THE EASTERN FRONT AT THE APPROACH OF SPRING, 1916
In the preceding volumes we have followed the fates of the Austrian,
German, and Russian armies from the beginning of the war up to March
1, 1916. Although spring weather does not set in in any part of the
country through which the eastern front ran until considerable time
after that date, events along the western front, where the Germans
were then hammering away at the gates of Verdun, had shaped themselves
in such a manner that they were bound to influence the plans of the
Russian General Staff. It was, therefore, not much of a surprise that
a Russian offensive should set in previous to the actual arrival of
spring.
As we shall see shortly, the first two weeks or so of March, 1916, saw
a renewal of active fighting at many points along the entire eastern
front. But most of this was restricted during this period to
engagements between small bodies of troops and in most instances
amounted to little more than clashes between patrols. This preliminary
period of reconnoitering was followed by another short period of
preparatory work on the part of the Russian armies consisting of
artillery attacks on certain selected points and undertaken with a
violence and an apparently unlimited supply of guns and ammunition
such as had not been displayed by the Russian forces on any previous
occasion, and when, after these preliminaries the actual offensive was
launched, the number of men employed was proportionally immense.
Before we follow in detail developments along the eastern front, it
will be well for a fuller understanding of these, to visualize again
its location and to determine once more the distribution of the forces
maintaining it on both sides. In its location the eastern front had
experienced very little change since the winter of 1915 had set in and
ended active campaigning. Its northern end now rested on the southwest
shore of the Gulf of Riga at a point about ten miles northwest of the
Baltic town of Pukkum on the Riga-Windau railroad and about thirty
miles northwest of Riga itself. From these it ran in a southeasterly
direction through Schlock, crossed the river Aa where it touches Lake
Babit, passed to the north of the village of Oley and only about five
miles south of Riga, and reached the Dvina about halfway between
Uxkull and Riga. From there it followed more or less closely the left
bank of the Dvina, passed Friedrichstadt and Jacobstadt to a point
just west of Kalkuhnen, a little town on the bend of the Dvina,
opposite Dvinsk. There it continued, generally speaking, in a
southerly direction, at some points with a slight twist to the east,
at others with a similarly slight turn to the west. It thus passed
just east of Lake Drisviaty, crossed the Disna River at Koziany, then
ran through Postavy and just east of Lake Narotch, crossed the Viliya
River and the Vilna-Minsk railroad at Smorgon, and reached the Niemen
at Lubcha. From thence it passed by the towns of Korelitchy, Zirin,
Luchowtchy and entered the Pripet Marshes at Lipsk. About ten miles
south of the latter town the line crossed the Oginsky Canal and
followed along its west bank through the town of Teletshany to about
the point where the canal joins the Jasiolda River. From that point
the Germans still maintained their salient that swings about five
miles to the east of the city of Pinsk.
Up to just south of the Pinsk salient, where the line crossed the
Pripet River, it was held, for the Central Powers, almost exclusively
by German troops. Below that point its defense was almost entirely in
the hands of Austro-Hungarian regiments. Soon after crossing the
Pripet River the line reached the Styr River and followed its many
turns for some thirty miles, now on its western bank and then again on
its eastern shore. This river was crossed between Czartorysk and
Kolki. About thirty miles south of Kolki, just to the east of the
village of Olyka the Russians had succeeded in maintaining a small
salient, the apex of which was directed toward their lost fortress of
Lutsk almost twenty miles to the west, while the southern side passed
very close to that other fortress, Dubno, even though it ran still
some distance to the east of it. Crossing then the Lemberg-Rovno
railroad, the line ran along both banks of the Sokal River to Ikva and
crossed the Galician border near Novo Alexinez.
A short distance south of the border, about twenty miles, it crossed
the Lemberg-Tarnopol railroad, at Jesierne, a little town about sixty
miles east of Lemberg and less than twenty miles west of Tarnopol. Ten
miles further south the Strypa River was crossed and followed within a
mile or so along its west bank for a distance of some twenty miles,
passing west of Burkanow and Buczacz. Just south of the latter town
the line overspread both banks of the Strypa up to its junction with
the Dniester, thence along the banks of this stream for almost twenty
miles to a point about ten miles west of the junction of the Sereth
River with the Dniester. At that point the line took another slight
turn to the east, passing just east of the city of Czernowitz, and
crossing at that point the river Pruth into the Austrian province of
Bukowina. Less than ten miles southeast of Czernovitz the border of
Rumania was reached near Wama and thereby the end of the line.
As the crow flies, the length of this line, from the Gulf of Riga to
the Rumanian border was six hundred and twenty miles. Actually,
counting its many turns and twists and salients, it covered more than
seven hundred and fifty miles. From the Gulf to the Pripet River the
eastern front was held by German troops with one single exception.
From there an Austrian army corps with only a very slight admixture of
German troops completed the front of the Central Empires down to the
Bessarabian border.
[Illustration: Eastern Battle Front, August, 1916.]
From the Gulf of Riga down to the Oginski Canal five distinct German
army corps were facing the Russians. The most northern of these
covered the Gulf section and the Dvina front down to a point near
Friedrichstadt. The second group was lined up from that point on down
to somewhere just south of Lake Drisviaty, the third from Lake
Drisviaty to the Viliya River, the fourth from the Viliya River to the
Niemen River, and the fifth from the Niemen to the Oginski Canal.
Generals von Scholz, von Eichhorn, von Fabeck, and von Woyrsch, were
in command of these difficult units, with Field Marshal von Hindenburg
in supreme command. The sector south of the Oginski Canal and up to
the Pripet River was held by another army group under the command of
Field Marshal Prince Leopold of Bavaria.
The first Austrian army corps, forming the left wing of the front held
by the Austro-Hungarian forces, was commanded by Archduke Joseph
Ferdinand. Later on, as the rapid success of the Russian offensive
made it necessary for German troops to come to the assistance of their
sorely pressed allies, General von Linsingen was dispatched from the
north with reenforcements and assumed supreme command of this group of
armies located in Volhynia. The command of the Galician front was in
the hands of the Bavarian general, Count von Bothmer, while the forces
fighting in the Bukowina were directed by General Pflanzer.
On the Russian side of the line General Kuropatkin, well known from
the Russo-Japanese War, was in command of the northern half of the
front. Of course, there were a number of other generals under him in
charge of the various sectors of this long line. But on account of the
comparative inactivity which was maintained most of the time along
this line, their names did not figure largely. South of the Pripet
Marshes General Alexeieff was in supreme command. Under him were
General Brussilov and General Kaledin in Volhynia, General Sakharoff
in Galicia, and the Cossack General Lechitsky in the Bukowina along
the Dniester. Here, too, of course were a number of other commanders
who, however, came into prominence only occasionally.
An intimate view of some of the Russian generals and their troops is
presented in the following description from the pen of the official
English press representative:
"The head of the higher command, General Alexeieff, early in the
Galician campaign clearly proved, as chief of staff to General
Ivanoff, his extraordinary capacity to direct an advance. As commander
on the Warsaw front he made it evident that he could, with an army
short of all material things, hold until the last moment an enemy
equipped with everything, and then escape the enemy's clutches. At
Vilna he showed his technique by again eluding the enemy.
"General Kaledin, the commander of the army on the Kovel front, is
relatively a new figure in important operations. At the beginning of
the war, as commander of a cavalry division, his universal competence
in all operations committed to his care brought him rapid promotion,
until now he is the head of this huge army. Meeting him frequently as
a guest, I have come to feel great confidence in this resolute, quiet
man, who is surrounded by a sober, serious staff, each officer picked
for his past performance.
"I note an infinite improvement since last year in the army. In the
first place I see no troops without rifles, and there is no shortage
of ammunition apparent. Then there is an extraordinary improvement in
the organization of the transport. In spite of the large volume of
troops on this front they are moving with less confusion than the
transport of single corps entailed two years ago. The compact
organization of munition columns and the absence of wasted time have
speeded up communications fully fifty per cent., enabling three units
to be moved as easily as two last year.
"The transport has been further improved by the addition of motor
vehicles. The staff organization is incomparably better than at the
beginning of the war, and I have not seen a single staff on this front
which is not entirely competent. The system of transporting the
wounded has been well organized, and vast numbers are being cleared
from the front stations without confusion or congestion.
"In comparison I can recall the early Galician days when unimagined
numbers of wounded, both our own and Austrian, flooded Lemberg in a
few days, and there were countless casualties. In spite of the numbers
of wounded here I have not seen any congestion, and I find all the
clearing stations cleared within a few hours after every fight, the
wounded passing to base hospitals and being evacuated into the
interior of Russia with great promptness.
"Owing to the few good roads and the distance from the railway of much
of the fighting, in many places the wounded have been obliged to make
trips of two or three days in peasants' carts before reaching the
railways.
"Finally, the morale of the army has reached an unexampled pitch. In
the hospitals which I inspected with the general many of the wounded,
even those near death, called for news of the front, asking if the
trenches were taken, and saying they were willing to die if the
Germans were only beaten. Such sentiments typify the extent to which
this conflict is now rooted in the hearts of the Russian army and
people."