880, p. 439.
Footnote 253:
_Essay_, 7th ed., p 112.
Footnote 254:
_E. g._ that of _Essay_, 7th ed., p. 130.
Footnote 255:
_Essay_, 7th ed., p. 139; cf. pp. 151, 152.
Footnote 256:
_Ibid._ p. 152.
Footnote 257:
_Essay_, Bk. II. ch. ii.
Footnote 258:
_Ibid._ Bk. II. ch. iii.
Footnote 259:
2nd ed., pp. 213–14; 7th ed., pp. 146, 147.
Footnote 260:
2nd ed., pp. 214–15; 7th ed., p. 147, foot.
Footnote 261:
_Ibid._ p. 218; 7th ed., p. 150. Cf. above, p. 30.
Footnote 262:
2nd ed., p. 219; 7th ed., p. 151. Compare Price, _Observations_, p.
280 note; and especially Hume, _Pop. of Anc. N._, p. 445 (ed. 1768).
Footnote 263:
_Essay_, ibid.
Footnote 264:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 220; 7th ed., p. 151.
Footnote 265:
_Ibid._ p. 221; 7th ed., p. 152.
Footnote 266:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., pp. 216–17; 7th ed., p. 149.
Footnote 267:
_Ibid._ 7th ed., Bk. II. chs. iv. to x., as rearranged in the 3rd ed.
Footnote 268:
_Six Centuries of Work and Wages_, pp. 118, 119.
Footnote 269:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., II. v. p. 245; 7th ed., II. iv. p. 159. Cf. 2nd ed.,
p. 320; 7th ed., p. 206.
Footnote 270:
_Ibid._ 2nd ed., p. 347; 7th ed., p. 260.
Footnote 271:
_Ibid._ 2nd ed., p. 348; 7th ed., p. 260.
Footnote 272:
See above, p. 18.
Footnote 273:
So in substance Cairnes in his rehabilitation of the Wages Fund.
_Leading Principles_, pp. 196 seq. Cliffe Leslie _passim_.
Footnote 274:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 240; 7th ed., p. 155.
Footnote 275:
_Ibid._ p. 247; 7th ed., p. 160.
Footnote 276:
“Partout où il se trouve une place où deux personnes peuvent vivre
commodément, il se fait un mariage.”—_Esprit des Lois_, Bk. XXIII. ch.
x. (not XXII., as in 7th ed.).
Footnote 277:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 247; 7th ed., p. 160.
Footnote 278:
_Ibid._ 2nd ed., p. 221; 7th ed., p. 152.
Footnote 279:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., pp. 248–9; 7th ed., pp. 161–2.
Footnote 280:
_Ibid._
Footnote 281:
2nd ed., p. 246; 7th ed., p. 159. The Italics are the author’s.
Footnote 282:
_Ibid._ p. 247; 7th ed., p. 160.
Footnote 283:
_Ibid._
Footnote 284:
2nd ed., p. 205; 7th ed., p. 139.
Footnote 285:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., pp. 387 _seq._; 7th ed., pp. 287 _seq._
Footnote 286:
_Ibid._
Footnote 287:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 391; 7th ed., pp. 289–90.
Footnote 288:
_Ibid._
Footnote 289:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 393; 7th ed., p. 291.
Footnote 290:
2nd ed., p. 395; 7th ed., p. 292.
Footnote 291:
_Ibid._
Footnote 292:
Appointed in March 1826, in the last thirteen months of Lord
Liverpool’s Government. Malthus came before them on 5th May, 1827. See
_Third Report of Emigration Committee_, pp. 9, 10, and for his
evidence pp. 311 _seq._
Footnote 293:
1st Report, 1826 (May); 2nd, 1827 (April). The free use of technical
terms is not surprising, for political economy was then a popular
study. For examples see 1st Report, pp. 46, 57; 2nd Report, pp. 63,
102; 3rd Report, pp. 261, 308.
Footnote 294:
2nd Report.
Footnote 295:
3rd Report, 1827 (June).
Footnote 296:
p. 9.
Footnote 297:
Cf. below, ch. vii. (on Ireland), especially pp. 197 and 199.
Footnote 298:
3rd Report, p. 315, qu. 3257.
Footnote 299:
The Emigration Committee recommended that the help of the state should
only be given on condition of a local initiative and local
contribution.
Footnote 300:
See _e. g._ qu. 3370.
Footnote 301:
7th ed., p. 292.
Footnote 302:
_W. of N._, I. viii. 36 (MacC.’s ed.). “Other” is not a slip; the
writer is conscious of his cynicism.
Footnote 303:
_Essay_, III. iv. 293, of which the concluding paragraph was added in
1817.
Footnote 304:
_Essay_, 7th ed., Bk. II. ch. v.
Footnote 305:
2nd ed., pp. 275–6; 7th ed., p. 169.
Footnote 306:
Or “Leyzin,” as Malthus spells it.
Footnote 307:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 271; 7th ed., p. 166.
Footnote 308:
Average sixty-one years.
Footnote 309:
2nd ed., p. 274; 7th ed., p. 168.
Footnote 310:
2nd ed., p. 280; 7th ed., p. 173, top. The remark savours of paradox.
Footnote 311:
_Ibid._ p. 280, foot; 7th ed., p. 173.
Footnote 312:
_Ibid._ p. 281; 7th ed., p. 173.
Footnote 313:
See above, p. 127.
Footnote 314:
Compare above on “oscillations,” p. 147, and below, Bk. II. chs. ii.
and iii.
Footnote 315:
_Essay_, 7th ed., Bk. II. chs. vi., vii.
Footnote 316:
2nd ed., p. 285; 7th ed., p. 175.
Footnote 317:
2nd ed., p. 296; cf. 7th ed., p. 182 n. “Indeed in adopting Sir F.
d’Ivernois’s calculations respecting the actual loss of men during the
Revolution, I never thought myself borne out by facts, but the reader
will be aware that I adopted them rather for the sake of illustration
than from supposing them strictly true.”
Footnote 318:
7th ed., p. 188.
Footnote 319:
7th ed., p. 176; cf. p. 175.
Footnote 320:
7th ed., pp. 177, 181 n.
Footnote 321:
_Ibid._, p. 178 and n.
Footnote 322:
Not above suspicion. See 7th ed., p. 176 n.
Footnote 323:
The military advantage of an increasing population is pointed out also
in the article on Newenham’s ‘Ireland,’ _Edin. Rev._, July 1808, p.
350.
Footnote 324:
Cf. Josiah Tucker, _On Trade_, p. 17 (3rd ed., 1753).
Footnote 325:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 297 n; 7th ed., p. 185, which omits one clause.
Cf. 2nd ed., pp. 290–1; 7th ed., pp. 179, 180.
Footnote 326:
2nd ed., p. 291; 7th ed., pp. 179, 180. Cf. the often-quoted passages
about the bleak rock and the garden, written (be it remarked) before
and not after the Revolution, in Arthur Young’s _Travels in France_
(Bury St. Edmunds, 1792), pp. 36, 37, 42; cf. p. 341.
Footnote 327:
_E. g._ 5th, 1817; 7th ed., ch. vii.
Footnote 328:
7th ed., p. 188.
Footnote 329:
Arthur Young, _Travels in France_, pp. 410, 437.
Footnote 330:
_Essay_, 7th ed., p. 189.
Footnote 331:
Cf. Fyffe, _Mod. Europe_, i. 124.
Footnote 332:
_Essay_, 7th ed., p. 189.
Footnote 333:
A characteristic utilitarian touch. 2nd ed., p. 295, top; 7th ed., p.
183.
Footnote 334:
_Ibid._
Footnote 335:
2nd ed., p. 294; 7th ed., p. 183.
Footnote 336:
_Essay_, 7th ed., p. 320 (III. vii.).
Footnote 337:
Levasseur, _France avec ses Colonies_ (1875), p. 842. According to
Anderson, _Chron. Ded._, Vol. III. p. xliii, some said twenty, others
seventeen. But Mr. Kitchin cites Vauban to show that there had been a
decline in population from fifteen to thirteen millions between the
beginning of the war of Succession and the end of it (1702,
1713).—_History of France_, vol. iii. p. 342. Cf. Fox Bourne’s _Life
of Locke_, i. p. 350; Vauban’s _Dîme Royale_, pp. 162–3.
Footnote 338:
Josiah Tucker, _Essay on Trade_ (3rd ed., 1753), p. 14. There may be
rhetorical exaggeration in his statements. “The subordination of the
common people is an unspeakable advantage to the French in respect to
trade. By this means the manufacturers [workmen] are always kept
industrious. They dare not run into debauchery; to drunkenness they
are not inclined. They are [practically by the law of military
service] obliged to enter into the married state, whereby they raise
up large families to labour, and keep down the price of it; and
consequently, by working cheaper, enable the merchant to sell the
cheaper.”
Footnote 339:
_Wealth of Nations_, IV. iii. pp. 220–1.
Footnote 340:
See above, p. 155. Levasseur makes it twenty-five; Arthur Young, who
considers France over-populated by five or six millions, makes it
twenty-six (_Travels in France_, pp. 468–9; cf. p. 474). Price had
made it thirty.
Footnote 341:
_Grounds of an Opinion_, &c., p. 12. See below, Bk. II. ch. i.
Footnote 342:
Census as given in _Annuaire de l’Économie Politique_ (1882), p. 899.
Footnote 343:
_Political Economy_ (1820), pp. 433 _seq._ Cliffe Leslie (_Mor. and
Pol. Essays_, 1879, p. 424) attributes the few births to the very Law
of Succession of which Malthus was afraid.
Footnote 344:
In the country districts at least. On the relation of luxury to trade,
&c., see below, Bk. II. ch. iii. p. 268.
Footnote 345:
_E. g._ by M. Levasseur in _La France avec ses Colonies_ (1875), p.
853.
Footnote 346:
Appendix to _Wealth of Nations_, note iv. p. 465.
Footnote 347:
Levasseur, _l. c._ pp. 845, 846 ft.
Footnote 348:
_Times_, Jan. 1883.
Footnote 349:
_English Registrar-General’s 45th Report_, for 1882, pp. cii, cvii.
Footnote 350:
Levasseur, _La France_, _l. c._
Footnote 351:
E. g. _Times_, _l. c._
Footnote 352:
_Essay_, 7th ed., IV. xiii. p. 474; 2nd ed., IV. xi. p. 594.
Footnote 353:
2nd ed., II. ix.; 7th ed., II. viii, ix.
Footnote 354:
1st ed., pp. 63, 64.
Footnote 355:
1st ed., pp. 65–6; cf. 2nd ed., p. 300, and 7th ed., p. 193.
Footnote 356:
See below, Bk. II. ch. iv., &c.
Footnote 357:
The numbers given then were five millions.—Froude, _Hist. of England_,
i. 3.
Footnote 358:
See Hansard, _Parl. Hist._, xiv. 1317.
Footnote 359:
Not unfelt in 1801. So Arthur Young speaks as if the agricultural
interest had not unfrequently regarded the Board of Agriculture as a
new instrument of taxation. (_Report on Suffolk_, p. 16.)
Footnote 360:
In charge of Rev. Alexander Webster.
Footnote 361:
_Parl. Hist._, vol. xv. p. 69, quoted by Mahon, _Hist. of England_,
sub dato, ch. xxxi. p. 39. Cf. Trevelyan, _Early Life of Fox_, ch. i.
p. 14.
Footnote 362:
Dr. Adam Anderson, _Chronological Deduc. of Commerce_, Introd., p.
xliii.; first printed in 1762.
Footnote 363:
See especially _Estimate_ (7th ed., 1758), Vol. I. Pt. II. sect. viii.
pp. 186 _seq._
Footnote 364:
_Chron. Ded._, ibid.
Footnote 365:
_I. e._ to the discussion described by Dr. Anderson. Cf. Malthus,
_Essay_, 7th ed., p. 164. Muret’s pessimistic paper was printed in
1766.
Footnote 366:
In his _Political Arithmetic_, 1774.
Footnote 367:
_Estimate of the Comparative Strength of Britain during the present
and four preceding Reigns_, by George Chalmers, F.R.S., S.A., 1st ed.,
1782.
Footnote 368:
_Natural and Political Observations_, 1696. _Apud_ Davenant and
Chalmers.
Footnote 369:
_Primitive Origination of Mankind._
Footnote 370:
_Political Survey of Great Britain_, 1774.
Footnote 371:
Cf. Chalmers, _Estimate_, p. 4, Pref. p. cxxxviii., and John Howlett’s
_Examination of Dr. Price’s Essay_ (Maidstone), 1781.
Footnote 372:
Cf. Macaulay, _History_, ch. iii. 137.
Footnote 373:
_Observations_, supplement, p. 366. Cf. Malthus, _Essay_, App. p. 519.
Arthur Young, _France_, p. 409. The whole subject will be considered
later in connection with Scotland.
Footnote 374:
See _Observations on Smuggling_, 1779.
Footnote 375:
But see the _caveat_ in the _Registrar-General’s 44th Report_ (for
1881), p. vi.: The price of wheat and the marriage rate do not always
vary inversely.
Footnote 376:
In the same way the returns to the Board of Agriculture at the end of
the century are full of (not quite disinterested) praises of
enclosures as an encouragement of population.
Footnote 377:
Lecky, _Eighteenth Cent._, i. 261, 479 _seq._ Restrictions on the sale
were successfully adopted by Pelham in 1751, at the time when the
question of depopulation was coming to the front.
Footnote 378:
An unsafe presumption. See below, Bk. II. ch. ii., &c.
Footnote 379:
_E. g._ inoculation.
Footnote 380:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 317; 7th ed., p. 198, compared with 7th ed., p.
189, &c., above, pp. 115–16.
Footnote 381:
_Essay_, 7th ed., p. 198 note; first printed in 3rd ed. (1806), p. 461
n.
Footnote 382:
2nd ed., p. 302 n.; 7th ed., p. 194 n.
Footnote 383:
This is asserted in the _Preliminary Report_ to the last English
census (1881). Against the idea, see the _Annual Register’s_ reviews
of Eden’s work on the _Poor_ (1797), and of his _Estimate_ of English
numbers (1800). The _Register_ had numbered Burke and Godwin among its
writers, and was not likely to be behind public opinion.
Footnote 384:
See the review of Arthur Young’s _Question of Scarcity plainly
stated_, 1800, in _Ann. Register_, sub dato.
Footnote 385:
Chairman of the Committee on the Public Finances 1797, Speaker of the
Commons 1802, Lord Colchester 1817.
Footnote 386:
2nd ed., p. 318; 7th ed., p. 204. Cf. 2nd ed., p. 317; 7th ed., pp.
192, 203, 206, 219, &c.
Footnote 387:
2nd ed., p. 311; 7th ed., pp. 201, 202, foot. Compare _44th Rept. of
Reg.-Gen._ (England), p. v.
Footnote 388:
As _e. g._ in 1800–1 compared with 1802–3; 7th ed., p. 214.
Footnote 389:
2nd ed., p. 319; 7th ed., p. 205. Cf. passages cited on last page.
Footnote 390:
Cf. _Essay_, 2nd ed., pp. 308–9; 7th ed., pp. 198–9.
Footnote 391:
2nd ed., pp. 312–13; 7th ed., p. 201. The 2nd ed. has a reference to
“the late scarcities” wanting in the later edds. Registration, be it
remembered, was then of baptisms and burials, not births and deaths.
Footnote 392:
See above, p. 176. Cf. on the other hand the concession, 2nd ed., p.
317; 7th ed., p. 203, middle.
Footnote 393:
_Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 319; 7th ed., pp. 205–6.
Footnote 394:
7th ed., p. 188.
Footnote 395:
Rickman himself allowed their defectiveness. See _Essay_, 2nd ed., p.
304; 7th ed., p. 196. Cf. above, p. 179.
Footnote 396:
2nd ed., p. 302; 7th ed., p. 194. By the _Registrar-General’s Report_
for 1882 it was as 1 in 64½ in that year.
Footnote 397:
2nd ed., p. 303; 7th ed., p. 195.
Footnote 398:
7th ed., p. 205.
Footnote 399:
2nd ed., pp. 213–14; 7th ed., p. 202.
Footnote 400:
_45th Report of Registrar-General_ (England), (1882), p. ci.
Footnote 401:
7th ed., p. 210.
Footnote 402:
2nd ed., p. 302; 7th ed., p. 194 n.
Footnote 403:
Numbers calculated by “natural increment,” _i. e._ births
and deaths—26,138,248; numbers actually
enumerated—25,968,286.—_Preliminary Report_, p. iii.
Footnote 404:
’31–’41, incr. 14.52; ’71–’81, incr. 14.34.
Footnote 405:
Or three and a quarter millions of people to England and Wales alone.
Footnote 406:
7th ed., II. ix. p. 215 (written first in 5th ed., 1817).
Footnote 407:
_Essay_, 7th ed., p. 258; cf. _Prel. Rept. Census_, 1881, p. ix.
Footnote 408:
The account of Scotland in the _Essay_, Bk. II. ch. x., is taken from
the _Statistical Account_ of Sir John Sinclair, 1791–99. Sinclair was
acting, on the south side of the Tweed, as President of the Board of
Agriculture. See below, Bk. II. ch. i. p. 218.
Footnote 409:
There was very little in Scotland. It is only once mentioned by Adam
Smith. MacCulloch says “never,” but he had overlooked _Wealth of
Nations_, IV. vii. 251–2.
Footnote 410:
The last of late introduction. See _Reports to Board of Agriculture:
Central Highlands_ (1794), p. 21.
Footnote 411:
2nd ed., p. 384; 7th ed., p. 229.
Footnote 412:
Not feudal but pre-feudal, or allodial. See _Wealth of Nations_, III.
iv. 183, 1.
Footnote 413:
_Wealth of Nations_, ibid.
Footnote 414:
Selkirk, _Highlands_, 1805, p. 25.
Footnote 415:
See the _Legend of Montrose_, &c.
Footnote 416:
Adam Smith, _l. c._; cf. I. viii 36, 1 (the often-quoted description
of “half-starved highland women” with their twenty children in
contrast to the “pampered fine lady” with few or none.)
Footnote 417:
_Reports to Board of Agriculture: Central Highlands_, 1794, p. 52.
Footnote 418:
_Wealth of Nations_, III. iv. 184, 1 (written 1774), a passage which
shows that the clearances and the consequent cry of Depopulation are
to be looked for as early as the middle of the century. We are
sometimes told that from the ’45 to the end of the century was the
golden age of highland farmers. But the willingness of the clansmen to
enter Chatham’s highland regiments would hardly imply great
contentment.
Footnote 419:
Cf. _Essay on Pop._, pp. 332 (2nd ed.), 227 (7th ed.), and Selkirk,
_l. c._, pp. 43 _seq._ _Contra_, see _Report of Crofters Commission_,
1884, p. 51.
Footnote 420:
Made under the Marquis of Stafford between 1807 and 1820, in which
year the popular odium was at its height, and the landlord made his
defence in a well-known pamphlet by his factor, James Loch.
Footnote 421:
Cf. Malthus, _Essay_, 7th ed., p. 229, top; cf. pp. 221 ft., 223 ft.;
2nd ed., pp. 326–7.
Footnote 422:
See Malthus, _Essay_, 7th ed., p. 227. Cf. Farr in _Statist. Journ._,
16th Feb. 1846.
Footnote 423:
Drawn chiefly from the _Statistical Account of Scotland_, 1791–99.
Footnote 424:
Lavergne, _Econ. Rur. de l’Angleterre_, ch. xx. p. 310.
Footnote 425:
The 6th simply adds the numbers of the people from the census of 1821,
with hardly any comment.
Footnote 426:
2nd ed. says “barbarism.”
Footnote 427:
2nd ed., “depressed.”
Footnote 428:
2nd ed. adds, “by the filth of their persons.”
Footnote 429:
2nd ed., pp. 334–5; 7th ed., p. 229. He refers to the rebellion of
1795–98, that was prelude to the Union of 1800, and was fresh in his
memory.
Footnote 430:
_Edin. Review_, July 1808, the only review in that journal assigned to
him by express testimony.
Footnote 431:
_3rd Report of Emigration Committee_ (1827), Evid., qu. 3225.
Footnote 432:
In the article on Newenham he incidentally utters the paradox that in
view of the low standard of food the people’s indolence is almost an
advantage, for it prevents wages falling quite down to that
level.—Art. p. 341. Cf. _Essay_, IV. xi. 456–7. For his view of
potatoes in Ireland, _ibid._, 453.
Footnote 433:
Cf. _Review of Newenham_, p. 352.
Footnote 434:
Cf. Rogers, _Six Centuries of Work and Wages_ (1884), p. 484.
Footnote 435:
In a sense already frequently noticed. So in answer 3401, where he
seems to accept the phrase “moral degradation” as applied to Ireland.
Footnote 436:
Cf. above, pp. 95 and 195 n. Professor Rogers must have forgotten such
passages as these when he wrote the 62nd and 63rd pages of his _Six
Centuries of Work and Wages_ (1884), though he furnishes his own
correction on a following page (484).
Footnote 437:
_Wealth of Nations_, V. iii. 430, 1, 2.
Footnote 438:
Sir Wm. Petty made it 1,100,000 in 1672. See MacCulloch, Append. to
_Wealth of Nations_, (IV.) 462.
Footnote 439:
See Sir H. Parnell’s evidence in _3rd Report to Emigration Committee_,
1827, p. 200. He thinks that between 1792 and 1821 the population of
Ireland had doubled itself.
Footnote 440:
Malthus, Evidence before Emigration Committee, 1827; _3rd Report_, qu.
3430, p. 327.
Footnote 441:
Querist (1735) 134: “Whether if there was a wall of brass a thousand
cubits high round this kingdom, our natives might not nevertheless
live cleanly and comfortably, till the land, and reap the fruits of
it?” The “caged rats” of the Corn Law pamphlets give us the other side
of the question.
Footnote 442:
“Of such consequence in the encouragement of any industry is a steady
unvarying policy.”——Arthur Young, _France_, p. 388.
Footnote 443:
See above, p. 151, &c.
Footnote 444:
See above, pp. 191–2.
Footnote 445:
_l. c._ p. 399. Cf. Lecky, _Eighteenth Cent._, vol. ii. pp. 222
_seq._; _Review of Newenham_, pp. 349, 350.
Footnote 446:
See above, p. 18.
Footnote 447:
7th ed., p. 378 ft. Cf. _Polit. Econ._, 1st ed., pp. 252, 290, and 394
_seq._
Footnote 448:
_Essay_, III. viii. 323 (first in 5th ed.). See later, p. 268, &c.
Footnote 449:
_Essay_, 7th ed., pp. 452–3; 2nd ed., pp. 575–6.
Footnote 450:
_Ibid._, p. 323 ft. (7th); MacCulloch, Appendix to _W. of N._, p. 467,
2.
Footnote 451:
_Essay on Pop._, 2nd ed., p. 576; 7th ed., p. 453 ft.
Footnote 452:
_Lavergne_, pp. 423–4.
Footnote 453:
Even in 1875 the Registrar-General’s Report showed that there were
then fewer marriages in Ireland than in England, in proportion to the
population, and that they came later. Cf. the _18th Report_, for
Ireland (1882), pp. 18, 19.
Footnote 454:
_Review of Newenham_, pp. 351–4.
Footnote 455:
See above, Bk. I. ch. i.
Footnote 456:
2nd ed., Bk. III. chs. i. to iii.; 7th ed., Bk. III. chs. i. and ii.
Footnote 457:
7th ed., ch. iii. (on Owen, &c.), which replaces a reply (2nd and 3rd
edd.) to Godwin’s first reply.
Footnote 458:
All except those on pauperism. When pauperism is reached, the thread
of the essay is again taken up.
Footnote 459:
_Pol. Econ._, 1820, Introd. p. 11. Cf. _Tract on Value_, p. 60 ft.,
and above, p. 37.
Footnote 460:
_High Price of Bullion_, 1809. See below, p. 285.
Footnote 461:
Malthus, _Pol. Econ._, Introd. pp. 2, 5, 22, &c.; _Essay on Pop._,
Pref. &c.; Ricardo, _Principles of Pol. Econ. and Taxn._ (1817), Pref.
Footnote 462:
Life of Ricardo in preface to _Works_, p. xxxi.
Footnote 463: