[1] [W. Christ, _Gesch. der griech. Litt._, gives the date of birth
as about 450.]
[2] See further Jebb, _The Attic Orators from Antiphon to Isaeus_, i.
142-316.
[3] [Some remains of the speech against Theozotides have been found
in the Hibeh papyri; see W. H. D. Rouse's _The Year's Work in
Classical Studies_ (1907)].
LYSIMACHUS (c. 355-281 B.C.), Macedonian general, son of Agathocles, was
a citizen of Pella in Macedonia. During Alexander's Persian campaigns he
was one of his immediate bodyguard and distinguished himself in India.
After Alexander's death he was appointed to the government of Thrace and
the Chersonese. For a long time he was chiefly occupied with fighting
against the Odrysian king Seuthes. In 315 he joined Cassander, Ptolemy
and Seleucus against Antigonus, who, however, diverted his attention by
stirring up Thracian and Scythian tribes against him. In 309, he founded
Lysimachia in a commanding situation on the neck connecting the
Chersonese with the mainland. He followed the example of Antigonus in
taking the title of king. In 302 when the second alliance between
Cassander, Ptolemy and Seleucus was made, Lysimachus, reinforced by
troops from Cassander, entered Asia Minor, where he met with little
resistance. On the approach of Antigonus he retired into winter quarters
near Heraclea, marrying its widowed queen Amastris, a Persian princess.
Seleucus joined him in 301, and at the battle of Ipsus Antigonus was
slain. His dominions were divided among the victors, Lysimachus
receiving the greater part of Asia Minor. Feeling that Seleucus was
becoming dangerously great, he now allied himself with Ptolemy, marrying
his daughter Arsinoë. Amastris, who had divorced herself from him,
returned to Heraclea. When Antigonus's son Demetrius renewed hostilities
(297), during his absence in Greece, Lysimachus seized his towns in Asia
Minor, but in 294 concluded a peace whereby Demetrius was recognized as
ruler of Macedonia. He tried to carry his power beyond the Danube, but
was defeated and taken prisoner by the Getae, who, however, set him free
on amicable terms. Demetrius subsequently threatened Thrace, but had to
retire in consequence of a rising in Boeotia, and an attack from Pyrrhus
of Epirus. In 288 Lysimachus and Pyrrhus in turn invaded Macedonia, and
drove Demetrius out of the country. Pyrrhus was at first allowed to
remain in possession of Macedonia with the title of king, but in 285 he
was expelled by Lysimachus. Domestic troubles embittered the last years
of Lysimachus's life. Amastris had been murdered by her two sons;
Lysimachus treacherously put them to death. On his return Arsinoë asked
the gift of Heraclea, and he granted her request, though he had promised
to free the city. In 284 Arsinoë, desirous of gaining the succession for
her sons in preference to Agathocles (the eldest son of Lysimachus),
intrigued against him with the help of her brother Ptolemy Ceraunus;
they accused him of conspiring with Seleucus to seize the throne, and he
was put to death. This atrocious deed of Lysimachus aroused great
indignation. Many of the cities of Asia revolted, and his most trusted
friends deserted him. The widow of Agathocles fled to Seleucus, who at
once invaded the territory of Lysimachus in Asia. Lysimachus crossed the
Hellespont, and in 281 a decisive battle took place at the plain of
Corus (Corupedion) in Lydia. Lysimachus was killed; after some days his
body, watched by a faithful dog, was found on the field, and given up to
his son Alexander, by whom it was interred at Lysimachia.
See Arrian, _Anab._ v. 13, vi. 28; Justin xv. 3, 4, xvii. 1; Quintus
Curtius v. 3, x. 30; Diod. Sic. xviii. 3; Polybius v. 67; Plutarch,
_Demetrius_, 31. 52, _Pyrrhus_, 12; Appian, _Syriaca_, 62; Thirlwall,
_History of Greece_, vol. viii. (1847); J. P. Mahaffy, _Story of
Alexander's Empire_; Droysen, _Hellenismus_ (2nd ed., 1877); A. Holm,
_Griechische Geschichte_, vol. iv. (1894); B. Niese, _Gesch. d.
griech. u. maked. Staaten_, vols. i. and ii. (1893, 1899); J. Beloch,
_Griech. Gesch._ vol. iii. (1904); Hünerwadel, _Forschungen zur Gesch.
des Konigs Lysimachus_ (1900); Possenti, _Il Re Lisimaco di Tracia_
(1901); Ghione, _Note sul regno di Lisimaco (Atti d. real. Accad. di
Torino_, xxxix.); and MACEDONIAN EMPIRE. (E. R. B.)
LYSIPPUS, Greek sculptor, was head of the school of Argos and Sicyon in
the time of Philip and Alexander of Macedon. His works are said to have
numbered 1500, some of them colossal. Some accounts make him the
continuer of the school of Polyclitus; some represent him as
self-taught. The matter in which he especially innovated was the
proportions of the male human body; he made the head smaller than his
predecessors, the body more slender and hard, so as to give the
impression of greater height. He also took great pains with hair and
other details. Pliny (_N.H._ 34, 61) and other writers mention many of
his statues. Among the gods he seems to have produced new and striking
types of Zeus (probably of the Otricoli class), of Poseidon (compare the
Poseidon of the Lateran, standing with raised foot), of the Sun-god and
others; many of these were colossal figures in bronze. Among heroes he
was specially attracted by the mighty physique of Hercules. The Hercules
Farnese of Naples, though signed by Glycon of Athens, and a later and
exaggerated transcript, owes something, including the motive of rest
after labour, to Lysippus. Lysippus made many statues of Alexander the
Great, and so satisfied his patron, no doubt by idealizing him, that he
became the court sculptor of the king, from whom and from whose generals
he received many commissions. The extant portraits of Alexander vary
greatly, and it is impossible to determine which among them go back to
Lysippus. The remarkable head from Alexandria (Plate II. fig. 56, in
GREEK ART) has as good a claim as any.
As head of the great athletic school of Peloponnese Lysippus naturally
sculptured many athletes; a figure by him of a man scraping himself with
a strigil was a great favourite of the Romans in the time of Tiberius
(Pliny, _N.H._ 34, 61); and this has been usually regarded as the
original copied in the Apoxyomenus of the Vatican (GREEK ART, Plate VI.
fig. 79). If so, the copyist has modernized his copy, for some features
of the Apoxyomenus belong to the Hellenistic age. With more certainty we
may see a copy of an athlete by Lysippus in the statue of Agias found at
Delphi (GREEK ART, Plate V. fig. 74), which is proved by inscriptions to
be a replica in marble of a bronze statue set up by Lysippus in
Thessaly. And when the Agias and the Apoxyomenus are set side by side
their differences are so striking that it is difficult to attribute them
to the same author, though they may belong to the same school. (P. G.)
LYSIS OF TARENTUM (d. c. 390 B.C.), Greek philosopher. His life is
obscure, but it is generally accepted, that in the persecution of the
Pythagoreans at Crotona and Metapontum he escaped and went to Thebes,
where he came under the influence of Philolaus. The friend and companion
of Pythagoras, he has been credited with many of the works usually
attributed to Pythagoras himself. Diogenes Laertius viii. 6 gives him
three, and Mullach even assigns to him the _Golden Verses_. But it is
generally held that these verses are a collection of lines by many
authors rather than the work of one man.
LYSISTRATUS, a Greek sculptor of the 4th century B.C., brother of
Lysippus of Sicyon. We are told by Pliny (_Nat. Hist._ 35, 153) that he
followed a strongly realistic line, being the first sculptor to take
impressions of human faces in plaster.
LYTE, HENRY FRANCIS (1793-1847), Anglican divine and hymn-writer, was
born near Kelso on the 1st of June 1793, and was educated at Enniskillen
school and at Trinity College, Dublin. He took orders in 1815, and for
some time held a curacy near Wexford. Owing to infirm health he came to
England, and after several changes settled, in 1823, in the parish of
Brixham. In 1844 his health finally gave way; and he died at Nice on the
20th of November 1847.
Lyte's first work was _Tales in Verse illustrative of Several of the
Petitions in the Lord's Prayer_ (1826), which was written at Lymington
and was commended by Wilson in the _Noctes Ambrosianae_. He next
published (1833) a volume of _Poems, chiefly Religious_, and in 1834 a
little collection of psalms and hymns entitled _The Spirit of the
Psalms_. After his death, a volume of _Remains_ with a memoir was
published, and the poems contained in this, with those in _Poems,
chiefly Religious_, were afterwards issued in one volume (1868). His
best known hymns are "Abide with me! fast falls the eventide"; "Jesus,
I my cross have taken"; "Praise, my soul, the King of Heaven"; and
"Pleasant are Thy courts above."
LYTHAM, an urban district and watering-place in the Blackpool
parliamentary division of Lancashire, England, on the north shore of the
estuary of the Ribble, 13½ m. W. of Preston by a joint line of the
London & North Western and Lancashire & Yorkshire railways. Pop. (1901)
7185. It has a pier, a pleasant promenade and drive along the shore,
and other appointments of a seaside resort, but it is less wholly
devoted to holiday visitors than Blackpool, which lies 8 m. N.W. A
Benedictine cell was founded here at the close of the 12th century by
the lord of the manor, Richard Fitz-Roger.
LYTTELTON, GEORGE LYTTELTON, 1ST BARON (1709-1773), English statesman
and man of letters, born at Hagley, Worcestershire, was a descendant of
the great jurist Sir Thomas Littleton (q.v.). He was the eldest son of
Sir Thomas Lyttelton, 4th bart. (d. 1751), who at the revolution of 1688
and during the following reign was one of the ablest Whig debaters of
the House of Commons.[1] Lyttelton was educated at Eton and Oxford, and
in 1728 set out on the grand tour, spending considerable periods at
Paris and Rome. On his return to England he sat in parliament for
Okehampton, Devonshire, beginning public life in the same year with
Pitt. From 1744 to 1754 he held the office of a lord commissioner of the
treasury. In 1755 he succeeded Legge as chancellor of the exchequer, but
in 1756 he quitted office, being raised to the peerage as Baron
Lyttelton, of Frankley, in the county of Worcester. In the political
crisis of 1765, before the formation of the Rockingham administration,
it was suggested that he might be placed at the head of the treasury,
but he declined to take part in any such scheme. The closing years of
his life were devoted chiefly to literary pursuits. He died on the 22nd
of August 1773.
Lyttelton's earliest publication (1735), _Letters from a Persian in
England to his Friend at Ispahan_, appeared anonymously. Much greater
celebrity was achieved by his _Observations on the Conversion and
Apostleship of St Paul_, also anonymous, published in 1747. It takes
the form of a letter to Gilbert West, and is designed to show that St
Paul's conversion is of itself a sufficient demonstration of the
divine character of Christianity. Dr Johnson regarded the work as one
"to which infidelity has never been able to fabricate a specious
answer." Lord Lyttelton's _Dialogues of the Dead_, a creditable
performance, though hardly rivalling either Lucian or Landor, appeared
in 1760. His _History of Henry II._ (1767-1771), the fruit of twenty
years' labour, is not now cited as an authority, but is painstaking
and fair. Lyttelton was also a writer of verse; his _Monody_ on his
wife's death has been praised by Gray for its elegiac tenderness, and
his _Prologue_ to the _Coriolanus_ of his friend Thomson shows genuine
feeling. He was also the author of the well-known stanza in the
_Castle of Indolence_, in which the poet himself is described. A
complete collection of the _Works_ of Lord Lyttelton was published by
his nephew, G. E. Ayscough in 1774.
His son THOMAS (1744-1779), who succeeded as 2nd baron, played some part
in the political life of his time, but his loose and prodigal habits
were notorious, and he is known, in distinction to his father "the good
lord," as the wicked Lord Lyttelton. He left no lawful issue, and the
barony became extinct; but it was revived in 1794 in the person of his
uncle WILLIAM HENRY, 1st baron of the new creation (1724-1808), who was
governor of S. Carolina and later of Jamaica, and ambassador to
Portugal. The new barony went after him to his two sons. The 3rd baron
(1782-1837) was succeeded by his son GEORGE WILLIAM LYTTELTON, 4th baron
(1817-1876), who was a fine scholar, and brother-in-law of W. E.
Gladstone, having married Miss Mary Glynne. He did important work in
educational and poor law reform. He had eight sons, of whom the eldest,
CHARLES GEORGE (b. 1842), became 5th baron, and in 1889 succeeded, by
the death of the 3rd duke of Buckingham and Chandos, to the viscounty of
Cobham, in which title the barony of Lyttelton is now merged. Other
distinguished sons were Arthur Temple Lyttelton (d. 1903), warden of
Selwyn College, Cambridge, and bishop-suffragan of Southampton; Edward
Lyttelton (b. 1855), headmaster of Haileybury (1890-1905) and then of
Eton; and Alfred Lyttelton (b. 1857), secretary of state for the
colonies (1903-1906). It was a family of well-known cricketers, Alfred
being in his day the best wicket-keeper in England as well as a fine
tennis player.
For the 1st baron see Sir R. Phillimore's _Memoirs and Correspondence
of Lord Lyttelton_, 1734-1773 (2 vols., 1845).