[1] The usual explanation is that the name was derived from Charles
Lynch (1736-1796), a justice of the peace in Virginia after 1774, who
in 1780, toward the close of the War of Independence, greatly
exceeded his powers in the punishment of Tories or Loyalists detected
in a conspiracy in the neighbourhood of his home in Bedford county,
Va. Lynch was a man of influence in his community, was for many years
a member of the Virginia legislature, was a member of the famous
Virginia Convention of 1776 and was later (in 1781) an officer in the
American army. See an article, "The Real Judge Lynch," in the
_Atlantic Monthly_, vol. lxxxviii. (Boston, 1901).
[2] They have been corrected and somewhat modified by Dr. J. E.
Cutler, from whose book the figures above have been taken. Lynching
as used in this connexion applies exclusively to the illegal
infliction of capital punishment.
[3] For present purposes the former slave states (of 1860) constitute
the South; the West is composed of the territory west of the
Mississippi river, excluding Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas and
Oklahoma; the East includes those states east of the Mississippi
river not included in the Southern group; the East and the West make
up the North as here used--that is, the former free states of 1860.
LYNDHURST, JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY, BARON (1772-1863), lord chancellor of
England, was born at Boston, Massachusetts, in 1772. He was the son of
John Singleton Copley, the painter. He was educated at a private school
and Cambridge university, where he was second wrangler and fellow of
Trinity. Called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1804, he gained a
considerable practice. In 1817 he was one of the counsel for Dr J.
Watson, tried for his share in the Spa Fields riot. On this occasion
Copley so distinguished himself as to attract the attention of
Castlereagh and other Tory leaders, under whose patronage he entered
parliament as member for Yarmouth in the Isle of Wight. He afterwards
sat for Ashburton, 1818-1826, and for Cambridge university 1826-1827. He
was solicitor-general in 1819, attorney-general in 1824, master of the
rolls in 1826 and lord chancellor in 1827, with the title of Lord
Lyndhurst. Before being taken up by the Tories, Copley was a man of the
most advanced views, a republican and Jacobin; and his accession to the
Tories excited a good deal of comment, which he bore with the greatest
good humour. He gave a brilliant and eloquent but by no means rancorous
support to all the reactionary measures of his chief. The same year that
he became solicitor-general he married the beautiful and clever widow
of Lieut.-Colonel Charles Thomas of the Coldstream Guards, and began to
take a conspicuous place in society, in which his noble figure, his
ready wit and his never-failing _bonhomie_ made him a distinguished
favourite.
As solicitor-general he took a prominent part in the trial of Queen
Caroline. To the great Liberal measures which marked the end of the
reign of George IV. and the beginning of that of William IV. he gave a
vigorous opposition. He was lord chief baron of the exchequer from 1831
to 1834. During the Melbourne administration from 1835 to 1841 he
figured conspicuously as an obstructionist in the House of Lords. In
these years it was a frequent practice with him, before each prorogation
of parliament, to entertain the House with a "review of the session," in
which he mercilessly attacked the Whig government. His former adversary
Lord Brougham, disgusted at his treatment by the Whig leaders, soon
became his most powerful ally in opposition; and the two dominated the
House of Lords. Throughout all the Tory governments from 1827 Lyndhurst
held the chancellorship (1827-1830 and 1834-1835); and in the Peel
administration (1841-1846) he resumed that office for the last time. As
Peel never had much confidence in Lyndhurst, the latter did not exert so
great an influence in the cabinet as his position and experience
entitled him to do. But he continued a loyal member of the party. As in
regard to Catholic emancipation, so in the agitation against the corn
laws, he opposed reform till his chief gave the signal for concession,
and then he cheerfully obeyed. After 1846 and the disintegration of the
Tory party consequent on Peel's adoption of free trade, Lord Lyndhurst
was not so assiduous in his attendance in parliament. Yet he continued
to an extreme old age to take a lively interest in public affairs, and
occasionally to astonish the country by the power and brilliancy of his
speeches. That which he made in the House of Lords on the 19th of June
1854, on the war with Russia, made a sensation in Europe; and throughout
the Crimean War he was a strong advocate of the energetic prosecution of
hostilities. In 1859 he denounced with his old energy the restless
ambition of Napoleon III. When released from office he came forward
somewhat as the advocate of liberal measures. His first wife had died in
1834, and in August 1837 he had married Georgina, daughter of Lewis
Goldsmith. She was a Jewess; and it was therefore natural that he
strenuously supported the admission of Jews into parliament. He also
advocated women's rights in questions of divorce. At the age of
eighty-four he passed the autumn at Dieppe, "helping to fly paper kites,
and amusing himself by turns with the writings of the Greek and Latin
fathers on divorce and the amorous novels of Eugene Sue." His last
speech, marked by "his wonted brilliancy and vigour," was delivered in
the House of Lords at the age of eighty-nine. He died in London on the
12th of October 1863. He left no male issue and the title became
extinct.
See _Lives of the Lord Chancellors of England_, vol. viii. (Lords
Lyndhurst and Brougham), by Lord Campbell (1869). Campbell was a
personal friend, but a political opponent. Brougham's _Memoirs_;
_Greville Memoirs_; _Life of Lord Lyndhurst_ (1883) by Sir Theodore
Martin; J. B. Atlay, _The Victorian Chancellors_ (1906).
LYNDSAY, SIR DAVID (c. 1490-c. 1555), Scottish poet, was the son of
David Lyndsay of the Mount, near Cupar-Fife, and of Garmylton, near
Haddington. His place of birth and his school are undetermined. It is
probable that his college life was spent at St Andrews university, on
the books of which appears an entry "Da Lindesay" for the session
1508-1509. He was engaged at court, first as an equerry, then as an
"usher" to the young Prince James, afterwards James V. In 1522 he
married Janet Douglas, a court seamstress, and seven years later was
appointed Lyon King of Arms, and knighted. He was several times engaged
in diplomatic business (twice on embassies abroad--to the Netherlands
and France), and he was, in virtue of his heraldic office, a general
master of ceremonies. After the death of James V., in 1542, he continued
to sit in parliament as commissioner for Cupar-Fife; and in 1548 he was
member of a mission to Denmark which obtained certain privileges for
Scottish merchants. There is reason to believe that he died in or about
1555.
Most of Lyndsay's literary work, by which he secured great reputation in
his own day and by which he still lives, was written during the period
of prosperity at court. In this respect he is unlike his predecessor
Gavin Douglas (q.v.), who forsook literature when he became a
politician. The explanation of the difference is partly to be found in
the fact that Lyndsay's muse was more occasional and satirical, and that
the time was suitable to the exercise of his special gifts. It is more
difficult to explain how he enjoyed a freedom of speech which is without
parallel even in more secure times. He chastised all classes, from his
royal master to the most simple. There is no evidence that he abjured
Catholicism; yet his leading purpose was the exposure of its errors and
abuses. His aid was readily accepted by the reforming party, and by
their use of his work he shared with their leaders throughout many
generations a reputation which is almost exclusively political and
ecclesiastical.
Lyndsay's longer poems are _The Dreme_ (1134 lines), _The Testament and
Complaynt of the Papynago_ (1190 lines), _The Testament of Squyer
Meldrum_ (1859 lines), _Ane Dialog betwix Experience and ane Courteour
of the Miserabyll Estait of the World_ (6333 lines), and _Ane Pleasant
Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis_ (over 4000 lines). These represent, with
reasonable completeness, the range of Lyndsay's literary talent. No
single poem can give him a chief place, though here and there,
especially in the last, he gives hints of the highest competence. Yet
the corporate effect of these pieces is to secure for him the allowance
of more than mere intellectual vigour and common sense. There is in his
craftsmanship, in his readiness to apply the traditional methods to
contemporary requirements, something of that accomplishment which makes
even the second-rate man of letters interesting.
Lyndsay, the last of the Makars, is not behind his fellow-poets in
acknowledgment to Chaucer. As piously as they, he reproduces the
master's forms; but in him the sentiment and outlook have suffered
change. His nearest approach to Chaucer is in _The Testament of Squyer
Meldrum_, which recalls the sketch of the "young squire"; but the
reminiscence is verbal rather than spiritual. Elsewhere his memory
serves him less happily, as when he describes the array of the lamented
Queen Magdalene in the words which Chaucer had applied to the eyes of
his wanton Friar. So too, in the _Dreme_, the allegorical tradition
survives only in the form. "Remembrance" conducts the poet over the
old-world itinerary, but only to lead him to speculation on Scotland's
woes and to an "Exhortatioun to the Kingis Grace" to bring relief. The
tenor is well expressed in the motto from the Vulgate--"_Prophetias
nolite spernere. Omnia autem probate: quod bonum est tenete._" This
didactic habit is freely exercised in the long _Dialog_ (sometimes
called the _Monarche_), a universal history of the medieval type, in
which the falls of princes by corruption supply an object lesson to the
unreformed church of his day. The _Satyre_ is more direct in its attack
on ecclesiastical abuse; and its dramatic form permits more lively
treatment. This piece is of great historical interest, being the only
extant example of a complete Scottish morality. It is in respect of
literary quality Lyndsay's best work, and in dramatic construction and
delineation of character it holds a high place in this _genre_. The
farcical interludes (in places too coarse for modern taste) supply many
touches of genuine comedy; and throughout the play there are passages,
as in the speeches of Veritie in the First Part and of Dame Chastitie in
the "Interlude of the Sowtar and the Taylor," in which word and line are
happily conceived. The _Testament of the Papyngo_ (popinjay), drawn in
the familiar medieval manner, is another tract for the time, full of
admonition to court and clergy. Of his shorter pieces, _The Complaynt
and Publict Confessions of the Kingis Auld Hound, callit Bagsche,
directit to Bawtie, the Kingis best belovit Dog, and his companyeonis_,
and the _Answer to the Kingis Flyting_ have a like pulpit resonance. The
former is interesting as a forerunner of Burns's device in the "Twa
Dogs." The _Deploratioun of the_ _Deith of Queen Magdalene_ is in the
extravagant style of commemoration illustrated in Dunbar's Elegy on the
Lord Aubigny. The _Justing betwix James Watsoun and Jhone Barbour_ is a
contribution to the popular taste for boisterous fun, in spirit, if not
in form, akin to the _Christis Kirk on the Grene_ series; and
indirectly, with Dunbar's _Turnament_ and _Of ane Blak-Moir_, a
burlesque of the courtly tourney. Lyndsay approaches Dunbar in his
satire _The Supplicatioun in contemptioun of syde taillis_ ("wide"
trains of the ladies), which recalls the older poet's realistic lines on
the filthy condition of the city streets. In Lyndsay's _Descriptioun of
Pedder Coffeis_ (pedlars) we have an early example of the studies in
vulgar life which are so plentiful in later Scottish literature. In
_Kitteis Confessioun_ he returns, but in more sprightly mood, to his
attack on the church.
In Lyndsay we have the first literary expression in Scotland of the
Renaissance. His interest lies on the theological side of the revival;
he is in no sense a humanist, and he is indifferent to the artistic
claims of the movement. Still he appeals to the principle which is
fundamental to all. He demands first-hand impression. He feels that men
must get their lesson direct, not from intermediaries who understand the
originals no more "than they do the ravyng of the rukis." Hence his
persistent plea for the vernacular, nowhere more directly put than in
the _Dialog_, in the "Exclamatioun to the Redar, toucheyng the wrytting
of the vulgare and maternall language." Though he is concerned only in
the theological and ecclesiastical application of this, he undoubtedly
stimulated the use of the vernacular in a Scotland which in all literary
matters beyond the concern of the irresponsible poet still used the
_lingua franca_ of Europe.
A complete edition of Lyndsay's poetical works was published by David
Laing in 3 vols. in 1879. This was anticipated during the process of
preparation by a cheaper edition (slightly expurgated) by the same
editor in 1871 (2 vols.). The E.E.T.S. issued the first part of a
complete edition in 1865 (ed. F. Hall). Five parts have appeared, four
edited by F. Hall, the fifth by J. A. H. Murray. For the bibliography
see Laing's 3 vol. edition, _u.s._ iii. pp. 222 et seq., and the
E.E.T.S. edition _passim_. See also the editions by Pinkerton (1792),
Sibbald (1803), and Chalmers (1806); and the critical accounts in
Henderson's _Scottish Vernacular Literature_ (1898), Gregory Smith's
_Transition Period_ (1900), and J. H. Millar's _Literary History of
Scotland_ (1903). A professional work prepared by Lyndsay in the Lyon
Office, entitled the _Register of Scottish Arms_ (now preserved in MS.
in the Advocates' Library), was printed in 1821 and reprinted in 1878.
It remains the most authoritative document on Scottish heraldry.
(G. G. S.)
LYNEDOCH, THOMAS GRAHAM, 1ST BARON (1748-1843), British general, was the
son of Thomas Graeme, laird of Balgowan, and was born on the 19th of
October 1748. He was educated by private tutors, among whom was James
Macpherson (q.v.), and was a gentleman commoner of Christ Church,
Oxford, between 1766 and 1768. He then travelled on the continent of
Europe, and in 1772 unsuccessfully contested a parliamentary seat in
Perthshire. In 1774 he married a daughter of the ninth Lord Cathcart,
and took a house in the Leicestershire hunting country. After a few
years, owing to the state of his wife's health, Graham was compelled to
live mainly in the south of Europe, though while at home he was a
prominent sportsman and agriculturist. In 1787 he bought the small
estate of Lynedoch or Lednock, a few miles from Perth. In 1791 his wife
died in the Mediterranean, off Hyères. Graham tried to find distraction
in renewed travels, and during his wanderings fell in with Lord Hood's
fleet on its way to Toulon. He joined it as a volunteer, served on Lord
Mulgrave's staff during the British occupation of Toulon, and returned,
after the failure of the expedition, to Scotland, where he organized a
regiment of infantry, the 90th Foot, Perthshire Volunteers (now 2nd
Battalion Scottish Rifles). Graham's men were the first regiment in the
army to be equipped and trained wholly as light infantry, though they
were not officially recognized as such for many years. In the same year
(1794) Graham became member of parliament, in the Whig interest, for the
county of Perth. He saw some active service in 1795 in "conjunct
expeditions" of the army and navy, and in 1796, being then a brevet
colonel, he was appointed British commissioner at the headquarters of
the Austrian army in Italy. He took part in the operations against
Napoleon Bonaparte, was shut up in Mantua with Würmser's army, escaped
in disguise, and after many adventures reached the relieving army of
Alvinzi just before the battle of Rivoli. On returning to his regiment
he served in more "conjunct" expeditions, in one of which, at Messina,
he co-operated with Nelson, and in 1799 he was sent as brigadier-general
to invest the fortress of Valetta, Malta. He blockaded the place for two
years, and though Major-General Pigot arrived shortly before the close
of the blockade and assumed command, the conquest of Malta stands almost
wholly to the credit of Graham and his naval colleague Sir Alexander
Ball. In 1801 Graham proceeded to Egypt, where his regiment was engaged
in Abercromby's expedition, but arrived too late to take part in any
fighting. He took the opportunity afforded by the peace of Amiens to
visit Turkey, Austria, Germany and France, and only resumed command of
his regiment in 1804. When the latter was ordered to the West Indies he
devoted himself to his duties as a member of parliament. He sat for
Perthshire until 1807, when he was defeated, as he was again in 1812.
Graham was with Moore in Sweden in 1808 and in Spain 1808-1809, and was
present at his death at the battle of Corunna. In 1809 he became a
major-general, and after taking part in the disastrous Walcheren
expedition he was promoted lieutenant-general and sent to Cadiz (1810).
In 1811, acting in conjunction with the Spanish army under General la
Peña (see PENINSULAR WAR), he took the offensive, and won the brilliant
action of Barossa (5th of March). The victory was made barren of result
by the timidity of the Spanish generals. The latter nevertheless claimed
more than their share of the credit, and Graham answered them with
spirit. One of the Spanish officers he called out, fought and disarmed,
and after refusing with contempt the offer of a Spanish dukedom, he
resigned his command in the south and joined Wellington in Portugal. His
seniority as lieutenant-general made him second in command of
Wellington's army. He took part in the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, and
commanded a wing of the army in the siege of Badajoz and the advance to
Salamanca. In July 1812, his eyesight becoming seriously impaired, he
went home, but rejoined in time to lead the detached wing of the army in
the wide-ranging manoeuvre which culminated in the battle of Vittoria.
Graham was next entrusted with the investment and siege of San
Sebastian, which after a desperate defence fell on the 9th of September
1813. He then went home, but in 1814 accepted the command of a corps to
be despatched against Antwerp. His assault on Bergen op Zoom was,
however, disastrously repulsed (3rd of February 1814).
At the peace Graham retired from active military employment. He was
created Baron Lynedoch of Balgowan in the peerage of the United Kingdom,
but refused the offered pension of £2000 a year. In 1813 he proposed the
formation of a military club in London, and though Lord St Vincent
considered such an assemblage of officers to be unconstitutional,
Wellington supported it and the officers of the army and navy at large
received the idea with enthusiasm. Lynedoch's portrait, by Sir T.
Lawrence, is in possession of this club, the (Senior) United Service. In
his latter years he resumed the habits of his youth, travelling all over
Europe, hunting with the Pytchley so long as he was able to sit his
horse, actively concerned in politics and voting consistently for
liberal measures. At the age of ninety-two he hastened from Switzerland
to Edinburgh to receive Queen Victoria when she visited Scotland after
her marriage. He died in London on the 18th of December 1843. He had
been made a full general in 1821, and at the time of his death was a
G.C.B., Colonel of the 1st (Royal Scots) regiment, and governor of
Dumbarton Castle.
See biographies by John Murray Graham (2nd ed., Edinburgh, 1877) and
Captain A. M. Delavoye (London, 1880); also the latter's _History of
the 90th_ (_Perthshire Volunteers_) (London, 1880), _Philipparts'
Royal Military Calendar_ (1820), ii. 147, and _Gentleman's Magazine_,
new series, xxi. 197.
LYNN, a city and seaport of Essex county, Massachusetts, 9 m. N.E. of
Boston, on the N. shore of Massachusetts Bay. Pop. (1900) 68,513, of
whom 17,742 were foreign-born (6609 being English Canadians, 5306
Irish, 1527 English and 1280 French Canadians), and 784 were negroes;
(1910 census) 89,336. It is served by the Boston & Maine and the Boston,
Revere Beach & Lynn railways, and by an interurban electric railway, and
has an area of 10.85 sq. m. The business part is built near the shore on
low, level ground, and the residential sections are on the higher
levels. Lynn Woods, a beautiful park, covers more than 2000 acres. On
the shore, which has a fine boulevard, is a state bath house. The city
has a handsome city hall, a free public library, founded in 1862, a
soldiers' monument and two hospitals. Lynn is primarily a manufacturing
city. The first smelting works in New England were established here in
1643. More important and earlier was the manufacture of boots and shoes,
an industry introduced in 1636 by Philip Kertland, a Buckingham man; a
corporation of shoemakers existed here in 1651, whose papers were lost
in 1765. There were many court orders in the seventeenth century to
butchers, tanners, bootmakers and cordwainers; and the business was made
more important by John Adam Dagyr (d. 1808), a Welshman who came here in
1750 and whose work was equal to the best in England. In 1767 the output
was 80,000 pairs; in 1795 about 300,000 pairs of women's shoes were made
by 600 journeymen and 200 master workmen. The product of women's shoes
had become famous in 1764, and about 1783 the use of morocco had been
introduced by Ebenezer Breed. In 1900 and 1905 Lynn was second only to
Brockton among the cities of the United States in the value of boots and
shoes manufactured, and outranked Brockton in the three allied
industries, the manufacture of boots and shoes, of cut stock and of
findings. In the value of its total manufactured product Lynn ranked
second to Boston in the state in 1905, having been fifth in 1900; the
total number of factories in 1905 was 431; their capital was
$23,139,185; their employees numbered 21,540; and their product was
valued at $55,003,023 (as compared with $39,347,493 in 1900). Patent
medicines and compounds and the manufacture of electrical machinery are
prominent industries. The Lynn factories of the General Electric Company
had in 1906 an annual product worth between $15,000,000 and $20,000,000.
The foreign export of manufactured products is estimated at $5,000,000 a
year.
Lynn was founded in 1629 and was called Saugus until 1637, when the
present name was adopted, from Lynn Regis, Norfolk, the home of the Rev.
Samuel Whiting (1597-1679), pastor at Lynn from 1636 until his death.
From Lynn Reading was separated in 1644, Lynnfield in 1782, Saugus in
1815, and, after the incorporation of the city of Lynn in 1850,
Swampscott in 1852, and in 1853 Nahant, S. of Lynn, on a picturesque
peninsula and now a fashionable summer resort.
See James R, Newhall, _History of Lynn_ (Lynn, 1883), and H. K.
Sanderson, _Lynn in the Revolution_ (1910).
LYNTON and LYNMOUTH, two seaside villages in the Barnstaple
parliamentary division of Devonshire, England, on the Bristol Channel;
17 m. E. of Ilfracombe, served by the Lynton light railway, which joins
the South Western and Great Western lines at Barnstaple. Both are
favoured as summer resorts. Lynmouth stands where two small streams, the
East Lyn and West Lyn, flow down deep and well-wooded valleys to the
sea. Lynton is on the cliff-edge, 430 ft. above. A lift connects the
villages. The industries are fishing and a small coasting trade. Not far
off are the Doone Valley, part of the vale of the East Lyn, here called
Badgeworthy water, once the stronghold of a notorious band of robbers
and famous through R. D. Blackmore's novel _Lorna Doone_; Watersmeet,
where two streams, the Tavy and Walkham, join amid wild and beautiful
scenery; and the Valley of Rocks, a narrow glen strewn with immense
boulders. Lynton is an urban district, with a population (1901) of 1641.
LYNX (Lat. _Lynx_, Gr. [Greek: lynx], probably connected with [Greek:
leuosein], to see), a genus of mammals of the family _Felidae_, by some
naturalists regarded only as a subgenus or section of the typical genus
_Felis_ (see CARNIVORA). As an English word (lynx) the name is used of
any animal of this group. It is not certain to which of these, if to any
of them, the Greek name [Greek: lynx] was especially applied, though it
was more probably the caracal (q.v.) than any of the northern species.
The so-called lynxes of Bacchus were generally represented as resembling
leopards rather than any of the species now known by the name. Various
fabulous properties were attributed to the animal, whatever it was, by
the ancients, that of extraordinary powers of vision, including ability
to see through opaque substances, being one; whence the epithet
"lynx-eyed," which has survived to the present day.
Lynxes are found in the northern and temperate regions of both the Old
and New World; they are smaller than leopards, and larger than true wild
cats, with long limbs, short stumpy tail, ears tufted at the tip, and
pupil of the eye linear when contracted. Their fur is generally long and
soft, and always longish upon the cheeks. Their colour is light brown or
grey, and generally spotted with a darker shade. The naked pads of the
feet are more or less covered by the hair that grows between them. The
skull and skeleton do not differ markedly from those of the other cats.
Their habits are exactly those of the other wild cats. Their food
consists of any mammals or birds which they can overpower. They commit
extensive ravages upon sheep and poultry. They generally frequent rocky
places and forests, being active climbers, and passing much of their
time among the branches of the trees. Their skins are of considerable
value in the fur trade. The northern lynx (_L. lynx_ or _L. borealis_)
of Scandinavia, Russia, northern Asia, and till lately the forest
regions of central Europe, has not inhabited Britain during the historic
period, but its remains have been found in cave deposits of Pleistocene
age. Dr W. T. Blanford says that the characters on which E. Blyth relied
in separating the Tibetan lynx (_L. isabellinus_) from the European
species are probably due to the nature of its habitat among rocks, and
that he himself could find no constant character justifying separation.
The pardine lynx (_L. pardinus_) from southern Europe is a very handsome
species; its fur is rufous above and white beneath.
[Illustration: From a drawing by Wolf in Elliot's _Monograph of the
Felidae_.