THE APIARY.
The first object of consideration, in the establishment of an apiary, is
situation.
The aspect has, in general, been regarded as of prime importance, but I
think there are other points of still greater importance.
An apiary would not be well situated near a great river, nor in the
neighbourhood of the sea, as windy weather might whirl the bees into the
water and destroy them.
It was the opinion of the ancients that bees, in windy weather, carried
weights, to prevent them from being whiffled about, in their progress
through the air: Virgil has observed that
"They with light pebbles, like a balanc'd boat,
Pois'd, through the air on even pinions float."
+Sotheby's Georgics.+
This assertion, which was probably borrowed by the poet from his
predecessor Aristotle, and which has since been repeated by Pliny, is
now ascertained to be erroneous. The error has been noticed by both
Swammerdam and Reaumur, and ascribed by them to preceding observers
having mistaken the mason bee for a hive-bee. The former builds its
nest against a wall, with a composition of gravel, sand and its own
saliva, and when freighted with the former article, may easily have led a
careless observer into the erroneous opinion above alluded to.
From a similar inaccuracy of observation, it is probable that flies were
confounded with bees by ancient naturalists, and that from thence arose
the absurd notion, of the latter being generated in putrid carcases, as
we know the former to be; and this error was most likely confirmed by
their having found both honey and bees in the carcases of dead animals,
as recorded in the case of Samson.
Though, for the reasons above stated, an apiary would not be well
situated near a large river, yet it should not be far from a rivulet
or spring: small ones, that glide gently over pebbles, are the most
desirable, as affording a variety of resting places for the bees to
alight upon. If neither spring nor streamlet be near, a broad dish of
water should be placed for the bees, the bottom being covered with small
stones or duckweed, to facilitate their drinking and prevent drowning.
This, in a hot dry season, is of considerable importance, as it will
save that time, which must otherwise be spent, in fetching water from a
distance; for without water, as will be noticed hereafter, no wax can be
formed.
It is of course of the greatest importance that the apiary be situated
near to good pasturage, such as clover, saintfoin, buckwheat, &c.--better
still if in a garden well stocked with suitable plants.
It should be near the residence of the proprietor, as well for the
purpose of rendering the bees tractable and well acquainted with the
family, as for affording a good view of their general proceedings; if it
be so situated that its front may form a right angle with the window of
the family sitting-room, an easy opportunity will be afforded to watch
the bustle of swarming.
An out-door apiary should admit of being approached at the back part,
to give an opportunity of making observations on the proceedings of the
bees, or to perform any requisite operation upon them.
The hives should be placed upon separate stands, supported by single
posts or pedestals, be raised from sixteen inches to two feet above the
ground, and be three or four feet from each other; and they should stand
quite clear of any wall or fence.
The resting-boards should project several inches in front of the hives,
that the bees may have plenty of room to alight, when they return home
loaded from the fields, and should be screwed down firmly to the tops of
the stands, that the hives may not be overturned by high winds or other
accidents.
They should be free from the droppings of trees, from noisome smells and
disagreeable noises; and be guarded as much as possible from the extremes
of heat and cold.
Most apiarians are agreed that the aspect of the apiary should, in this
country, be more or less southerly, and that it should be well secured
from the north and south-west, by trees, high hedges, or other fences;
this is the opinion of Wildman, Keys, and Huish; Bonner, however, prefers
an easterly aspect; Huish recommends two points to the east and one to
the south. Wildman preferred a south-west aspect, as not tempting the
labourers to emerge too early, and as affording a later light for their
return home in the evening.
"Skreen'd from the east; where no delusive dawn
Chills, while it tempts them o'er the dew damp lawn,
But, as on loaded wing, the labourers roam,
Sol's last bright glories light them to their home."
+Evans.+
Milton says: "It is not material in what aspect the stock stands,
provided the sun shines on the hive once in the course of the day, for
that well-peopled hives, kept dry, will thrive in most situations." And
provided due attention be paid to other circumstances calculated to
promote their prosperity, I coincide in opinion with Milton.
Some recommend a valley or hollow glen, for the convenience of the bees
returning home with their loads. At any rate care should be taken that no
walls, trees, houses, nor anything else, impede the issuing forth of the
bees to their pasturage, nor obstruct their return in right lines to the
hives. They should be able to fly off from the resting-boards at an angle
of about forty degrees with the plane of the horizon.
To those who, residing in towns, may consider it as indispensable to
the success of an apiary, that it should be in the _immediate_ vicinity
of good pasturage, and be thereby deterred from benefiting and amusing
themselves by keeping bees; it may be satisfactory to learn, that the
apiary of the celebrated Bonner was situated in a garret, in the centre
of Glasgow, where it flourished for several years, and furnished him with
the means of making many interesting and valuable observations, which he
gave to the world about thirty years ago.