[1] So called as being the only brigade containing no foreign
elements in the army.
[2] They had, however, found detachments to reinforce the first line.
LÜTZOW, ADOLF, FREIHERR VON (1782-1834), Prussian lieutenant-general,
entered the army in 1795, and eleven years later as a lieutenant took
part in the disastrous battle of Auerstädt. He achieved distinction in
the siege of Colberg, as the leader of a squadron of Schill's
volunteers. In 1808, as a major, he retired from the Prussian army,
indignant at the humiliating treaty of Tilsit. He took part in the
heroic venture of his old chief Schill in 1809; wounded at Dodendorf and
left behind, he thereby escaped the fate of his comrades. In 1811 he was
restored to the Prussian army as major, and at the outbreak of the "war
of liberation" received permission from Scharnhorst to organize a "free
corps" consisting of infantry, cavalry and Tirolese marksmen, for
operating in the French rear and rallying the smaller governments into
the ranks of the allies. This corps played a marked part in the campaign
of 1813. But Lützow was unable to coerce the minor states, and the
wanderings of the corps had little military influence. At Kitzen (near
Leipzig) the whole corps, warned too late of the armistice of
Poischwitz, was caught on the French side of the line of demarcation
and, as a fighting force, annihilated. Lützow himself, wounded, cut his
way out with the survivors, and immediately began reorganizing and
recruiting. In the second part of the campaign the corps served in more
regular warfare under Wallmoden. Lützow and his men distinguished
themselves at Gadebusch (where Körner fell) and Göhrde (where Lützow
himself, for the second time, received a severe wound at the head of the
cavalry). Sent next against Denmark, and later employed at the siege of
Jülich, Lützow in 1814 fell into the hands of the French. After the
peace of 1814 the corps was dissolved, the infantry becoming the 25th
Regiment, the cavalry the 6th Ulans. At Ligny he led the 6th Ulans to
the charge, but they were broken by the French cavalry, and he finally
remained in the hands of the enemy, escaping, however, on the day of
Waterloo. Made colonel in this year, his subsequent promotions were:
major-general 1822, and lieutenant-general (on retirement) 1830. He died
in 1834. One of the last acts of his life for which Lützow is remembered
is his challenge (which was ignored) to Blücher, who had been ridden
down in the rout of the 6th Ulans at Ligny, and had made, in his
official report, comments thereon, which their colonel considered
disparaging.
See Koberstein in _Preussisches Jahrbuch_, vol. xxiii (Berlin, 1868),
and _Preussisches Bilderbuch_ (Leipzig, 1889); K. von Lützow, _Adolf
Lützows Freikorps_ (Berlin, 1884); Fr. von Jagwitz, _Geschichte des
Lutzowschen Freikorps_ (Berlin, 1892); and the histories of the
campaigns of 1813 and 1815.
LUXEMBURG, FRANÇOIS HENRI DE MONTMORENCY-BOUTEVILLE, DUKE OF
(1628-1695), marshal of France, the comrade and successor of the great
Condé, was born at Paris on the 8th of January 1628. His father, the
comte de Montmorency-Bouteville, had been executed six months before his
birth for killing the marquis de Beuvron in a duel, but his aunt,
Charlotte de Montmorency, princess of Condé, took charge of him and
educated him with her son, the duc d'Enghien. The young Montmorency (or
Bouteville as he was then called) attached himself to his cousin, and
shared his successes and reverses throughout the troubles of the Fronde.
He returned to France in 1659 and was pardoned, and Condé, then much
attached to the duchesse de Châtillon, Montmorency's sister, contrived
the marriage of his adherent and cousin to the greatest heiress in
France, Madeleine de Luxemburg-Piney, princesse de Tingry and heiress of
the Luxemburg dukedom (1661), after which he was created duc de
Luxembourg and peer of France. At the opening of the War of Devolution
(1667-68), Condé, and consequently Luxemburg, had no command, but during
the second campaign he served as Condé's lieutenant-general in the
conquest of Franche Comté. During the four years of peace which followed
Luxemburg cultivated the favour of Louvois, and in 1672 held a high
command against the Dutch. He defeated the prince of Orange at Woerden
and ravaged Holland, and in 1673 made his famous retreat from Utrecht to
Maestricht with only 20,000 men in face of 70,000, an exploit which
placed him in the first rank of generals. In 1674 he was made captain of
the gardes du corps, and in 1675 marshal of France. In 1676 he was
placed at the head of the army of the Rhine, but failed to keep the duke
of Lorraine out of Philipsburg; in 1677 he stormed Valenciennes; and in
1678 he defeated the prince of Orange, who attacked him at St Denis
after the signature of the peace of Nijmwegen. His reputation was now
high, and it is reputed that he quarrelled with Louvois, who managed to
involve him in the "affair of the poisons" (see LA VOISIN, CATHERINE)
and get him sent to the Bastille. Rousset in his _Histoire de Louvois_
has shown that this quarrel is probably apocryphal. There is no doubt
that Luxemburg spent some months of 1680 in the Bastille, but on his
release took up his post at court as _capitaine des gardes_. When the
war of 1690 broke out, the king and Louvois recognized that Luxemburg
was the only general fit to cope with the prince of Orange, and he was
put in command of the army of Flanders. On the 1st of July 1690 he won a
great victory over the prince of Waldeck at Fleurus. In the following
year he commanded the army which covered the king's siege of Mons and
defeated William III. of England at Leuze on September 18, 1691. Again
in the next campaign he covered the king's siege of Namur, and defeated
William at Steenkirk (q.v.) on June 5, 1692; and on July 29, 1693, he
won his greatest victory over his old adversary at Neerwinden, after
which he was called _le tapissier de Nôtre Dame_ from the number of
captured colours that he sent to the cathedral. He was received with
enthusiasm at Paris by all but the king, who looked coldly on a relative
and adherent of the Condes. St Simon describes in the first volume of
his _Memoirs_ how, instead of ranking as eighteenth peer of France
according to his patent of 1661, he claimed through his wife to be duc
de Piney of an old creation of 1571, which would place him second on the
roll. The affair is described with St Simon's usual interest in the
peerage, and was chiefly checked through his assiduity. In the campaign
of 1694, Luxemburg did little in Flanders, except that he conducted a
famous march from Vignamont to Tournay in face of the enemy. On his
return to Versailles for the winter he fell ill, and died on January 4,
1695. In his last moments he was attended by the famous Jesuit priest
Bourdaloue, who said on his death, "I have not lived his life, but I
would wish to die his death." Luxemburg's morals were bad even in those
times, and he had shown little sign of religious conviction. But as a
general he was Condé's grandest pupil. Though slothful like Condé in the
management of a campaign, at the moment of battle he seemed seized with
happy inspirations, against which no ardour of William's and no
steadiness of Dutch or English soldiers could stand. His death and
Catinat's disgrace close the second period of the military history of
the reign of Louis XIV., and Catinat and Luxemburg, though inferior to
Condé and Turenne, were far superior to Tallard and Villeroi. He was
distinguished for a pungent wit. One of his retorts referred to his
deformity. "I never can beat that cursed humpback," William was reputed
to have said of him. "How does he know I have a hump?" retorted
Luxemburg, "he has never seen my back." He left four sons, the youngest
of whom was a marshal of France as Maréchal de Montmorency.
See, besides the various memoirs and histories of the time, Beaurain's
_Histoire militaire du duc de Luxembourg_ (Hague and Paris, 1756);
_Mémoires pour servir a l'histoire du marechal duc de Luxembourg_
(Hague and Paris, 1758); Courcelles, _Dictionnaire des généraux
français_ (Paris, 1823), vol. viii. There are some interesting facts
in Desormeaux's _Histoire de la maison de Montmorency_ (1764), vols.
iv. and v. Camille Rousset's _Louvois_ and the recent biography of
Luxemburg by Count de Ségur (1907) should also be studied.
LUXEMBURG, a district in the European low countries, of which the
eastern part forms the grand-duchy of Luxemburg, and the western is the
Belgian province of that name (for map, see BELGIUM). The name is
derived from the chief town.
Under the Romans the district was included in the province of _Belgica
prima_, afterwards forming part of the Frankish kingdom of Austrasia and
of the empire of Charlemagne. About 1060 it came under the rule of
Conrad (d. 1086), who took the title of count of Luxemburg. His
descendants ruled the county, first in the male and then in the female
line, until the death of the emperor Sigismund in 1437. Through the
marriage of Sigismund's daughter, Elizabeth, with the German king,
Albert II., Luxemburg, which had been made a duchy in 1354, passed to
the house of Habsburg, but was seized in 1443 by Philip III. the Good,
duke of Burgundy, who based his claim upon a bargain concluded with
Sigismund's niece Elizabeth (d. 1451). Regained by the Habsburgs in 1477
when Mary, daughter and heiress of duke Charles the Bold, married the
German king Maximilian I., the duchy passed to Philip II. of Spain in
1555, though subject to the laws of the empire, of which it still formed
part. After a section had been ceded to France in 1659, the remainder
was given to the emperor Charles VI. by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713.
It was conquered by France in 1795, and retained by that power until the
end of the Napoleonic wars. The congress of Vienna (1814-1815) erected
Luxemburg into a grand-duchy, added part of the duchy of Bouillon to it,
and assigned it to William I., king of the Netherlands, in return for
the German territories of the house of Orange-Nassau, which Napoleon had
confiscated in 1806, and which were given by the congress to the king
of Prussia. In 1830 when the Belgian provinces separated from Holland,
an effort was made to include Luxemburg in the new kingdom of the
Belgians; but in November 1831 the powers decided that part of the
grand-duchy should be retained by the king of Holland, who refused to
accept this arrangement. Consequently the whole of Luxemburg remained in
the possession of the Belgians until 1838, when the treaty of the 19th
of April, concluded at the conference of London, enforced the partition
of 1831.
The grand-duchy of Luxemburg, the portion under the rule of William I.
retaining the name, was ruled by the kings of Holland until the death of
William III. in 1890. William's daughter, Wilhelmina, succeeded to the
throne of Holland, but under the Salic law[1] the grand-duchy passed to
his kinsman, Adolphus, duke of Nassau, who died in 1905, and was
succeeded by his son William (b. 1852).
By modifications of the treaty of Vienna the garrisoning of the fortress
of Luxemburg had passed into Prussian hands, an arrangement which lasted
until 1867. In the previous year the German Confederation, to which the
grand-duchy of Luxemburg had belonged since 1815, had been dissolved;
but the Prussians maintained their garrison in Luxemburg, which was not
included in the new North German Confederation, while King William III.
proposed to sell his rights over the grand-duchy to France. The
Prussians were irritated by this proposal, but war was averted, and the
question was referred to a conference of the powers in London. The
treaty of London, signed on the 11th of May 1867, decided that the
Prussian garrison must be withdrawn and the fortress dismantled, which
was done in 1872. At the same time the great powers guaranteed the
neutrality of the grand-duchy, and although a member of the German
_Zollverein_, Luxemburg now forms a sovereign and independent state.
The GRAND-DUCHY lies S.E. of Belgium. Its area is 999 sq. m., with a
population (1905) of 246,455. The people are nearly all Catholics. The
country is rich in iron ore. The hills in the south of the duchy are a
continuation of the Lorraine plateau, and the northern districts are
crossed in all directions by outrunners from the Ardennes. The streams
mostly join the Moselle, which forms the boundary between Luxemburg and
the Rhine province for about 20 m. The Sure or Sauer, the most important
stream in the duchy, rises at Vaux-les-Rosières in Belgian Luxemburg,
crosses the duchy, and forms the eastern boundary from the confluence of
the Our till it joins the Moselle after a course of 50 m., during which
it receives the Wiltz, Attert, Alzette, White and Black Ernz, &c. The
soil of Luxemburg is generally good; the southern districts are on the
whole the most fertile as well as the most populous. Building materials
of all sorts are obtained throughout the duchy. Besides the iron
furnaces, situated in the south near the Lorraine plateau, there are
tanneries, weaving and glove-making factories, paper-mills for all sorts
of paper, breweries and distilleries, and sugar refineries. A German
patois mixed with French words is spoken throughout the country; but
French, which is employed by the commercial community, is also the
common speech on the French and Belgian frontiers. Though liberty of
worship prevails, Roman Catholicism is almost the sole form. The
government is in the hands of the grand-duke, who sanctions and
promulgates the laws. There is a council (_staatsrat_) of 15 members.
There is a chamber of deputies with 48 members elected by the cantons
(12 in number) for six years, half the body being elected every three
years. No law can be passed without the consent of the chamber. Bills
are introduced by the grand-duke, but the house has also the right of
initiative. A single battalion (150) of volunteers composes the
grand-ducal army. The gendarmerie consists of about 150 men. There are
cantonal courts and two district courts, one at Luxemburg, the other at
Diekirch, and a high court at Luxemburg. The bishopric of Luxemburg
holds its authority directly from the Holy See. From 13,000,000 to
17,000,000 francs is the annual amount of the state budget, and the
debt, consisting of loans contracted principally for the construction of
railways, of which there are about 350 m., is 12,000,000 francs.
Among towns next to the capital, Luxemburg, are Echternach and Diekirch,
both worthy of note for their blast furnaces. Grevenmacher is the centre
of a great wine district.
The PROVINCE OF LUXEMBURG is the largest and least populous of the nine
provinces of Belgium. Its capital is Arlon, which lies near the borders
of the grand-duchy. A considerable part of the province is forested and
the state requires systematic replanting. Marble, granite and slate
quarries are worked in different districts. Successful attempts have
been made to introduce fruit cultivation. The province is well watered
by the Ourthe, the Semois and the Sûre. The general elevation of the
country is about 500 ft., but the hills and plateaus which form the
prominent feature in the scenery of Luxemburg range from 1200 to 1500
ft. The highest point of the province is the Baraque de Fraiture (1980
ft.), N.E. of La Roche. The woods are well stocked with red and roe
deer, wild boar, hares, rabbits, pheasants, woodcock and snipe. The area
of the province is 1725 sq. m. The population was 225,963 in 1904.
The HOUSE OF LUXEMBURG was descended from Count Conrad (d. 1086), and
its fortunes were advanced through the election of Count Henry IV. as
German king in 1308 and his coronation as emperor under the title of
Henry VII. Henry's son was John, king of Bohemia, who fell on the
field of Crécy, and John's eldest son was the emperor Charles IV.,
while another famous member of the family was Baldwin, archbishop of
Treves (1285-1354), who took an active part in imperial affairs. Two
of the sons of Charles IV., Wenceslaus and Sigismund, succeeded in
turn to the imperial throne, and one of his nephews, Jobst, margrave
of Moravia, was chosen German king in opposition to Sigismund in 1410.
The French branch of the Luxemburg family was descended from Waleran
(d. 1288), lord of Ligny and Roussy, a younger son of Count Henry II.
Waleran's great-grandson was Guy (d. 1371), who married Matilda,
sister and heiress of Guy V., count of Saint-Pol (d. 1360), and was
created count of Ligny in 1367. Guy's son, Waleran (d. 1417), who
became constable of France in 1412, had been carried as a prisoner to
England, and had married Matilda, daughter of Thomas Holland, earl of
Kent (d. 1360) and half-sister of King Richard II. To avenge Richard's
death he made a raid on the Isle of Wight, and then took part in the
civil wars in France. He left no sons, and was succeeded by his
nephew, Peter, count of Brienne (d. 1433), who, like his brother Louis
(d. 1443), cardinal archbishop of Rouen and chancellor of France, was
found on the side of the English in their struggle against France.
Another of Peter's brothers, John (d. 1440), a stout supporter of
England, was made governor of Paris by Henry V. He sold Joan of Arc to
the English. Peter's son and successor, Louis, fought at first for
England, but about 1440 he entered the service of France and obtained
the office of constable. King Louis XI. accused him of treachery, and
he took refuge with Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy; but the duke
handed him over to the king and he was beheaded in 1475. The elder
branch of his descendants became extinct in the male line in 1482, and
was merged through the female line in the house of Bourbon-Vendôme.
Louis's third son, Anthony (d. 1510), founded the family of
Luxemburg-Brienne, the senior branch of which became extinct in 1608.
A junior branch, however, was the family of the duke of
Luxemburg-Piney, whose last representative, Margaret-Charlotte (d.
1680), married firstly Léon d'Albert de Luynes (d. 1630) and secondly
Charles Henry de Clermont-Tonnerre (d. 1674). Her daughter by her
second husband, Madeleine Charlotte, married Francis Henry de
Montmorenci (d. 1695) and de Luynes, and, subsequently, members of the
family of Montmorenci claimed the title of duke of Luxemburg. The
Luxembourg palace in Paris owes its name to the fact that it was built
on a site belonging to the duke of Luxemburg-Piney.
See N. van Werveke, _Beiträge zur Geschichte des Luxemburger Landes_
(Luxemburg, 1886-1887); J. Schötter, _Geschichte des Luxemburger
Landes_ (Luxemburg, 1882); and N. Vigner, _Histoire de la maison de
Luxembourg_ (Paris, 1619).