Canticles, i. 350;
Origen’s interpretation of, 333;
St. Bernard’s Sermons on, i. 337 _n._, =409-13=; ii. =169=, 368-9
Capella, Martianus, _De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii_ of, i. =71 and
n. 3=; ii. 553
_Caritas_, ii. 476-8;
in relation to faith, ii. 479-81;
to wisdom, ii. 481
Carloman, King of Austrasia, i. =199-200 and n.=, 209
Carloman (son of Pippin), i. 209-10
Carnuti, i. 296
Carolingian period:
_Breviarium_ epitomes current during, ii. 244, =249=
Continuity of, with Merovingian, i. 210-12
Criticism of records non-existent in, i. 234
Definiteness of statement a characteristic of, i. 225, =227=
Educational revival in, 218-19, 222, =236=; ii. 122, =158=;
palace school, i. =214=, 218, 229, 235
First stage of mediaeval learning represented by, ii. 330, 332
History as compiled in, i. 234-5
King’s law in, ii. 247
Latin poetry of, ii. 188, 194, 197
Latin prose of, ii. 158
Originality in, circumstances evoking, i. 232-3
Restatement of antique and patristic matter in, i. =237=, 342-3
Carthaginians, i. 25
Carthusian Order, origin of, i. 383-4
Cassian’s _Institutes_ and _Conlocations_, i. 335
Cassiodorus, life and works of, i. 93-7;
_Chronicon_, i. 94;
_Variae epistolae_, i. 94;
_De anima_, 94-5;
_Institutiones divinarum et saecularium litterarum_, i. =95-6=; ii.
357 _n. 2_;
otherwise mentioned, i. 6, 88-9, 115; ii. 312
Cathari, i. 49; ii. 283 _n._
Catullus, i. 25
Cavallini, i. 347
Celsus cited, ii. 235, 237
Celtic language, date of disuse of, i. 31 _and_ _n._
Celts:
Gaul, in, i. =125 and n.=, =126-7=, 129 _n. 1_
Goidelic and Brythonic, i. 127 _n._
Ireland, in, _see_ Irish
Italy invaded by (3rd cent. B.C.), i. 24
Latinized, i. 124
Teutons compared with, i. 125
Champagne, i. 240, =573=
Chandos, Sir John, i. 554-5
_Chanson de Roland_, i. 12 _n._, 528 _and_ _n. 2_, =559-62=
_Chansons de geste_, i. =558 seqq.=; ii. 222
Charlemagne, age of, _see_ Carolingian period;
estimate of, i. 213;
relations of, with the Church, i. =201=, 239; ii. 273;
relations with Angilbert, i. 234-5;
educational revival by, i. =213-14=; ii. 110, 122, =158=, 332;
book of Germanic poems compiled by order of, ii. 220;
Capitularies of, ii. 110, =248=;
open letters of, i. 213 _n._;
Einhard’s Life of, ii. 158-9;
poetic fame of, i. 210;
false Capitularies ascribed to, ii. 270;
empire of, non-enduring, i. 238;
otherwise mentioned, i. 9, 115, 153, 562; ii. 8
Charles Martel, i. 197, =198=, =209=; ii. 273
Charles II. (the Bald), King of France, i. 228, 235
Charles III. (the Simple), King of France, i. 239-40
Charles IV., King of France, i. 551
Chartres Cathedral, sculpture of, i. =20=, 297; ii. =82-5=
Chartres Schools:
Classics the study of, i. 298; ii. 119
Fulbert’s work at, i. 296-7, 299
Grammar as studied at, ii. 129-30
Medicine studied at, ii. 372
Orleans the rival of, ii. 119 _n. 2_
Trivium and quadrivium at, i. =298-9=; ii. 163
mentioned, i. 287, 293
Chartreuse, La Grande, founding of, i. 384 (_See also_ Carthusian)
Chaucer, ii. 95
Childeric, King, i. 119, 122
Chivalry:
Literature of:
Arthurian romances, _see that heading_
Aube (alba) poetry, i. =571=; ii. 30
_Chansons de geste_, i. 558 _seqq._
Nature of, i. 20
_Pastorelle_, i. 571
Pietistic ideal recognized in, ii. 288, 533
Poems of various nations cited, i. 570 =n.=
Religious phraseology in love poems, i. 350 _n. 2_
_Romans d’aventure_, i. =564-5=, 571 _n. 2_
Three branches of, i. 558
Nature of, i. 522, =570 n.=
Order of, evolution of, i. 524 _seqq._
(_See also_ Knighthood)
Chrétien de Troies, romances by, i. 566-=7=;
_Tristan_, i. 567;
_Perceval_, i. 567, =588-9=;
_Erec_ (Geraint), i. 567, 586; ii. 29 _n._;
_Lancelot_ or _Le Conte de la charrette_, i. 567, 569-70, =582-5=;
_Cligés_, i. 567, =586 n. 2=;
_Ivain_, i. =571 n. 2=, 586 _n. 3_; ii. 29 _n._;
translation of Ovid’s _Ars amatoria_, i. 574
Christianity:
Appropriation of, by mediaeval peoples, stages in, i. 17-18
Aquinas’ _Summa_ as concerning, ii. 324
Art, in, _see_ Art
Atonement doctrine, Anselm’s views on, i. 279
Basis of, ii. 268
Britain, in, i. 171-2
Buddhism contrasted with, i. 390
Catholic Church, _see_ Church
Completeness of scheme of, ii. 394-5
Dualistic element in, i. 59
Eleventh century, position in, i. 16
Emotional elements in:
Fear, i. 103, 339, 342, 383
Hate, i. 332, 339
Love, i. 331, =345=
Synthetic treatment of, i. 333
Emotionalizing of, angels as regarded in, i. 348 _n. 4_
Eternal punishment doctrine of, i. =65=, =339=, 486
Faith of, _see_ Faith
Feudalism in relation to, i. 524, 527-=9 and n. 2=, =530=
Fifth century, position in, i. 15
Gallo-Roman, i. 191-2
German language affected by, i. 202
Greek Fathers’ contribution to, i. 5
Greek philosophic admixture in, i. 33-4
Hell-fear in, i. 103, =339=, 342, =383=
Hymns, _see that heading_
Ideal _v._ actual, i. 354-5
Incarnation doctrine of, ii. 369
Irish missionaries of, _see under_ Irish
Latin as modified for expression of, ii. 152, =154=, 156, 164, 171
Marriage as regarded by, ii. 8, 529
Martyrs for, _see_ Martyrs
Mediaeval development in relation to, i. 11, 170
Mediation doctrine of, i. 54, 59-60
Militant character of, in early centuries, i. =69-70=, 75
Miracles, attitude toward, i. 50-1
Monasticism, _see that heading_
Neo-Platonism compared with, i. 51
Pagan ethics inconsistent with, i. 66
Pessimism of, toward mortal life, i. 64
Saints, _see that heading_
Salvation:
Master motive, as, i. 59, =61=, 79, 89
Scholasticism’s main interest, as, ii. =296-7=, 300, 311
Standard of discrimination, as, ii. =530=, =533=, 559
Scriptures, _see that heading_
Teutonic acceptance of, _see under_ Teutons
Trinity doctrine of:
Abaelard’s works on, ii. 10, =298-9=, 352-3, 355
Aquinas on, ii. 449-50, 456
Bonaventura on, ii. 416-17
Dante’s vision, ii. 551
Peter Lombard’s Book on, ii. 323
Roscellin on, ii. 340
Vernacular presentation of, ii. 221
Visions, _see that heading_
Chronicles, mediaeval, ii. 175
Chrysostom, i. 53
Church, Roman Catholic:
Authority of, Duns’ views on, ii. 516
Bishops, _see that heading_
British Church’s divergencies from, 171-2
Canon Law, _see that heading_
Charlemagne’s relations with, i. =201=, 239; ii. 273
Classical study as regarded by, i. 260; ii. =110 seqq.=, 396-7
Clergy, _see that heading_
Confession doctrine of, i. 489
Constantine’s relations with, ii. 266
Creation of, i. 11, 68, =86-7=
Decretals, etc., _see under_ Canon Law
Denunciations of, i. 474-5; ii. 34-5
Diocesan organization of, among Germans, i. 196
Doctrinal literature of, i. 68-70
Duns’ attitude towards, ii. 513
East and West, solidarity of development of, i. 55
Empire’s relations with, _see under_ Papacy
Eternal punishment doctrine of, i. =65=, =339=, 486; ii. 550
Eucharistic controversy, _see that heading_
Fathers of the, _see_ Greek thought, patristic; Latin Fathers; _and
chiefly_ Patristic thought
Feudalism as affected by, i. 524, 527-=9 and n. 2=, =530=
Feudalism as affecting, i. 244, 473
Frankish, _see under_ Franks
Gallo-Roman, i. 191-2, 194
Hildegard’s visions regarding, i. 457
Intolerance of, _see subheading_ Persecutions
Investiture controversy, _see under_ Bishops
Irish Church’s relations with, i. 172-4 _and_ =n. 1=
Isidore’s treatise on liturgical practices of, i. 106
Knights’ vow of obedience to, i. 530
Mass, the:
Alleluia chant and Sequence-hymn, ii. 196, =201 seqq.=
Symbolism of, ii. 77-8
Nicene Creed, i. 69
Papacy, Popes, _see those headings_
Paschal controversy, _see_ Eucharistic
Penance doctrine of, i. =101=, 195
Persecutions by, i. 339;
of Albigenses, i. 366-7, 461, 481, 572; ii. 168;
of Jews, i. 118, 332;
of Montanists, i. 332
Popes, _see that heading_
Predestination, attitude toward, i. 228
Property of, enactments regarding, ii. 266
Rationalists in, i. 305
Reforms in (11th cent.), i. 304
Roman law for, ii. 265 _and_ _n. 2_
Sacraments:
Definition of the word, ii. 72 _and_ _n. 1_
Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. 64, 66, 68-9, 71, =72-4=, 90 _n. 2_
Origin of, Bonaventura on, ii. 411-13
Pagan analogy with, i. 53, 59-60
Secularization of dignities of, i. 472
Simony in, i. =244=, 475
Spain, in, _see under_ Spain
Standards set by, ii. 528-9
Suspects to, estimate of, ii. 532
Synod of Aix (817), i. 359
Theodosian Code as concerning, ii. 266-7 _and_ _n. 1_
Transubstantiation doctrine of, i. 226-227
“Truce of God” promulgated by, i. 529 _n. 2_
Churches:
Building of, symbolism in, ii. 78-82
Dedication of, sequence designed for, ii. 210-11
Cicero, i. 26 _n. 3_, 39, 78, =219=
Cino, ii. 264
Cistercian Order:
_Charta charitatis_, i. 361-3
Clairvaux founded, i. 393
Cluniac controversies with, i. 360
Citeaux monastery:
Bernard at, i. 360, 393
Foundation and rise of, i. 360-3
Cities and towns:
Growth of, in 12th cent., i. 305; ii. =379-80=
Italian, _see under_ Italy
Cities (_civitates_) of Roman provinces, i. 29-30
Clairvaux (Clara Vallis):
Founding of, i. 360, 393
Position of, i. 362
St. Bernard’s love of, i. 401-2
Classics, _see_ Latin classics
Claudius, Bp. of Turin, i. 215, 231-2 _and_ _n. 1_
Claudius, Emp., i. 30
Clement II., Pope, i. 243
Clement IV., Pope, ii. 489-91
Clement V., Pope, _Decretales Clementinae_ of, ii. 272
Clement of Alexandria, ii. 64
Clergy:
Accusations against, false, penalty for, ii. 266
Legal status of, ii. 382
Regular, _see_ Monasticism
Secular:
Concubinage of, i. 244
Francis of Assisi’s attitude toward, i. 430, 440
Marriage of, i. 472 _n. 1_
Reforms of, i. 359
Standard of conduct for, i. 471; ii. 529
Term, scope of, i. 356
Clerval, Abbé, cited, i. 300 _n. 1_
Clopinel, Jean, _see_ De Meun
Clovis (Chlodoweg), i. 114, 117, =119-21=, 122, 138, =193-4=; ii. 245
Cluny monastery:
Abaelard at, ii. 25, =26=, 345
Characteristics of, i. 359-60
Monastic reforms accomplished by, i. =293=, 304
Cologne, i. 29, 31
Columba, St., of Iona, i. =133-7=, 173
Columbanus, St., of Luxeuil and Bobbio, i. 6, 133, =174-9=, 196;
Life and works of, 174 _n. 2_
Combat, trial by, i. 232
Commentaries, mediaeval:
Boëthius’, i. 93
Excerpts as characteristic of, i. 104
General addiction to, ii. 390, 553 _n. 4_
Originals supplanted by, ii. 390
Raban’s, i. 222-3
Compends:
Fourteenth century use of, ii. 523
Mediaeval preference for, i. 94
Medical, in Italy, i. 251
Saints’ lives, of (_Legenda aurea_), ii. 184
Conrad, Duke of Franconia, i. 241
Conrad II., Emp., i. 243
Constantine, Emp., ii. 266;
“Donation” of, ii. =35=, 265, 270
Constantinus Africanus, i. =251= _and_ _n._; ii. 372
Cordova, i. 25
Cornelius Nepos, i. 25
_Cornificiani_, ii. =132=, 373
Cosmogony:
Aquinas’ theory of, ii. 456
Mediaeval allegorizing of, ii. 65 _seqq._
Patristic attitude toward, i. 72-4
Cosmology, Alan’s, in _Anticlaudianus_, ii. 377
Cremona, i. 24
Cross, Christian:
Magic safeguard, as, i. 294-5
Mediaeval feeling for, ii. 197
Crusades:
Constantinople, capture of, as affecting Western learning, ii. 391
First:
_Chansons_ concerning, i. 537-8
Character of, i. 535-7
Guibert’s account of, ii. 175
Hymn concerning, quoted, i. 349 _and_ _n._
Italians little concerned in, ii. 189
Joinville’s account of, quoted, i. 546-9
Language of, i. 531
Results of, i. 305
Second, i. 394
Spirit of, i. 535-7
Cuchulain, i. 129 _and_ _nn. 2, 3_
Cynewulf’s _Christ_, i. 183
Cyprian quoted, i. 337 _n._
Cyril of Alexandria, i. 227
Cyril of Jerusalem, i. 53
Da Romano, Alberic, i. 515-16
Da Romano, Eccelino, i. =505-6=, 516
Dacia, Visigoths in, i. 112
Damiani, St. Peter, Card. Bp. of Ostia, career of, i. 262-4;
attitude of, to the classics, i. 260; ii. 112, 165;
on the hermit life, i. 369-70;
on tears, i. 371 _and_ _n._;
extract illustrating Latin style of, ii. 165 _and_ _n. 3_;
works of, i. 263 _n. 1_;
writings quoted, i. 263-7;
_Liber Gomorrhianus_, i. 265, 474;
_Vita Romualdi_, i. 372 _seqq._;
biography of Dominicus Loricatus, i. 381-2;
_De parentelae gradibus_, ii. 252;
otherwise mentioned, i. 17, 19, 20, 260, 343, 345, 391; ii. 34
Damianus, i. 262, 265
Danes, i. 142, =153=
Dante, estimate of, ii. 534-5;
scholarship of, ii. 541 _n. 2_;
possessed by spirit of allegory, ii. 552-5;
compared with Aquinas and influenced by him, ii. 541 _n. 2_, 547, 549,
551, 555;
compared with Bonaventura, ii. 547;
attitude to Beatrice, ii. 555-8;
on love, ii. 555-6;
on monarchy, ii. 278;
_De monarchia_, ii. 535;
_De vulgari eloquentia_, ii. 219, =536=;
_Vita nuova_, ii. =556=, 559;
_Convito_, ii. =537-8=, 553;
_Divina Commedia_, i. 12 _n._; ii. 86, 99 _n. 1_, =103=, 219;
commentaries on this work, ii. 553-4;
estimate of it, ii. 538, 540-1, 544, 553-4;
_Inferno_ cited, ii. 42, 541-3, =545-7=;
_Purgatorio_ cited, ii. 535, 542-3, =548-9=, 554, 558;
_Paradiso_ cited, i. 395; ii. 542-3, =549-51=, 558
Dares the Phrygian, ii. 116 _and_ _n. 3_, 224-=5 and nn.=, 226-7
_De bello et excidio urbis Comensis_, ii. 189-90
De Boron, Robert, i. 567
_De casu Diaboli_, i. 279
_De consolatione philosophiae_, _see under_ Boëthius
De Lorris, Guillaume, _Roman de la rose_ by, i. =586-7=; ii. 103 _and_
_n. 1_, 104
De Meun, Jean (Clopinel), _Roman de la rose_ by, ii. 103 _and_ _n. 1_,
104, =223=
Denis, St., i. 230
Dermot (Diarmaid, Diarmuid), High-King of Ireland, i. =132=-3, 135, =136=
Desiderius, Bp. of Vienne, i. 99
Desiderius, Pope, i. =253=, 263
Devil, the:
Mediaeval beliefs and stories as to, i. 487 _seqq._
Romuald’s conflicts with, i. =374=, 379-80
Dialectic (_See also_ Logic):
Abaelard’s skill in, ii. 118, 119, =345-6=, 353;
his subjection of dogma to, ii. 304;
his _Dialectica_, ii. 346 _and_ _nn._, 349-50
Chartres study of, i. 298
Duns Scotus’ mastery of, ii. 510, 514
Grammar penetrated by, ii. 127 _seqq._
Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. 67
Raban’s view of, i. 222
Thirteenth century study of, ii. 118-20
Diarmaid (Diarmuid), _see_ Dermot
_Dictamen_, ii. =121=, =129=, 381
Dictys the Cretan, ii. 224, 225 _and_ _n. 1_
_Dies irae_, i. 348
Dionysius the Areopagite, ii. 10, 102, =344=
_Divina Commedia_, _see under_ Dante
Divination, ii. 374
Dominic, St., i. =366-7=, 497; ii. 396
Dominican Order:
Aristotelianism of, ii. 404
Founding of, i. =366=; ii. 396
Growth of, i. 498; ii. =398=
Object of, ii. 396
Oxford University, at, ii. 387
Papacy, relations with, ii. =398=, 509
Paris University, position in, ii. =386=, 399
Dominicus Loricatus, i. 263, =381-3=
Donatus, i. 71, 297;
_Ars minor_ and _Barbarismus_ of, ii. 123-=4=
Donizo of Canossa, ii. 189 _and_ _n. 2_
Druids:
Gallic, i. =28=, 296
Irish, i. 133
Du Guesclin, Bertrand, Constable of France, i. 554-6, 557 _n._
Duns Scotus, education of, ii. 511;
career of, ii. 513;
estimate of, ii. 513;
intricacy of style of, ii. 510, 514, =516 n. 2=;
on logic, ii. 504 _n. 2_;
Occam’s attitude toward, ii. 518 _seqq._;
editions of works of, ii. 511 _n. 1_;
estimate of his work, ii. 509-10, 514
Dunstan, St., Abp. of Canterbury, i. 323-4
Durandus, Guilelmus, _Rationale divinorum officiorum_ of, ii. 76 _seqq._
Eadmer, i. 269, 273, 277
Eastern Empire:
Frankish relations with, i. 123
Huns’ relations with, i. 112-13
Norse mercenaries of, i. 153
Ostrogoths’ relations with, i. 114
Roman restoration by, i. 115
Ebroin, i. 209
Eckbert, Abbot of Schönau, i. 444
Ecstasy:
Bernard’s views on, ii. 368
Examples of, i. 444, 446
Eddas, ii. 220
Education:
Carolingian period, in, i. =213-14=, 218-19, 222, =236=; ii. 110, 122,
=158=, 332
Chartres method of, ii. 130-1
Grammar a chief study in, ii. 122 _seqq._, 331-2
Italy, in, _see under_ Italy
Latin culture the means and method of, i. 12; ii. =109=
Schools, clerical and monastic, i. =250 n. 2=, 293
Schools, lay, i. 249-51
Seven Liberal Arts, _see that heading_
Shortening of academic course, advocates of, ii. =132=, 373
Edward II., King of England, i. 551
Edward III., King of England, i. 550-1
Edward the Black Prince, i. 554-6
Einhard the Frank, i. 234 _n. 1_;
_Life of Charlemagne_ by, i. 215; ii. 158-9
Ekkehart family, i. 309
Ekkehart of St. Gall, _Waltarius_ (_Waltharilied_) by, ii. 188
El-Farabi, ii. 390
Eleventh century:
Characteristics of, i. 301;
in France, i. 301, 304, 328;
in Germany, i. 307-9;
in England, i. 324;
in Italy, i. 327
Christianity in, position of, i. 16
Elias, Minister-General of the Minorites, i. 499
Elizabeth, St., of Hungary, i. 391, =465 n. 1=
Elizabeth, St., of Schönau, visions of, i. 444-6
Emotional development, secular, i. 349-50 _and_ _n. 2_
Empire, the, _see_ Holy Roman Empire
Encyclopaedias, mediaeval, ii. 316 _n. 2_;
Vincent’s _Speculum majus_, ii. 315-22
_Eneas_, ii. 225, =226=
Engelbert, Abp. of Cologne, i. 481-6;
estimate of, i. 482
England (_See also_ Britain):
Danish Viking invasion of, i. 153
Eleventh century conditions in, i. 324
Law in, principles of, i. 141-2;
Roman law almost non-existent in Middle Ages, ii. 248
Norman conquest of, linguistic result of, i. 324
English language, character of, i. 324
Epicureanism, i. =41=, 70; ii. 296, 312
Eriugena, John Scotus, estimate of, i. 215, =228-9=, =231=; ii. 330;
on reason _v._ authority, ii. 298, 302;
works of, studied at Chartres, i. 299;
_De divisione naturae_, i. =230-1=; ii. 302;
otherwise mentioned, i. 16; ii. 282 _n._, 312
Essenes, i. 334
Ethelbert, King of Kent, i. 180-1
_Etymologies_ of Isidore, i. 33, 105 _and_ _n. 1_, =107-9=; ii. 318;
law codes glossed from, ii. 250
Eucharistic (Paschal) controversy:
Berengar’s contribution to, i. 302-3
Paschasius’ contribution to, i. 225-7
Eucherius, Bp. of Lyons, ii. 48 _n. 1_
Euclid, i. 40
Eudemus of Rhodes, i. 38
Eunapius, i. 47, 52
Euric, King of the Visigoths, i. 117 _and_ _n. 1_
Eusebius, i. 81 _n. 2_
Evil or sin:
Abaelard’s views concerning, ii. 350
Eriugena’s views concerning, i. 228
Original sin, realism in relation to, ii. 340 _n._
Peter Lombard and Aquinas contrasted as to, ii. 308-10
Experimental science, Bacon on, ii. 502-8
_Fabliaux_, i. =521 n. 2=; ii. 222
Facts, unlimited actuality of, i. 79-80
Faith:
Abaelard’s definition of, ii. 354
Bacon’s views on, ii. 507
Bernard of Clairvaux’s attitude toward, ii. 355
_Caritas_ in relation to, ii. 479-81
Cognition through, Aquinas’ views on, ii. 446
Occam’s views on, ii. 519
Proof of matters of, Aquinas on, ii. 450
Will as functioning in, ii. 479
_False Decretals_, i. 104 _n._, =118 n. 1=
Fathers of the Church (_See also_ Patristic thought):
Greek, _see_ Greek thought, patristic
Latin, _see_ Latin Fathers
Faustus, ii. 44
Felix, St., i. 86
Feudalism (_See also_ Knighthood):
Anarchy of, modification of, i. 304
Austrasian disintegration by, i. 240
_Chansons_ regarding, i. 559 _seqq._, 569
Christianity in relation to, i. 524, 527-=9 and n. 2=, =530=
Church affected by, i. 244, 473
Italy not greatly under, i. 241
Marriage as affected by, i. 571, 586
Obligations of, i. 533-4
Origin of, 522-3
Principle and practice of, at variance, i. 522
Fibonacci, Leonardo, ii. 501
Finnian, i. 136
_Flamenca_, i. 565
_Flore et Blanchefleur_, i. 565
Florus, Deacon, of Lyons, i. 229 _and_ _n._
Fonte Avellana hermitage, i. =262-3=, 381
Forms, new, creation of, _see_ Mediaeval thought--Restatement
Fortunatus, Hymns by, ii. 196-7
Fourteenth century:
Academic decadence in, ii. 523
Papal position in, ii. 509-10
France (_For particular districts, towns, etc., see their names_):
Antique, the, in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. 9-10
Arthurian romances developed in, i. 566
Cathedrals of, ii. 539, 554-5
Church in, secularization of, i. 472-3
Eleventh century conditions in, i. 301, 304, 328
History of, in 11th century, i. 300
Hundred Years’ War, i. 550 _seqq._
Jacquerie in (1358), i. 556
Language modifications in, ii. 155
Literary celebrities in (12th cent.), ii. 168
Monarchy of, advance of, i. 305
North and South, characteristics of, i. 328
Rise of, in 14th century, ii. 509
Town-dwellers of, i. =495=, 508
Francis, St., of Assisi, birth of, i. 415;
parentage, i. 419;
youth, i. 420-3;
breach with his father, i. 423-4;
monastic career, i. 427 _seqq._;
French songs sung by, i. =419 and n. 2=, 427, 432;
_Lives_ of, i. 415 _n._;
style of Thomas of Celano’s _Life_, ii. 182-3;
_Speculum perfectionis_, i. 415 _n._, 416 _n._, =438 n. 3=; ii. =183=;
literal acceptance of Scripture by, i. 365, 406-=7=;
on Scripture interpretation, i. 427 _n. 1_; ii. 183;
universality of outlook, i. 417;
mediaevalism, i. 417;
Christ-influence, i. 417, =418=, =432=-3;
inspiration, i. =419 n. 1=, 441;
gaiety of spirit, i. 421, 427-8, 431-2;
poetic temperament, i. 422, 435;
love of God, man, and nature, i. 366, 428, =432-3=, =435=-7;
simplicity, i. 429;
obedience and humility, i. 365 _n._, =429-30=;
humanism, i. 495;
St. Bernard compared with, i. 415-16;
St. Dominic contrasted with, ii. 396;
_Fioretti_, ii. 184;
Canticle of Brother Sun, i. 433-4, =439-40=;
last testament of, i. 440-1;
otherwise mentioned, i. 20, 21, 279, 344, 345, 355-6; ii. 302
Franciscan Order:
Attractiveness of, i. 498
Augustinianism of, ii. 404
Bacon’s relations with, ii. 486, =488=, 490-=1=
Characteristics of, i. 366
Founding of, i. =427=; ii. 396
Grosseteste’s relations, ii. =487=, 511
Object of, ii. 396
Oxford University, at, ii. 387, 400
Papacy, relations with, ii. =398=, 509
Paris University, in, ii. 386, 399
Rise of, ii. 398
Franconia, i. 241
Franks (_See also_ Germans):
Christianity as accepted by, i. 193
Church among:
Bishops, position of, i. =194 and nn.=, 198, 201 _n._
Charlemagne’s relations with, i. =201=, 239; ii. 273
Clovis, under, i. 194
Lands held by, i. 194, 199-200;
immunities of, i. 201 _and_ _n._
Organization of, i. 199
Reform of, by Boniface, i. =196=; ii. 273
Roman character of, i. 201
Division of the kingdom a custom of, i. 238-9
Gallo-Roman relations with, i. 123
Language of, i. 145 _n. 2_
Law of, ii. 245-6
_Missi dominici_, i. 211
Ripuarian, i. 119, 121; ii. 246
Romanizing of, partial, i. 9-10
Salian, i. 113, =119=; Code, ii. 245-6
Saracens defeated by, i. 209-10 _n. 1_
Trojan origin of, belief as to, ii. 225 _and_ _n. 1_
Frederic, Count of Isenburg, i. 483-6
Frederick I. (Barbarossa), Emp., i. 448
Frederick II., Emp., under Innocent’s guardianship, ii. 32-3;
crowned, ii. 33;
estimate of, i. 497;
otherwise mentioned, i. 250 _n. 4_, 417, 481, 505, 510, 517
Free, meaning of term, i. 526 _n. 3_
Free Companies, i. 556
Free will:
Angelic, ii. 473
Duns Scotus on, ii. 515
Human, ii. 475
Richard of Middleton on, ii. 512
Freidank, i. 475; ii. =35=
Frescoes, i. 346-7
Friendship, chivalric, i. 561-2, 569-70, 583
Frisians, i. 169, 174;
missionary work among, i. =197=, 200, 209
Froissart, Sir John, _Chronicles_ of, i. 549 _seqq._;
estimate of the work, i. 557
Froumund of Tegernsee, i. =312-13=; ii. 110
Fulbert, Bp. of Chartres, i. 287, =296-7=, 299
Fulbert, Canon, ii. 4-6, 9
Fulco, Bp. of Toulouse, i. 461
Fulda monastery, i. =198=, 221 _n. 2_
Fulk of Anjou, ii. 138
Gaius, _Institutes_ of, ii. 241, 243
Galahad, i. 569-70, 583, 584 _and_ _n. 2_
Galen of Pergamos, i. =40=, 251
Gall, St., i. 6, 178, =196=
Gallo-Romans:
Feudal system among, i. 523
Frankish rule over, i. 120, 123
Literature of, i. 126 _n. 2_
Gandersheim cloister, i. 311
Gaul (_For particular districts, towns, etc., see their names_):
Celtic inhabitants of, i. =125 and n.=, =126=-7, 129 _n. 1_
Druidism in, i. =28=, 296
Ethnology of, i. 126
Heathenism in, late survival of, i. 191 _n. 1_
Latinization of, i. 9-10, =29-32=
Visigothic kingdom in south of, i. 112, 116, 117, 121
Gauls, characteristics and customs of, i. 27-8
Geoffrey of Beaulieu, Life of St. Louis by, i. 539-42
Gepidae, i. 113, 115
Geraldus, St., i. 281
Gerard, brother of St. Bernard, i. 402-4
Gerbert of Aurillac, _see_ Sylvester II.
German language:
Christianity as affecting, i. 202
High and Low, separation of, i. 145 _n. 2_
Middle High German literature, ii. 168, 221
Old High German poetry, ii. =194=, 220
Germans (Saxons) (_See also_ Franks):
Characteristics of, i. 138-40, 147, 151-2
Language of, _see_ German language
Latin as studied by, i. =307-9=; ii. =123=, 155
Literature of, ii. 220-1 (_See also subheading_ Poetry)
Marriage as regarded by, ii. 30
Nationalism of, in 13th cent., ii. 28
Poetry of:
_Hildebrandslied_, i. 145-7
_Kudrun_ (_Gudrun_), i. 148, =149=-52; ii. 220
_Nibelungenlied_, i. 145-6, =148-9=, 152, 193, 203 _n. 2_; ii. 220
_Waltarius_, i. 147 _and_ _n._, 148
otherwise mentioned, i. 113, 115, 119, 174, 209, 210
Germany:
Antique, the, in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. 10-11
Art in (11th cent.), i. 312
Church in, secularization of, i. 472
Italy contrasted with, as to culture, i. 249-50
Merovingian supremacy in, i. 121
Papacy as regarded by, ii. 28, 33, =34-5=
Sequence-composition in, ii. 215
Gertrude of Hackeborn, Abbess, i. 466
Gilbert de la Porrée, Bp. of Poictiers, ii. 132, =372=
Gilduin, Abbot of St. Victor, ii. =62= _and_ _n. 2_
Giraldus Cambrensis, ii. 135 _and_ _n._
Girard, Bro., of Modena, i. 498
Glaber, Radulphus, _Histories_ of, i. 488 _n._
Glass-painting, ii. 82-6
Gnosticism, i. 51 _n. 1_
Gnostics, Eriugena compared with, i. 231 _and_ _n. 1_
Godehard, Bp. of Hildesheim, i. 312
Godfrey of Bouillon, i. 535-8
Godfrey of Viterbo, ii. 190 _and_ _n. 4_
Gondebaud, King of the Burgundians, ii. 242
Good and the true compared, ii. 441, 512
Goths (_See also_ Visigoths):
Christianity of, i. 192, 194
Roman Empire invaded by, i. 111 _seqq._
Gottfried von Strassburg, i. 567; ii. 223;
_Tristan_ of, i. 577-82
Gottschalk, i. 215, 221 _n. 2_, 224-5, 227-=8=;
verses by, ii. 197-9
Government:
Church _v._ State controversy, ii. 276-7
(_See also_ Papacy--Empire)
Ecclesiastical, _see_ Canon Law
Monarchical, ii. 277-8
Natural law in relation to, ii. 278-=9=
Representative assemblies, ii. 278
Grace, Aquinas’ definition of, ii. 478-9
Grail, the, i. 589, =596-7=, =607=, 608, 613
Grammar:
Chartres studies in, i. =298=; ii. 129-30
Current usage followed by, ii. 163 _and_ _n. 1_
Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. 67
Importance and predominance of, in Middle Ages, i. 109 _and_ _n._,
=292=; ii. =331-2=
Italian study of, ii. =129=, 381
Language continuity preserved by, ii. =122-3=, 151, 155
Law studies in relation to, ii. 121
Logic in relation to, ii. 127 _seqq._, 333-4;
in Abaelard’s work, ii. 346
Raban’s view of, i. 222
Scholastic classification of, ii. 313
Syntax, connotation of term, ii. 125
Works on--Donatus, Priscian, Alexander, ii. 123 =seqq.=
Grammarian, meaning of term, i. 250
Gratianus, _Decretum_ of, ii. 268-9, =270-1=, 306, 380-2;
_dicta_, ii. 271
Greek classics, _see_ Greek thought, pagan
Greek language:
Oxford studies in, ii. 120, 391, =487=
Translations from, direct, in 13th cent., ii. 391
Greek legends, mediaeval allegorizing of, ii. 52, 56-9
Greek novels, ii. 224 _and_ _n._
Greek thought, pagan:
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. 492-3
Breadth of interest of, ii. 109
Christian standpoint contrasted with, i. 390; ii. 295-6
Church Fathers permeated by, i. 33-4
Completeness of schemes presented by, ii. 394
Limitless, the, abhorrent to, i. 353-4
Love as regarded by, i. 575
Metaphysics in, ii. 335-7
Scholasticism contrasted with, ii. 296
_Summa moralium philosophorum_, ii. 373
Symbolism in, ii. 42, =56=
Transmutation of, through Latin medium, i. 4
Greek thought, patristic (_See also_ Patristic thought):
Comparison of, with Latin, i. 68
Pagan philosophic thought contrasted with, ii. 295-6
Symbolism in, ii. 43
Transmutation of, through Latin medium, i. 5, 34 _and_ _n._
Gregorianus, ii. =240=, 243
Gregory, Bp. of Tours, i. 121;
_Historia Francorum_ by, i. 234 _n. 2_; ii. 155
Gregory I. (the Great), Pope, family and education of, i. 97;
Augustine of Hippo compared with, i. 98-9;
Augustinianism barbarized by, i. 98, 102;
sends mission to England, i. 6, 33, =180-1 and n. 1=;
estimate of, i. =56=, 89, =102-3=, =342=;
estimate of his writings, i. 354;
on miracles, i. 100, 182;
on secular studies, ii. 288;
letter to Theoctista cited, i. 102 _n. 1_;
editions of works of, i. 97 _n._;
works of, translated by King Alfred, i. 187;
_Dialogues on the Lives and Miracles of the Italian Saints_, i. 85 and
_n. 2_, 100;
_Moralia_, i. =97=, 100; ii. 57;
Odo’s epitome of this work, ii. 161;
_Commentary on Kings_, i. 100 _n. 1_;
_Pastoral Rule_, i. =102=, 187-8;
otherwise mentioned, i. 16 _and_ _n. 4_, 65, 87, 104, 116
Gregory II., Pope, i. 197-8; ii. 273
Gregory III., Pope, i. 198; ii. 273
Gregory VII., Pope (Hildebrand), claims of, i. =244-5=; ii. 274;
relations with Damiani, i. 263;
exile of, i. 244, 253;
estimate of, i. 261;
otherwise mentioned, i. 17, 174 _n. 1_, 243, 304
Gregory IX., Pope, codification by, of Canon law, ii. 272;
efforts of, to improve education of the Church, ii. 398;
mentioned, i. 476; ii. 33
Gregory of Nyssa, i. 53, 80, 87, 340
Grosseteste, Robert, Chancellor of Oxford University and Bp. of Lincoln,
Greek studies promoted by, ii. =120=, =391=, 487;
estimate of, ii. 511-12;
Augustinianism of, ii. 403-4;
attitude toward the classics, ii. 120, 389;
relations with Franciscan Order, ii. =487=, 511;
Bacon’s relations with, ii. 487
_Gudrun_ (_Kudrun_), i. 148, =149=-52; ii. 220
Guigo, Prior, estimate of, i. 390-1;
relations with St. Bernard, i. 405;
_Consuetudines Carthusiae_ by, i. 384;
_Meditationes_ of, i. 385-90
Guinevere, i. 569, =584= _and_ _n. 1_, 585
Guiot de Provens, “Bible” of, i. 475-6 _and_ _n. 1_
Guiscard, Robert, ii. 189 _n. 2_
Gumpoldus, Bp. of Mantua, _Life of Wenceslaus_ by, ii. 162 _n. 1_
Gundissalinus, Archdeacon of Segovia, ii. 312 _and_ _n. 4_, 313
Gunther, _Ligurinus_ of, ii. 192 _and_ _n. 4_
Gunzo of Novara, i. 257-8
Harding, Stephen, Abbot of Citeaux, i. =360=, =361=, 393
Harold Fairhair, i. 153
_Hartmann von Aue_, i. =348-9 and n.=, 567; ii. 29 _n._
Harun al Raschid, Caliph, i. 210
Heinrich von Veldeke, i. 567; ii. 29 _n._
_Heliand_, i. =203 and nn.=, 308
Helias, Count of Maine, ii. 138
Hell:
Dante’s descriptions of, ii. 546-7
Fear of, i. 103, =339=, 342, =383=
Visions of, i. 454-5, 456 _n._
Heloïse, Abaelard’s love for, ii. 4-5, 344;
his love-songs to, ii. =13=, 207;
love of, for Abaelard, i. 585; ii. =3=, =5=, 8, 9, =15-16=;
birth of Astralabius, ii. 6;
opposes marriage with Abaelard, ii. 6-9;
marriage, ii. 9;
at Argenteuil, ii. 9, 10;
takes the veil, ii. 10;
at the Paraclete, ii. 10 _seqq._;
letters of, to Abaelard quoted, ii. 11-15, 17-20, 23, 24;
Abaelard’s letters to, quoted, ii. 16-17, 21-3, 24-5;
Peter the Venerable’s letter, ii. 25-7;
letter of, to Peter the Venerable, ii. 27;
death of, ii. 27;
intellectual capacity of, ii. 3
Henry the Fowler, i. 241
Henry II., Emp., i. 243;
dirge on death of, ii. 216
Henry IV., Emp., i. 244; ii. =167=
Henry VI., Emp., ii. 32, 190
Henry I., King of England, ii. 139, 146, 176-8
Henry II., King of England, ii. 133, 135, 372
Henry of Brabant, ii. 391
Henry of Ghent, ii. 512
Henry of Huntington cited, i. 525
Henry of Septimella, ii. 190 _and_ _n. 3_
Heretics (_For particular sects, see their names_):
Abaelard’s views on coercion of, ii. 350, 354
Insignificance of, in relation to mediaeval thought, ii. 283 _and_ _n._
Theodosian enactments against, ii. 266
Twelfth century, in, i. 305
Herluin, Abbot of Bec, i. 271
Hermann, Landgraf of Thüringen, i. 589; ii. 29
Hermann Contractus, i. 314-15 _and_ _n. 1_
Hermits:
Irish, i. 133
Motives of, i. 335, 363
Temper of, i. 368 _seqq._
Hermogenianus, ii. 240, 243
Herodotus, i. 77
Hesse, Boniface’s work in, i. 197-8
Hilarion, St., i. 86
Hilary, Bp. of Poictiers, i. =63=, 68, 70
Hildebert of Lavardin, Bp. of Le Mans and Abp. of Tours, career of, ii.
137-40;
love of the classics, ii. =141-2=, =146=, 531;
letters of, quoted, ii. 140, 143, 144-5, 146-7;
Latin text of letter, ii. 172;
Latin elegy by, ii. 191;
otherwise mentioned, ii. 61, 134, 373 _n. 2_
Hildebrand, _see_ Gregory VII.
_Hildebrandslied_, ii. 220
Hildegard, St., Abbess of Bingen, dedication of, i. 447;
visions of, i. 267, =449-59=;
affinity of, with Dante, ii. 539;
correspondence of, i. 448;
works of, i. 446 _n._;
_Book of the Rewards of Life_, i. 452-6;
_Scivias_, i. 457-9;
otherwise mentioned, i. 20, 345, 443; ii. 302, 365
Hildesheim, bishops of (11th cent.), i. 312
Hilduin, Abbot, i. 230
Hincmar, i. 215, 230, =233 n. 1=
Hipparchus, i. 40
Hippocrates, i. 40
History:
Carolingian treatment of, i. 234-5
Classical attitude toward, i. 77-8
Eleventh century treatment of, i. 300
_Historia tripartita_ of Cassiodorus, i. 96-7
Patristic attitude toward, i. 80-4
_Seven Books of Histories adversum paganos_ by Orosius, i. 82-3
Holy Roman Empire:
Burgundy added to, i. 243 _n. 1_
German character of, ii. 32
Papacy, relations with, _see under_ Papacy
Refounding of, by Otto, i. 243
Rise of, under Charlemagne, i. 212
Honorius II., Pope, i. 531
Honorius III., Pope, i. 366, 482, 497; ii. 33, 385 _n._, =398=
Honorius of Autun--on classical study, ii. 110, =112-13=;
_Speculum ecclesiae_ of, ii. 50 _seqq._;
_Gemma animae_, ii. 77 _n. 1_
Hosius, Bp. of Cordova, i. 118 _n. 1_
Hospitallers, i. 531
Hrotsvitha, i. 311 _and_ _n. 2_, ii. 215 _n. 2_
Huesca (Osca), i. 25
Hugh, Abbot of Cluny, ii. 137
Hugh Capet, i. 239-=40= _and_ _n._
Hugh the Great, Count of Paris, i. 241
Hugh of Payns, i. 531
Hugo, Archdeacon of Halberstadt, ii. 62
Hugo, Bro., of Montpellier, i. 510-14
Hugo, King, i. 242
Hugo of St. Victor, estimate of, ii. =63=, =111=, 118, 301, =356=;
allegorizing by, ii. 367;
on classical study, ii. 110-11;
on logic, ii. 333;
pupils of, ii. 87;
works of, ii. 61 _n. 2_;
_Didascalicon_, ii. 48 _n. 2_, =63=, =111=, 312, =357 and nn. 2-5=;
_De sacramentis Christianae fidei_, ii. 48 _n. 2_, =64 seqq.=, 365,
=395=, 540;
_Expositio in regulam beati Augustini_, ii. 62 _n. 2_;
_De arca Noë morali_, ii. 75 _n._, =365-7=;
_De arca Noë mystica_, ii. 367;
_De vanitate mundi_, ii. 75 _n._, =111-12=;
_Summa sententiarum_, ii. 356;
_Sermons on Ecclesiastes_, ii. 358-9;
otherwise mentioned, i. 17, 20, 457; ii. 404
Humanists, ii. 126
_Humiliati_ of Lombardy, i. 365
Hungarians, i. 241-=2=
Huns, i. 112, 119, 193
_Huon de Bordeaux_, i. 564
Hy (Iona) Island, i. 136, =173=
Hymns, Christian:
Abaelard, by, ii. 25, =207-9=
Estimate of, i. 21
Evolution of, i. 347-9 _and_ _n._; ii. 196, =200 seqq.=
Hildegard’s visions regarding, i. 459
Hugo of St. Victor, by, ii. 86 _seqq._
Sequences, development of, ii. 196, =201-6=;
Adam of St. Victor’s, ii. 209-15
Iamblicus, i. 42, =47=, 51, 56-7; ii. 295
Iceland, Norse settlement in, i. 153
Icelanders, characteristics and customs of, i. 154
Icelandic Sagas, _see_ Sagas
Ideal _v._ actual, i. 353 _seqq._
Innocent II., Pope, i. =394=; ii. 10
Innocent III., Pope, i. 417, 481, 497; ii. =32=, =274=, 384, =398=
Innocent IV., Pope, i. 506
_Intellectus agens_, ii. 464, =507 n. 2=
Iona (Hy) Island, i. 136, =173=
Ireland:
Celts in, _see_ Irish
Church of, missionary zeal of, i. 133, 136, 172 _seqq._
Danish settlements in, i. 153
Monasteries in, i. =153 n. 1=, 173
Norse invasion of, i. 134
Scholarship in, i. =180 n.=, 184-5
Irenaeus, Bp. of Lyons, i. 225
Irish:
Art of, i. 128 _n. 1_
Characteristics of, i. =128=, 130, 133, 179
History of, i. 127 _and_ _n._
Influence of, on mediaeval feeling, i. 179 _and_ _n._
Literature of, i. =128 and n. 2=, =129 seqq.=, 134;
poetry, ii. 194
Missionary labours of, i. 133, 136, 172 _seqq._;
defect of, i. 179, 196
Norse harryings of, i. 133-4;
intercourse with, i. 152 _n. 3_
Oxford University, at, ii. 387
Irnerius, ii. 121, =260=, 380-1;
_Summa codicis_ of, ii. 255-9
Irrationality (_See also_ Miracles):
Neo-Platonic teaching as to, i. 42-4, 48, 52
Patristic doctrine as to, i. 51-3
Isabella, Queen, wife of Edward II., i. 550-1
Isidore, Abp. of Seville, estimate of, i. 89, 103, 118 _n. 1_;
Bede compared with, i. 185-7;
_False Decretals_ attributed to, i. 118 _n. 1_; ii. =270=, 273;
works of, i. 104-9;
_Etymologiae_, _see_ Etymologies of Isidore;
_Origines_, i. 236, 300;
otherwise mentioned, i. 6, 88; ii. 46, 312
Italian people in relation to the antique, i. 7-8
Italy (_For particular districts, towns, etc., see their names_):
Celtic inroads into (3rd cent. B.C.), i. 24
Church in, secularization of, i. 472
Cities in:
Continuity of, through dark ages, i. 248, =494-5=; ii. 381
Fighting amongst, i. 497-8
Importance of, i. 241, 326, =494-5=
Continuity of culture and character in, i. =326=, 495; ii. =120-2=
Dante as influenced by, ii. 534-5
Education in--lay, persistence of, i. 249-51;
clerical and monastic, i. 250 _n. 2_
Eleventh-century conditions in, i. 327
Feudalism not widely fixed in, i. 241
Feuds in, i. 515-16
Grammar as studied in, i. 250 _and_ _n. 2_; ii. 129
Irish monasteries founded in, i. 174
Literature of, mediaeval, lack of originality in, ii. 189;
eleventh-century verse, i. 251 _seqq._; ii. 165 _n. 1_, 186
Lombard kingdom of (6th cent.), i. 115-16
Medicine studied in, i. 250 _and_ _n. 4_, =251=; ii. 121
Unification of, under Rome, i. 23
Jacobus à Voragine, _Legenda aurea_ by, ii. 184
Jacques de Vitry, Bp. and Card. of Tusculum, i. 461 and n.;
Exempla of, i. 488 _n._, 490
Jerome, St., estimate of, i. 344, 354;
letter of, on asceticism, i. 335 _and_ =n. 1=;
love of the classics, ii. 107, 112, 531;
modification by, of classical Latin, ii. 152, 171;
two styles of, ii. 171 _and_ _n. 4_;
Life of Paulus by, i. 84, 86;
Life of Hilarion, i. 86;
_Contra Vigilantium_, i. 86;
otherwise mentioned, i. 56, 75, 76, 104
Jerome of Ascoli (Pope Nicholas IV.), ii. 491
Jews:
Agobard’s tracts against, i. 232-=3=
Gregory the Great’s attitude toward, i. 102
Louis IX.’s attitude toward, i. 545
Persecution of, i. 118, 332
Joachim, Abbot of Flora, _Evangelicum eternum_ of, 502 _n._, =510=,
=512-13=, 517
John, Bro., of Vicenza, i. 503-4
John X., Pope, i. 242
John XI., Pope, i. 242
John XII., Pope, i. 243; ii. =160-1=
John XIII., Pope, i. 282
John XXII., Pope, _Decretales extravaganes_ of, ii. 272
John of Damascus, ii. 439 _n. 1_
John of Fidanza, _see_ Bonaventura
John of Parma, Minister-General of Franciscans, i. 507, 508, =510-11=
John of Salisbury, estimate of, ii. 118, 373-4;
Chartres studies described by, ii. 130-2;
attitude of, to the classics, ii. 114, 164, =173=, 531;
Latin style of, ii. 173-4;
_Polycraticus_, ii. 114-15, 174-5;
_Metalogicus_, ii. 173-4;
_Entheticus_, ii. 192;
_De septem septenis_, ii. 375
John the Deacon, _Chronicon Venetum_ by, i. 325-6
Joinville, Sire de, _Histories_ of St. Louis by, i. 539, =542-9=
Jordanes, compend of Gothic history by, i. 94
Jordanes of Osnabrück cited, ii. 276 _n. 2_
Joseph of Exeter, ii. 225 _n. 2_
Jotsaldus, Life of Odilo by, i. 295-6
Judaism, emotional elements in, i. 331-2
Julianus, _Epitome_ of, ii. 242, =249=, 254
Jumièges cloister, ii. 201
Jurisprudence (_See also_ Roman law):
Irnerius an exponent of, ii. 256, 259
Mediaeval renaissance of, ii. 265
Roman law, in, beginnings of, ii. 232
Justinian, _Codex_, _Institutes_, _Novellae_ of, _see under_ Roman law;
_Digest of_, _see_ Roman law--Pandects
Jutes, i. 140
Jutta, i. 447
Keating quoted, i. 136
Kilwardby, Richard, Abp. of Canterbury, _De ortu et divisione
philosophiae_ of, ii. 313
Kilwardby, Robert, ii. 128
Knighthood, order of:
Admission to, persons eligible for, i. 527
Code of, i. 524
Hospitallers, i. 531
Investiture ceremony, i. 525-8
Love the service of, i. 568, =573=
Templars, i. 531-5
Virtues and ideals of, i. 529-31, 567-8
Knowledge:
Cogitation, meditation, contemplation (Hugo’s scheme), ii. 358 _seqq._
Forms and modes of, Aquinas on--divine, ii. 451-5;
angelic, ii. 459-62;
human, ii. 463 _seqq._
Grades of, Aquinas on, ii. 461, 467
Primacy of, over will maintained by Aquinas, ii. 440-1
La Ferté Monastery, i. 362
Lambert of Hersfeld, _Annals_ of, i. 313; ii. 167
Lambertus Audomarensis, _Liber Floridus_ of, ii. 316 _n. 2_
_Lancelot of the Lake_, i. 567, 569-70, =582-5=;
Old French prose version of, i. 583 _seqq._
Land tenure, feudal, i. 523-4
Lanfranc, Primate of England, i. 174 _n. 1_, =261 n.=, 273
_Langue d’oc_, ii. 222, 248
_Langue d’oil_, ii. 222, 248
Languedoc, chivalric society of (11th and 12th centuries), i. 572
Latin classics:
Abaelard’s reference to, ii. 353
Alexandrian antecedents of the verse, ii. 152 _n. 1_
Artificial character of the prose, ii. 151 _n._
Breadth of interest of, ii. 109
Characteristics of, ii. 153
Chartres a home of, i. 298; ii. 119
Common elements in, ii. 149, 157
Dante’s attitude toward, ii. 541, 544;
his quotations from, ii. 543 _n. 1_
Ecclesiastical attitude toward, i. 260; ii. 110 _seqq._, 396-7
Familiarity with, of Damiani, i. 260; ii. 165;
Gerbert, i. 287-8; ii. 110;
John of Salisbury, ii. 114, 164, =173=, 531;
Bernard of Chartres, ii. 132-3;
Peter of Blois, ii. 133-4;
Hildebert, ii. =141-2=, =146=, 531
Knowledge-storehouses for the Middle Ages, as, ii. 108
Mastery of, complete, as affecting mediaeval writings, ii. 164
Reverential attitude of mediaevals toward, ii. 107-9
Scripture study as aided by study of, ii. 110, 112, 120
Suggestions of new ideas from, for Northern peoples, ii. 136
Themes of, in vernacular poetry, ii. 223 _seqq._
Twelfth-century study of, ii. 117-18
Latin Fathers (_See also their names and_ Patristic thought):
Comparison of, with Greek, i. 68
Style and diction of, ii. 150, 152 _seqq._
Symbolism in, ii. 43-6
Transmutation by, of Greek thought, i. 5, 34 _and_ _n._
Latin language:
Britain, position in, i. 10, 32
Children’s letters in, ii. 123 _n._
Christianity as modifying, ii. 152, =154=, 156, 164, 171
Continuity of, preserved by universal study of grammar, ii. =122-3=,
151, 155
“Cornificiani” in regard to, ii. =132=, 373
Educational medium as, ii. 109
Genius of, susceptible of change, ii. 149
German acquisition of, i. 10, 32, =307-8=, =313=; ii. =123=, 155
Grammar of, _see_ Grammar
Mediaeval modifications in, ii. 125, 164
Patristic modifications of, ii. 150, 152 _seqq._;
Jerome’s, ii. 152, 171
Spelling of, mediaeval, i. 219
Sphere of, ii. 219-20
Supremacy of (during Roman conquest period), i. 4, =23-4 and n. 1=,
25, =30-1=
Translations from, scanty nature of, ii. 331 _n. 2_
Translations into, difficulties of, ii. 498
Universality of, as language of scholars, ii. 219, 331 _n. 2_
Vernacular, developments of, ii. 151
Vitality of, in relation to vernacular tongues, ii. 219
Latin prose, mediaeval:
Antecedents of, ii. 151 _seqq._
Best period of, ii. 167-8
Bulk of, ii. 157 _n._
Carolingian, ii. 158-60
Characteristics of, ii. 156
Estimation of, difficulties of, ii. 157 _and_ _n._
Influences upon, summary of, ii. 156
Prolixity and inconsequence of, ii. 154
Range of, ii. 154
Simplicity of word-order in, ii. 163 _n. 1_
Stages of development of, ii. 157 _seqq._
Style in, beginnings of, ii. 164
Stylelessness of, in Carolingian period, ii. 158-60
Thirteenth-century styles, ii. 179
Value of, as expressing the mediaeval mind, ii. 156, 164
Latin verse, mediaeval:
Accentual and rhyming compositions, ii. 194;
two kinds of, ii. 196
Antecedents of, ii. 187 _n. 1_
Carmina Burana (Goliardic poetry), ii. 203, =217-19 and n.=
Development of, stages in, ii. 187
Leonine hexameters, ii. 199 _and_ _n. 3_
Metrical composition, ii. 187 _seqq._;
elegiac verse, ii. 190-2 _and_ _n. 1_;
hexameters, ii. 192;
Sapphics, ii. 192-3 _and_ _n. 1_
Modi, ii. 215-16
Rhyme, development of, ii. 195, =206=
Law:
Barbarian, Latin codes of, ii. 244 _seqq._
Barbaric conception of, ii. 245, 248-9
_Breviarium_, _see under_ Roman law
Canon, _see_ Canon law
English, principles of, i. 141-2
Grammar in relation to, ii. 121
Lombard codes, i. =115=; ii. 242, =246=, 248, 253;
_Concordia_, ii. 259
Natural:
Gratian on, ii. 268-9
_Jus gentium_ in relation to, ii. =234 and n.=, 268
Occam on, ii. 519
Sacraments of, ii. 74 _and_ _n. 1_
Supremacy of, ii. 269, 279
Roman, _see_ Roman law
Salic, ii. 245-6
Territorial basis of, i. 123; ii. 247
Tribal basis of, i. 123; ii. =245-7=
Visigothic codification of, in Spain, i. 118
Leander, Bp. of Seville, i. 118 _n. 1_
Légonais, Chrétien, ii. 230 _and_ _n. 2_
Leo, Brother, _Speculum perfectionis_ by, ii. 183-4
Leo I. (the Great), Pope, i. 113, 116
Leo IX., Pope, i. 243
Leon, Sir Guy de, i. 552-3
Leon, Sir Hervé de, i. 552-3
Leowigild, i. 117 _n. 2_, 118 _n. 1_
Lerins monastery, i. 195
Lewis, Lord, of Spain, i. 552-3
Liberal arts, _see_ Seven Liberal Arts
Liutgard of Tongern, i. 463-5
Liutprand, Bp. of Cremona i. =256-7=; ii. 161 _n. 1_
Liutprand, King of Lombards, i. 115-16
Logic (_See also_ Dialectic):
Albertus Magnus on, ii. =313-15=, 504, 506
Aristotelian, mediaeval apprehension of, ii. 329 (_See also_
Aristotle--_Organon_)
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. 505
Gerbert’s preoccupation with, i. 282, 289, =292=
Grammar in relation to, ii. 127 _seqq._, 333-4;
in Abaelard’s work, ii. 346
Importance of, in Middle Ages, i. 236; ii. 297
Nature of, ii. 333;
schoolmen’s views on, ii. 313-15, 333
Occam’s views on, ii. 522
Patristic attitude toward, i. 71
Raban’s view of, i. 222
Scholastic classification of, ii. 313 _seqq._
Scholastic decay in relation to, ii. 523
Second stage of mediaeval development represented by, ii. 332-4
Specialisation of, in 12th cent., ii. 119
Theology in relation to, ii. =340 n.=, 346
Twofold interpretation of, ii. 333
Universals, problem of, ii. 339 _seqq._;
Abaelard’s treatment of, ii. 342, =348=
Lombard, Peter, estimate of, ii. 370;
Gratian compared with, ii. 270;
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. 497;
_Books of Sentences_ by, i. 17, 18; ii. 134, 370;
method of the work, ii. 306;
Aquinas’ _Summa_ contrasted with it, ii. 307-10;
its classification scheme, ii. 322-4;
Bonaventura’s commentary on it, ii. 408
Lombards:
Italian kingdom of (6th cent.), i. 115-16
Italian influence on, i. 7, 249
Law codes of, _see under_ Law
Louis of Bavaria, Emp., ii. 518
Louis I. (the Pious), King of France, i. 233, 239, =359=;
false capitularies ascribed to, ii. 270
Louis VI. (the Fat), King of France, i. 304-5, 394, 400; ii. 62;
Hildebert’s letter on encroachments of, ii. 140, 172
Louis IX. (the Saint), King of France, Geoffrey’s _Vita_ of, i. 539-42;
Joinville’s _Histoire of_, i. 542-9;
Testament of, i. 540 _n. 1_;
otherwise mentioned, i. 476, 507-=9=, 515
Love, Aquinas on distinguishing definitions of, ii. 475-6
Love, chivalric:
Antique conception of love contrasted with, i. 575
_Chansons de geste_ as concerned with, i. 564
Code of, by Andrew the Chaplain, i. 575-6
Dante’s exposition of, ii. 555-6
Estimate of, mediaeval, i. 568, 570
Literature of, _see_ Chivalry--Literature
Marriage in relation to, i. 571 _and_ _n. 2_
_Minnelieder_ as depicting, ii. 30
Nature of, i. 572-5, 582-7
Stories exemplifying--_Tristan_, i. 577 _seqq._;
_Lancelot_, 582 _seqq._
Love, spiritual:
Aquinas’ discussion of, ii. 472-3, 476
Bernard of Clairvaux as exemplifying, i. 394 _seqq._
Lupus, Servatus, Abbot of Ferrières, i. 215;
ii. 113
Luxeuil, i. 175-7
Lyons:
Diet of the “Three Gauls” at, i. 30
Law studies at, ii. 250
Macrobius, _Saturnalia_ of, ii. 116 _and_ _n. 4_
Magic, i. =46-8=; ii. 500 _and_ _n. 1_
Majolus, Abbot of Cluny, i. 359
Manichaeism, i. =49=; ii. =44=, 283
Manny, Sir Walter, i. 552-4
Mapes (Map), Walter, i. =475=, 567; ii. 219 _n._
Marie, Countess, de Champagne, i. 566, 573, =576=
Marie de France, i. =566=, 567, 573;
_Eliduc_ by, i. 571 _n. 2_
Marinus (hermit), i. 373
Marozia, i. 242
Marriage:
Christian attitude toward, ii. 8;
ecclesiastical view, ii. 529
Feudalism as affecting, i. 571, 586
German view of, ii. 30
Marsilius of Padua, ii. 277 _n. 2_
Martin, St., of Tours, i. 334;
Life of, i. 52 and _n._, 84, 85 _n. 2_, =86=
Martyrs:
Mediaeval view of, i. 483
Patristic attitude toward, i. 86
Mary, St., of Ognies, i. =462-3=;
nature of visions of, i. 459
Massilia, i. 26
Mathematics:
Bacon’s views on, ii. 499-500
Gerbert’s proficiency in, i. 282, =288=
Mathew Paris cited, ii. 487
Matthew of Vendome, _Ars versificatoria_ by, ii. 190 _and_ _n. 5_
Maurus, Rabanus, _see_ Rabanus
Mayors of the palace, i. 240
Mechthild of Magdeburg, i. 20, 345; ii. 365;
Book of, i. 465 _and_ _n. 2_-70
Mediaeval thought:
Abstractions, genius for, ii. 280
Characteristics of, i. 13
Commentaries characteristic of, ii. 390, 553 _n. 4_
Conflict inherent in, i. 22; ii. =293-4=
Deference of, toward the past, i. 13; ii. 534
Emotionalizing by, of patristic Christianity, i. 345
Metalogics rather than metaphysics the final stage of, ii. 337
Moulding forces of, i. 3, 5, 12; ii. =293-4=
Orthodox character of, ii. 283 _and_ _n._
Political theorizing, ii. 275 _seqq._
Problems of, origins of, ii. 294-5
Restatement and rearrangement of antique matter the work of, i.
13-15, =224=, 237, =292=, 342; ii. 297, 329, 341:
Culmination of third stage in, ii. 394
Emotional transformations of the antique, i. 18 _seqq._
Intellectual transformations of the antique, i. 14 _seqq._
Salvation the main interest of, i. =58-9=, 334; ii. =296-7=, 300
Scholasticism, _see that heading_
Superstitions accepted by, i. 487
Symbolism the great influence in, ii. 43, 102, 365
Three stages of, ii. 329 _seqq._
Ultimate intellectual interests of, ii. 287 _seqq._
Medicine:
Relics used in, i. 299
Smattering of, included in Arts course, ii. 250
Study of--in Italy, i. 250 _and_ _n. 4_, =251=; ii. 383 _n._
at Chartres, i. 299; ii. 372
Mendicant Orders, _see_ Dominican _and_ Franciscan
Merovingian Kingdom:
Character of, i. 208
Church under, i. 194
Extent of, i. 210 _n. 3_
German conquests of, i. 121, 138
Merovingian period:
Barbarism of, i. 9
Continuity of, with Carolingian, i. 210-12
King’s law in, ii. 247
Merovingians, estimate of, i. 195
Metaphor distinguished from allegory, ii. 41 _n._ (_See also_ Symbolism)
Metaphysics:
Final stage of mediaeval development represented by, ii. 335-7
Logic, mediaeval, in relation to, ii. 334
Theology dissociated from, by Duns, ii. 510, 516, =517=
Michelangelo quoted, ii. 113
Middle Ages (_See also_ Mediaeval thought):
Beginning of, i. 6
Extremes characteristic of, i. 355
Milan, lawyers in, ii. 251 _n. 2_
_Miles_, signification of word, i. 525-6 _and_ _n. 2_
_Minnelieder_, ii. 28-31
Minorites, i. 430 (_See also_ Franciscan Order)
Miracles (_See also_ Irrationality):
Devil, concerned with, i. 488 _seqq._
_Nostre Dame, Miracles de_, i. 491-2
Patristic attitude toward, i. =85-6=, =100=, 182
Roman Empire aided by, belief as to, ii. 536
Salimbene’s instance of, i. 516
Universal acceptance of, i. =74=, 182
_Vitae sanctorum_ in regard to, i. 85 _and_ _n. 2_
Mithraism, i. 49
Modena (Mutina), i. 24
Modi, ii. 215-16
Monasteries:
Immunities granted to, i. 523 _and_ _n._
_Regula_ of, meaning of, ii. 62
Monasticism (_For particular Monasteries, Orders, etc., see their
names_):
Abuses of, i. 357-8; Rigaud’s _Register_ quoted, i. 477-481
Benedictine rule:
Adoption of--in England, i. 184;
among the Franks, i. 199, 201;
generally, i. 358
Papal approval of, i. 335
Cassiodorus a pioneer in literary functions of, i. 94
General mediaeval view regarding, i. =472=; ii. 529
Ideal _v._ actual, i. 355
Ireland, in, i. 135 _n. 1_
Lament over deprivations of, ii. 218-19
Modifications of, by St. Francis, i. 366
Motives of, i. 357
Nature of, i. 336-7
Nuns, _see_ Women--monastic life
Origin of, i. 335
Pagan literature condemned by, i. 260
Popularity of, in 5th and 6th centuries, i. 195-6
Poverty--of monks, i. 365;
of Orders, i. 366, =425=, =430=
Reforms of, i. 358 _seqq._
Schools, monastic, in Italy, i. 250 _n. 2_
Sex-relations as regarded by, i. 338
Studies of, in 6th cent., i. 94, 95
Subordinate monasteries, supervision of, i. 361
Uncloistered, _see_ Dominican _and_ Franciscan
_Vita activa_ accepted by, i. 363-6
_Vita contemplativa_, _see that title_
Women vilified by devotees of, i. =354 n.=, 521 _n. 2_, 532, =533=;
ii. 58
Montanists, 332
Monte Cassino, i. 250 _n. 2_, 252-3
Montfort, Countess of, i. 552-4
Moorish conquest of Spain, i. 9, 118
Morimond monastery, i. 362
Mosaics, i. 345-7
Music:
Arithmetic in relation to, ii. 291
Chartres studies in, i. 299
Poetry and, interaction of, ii. 195-=6=, =201-2=
Scholastic classification of, ii. 313
Mysticism:
Hugo’s strain of, ii. 361-3
Nature of, i. 443 _n. 1_; ii. =363 and n. 4=
Symbolism as expressing, _see_ Symbolism
Narbo, i. 26
Narbonensis, _see_ Provincia
Narbonne, law studies at, ii. 250
Natural history and science, _see_ Physical science
Nemorarius, Jordanus, ii. 501
Neo-Platonism:
Arabian versions of Aristotle touched with, ii. 389
Augustinian, i. =55=; ii. 403
Christianity compared with, i. 51;
Patristic habit of mind compared, ii. 295
Ecstasy as regarded by, i. 331
Metaphysics so named by, ii. 336
Pseudo-Dionysian, i. 54 _and_ _n. 1_
Tenets and nature of, i. 41-9;
a mediatorial system, i. 50, 54, 57-8, 70
Trinity of, ii. 355
Neustria, i. 200, =209=, 239
_Nibelungenlied_, i. 145-6, =148-9=, 152, 193, 203 _n. 2_; ii. 220
Nicholas II., Pope, i. 243 _n. 2_
Nicholas III., Pope, i. 504
Nicholas IV., Pope (Jerome of Ascoli), ii. 491
Nicholas, St., sequence for festival of, ii. 213-15
Nicolas of Damascus, ii. 427
Nilus, St., Abbot of Crypta-Ferrata, i. 374 _n._
Nithard, Count, i. 234-5
Nominalism, i. 303
Norbert, ii. 344
Normandy, Norse occupation of, i. 153
Norsemen (Scandinavians, Vikings):
Characteristics of, i. 138, =154-5=
Continental and insular holdings of, i. 153
Eddic poems of, i. 154-5 _and_ _n. 3_
Irish harassed by, i. 133-4;
later relations, i. 152 _n. 3_
Jumièges cloister sacked by, ii. 201
Metal-working among, i. 152 _n. 3_
Ravages by, in 8th and 9th centuries, i. 152-3
_Sagas_ of, i. 155 _seqq._
Settling down of, i. 240
Notker, i. 308-9 _and_ _n. 1_; sequences of, ii. 201-2
Numbers, symbolic phantasies regarding, i. 72 _and_ _nn. 1, 2_; ii. 49
_n. 3_
Oberon, fairy king, i. 564 _and_ _n._
Occam, William of, career of, ii. 518;
estimate of his work, ii. 522-3;
attitude toward Duns, ii. 518 _seqq._;
on faith and reason, ii. 519;
on Universals, ii. 520-1
Odilo, Abbot of Cluny, i. =294-5=, 359;
Jotsaldus’ biography of, quoted, i. 295-6
Odo, Abbot of Cluny, i. 343 _and_ _n. 3_, 359;
Epitome by, of Gregory’s _Moralia_, i. 16 _n. 4_; ii. 161 _and_ _n. 2_;
Latin style of _Collationes_, ii. 161-2
Odo of Tournai, ii. 340 _n._
Odoacer, i. =114=, 145
Olaf, St., i. 156, =160-1=
Olaf Tryggvason, King, i. 156, =161-2=
Old French:
Formation of, ii. 155
Latin as studied by speakers of, ii. 123
Poetry, ii. 222, =225 seqq.=
Ontology, _see_ Metaphysics
Ordeal, trial by, i. 232-3 _and_ _n. 1_
Ordericus Vitalis, i. 525;
_Historia ecclesiastica_ by, ii. 176-8
_Organon_, _see under_ Aristotle
Origen, estimate of, i. 51, 62-3;
on Canticles, i. =333=; ii. 369;
_De principiis_, i. 68;
otherwise mentioned, i. 53, 76, 80, 87, 104, 411; ii. 64
Orleans School:
Classical studies at, ii. 119 _n. 2_, 127
Law studies at, ii. 250
Rivalry of, with Chartres, ii. 119 _n. 2_
Orosius, i. =82= _and_ _n. 1_, 188
Ostrogoths, i. 7, 113, =114-15=, 120
Otfrid the Frank, i. =203-4=, 308
Other world:
Irish beliefs as to, i. 131 _and_ _n. 2_
Voyages to, mediaeval narratives of, i. 444 _n. 1_
Othloh, i. 315;
visions of, i. 443;
_Book concerning the Temptations of a certain Monk_, i. 316-23
Otric, i. 289-91
Otto I. (the Great), Emp., i. =241-3=, 256-7, 309
Otto II., Emp., i. 243, =282-3=, =289=
Otto III., Emp., i. =243=, 283, 284;
_Modus Ottinc_ in honour of, ii. 215-216
Otto IV. (of Brunswick), Emp., i. 417; ii. =32-3=
Otwin, Bp. of Hildesheim, i. 312
Ovid, _Ars amatoria_ of, i. 574-5;
mediaeval allegorizing of, and of _Metamorphoses_, ii. 230
Oxford University:
Characteristics of, ii. 388-9
Curriculum at, ii. 387-8
Foundation of, ii. 380, =386-7=
Franciscan fame at, ii. 400
Greek studies at, ii. 120, 391, 487
Palladius, Bp., i. 172
Pandects, _see under_ Roman law
Papacy (_See also_ Church _and_ Popes):
Ascendancy of, over prelacy, i. 304
Character of, ii. 32
Denunciations against, i. 475; ii. 34-5, 218
Empire’s relations with:
Concordat of Worms, i. 245 _n. 4_
Conflict (11th cent.), i. 244;
(12th cent.), i. 245 _n. 4_; ii. 273;
(13th cent.), ii. 33, =34-5=;
(14th cent.), ii. 518;
allegory as a weapon in, ii. 60
Recognition of ecclesiastical authority, ii. 265-7, 272-3
Reforms by Otto I., i. 243
Gregory VII.’s claims for, i. 245; ii. 274
Mendicant Orders’ relations with, ii. =398=, 509
Nepotism of, i. =504-5=, 511
Schisms of popes and anti-popes, i. 264
Temporal power of, rise of, i. 116;
claims advanced, i. 245;
realized, ii. 274, 276-7
Papinian cited, ii. 235
Paraclete oratory:
Abaelard at, ii. 10, 344
Heloïse at, ii. 10 _seqq._
Paradise:
Dante’s _Paradiso_, _see under_ Dante
Hildegard’s visions of, i. 455-6
Paris:
Schools:
Growth of, ii. 380
Notre Dame and St. Geneviève, ii. 383
St. Victor, ii. =61-3=, 143, 383
University:
Aristotle prohibited at, ii. 391-2
Authorities on, ii. 381 _n._
Bacon at, ii. 488
Bonaventura at, ii. 403
Curriculum at, ii. 387-8
Dominicans and Franciscans at, ii. 399
Prominence of, in philosophy and theology, ii. 283, =378-9=
Rise, constitution, and struggles of, ii. 119-20, 383-6
Viking sieges of, i. 153
Parma, i. 497, 505-6
_Parsival_:
Chrétien’s version of, i. 567, =588-9=
Wolfram’s version of, i. 12 _n._, 571 _n. 2_, =589-613=; ii. =29=
Paschal controversy, _see_ Eucharistic
Paschasius, Radbertus, Abbot of Corbie i. 215, =225-7=
Patrick, St., i. 172-3
Patristic thought and doctrine (_See also_ Greek thought, patristic,
_and_ Latin Fathers):
Abaelard’s attitude toward, ii. 305
Achievement of exponents of, i. 86-7
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. 492
Completeness of schemes presented by, ii. 394
Emotion as synthesized by, i. 340-2
Intellectual rather than emotional, i. 343-4;
emotionalizing of, by mediaeval thinkers, i. 345
Latin medium of, i. 5
Logic as regarded by, i. 71
Mediaeval attitude toward, i. 16
Miracle accepted by, i. 51-3, =85-6=
Natural knowledge as treated by, i. =61 seqq.=, =72-3=, =76-7=, 99;
ii. 393
Pagan philosophy permeating exponents of, i. =33-4=, =58=, 61
Philosophy as classified by, ii. 312
Rearrangement of, undertaken in Carolingian period, i. =224=, 237
Symbolism of, _see under_ Symbolism
Paulinus of Aquileia, i. 215
Paulinus, St., of Nola, i. =86=, 126 _n. 2_
Paulus--on _jus_, ii. 237:
_Sententiae_ of, ii. 243
Paulus, St., i. 84, 86
Paulus Diaconus, i. 214-15, 252
Pavia, law school at, ii. 251, =259=
Pedro, Don, of Castille, i. 554-5
Pelagians, i. 225
Pelagius, i. 172 _n._
Peripatetic School, i. 38-9
(_See also_ Aristotle)
Peter, Bro., of Apulia, i. 512-14
Peter, disciple of St. Francis, i. 426
Peter Damiani, _see_ Damiani
Peter of Blois, ii. 133-4
Peter of Ebulo, ii. 190
Peter of Maharncuria, ii. 502-4
Peter of Pisa, i. 214
Peter the Venerable, Abbot of Cluny, i. 360;
letter of, to Heloïse, ii. 25-7
Petrarch, ii. 188, =219=
Petrus Riga, _Aurora_ of, ii. 127
Philip VI., King of France, i. 551
Philip Augustus, King of France, ii. 33
Philip Hohenstauffen, Duke of Suabia, i. 481; ii. =32=, 33
Philo, i. 37, =231=;
allegorizing of, ii. =42=, 364
Philosophy:
Division of, schemes of, ii. 312 _seqq._
End of:
Abaelard’s and Hugo’s views on, ii. 352, 361
John of Salisbury on, ii. 375
Philosophy, antique:
Divine source of, Bacon’s view as to, ii. 507 _n. 2_
“First” (Aristotelian), ii. 335
Position of, in Roman Empire (3rd-6th cent.), i. 34 (_See also_
Greek thought)
Philosophy, Arabian, ii. =389-90=, 400-1
Philosophy, scholastic:
Completeness of, in Aquinas, ii. 395
Divisions of, ii. 312 _seqq._
Importance of, as intellectual interest, ii. 287-8
Physical sciences included in, _see_ Physical science
Theology as the end of (Abaelard’s and Hugo’s view), ii. 352, 361
Theology distinguished from, ii. 284, 288;
by Aquinas, ii. =290=, 311;
by Bonaventura, ii. 410 _and_ _n._;
considered as superior to, by Aquinas, ii. 289-=90=, =292=;
dominated by (Bacon’s contention), ii. 496;
dissociated from, by Duns and Occam, ii. 510, =517=, 519
Physical science:
Albertus Magnus’ attitude toward, ii. 423;
his works on, ii. 425-9
Bacon’s predilection for, ii. 486-7
Classifications of, ii. 312 _seqq._
Experimental science or method, ii. 502-8
Mediaeval attitude toward, i. 300
Oxford school of, ii. 389
Patristic attitude toward, i. 63, 66-7, =72-3=, =76-7=, 99; ii. 393
Theology as subserved by, ii. =67=, 111, =289=, =486=, =492=, =496=,
500, 530;
denial of the theory--by Duns, ii. 510;
by Occam, ii. 519-20
_Physiologus_, i. =76-7 and n.=, 300; ii. 83
Pippin of Heristal, i. =208-9=; ii. 197
Pippin of Neustria, i. 115, =200=, =209=, 210 and _n. 1_; ii. 273
Pippin, son of Charlemagne, ii. 197
Placentia (Piacenza), i. 24