[1] The term "Spanish mackerel" is applied in America to _Cybium
maculatum_.
McKIM, CHARLES FOLLEN (1847-1909), American architect, was born in
Chester county, Pennsylvania, on the 24th of August 1847. His father,
James Miller McKim (1810-1874), originally a Presbyterian minister, was
a prominent abolitionist and one of the founders (1865) of the New York
_Nation_. The son studied at Harvard (1866-1867) and at Paris in the
École des Beaux-Arts (1867-1870), and in 1872 became an architect in New
York City, entering the office of H. H. Richardson; in 1877 he formed a
partnership with William Rutherford Mead (b. 1846), the firm becoming in
1879 McKim, Mead & White, when Stanford White (1853-1906) became a
partner. McKim was one of the founders of the American Academy in Rome;
received a gold medal at the Paris exposition of 1900; in 1903, for his
services in the promotion of architecture, received the King's Medal of
the Royal Institute of British Architects; and in 1907 became a National
Academician. He died at St James, Long Island, N.Y., on the 14th of
September 1909. McKim's name is especially associated with the
University Club in New York, with the Columbia University buildings,
with the additions to the White House (1906), and, more particularly,
with the Boston Public Library, for which the library of Ste Geneviève
in Paris furnished the suggestion.
MACKINAC ISLAND, a small island in the N.W. extremity of Lake Huron and
a part of Mackinac county, Michigan, and a city and summer resort of the
same name on the island. The city is on the S.E. shore, at the entrance
of the Straits of Mackinac, about 7 m. N.E. of Mackinaw City and 6 m.
E.S.E. of St Ignace. Pop. (1900), 665; (1904), 736; (1910), 714. During
the summer season, when thousands of people come here to enjoy the cool
and pure air and the island's beautiful scenery, the city is served by
the principal steamboat lines on the Great Lakes and by ferry to
Mackinaw city (pop. in 1904, 696), which is served by the Michigan
Central, the Grand Rapids & Indiana, and the Duluth, South Shore &
Atlantic railways. The island is about 3 m. long by 2 m. wide. From the
remarkably clear water of Lake Huron its shores rise for the most part
in tall white limestone cliffs; inland there are strangely shaped rocks
and forests of cedar, pine, fir, spruce, juniper, maple, oak, birch, and
beech. Throughout the island there are numerous glens, ravines, and
caverns, some of which are rich in associations with Indian legends. The
city is an antiquated fishing and trading village with modern hotels,
club-houses, and summer villas. Fort Mackinac and its grounds are
included in a state reservation which embraces about one-half of the
island.
The original name of the island was Michilimackinac ("place of the big
lame person" or "place of the big wounded person"); the name was
apparently derived from an Algonquian tribe, the Mishinimaki or
Mishinimakinagog, now extinct. The island was long occupied by
Chippewas, the Hurons had a village here for a short time after their
expulsion from the East by the Iroquois, and subsequently there was an
Ottawa village here. The first white settlement or station was
established by the French in 1670 (abandoned in 1701) at Point Saint
Ignace on the north side of the strait. In 1761 a fort on the south side
(built in 1712) was surrendered to the British. By the treaty of Paris
(1783) the right of the United States to this district was acknowledged;
but the fort was held by the British until 1796. In July 1812 a British
force surprised the garrison, which had not yet learned that war had
been declared. In August 1814 an American force under Colonel George
Croghan (1791-1849) attempted to recapture the island but was repulsed
with considerable loss. By the treaty of Ghent, however, the island was
restored, in July 1815, to the United States; Fort Mackinac was
maintained by the Federal government until 1895, when it was ceded to
the state. From 1820 to 1840 the village was one of the principal
stations of the American Fur Company. A Congregational mission was
established among the Chippewas on the island in 1827, but was
discontinued before 1845. The city of Mackinac Island was chartered in
1899.
See W. C. Richards, "The Fairy Isle of Mackinac," in the _Magazine of
American History_ (July 1891); and R. G. Thwaites, "The Story of
Mackinac," in vol. 14 of the _Collections_ of the State Historical
Society of Wisconsin (Madison, 1898).