[1] In 1635 the general court of the colony of Massachusetts Bay had
granted to Dorchester Thompson's Island, situated near the coast of
the township. By the township of Dorchester this island was
apportioned among the freemen of the township. On the 20th of May
1639 it was ordered that the proprietors of land in this island
should collectively pay a "rent of twenty pounds a year forever,"
this rent "to be paid to such a school-master as shall undertake to
teach English, Latin, and other tongues, and also writing," it being
"left to the discretion of the elders and the seven men for the time
being whether maids shall be taught with the boys or not." In 1642
the proprietors of the island conveyed it to the township "for and
toward the maintenance of a free school in Dorchester aforesaid for
the instructing and teaching of children and youth in good literature
and learning."
DORDOGNE, a river of central and south-western France, rising at a
height of 5640 ft. on the Puy-de-Sancy, a mountain of the department of
Puy-de-Dome, and flowing to the Garonne with which it unites at Bec
d'Ambes to form the Gironde estuary. It has a length of 295 m. and the
area of its basin is 9214 sq. m. Descending rapidly from its source,
sometimes over cascades, the river soon enters deep gorges through which
it flows as far as Beaulieu (department of Correze) where it debouches
into a wide and fertile valley and is shortly after joined by the Cere.
Entering the department of Lot, it abandons a south-westerly for a
westerly course and flowing in a sinuous channel traverses the
department of Dordogne, where it receives the waters of the Vezere.
Below the town of Bergerac it enters the department of Gironde, where at
Libourne it is joined by the Isle and widens out, attaining at its union
with the Garonne 45 m. from the sea a width of nearly 3300 yds. A few
miles above this point the river is spanned by the magnificent bridges
of Cubzac-les-Ponts, which carry a road and railway. Below its
confluence with the Vezere, over the last 112 m. of its course, the
river carries considerable navigation. The influence of the highest
tides is felt at Pessac, a distance of 100 m. from the ocean.
DORDOGNE, an inland department of south-western France, formed in 1790
from nearly the whole of Perigord, a part of Agenais, and small portions
of Limousin and of Angoumois. Area 3560 sq. m. Pop. (1906) 447,052. It
is bounded N. by Haute-Vienne, W. by Charente, Charente-Inferieure and
Gironde, S. by Lot-et-Garonne, and E. by Lot and Correze. Situated on
the western slopes of the Massif Central, Dordogne consists in the
north-east and centre of sterile plateaus sloping towards the west,
where they end in a region of pine forests known as the Double. The
greatest altitudes are found in the highlands of the north, where many
points exceed 1300 ft. in height. The department is intersected by many
fertile and beautiful river valleys, which converge from its northern
and eastern borders towards the south-west. The Dordogne is the
principal river of the department and its chief affluent is the Isle,
which crosses the centre of the department and flows into the Dordogne
at Libourne, in the neighbouring department of Gironde. The Dronne and
the Auvezere, both tributaries of the Isle, are the other main rivers.
The climate is generally agreeable and healthy, but rather humid,
especially in the north-east. Agriculture flourishes in the south and
south-west of the department, especially in the valleys of the Dordogne
and Isle, the rest of its surface being covered to a great extent by
woods and heath. Pasture and forage amply suffice for the raising of
large flocks and herds. The vine, cultivated mainly in the neighbourhood
of Bergerac, and tobacco are important sources of profit. Wheat and
maize are the chief cereals and potatoes are largely grown. The truffles
of Perigord are famous for their abundance and quality. The plum and
cider-apple yield good crops. In the forests the prevailing trees are
the oak and chestnut. The fruit of the latter is much used both as food
by the people and for fattening hogs, which are reared in large numbers.
The walnut is extensively grown for its oil. The department has mines of
lignite, and produces freestone, lime, cement, mill-stone, peat,
potter's clay and fireclay. The leather industry and the preparation of
preserved foods are important, and there are flour-mills, brick and tile
works, earthenware manufactories, printing works, chemical works and a
few iron foundries. Exports consist of truffles, wine, chestnuts and
other fruit, live stock, poultry, and minerals of various kinds.
Dordogne is served by the Orleans railway; the Dordogne, the Isle and
the Vezere furnish nearly 200 m. of navigable waterway. It is divided
into the arrondissements of Perigueux, Bergerac, Nontron, Riberac and
Sarlat, with 47 cantons and 587 communes, and belongs to the
ecclesiastical province of Bordeaux, to the academie (educational
division) of Bordeaux and to the region of the XII. army corps, which
has its headquarters at Limoges. Its court of appeal is at Bordeaux.
Perigueux, the capital, Bergerac, Sarlat and Brantome are the principal
towns (see separate articles). There are several other places of
interest. Bourdeilles has two finely preserved chateaux, one of the 14th
century, with an imposing keep, the other in the Renaissance style of
the 16th century. Both buildings are contained within the same fortified
enceinte. The celebrated chateau of Biron, founded in the 11th century,
preserves examples of many subsequent architectural styles, among them a
beautiful chapel of late Gothic and early Renaissance workmanship. The
chateau of Jumilhac-le-Grand belongs to the 15th century. Dordogne
possesses several medieval _bastides_, the most perfect of which is
Monpazier. At Cadouin there are the remains of a Cistercian abbey. Its
church is a fine cruciform building in the Romanesque style, while the
cloister is an excellent example of Flamboyant architecture. St
Jean-de-Cole has an interesting Romanesque church and a chateau of the
15th, 16th and 18th centuries. In the rocks of the valley of the lower
Vezere there are prehistoric caves of great archaeological importance,
in which have been found tools, and carvings on bone, flint and ivory.
Troglodytic dwellings are to be found in many other places in Dordogne
(see CAVE).
DORDRECHT (abbreviated _Dordt_, or DORT), a town and river-port of
Holland, in the province of South Holland, on the south side of the
Merwede, and a junction station 12-1/2 m. by rail S.E. of Rotterdam.
Steam ferries connect it with Papendrecht and Zwyndrecht on the opposite
shore, and it has excellent communication by water in every direction.
Pop. (1900) 38,386. Dordrecht presents a picturesque appearance with its
busy quays and numerous canals and windmills, its quaint streets and
curiously gabled houses. The Groote Kerk, of Our Lady, whose massive
tower forms a conspicuous object in the views of the town, dates from
the 14th century and contains some finely carved stalls (1540) by Jan
Terween Aertsz, a remarkable pulpit (1759), many old monuments and a set
of gold communion plate. In the town museum is an interesting collection
of paintings, chiefly by modern artists, but including also pictures by
some of the older masters, among whom Ferdinand Bol, the two Cuyps,
Nicolas Maes, Godefried Schalcken, and in later times Ary Scheffer, were
all natives of Dordrecht. The celebrated 17th-century statesman John de
Witt was also a native of the town. Close to the museum is one of the
old city gates, rebuilt in 1618, and now containing a collection of
antiquities belonging to the Oud-Dordrecht Society. The South African
Museum (1902) contains memorials of the Boer War of 1899-1902. The
harbour of Dordrecht still has a large trade, but much has been diverted
to Rotterdam. Large quantities of wood are imported from Germany,
Scandinavia and America. There are numerous saw-mills, shipbuilding
yards, engineering works, distilleries, sugar refineries, tobacco
factories, linen bleacheries and stained glass, salt and white lead
works.
Dordrecht was founded by Count Dirk III. of Holland in 1018, becoming a
town about 1200. One of the first towns in the Netherlands to embrace
the reformed religion and to throw off the yoke of Spain, it was in 1572
the meeting-place of the deputies who asserted the independence of the
United Provinces. In 1618 and 1619 it was the seat of the synod of Dort
(q.v.).
DORE, LOUIS AUGUSTE GUSTAVE (1832-1883), French artist, the son of a
civil engineer, was born at Strassburg on the 6th of January 1832. In
1848 he came to Paris and secured a three years' engagement on the
_Journal pour rire_. His facility as a draughtsman was extraordinary,
and among the books he illustrated in rapid succession were Balzac's
_Contes drolatiques_ (1855), Dante's _Inferno_ (1861), _Don Quixote_
(1863), _The Bible_ (1866), _Paradise Lost_ (1866), and the works of
Rabelais (1873). He painted also many large and ambitious compositions
of a religious or historical character, and made some success as a
sculptor, his statue of Alexandre Dumas in Paris being perhaps his
best-known work in this line. He died on the 25th of January 1883.
DORIA, ANDREA (1466-1560), Genoese _condottiere_ and admiral, was born
at Oneglia of an ancient Genoese family. Being left an orphan at an
early age, he became a soldier of fortune, and served first in the papal
guard and then under various Italian princes. In 1503 we find him
fighting in Corsica in the service of Genoa, at that time under French
vassalage, and he took part in the rising of Genoa against the French,
whom he compelled to evacuate the city. From that time forth it was as a
naval captain that he became famous. For several years he scoured the
Mediterranean in command of the Genoese fleet, waging war on the Turks
and the Barbary pirates. In the meanwhile Genoa had been recaptured by
the French, and in 1522 by the Imperialists. But Doria now veered round
to the French or popular faction and entered the service of King Francis
I., who made him captain-general; in 1524 he relieved Marseilles, which
was besieged by the Imperialists, and helped to place his native city
once more under French domination. But he was dissatisfied with his
treatment at the hands of Francis, who was mean about payment, and he
resented the king's behaviour in connexion with Savona, which he delayed
to hand back to the Genoese as he had promised; consequently on the
expiry of Doria's contract we find him in the service of the emperor
Charles V. (1528). He ordered his nephew Filippino, who was then
blockading Naples in concert with a French army, to withdraw, and sailed
for Genoa, where, with the help of some leading citizens, he expelled
the French once more and re-established the republic under imperial
protection. He reformed the constitution in an aristocratic sense, most
of the nobility being Imperialists, and put an end to the factions which
divided the city. He refused the lordship of Genoa and even the
dogeship, but accepted the position of perpetual censor, and exercised
predominant influence in the councils of the republic until his death.
He was given two palaces, many privileges, and the title of _Liberator
et Pater Patriae_. As imperial admiral he commanded several expeditions
against the Turks, capturing Corona and Patras, and co-operating with
the emperor himself in the capture of Tunis (1535). Charles found him an
invaluable ally in the wars with Francis, and through him extended his
domination over the whole of Italy. Doria's defeat by the Turks at
Preveza in 1538 was said to be not involuntary, and designed to spite
the Venetians whom he detested. He accompanied Charles on the ill-fated
Algerian expedition of 1541, of which he disapproved, and by his ability
just saved the whole force from complete disaster. For the next five
years he continued to serve the emperor in various wars, in which he was
generally successful and always active, although now over seventy years
old; there was hardly an important event in Europe in which he had not
some share. After the peace of Crepy between Francis and Charles in 1544
he hoped to end his days in quiet. But his great wealth and power, as
well as the arrogance of his nephew and heir Giannettino Doria, made him
many enemies, and in 1547 the Fiesco conspiracy to upset the power of
his house took place. Giannettino was murdered, but the conspirators
were defeated, and Andrea showed great vindictiveness in punishing them.
Many of their fiefs he seized for himself, and he was implicated in the
murder of Pier Luigi Farnese, duke of Parma (see FARNESE), who had
helped Fiesco. Other conspiracies followed, of which the most important
was that of Giulio Cibo (1548), but all failed. Although Doria was
ambitious and harsh, he was a good patriot and successfully opposed the
emperor Charles's repeated attempts to have a citadel built in Genoa and
garrisoned by Spaniards; neither blandishments nor threats could win him
over to the scheme. Nor did age lessen his energy, for in 1550, when
eighty-four years old, he again put to sea to punish the raids of his
old enemies the Barbary pirates, but with no great success. War between
France and the Empire having broken out once more, the French seized
Corsica, then administered by the Genoese Bank of St George; Doria was
again summoned, and he spent two years (1553-1555) in the island
fighting the French with varying fortune. He returned to Genoa for good
in 1555, and being very old and infirm he gave over the command of the
galleys to his great-nephew Giovanni Andrea Doria, who conducted an
expedition against Tripoli, but proved even more unsuccessful than his
uncle had been at Algiers, barely escaping with his life. Andrea Doria
died on the 25th of November 1560, leaving his estates to Giovanni
Andrea. The family of Doria-Pamphilii-Landi (q.v.) is descended from him
and bears his title of prince of Melfi. Doria was a man of indomitable
energy and a great admiral. If he appears unscrupulous and even
treacherous he did but conform to the standards of 16th-century Italy.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.--E. Petit's _Andre Doria_ (Paris, 1887) is an accurate
and documented biography, indicating all the chief works on the
subject, but the author is perhaps unduly harsh in his judgment of the
admiral; F. D. Guerrazzi's _Vita di Andrea Doria_ (3rd ed., Milan,
1874); among the earlier works L. Cappelloni's _Vita di Andrea Doria_
(Italian edition, Genoa, 1863) and V. Sigonius's _Vita Andreae Doriae_
(1576) may be mentioned; see also "Documenti ispano-genovesi
dell'Archivio di Simancas" in the _Atti della Societa ligure di Storia
patria_, vol. viii.; the _Archivio storico italiano_ (serie iii. tome
iv. parte i., 1866) contains a bibliography, but a great deal has been
published since that date. (L. V.*)
DORIANS, a name applied by the Greeks to one of the principal groups of
Hellenic peoples, in contradistinction to Ionians and Aeolians. In
Hellenic times a small district known as Doris in north Greece, between
Mount Parnassus and Mount Oeta, counted as "Dorian" in a special sense.
Practically all Peloponnese, except Achaea and Elis, was "Dorian,"
together with Megara, Aegina, Crete, Melos, Thera, the Sporades Islands
and the S.W. coast of Asia Minor, where Rhodes, Cos, Cnidus and
(formerly) Halicarnassus formed a "Dorian" confederacy. "Dorian"
colonies, from Corinth, Megara, and the Dorian islands, occupied the
southern coasts of Sicily from Syracuse to Selinus. Dorian states
usually had in common the "Doric" dialect, a peculiar calendar and cycle
of festivals of which the Hyacinthia and Carneia were the chief, and
certain political and social institutions, such as the threefold "Dorian
tribes." The worships of Apollo and Heracles, though not confined to
Dorians, were widely regarded as in some sense "Dorian" in character.
But those common characters are not to be pressed too far. The northern
Doris, for example, spoke Aeolic, while Elis, Phocis, and many
non-Dorian districts of north-west Greece spoke dialects akin to Doric.
Many Dorian states had additional "non-Dorian tribes"; Sparta, which
claimed to be of pure and typical Dorian origin, maintained institutions
and a mode of life which were without parallel in Peloponnese, in the
Parnassian and in the Asiatic Doris, and were partially reflected in
Crete only.
Most non-Dorian Greeks, in fact, seem to have accepted much as Dorian
which was in fact only Spartan: this was particularly the case in the
political, ethical and aesthetic controversies of the 5th and 4th
centuries B.C. Much, however, which was common (in art, for example) to
Olympia, Argolis and Aegina, and might thus have been regarded as
Dorian, was conspicuously absent from the culture of Sparta.
_Traditional History._--In the diagrammatic family tree of the Greek
people, as it appears in the Hesiodic catalogue (6th century) and in
Hellanicus (5th century), the "sons of Hellen" are Dorus, Xuthus (father
of Ion and Achaeus) and Aeolus. Dorus' share of the inheritance of
Hellen lay in central Greece, north of the Corinthian Gulf, between
Xuthus in north Peloponnese and Aeolus in Thessaly. His descendants,
either under Dorus or under a later king Aegimius, occupied Histiaeotis,
a district of northern Thessaly, and afterwards conquered from the
Dryopes the head-waters of the Boeotian Cephissus between Mount
Parnassus and Mount Oeta. This became "Doris" _par excellence_. Services
rendered to Aegimius by Heracles led (1) to the adoption of Hyllus, son
of Heracles, by Aegimius, side by side with his own sons Dymas and
Pamphylus, and to a threefold grouping of the Dorian clans, as Hylleis,
Dymanes and Pamphyli; (2) to the association of the people of Aegimius
in the repeated attempts of Hyllus and his family to recover their lost
inheritance in Peloponnese (see HERACLIDAE). The last of these attempts
resulted in the "Dorian conquest" of the "Achaeans" and "Ionians" of
Peloponnese, and in the assignment of Argolis, Laconia and Messenia to
the Heracleid leaders, Temenus, Aristodemus and Cresphontes
respectively; of Elis to their Aetolian allies; and of the north coast
to the remnants of the conquered Achaeans. The conquest of Corinth and
Megara was placed a generation later: Arcadia alone claimed to have
escaped invasion. This conquest was dated relatively by Thucydides (i.
12) at eighty years after the Trojan War and twenty years after the
conquest of Thessaly and Boeotia by the similar "invaders from Arne";
absolutely by Hellanicus and his school (5th century) at 1149 B.C.; by
Isocrates and Ephorus (4th century B.C.) at about 1070 B.C.; and by
Sosibius, Eratosthenes (3rd century), and later writers generally, at
the generations from 1125 to 1100 B.C.
The invasion was commonly believed to have proceeded by way of Aetolia
and Elis, and the name Naupactus was interpreted as an allusion to the
needful "shipbuilding" on the Corinthian Gulf. One legend made Dorus
himself originally an Aetolian prince; the participation of Oxylus, and
the Aetolian claim to Elis, appear first in Ephorus (4th century). The
conquest of Laconia at least is represented in 5th-century tradition as
immediate and complete, though one legend admits the previous death of
the Heracleid leader Aristodemus, and another describes a protracted
struggle in the case of Corinth. Pausanias, however (following
Sosibius), interprets a long series of conflicts in Arcadia as stages in
a gradual advance southward, ending with the conquest of Amyclae by King
Teleclus (c. 800 B.C.) and of Helos by King Alcamenes (c. 770 B.C.).
Of the invasion of Argolis a quite different version was already current
in the 4th century. This represents the Argive Dorians as having come by
sea (apparently from the Maliac Gulf, the nearest seashore to Parnassian
Doris), accompanied by survivors of the Dryopes (former inhabitants of
that Doris), whose traces in south Euboea (Styra and Carystus), in
Cythnus, and at Eion (Halieis), Hermione and Asine in Argolis, were held
to indicate their probable route.
The Homeric Dorians of Crete were also interpreted by Andron and others
(3rd century) as an advance-guard of this sea-borne migration, and as
having separated from the other Dorians while still in Histiaeotis. The
5th-century tradition that the Heracleid kings of Macedon were Temenid
exiles from Argos may belong to the same cycle.
The fate of the Dorian invaders was represented as differing locally. In
Messenia (according to a legend dramatized by Euripides in the 5th
century, and renovated for political ends in the 4th century) the
descendants of Cresphontes quarrelled among themselves and were
exterminated by the natives. In Laconia Aristodemus (or his twin sons)
effected a rigid military occupation which eventually embraced the whole
district, and permitted (a) the colonization of Melos, Thera and parts
of Crete (before 800 B.C.), (b) the reconquest and annexation of
Messenia (about 750 B.C.), (c) a settlement of half-breed Spartans at
Tarentum in south Italy, 700 B.C. In Argos and other cities of Argolis
the descendants of the Achaean chiefs were taken into political
partnership, but a tradition of race-feud lasted till historic times.
Corinth, Sicyon and Megara, with similar political compromises, mark the
limits of Dorian conquest; a Dorian invasion of Attica (c. 1066 B.C.)
was checked by the self-sacrifice of King Codrus: "Either Athens must
perish or her king." Aegina was reckoned a colony of Epidaurus. Rhodes,
and some Cretan towns, traced descent from Argos; Cnidus from Argos and
Sparta; the rest of Asiatic Doris from Epidaurus or Troezen in Argolis.
The colonies of Corinth, Sicyon and Megara, and the Sicilian offshoots
of the Asiatic Dorians, belong to historic times (8th-6th centuries).
_Criticism of the Traditional History._--The following are the
problems:--(1) Was there a Dorian invasion as described in the legends;
and, if not, how did the tradition arise? (2) Who were the Dorian
invaders, and in what relation did they stand to the rest of the
population of Greece? (3) How far do the Dorian states, or their
characteristics, represent the descendants, or the culture, of the
original invaders?
The Homeric poems (12th-10th centuries) know of Dorians only in Crete,
with the obscure epithet [Greek: trichaikes], and no hint of their
origin. All those parts of Peloponnese and the islands which in historic
times were "Dorian" are ruled by recently established dynasties of
"Achaean" chiefs; the home of the Asiatic Dorians is simply "Caria"; and
the geographical "catalogue" in _Iliad_ ii. ignores the northern Doris
altogether.
The almost total absence from Homer not only of "Dorians" but of
"Ionians" and even of "Hellenes" leads to the conclusion that the
diagrammatic genealogy of the "sons of Hellen" is of post-Homeric date;
and that it originated as an attempt to classify the Doric, Ionic and
Aeolic groups of Hellenic settlements on the west coast of Asia Minor,
for here alone do the three names correspond to territorial, linguistic
and political divisions. The addition of an "Achaean" group, and the
inclusion of this and the Ionic group under a single generic name, would
naturally follow the recognition of the real kinship of the "Achaean"
colonies of Magna Graecia with those of Ionia. But the attempt to
interpret, in terms of this Asiatic diagram, the actual distribution of
dialects and peoples in European Greece, led to difficulties. Here, in
the 8th-6th centuries, all the Dorian states were in the hands of
exclusive aristocracies, which presented a marked contrast to the
subject populations. Since the kinship of the latter with the members of
adjacent non-Dorian states was admitted, two different explanations seem
to have been made, (1) on behalf of the non-Dorian populations, either
that the Dorians were no true sons of Hellen, but were of some other
northerly ancestry; or that they were merely Achaean exiles; and in
either case that their historic predominance resulted from an act of
violence, ill-disguised by their association with the ancient claims of
the Peloponnesian Heraclidae; (2) on behalf of the Dorian aristocracies,
that they were in some special sense "sons of Hellen," if not the only
genuine Hellenes; the rest of the European Greeks, and in particular the
anti-Dorian Athenians (with their marked likeness to Ionians), being
regarded as Hellenized barbarians of "Pelasgian" origin (see
PELASGIANS). This process of Hellenization, or at least its final stage,
was further regarded as intimately connected with a movement of peoples
which had brought the "Dorians" from the northern highlands into those
parts of Greece which they occupied in historic times.
So long as the Homeric poems were believed to represent Hellenic (and
mainly Ionian) beliefs of the 9th century or later, the historical value
of the traditions of a Dorian invasion was repeatedly questioned; most
recently and thoroughly by J. Beloch (_Gr. Geschichte_, i., Strassburg,
1893), as being simply an attempt to reconcile the political geography
of Homer (i.e. of 8th-century Ionians describing 12th-century events)
with that of historic Greece, by explaining discrepancies (due to
Homeric ignorance) as the result of "migrations" in the interval. Such
legends often arise to connect towns bearing identical or similar names
(such as are common in Greece) and to justify political events or
ambitions by legendary precedents; and this certainly happened during
the successive political rivalries of Dorian Sparta with non-Dorian
Athens and Thebes. But in proportion as an earlier date has become more
probable for Homer, the hypothesis of Ionic origin has become less
tenable, and the belief better founded (1) that the poems represent
accurately a well-defined phase of culture in prehistoric Greece, and
(2) that this "Homeric" or "Achaean" phase was closed by some such
general catastrophe as is presumed by the legends.
The legend of a Dorian invasion appears first in Tyrtaeus, a 7th-century
poet, in the service of Sparta, who brings the Spartan Heracleids to
Peloponnese from Erineon in the northern Doris; and the lost Epic of
Aegimius, of about the same date, seems to have presupposed the same
story. In the 5th century Pindar ascribes to Aegimius the institutions
of the Peloponnesian Dorians, and describes them as the "Dorian folk of
Hyllus and Aegimius," and as "originating from Pindus" (_Pyth._ v. 75:
cf. Fr. 4). Herodotus, also in the 5th century, describes them as the
typical (perhaps in contrast to Athenians as the _only_ genuine)
Hellenes, and traces their numerous wanderings from (1) an original home
"in Deucalion's time" in Phthiotis (the Homeric "Hellas") in south
Thessaly, to (2) Histiaeotis "below Ossa and Olympus" in north-east
Thessaly (note that the _historic_ Histiaeotis is "below _Pindus_" in
north-_west_ Thessaly): this was "in the days of Dorus," i.e. it is at
this stage that the Dorians are regarded as becoming specifically
distinct from the generic "Hellene": thence (3) to a residence "in
Pindus," where they passed as a "Macedonian people." Hence (4) they
moved south to the Parnassian Doris, which had been held by Dryopes: and
hence finally (5) to Peloponnese. Elsewhere he assigns the expulsion of
the Dryopes to Heracles in co-operation not with Dorians but with
Malians. Here clearly two traditions are combined:--one, in which the
Dorians originated from Hellas in south Thessaly, and so are "children
of Hellen"; another, in which they were a "Macedonian people" intruded
from the north, from Pindus, past Histiaeotis to Doris and beyond. It is
a noteworthy coincidence that in Macedonia also the royal family claimed
Heracleid descent; and that "Pindus" is the name both of the mountains
above Histiaeotis and of a stream in Doris. It is noteworthy also that
later writers (e.g. Andron in Strabo 475) derived the Cretan Dorians of
Homer from those of Histiaeotis, and that other legends connected Cretan
peoples and places with certain districts of Macedon.
Thucydides agrees in regarding the Parnassian Doris as the
"mother-state" of the Dorians (i. 107) and dates the invasion (as above)
eighty years after the Trojan War; this agrees approximately with the
pedigree of the kings of Sparta, as given by Herodotus, and with that of
Hecataeus of Miletus (considered as evidence for the foundation date of
an Ionian refugee-colony). Thucydides also accepts the story of
Heracleid leadership.
The legend of an organized apportionment of Peloponnese amongst the
Heracleid leaders appears first in the 5th-century tragedians,--not
earlier, that is, than the rise of the Peloponnesian League,--and was
amplified in the 4th century; the Aetolians' aid, and claim to Elis,
appear first in Ephorus. The numerous details and variant legends
preserved by later writers, particularly Strabo and Pausanias, may go
back to early sources (e.g. Herodotus distinguished the "local" from the
"poetic" versions of events in early Spartan history); but much seems to
be referable to Ephorus and the 4th-century political and rhetorical
historians:--e.g. the enlarged version of the Heracleid claims in
Isocrates (_Archidamus_, 120) and the theory that the Dorians were mere
disowned Achaeans (Plato, _Laws_, 3). Moreover, many independent
considerations suggest that in its main outlines the Dorian invasion is
historical.
_The Doric Dialects._--These dialects have strongly marked features in
common (future in [Greek: -seo -sio -so]; 1st pers. plur. in [Greek:
-mes]; [Greek: ka] for [Greek: an]; [Greek: -ae -ae = e]), but differ
more among themselves than do the Ionic. Laconia with its colonies
(including those in south Italy) form a clear group, in which [Greek:
-e] and [Greek: -o] lengthen to [Greek: -e] and [Greek: -o] as in
Aeolic. Corinth (with its Sicilian colonies), the Argolid towns, and the
Asiatic Doris, form another group, in which [Greek: -e] and [Greek: -o]
become [Greek: -ei] and [Greek: -ou] as in Ionic. Connected with the
latter (e.g. by [Greek: -ei] and [Greek: -ou]) are the "northern"
group:--Phocis, including Delphi, with Aetolia, Acarnania, Epirus and
Phthiotis in south Thessaly. But these have also some forms in common
with the "Aeolic" dialect of Boeotia and Thessaly, which in historic
times was spoken also in Doris; Locris and Elis present similar northern
"Achaean-Doric" dialects. Arcadia, on the other hand, in the heart of
Peloponnese, retained till a late date a quite different dialect, akin
to the ancient dialect of Cyprus, and more remotely to Aeolic. This
distribution makes it clear (1) that the Doric dialects of Peloponnese
represent a superstratum, more recent than the speech of Arcadia; (2)
that Laconia and its colonies preserve features alike, [Greek: -e] and
[Greek: -o] which are common to southern Doric and Aeolic; (3) that
those parts of "Dorian" Greece in which tradition makes the pre-Dorian
population "Ionic," and in which the political structure shows that the
conquered were less completely subjugated, exhibit the Ionic [Greek:
-ei] and [Greek: -ou]; (4) that as we go north, similar though more
barbaric dialects extend far up the western side of central-northern
Greece, and survive also locally in the highlands of south Thessaly; (5)
that east of the watershed Aeolic has prevailed over the area which has
legends of a Boeotian and Thessalian migration, and replaces Doric in
the northern Doris. All this points on the one hand to an intrusion of
Doric dialect into an Arcadian-and-Ionic-speaking area; on the other
hand to a subsequent expansion of Aeolic over the north-eastern edge of
an area which once was Dorian. But this distribution does not by itself
prove that Doric speech was the language of the Dorian invaders. Its
area coincides also approximately with that of the previous Achaean
conquests; and if the Dorians were as backward culturally as traditions
and archaeology suggest, it is not improbable that they soon adopted the
language of the conquered, as the Norman conquerors did in England. As
evidence of an intrusion of northerly folk, however, the distribution of
dialects remains important. See GREEK LANGUAGE.
_The common calendar and cycle of festivals_, observed by all Dorians
(of which the Carneia was chief), and the distribution in Greece of the
worships of Apollo and Heracles, which attained pre-eminence mainly in
or near districts historically "Dorian," suggest that these cults, or an
important element in them, were introduced comparatively late, and
represent the beliefs of a fresh ethnic superstratum. The steady
dependence of Sparta on the Delphic oracle, for example, is best
explained as an observance inherited from Parnassian ancestors.
_The social and political structure_ of the Dorian states of Peloponnese
presupposes likewise a conquest of an older highly civilized population
by small bands of comparatively barbarous raiders. Sparta in particular
remained, even after the reforms of Lycurgus, and on into historic
times, simply the isolated camp of a compact army of occupation, of some
5000 families, bearing traces still of the fusion of several bands of
invaders, and maintained as an exclusive political aristocracy of
professional soldiers by the labour of a whole population of
agricultural and industrial serfs. The serfs were rigidly debarred from
intermixture or social advancement, and were watched by their masters
with a suspicion fully justified by recurrent ineffectual revolts. The
other states, such as Argos and Corinth, exhibited just such compromises
between conquerors and conquered as the legends described, conceding to
the older population, or to sections of it, political incorporation more
or less incomplete. The Cretan cities, irrespective of origin, exhibit
serfage, militant aristocracy, rigid martial discipline of all citizens,
and other marked analogies with Sparta; but the Asiatic Dorians and the
other Dorian colonies do not differ appreciably in their social and
political history from their Ionian and Aeolic neighbours. Tarentum
alone, partly from Spartan origin, partly through stress of local
conditions, shows traces of militant asceticism for a while.
_Archaeological evidence_ points clearly now to the conclusion that the
splendid but overgrown civilization of the Mycenaean or "late Minoan"
period of the Aegean Bronze Age collapsed rather suddenly before a rapid
succession of assaults by comparatively barbarous invaders from the
European mainland north of the Aegean; that these invaders passed partly
by way of Thrace and the Hellespont into Asia Minor, partly by Macedon
and Thessaly into peninsular Greece and the Aegean islands; that in east
Peloponnese and Crete, at all events, a first shock (somewhat later than
1500 B.C.) led to the establishment of a cultural, social and political
situation which in many respects resembles what is depicted in Homer as
the "Achaean" age, with principal centres in Rhodes, Crete, Laconia,
Argolis, Attica, Orchomenus and south-east Thessaly; and that this
regime was itself shattered by a second shock or series of shocks
somewhat earlier than 1000 B.C. These latter events correspond in
character and date with the traditional irruption of the Dorians and
their associates.
The nationality of these invaders is disputed. Survival of fair hair and
complexion and light eyes among the upper classes in Thebes and some
other localities shows that the blonde type of mankind which is
characteristic of north-western Europe had already penetrated into Greek
lands before classical times; but the ascription of the same physical
traits to the Achaeans of Homer forbids us to regard them as peculiar to
that latest wave of pre-classical immigrants to which the Dorians
belong; and there is no satisfactory evidence as to the coloration of
the Spartans, who alone were reputed to be pure-blooded Dorians in
historic times.
Language is no better guide, for it is not clear that the Dorian dialect
is that of the most recent conquerors, and not rather that of the
conquered Achaean inhabitants of southern Greece; in any case it
presents no such affinities with any non-Hellenic speech as would serve
to trace its origin. Even in northern and west-central Greece, all
vestige of any former prevalence has been obliterated by the spread of
"Aeolic" dialects akin to those of Thessaly and Boeotia; even the
northern Doris, for example, spoke "Aeolic" in historic times.
The doubt already suggested as to language applies still more to such
characteristics as Dorian music and other forms of art, and to Dorian
customs generally. It is clear from the traditions about Lycurgus
(q.v.), for example, that even the Spartans had been a long while in
Laconia before their state was rescued from disorder by his reforms; and
if there be truth in the legend that the new institutions were borrowed
from Crete, we perhaps have here too a late echo of the legislative fame
of the land of Minos. Certainly the Spartans adopted, together with the
political traditions of the Heracleids, many old Laconian cults and
observances such as those connected with the Tyndaridae.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.--K. O. Muller, _Die Dorier_ (ed. F. W. Schneidewin,
Breslau, 1844); G. Gilbert, _Studien zur altspartanischen Geschichte_
(Gottingen, 1872); H. Gelzer, "Die Wanderzuge der lakedamonischen
Dorier," in _Rhein. Museum_, xxxii. (1877), p. 259; G. Busolt, _Die
Lakedaimonier und ihre Bundesgenossen_, i. (Leipzig, 1878); S. Beloch,
"Die dorische Wanderung," in _Rhein. Mus._ xlv. (1890). 555 ff.; H.
Collitz, _Sammlung der gr. Dialekt-Inschriften_, iii. (Gottingen,
1899-1905); R. Meister, "Dorier und Achaer" in _Abh. d. K. Sachs. Ges.
Wiss._ (Phil.-hist. Kl.), xxiv. 3 (Leipzig, 1904). (J. L. M.)
DORIA-PAMPHILII-LANDI, a princely Roman family of Genoese extraction.
The founder of the house was Ansaldo d'Oria, consul of Genoa in the 12th
century, but the authentic pedigree is traced no further back than to
Paolo d'Oria (1335). The most famous member of the family was Andrea
Doria (q.v.), perpetual censor of Genoa in 1528 and admiral to the
emperor Charles V., who was created prince of Melfi (1531) and marquis
of Tursi (in the kingdom of Naples) in 1555. The marquisate of Civiez
and the county of Cavallamonte were conferred on the family in 1576, the
duchy of Tursi in 1594, the principality of Avella in 1607, the duchy of
Avigliano in 1613. In 1760 the title of _Reichsfurst_ or prince of the
Holy Roman Empire was added and attached to the lordship of Torriglia
and the marquisate of Borgo San Stefano, together with the qualification
of _Hochgeboren_. That same year the Dorias inherited the fiefs and
titles of the house of Pamphilii-Landi of Gubbio, patricians of Rome and
princes of San Martino, Valmontano, Val di Toro, Bardi and Corupiano.
The Doria-Pamphilii palace in Rome, a splendid edifice, was built in the
17th century, and contains a valuable collection of paintings. The Villa
Doria-Pamphilii with its gardens is one of the loveliest round Rome.
During the siege of 1849 it was Garibaldi's headquarters.
DORION, SIR ANTOINE AIME[1] (1816-1891), Canadian lawyer and statesman,
son of Pierre Dorion and Genevieve Bureau, was born in the parish of
Sainte Anne de la Perade on the 17th of January 1816. He was educated at
Nicolet College, and in his twenty-second year went to Montreal to read
law with M. Cherrier, an eminent lawyer for whom he retained a lasting
friendship. On the 6th of January 1842 he was admitted to the bar of the
province, became the partner of M. Cherrier, and in the course of a few
years attained the highest rank in his profession. He married in 1848
Iphigenie, daughter of Dr Jean Baptiste Trestler, of Vaudreuil. Dorion
descended from an old Liberal family which from early days had supported
the reform party in Canada. His father, a merchant of Sainte Anne, was a
member of the legislative assembly for the county of Champlain, from
1830 to 1838, and his grandfather, on the maternal side, represented
the county of Saint Maurice in the same body from 1819 to 1830. At the
time that Dorion commenced the study of law, Canada was entering upon a
new phase of her political life. The rebellion of 1837 had resulted in
the suspension of the constitution of 1791, and the union of the
provinces, effected under the Imperial Act of 1840, was framed to compel
the obedience of the refractory population. It was an unsatisfactory
measure, providing a single legislature for two provinces, with an equal
number of representatives from each province, irrespective of
population. At the time the lower province was the larger, but it was
foreseen that a tide of English emigration would eventually place the
upper province in the stronger position. Indeed, at the date of the
Union, there were many English residents in the lower province, so that
in the aggregate the English had then the majority. From the first it
was apparent that representation by population would become an issue,
and for several years there was a constant struggle for the
establishment of responsible government, which was only achieved after
the contest of 1848, when the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration was
maintained in power. The difficulty had been avoided during the first
years of the Union by La Fontaine, who succeeded in uniting English and
French Liberals, and by substituting principles for race carried out a
policy based upon a broader conception of human interests. Although a
decisive victory had been gained by La Fontaine and Baldwin in 1848,
they did not press for an immediate overthrow of institutions which for
years had been a cause of contention, and their influence gradually
diminished until, on the 28th of October 1851, the administration was
handed over to Hincks and Morin. Liberal principles had now become
aggressive; the new leaders did not keep abreast of the spirit of the
times, their majority decreased, and, on the 11th of September 1854, a
government was formed by McNab and Morin.
The elections of 1854 had brought new blood into the ranks of the
Liberal party, young men eager to carry out measures of reform, and
Dorion was chosen as leader. Under the coalition brought about by McNab
between the Tories of Upper Canada and the Liberals of the lower
province old abuses were removed, and, after the abolition of
seigneurial tenure and clergy reserves, it appeared that the political
atmosphere was clear. In 1856 the question of representation by
population was again prominent. Upper Canada had increased, and it
contributed a larger share to the revenue, and demanded proportionate
representation. La Fontaine had pointed out, at the time he was prime
minister, that representation by population would subject the weaker
province to the control of the stronger, and that as he would not impose
the principle upon Upper Canada at the time he would not concede it,
without constitutional restraint, if her position were reversed. Upper
Canada now became aggressive and the question had to be settled.
Macdonald, who became prime minister in 1856, and had formed a new
government with Cartier in 1857, maintained that no amendment to the
constitution was necessary; that existing conditions were satisfactory.
Brown, on the opposite side of the House, declared that representation
by population was imperative, with or without constitutional changes;
and Dorion appears to have suggested the true remedy, when he gave
notice of a motion in 1856:--
"That a committee be appointed to inquire into the means that should
be adopted to form a new political and legislative organization of the
heretofore provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, either by the
establishment of their former territorial divisions or by a division
of each province, so as to form a federation, having a federal
government and a local legislature for each one of the new provinces,
and to deliberate as to the course which should be adopted to regulate
the affairs of united Canada, in a manner which would be equitable to
the different sections of the province."
Dorion was in advance of the time. He understood the true principle of
federative union as applicable to Canada. But he did not pursue this
idea, and in fact his following was never sufficiently strong to enable
him to give effect to the sound measures he was so capable of
formulating. This, perhaps, was his special weakness. On the 2nd of
August 1858 he formed an administration with Brown, but was forced to
resign after being in office three days. When the question of
confederation was discussed a few years later he opposed the scheme,
believing there was nothing to justify the union at the time, although
he admitted "that commercial intercourse may increase sufficiently to
render confederation desirable." In 1873 he accepted the portfolio of
minister of justice in the Mackenzie government, and during the six
months that he was in office passed the Electoral Law of 1874 and the
Controverted Elections Act. Dorion sat as member of the assembly for the
province of Canada for the city of Montreal from 1854 to 1861, for the
county of Hochelaga from 1862 to 1867; as member of the House of Commons
for the county of Hochelaga from 1867 to July 1872, and for the county
of Napierville from September 1872 to June 1874, when he was appointed
chief justice of the province. In 1878 he was created a knight bachelor.
He died at Montreal on the 31st of May 1891. No more able or upright
judge ever adorned the Canadian bench. He had a broad, clear mind, vast
knowledge, and commanded respect from the loftiness of his character and
the strength of his abilities. The keynote of his life was an unswerving
devotion to duty.
See _Dorion, a Sketch_, by Fennings Taylor (Montreal, 1865); and "Sir
Antoine Amie Dorion," by Sir Wilfrid Laurier, in _The Week_ (1887).
(A. G. D.)