FOOTNOTES:

[1] There were three prominent men named Donatus connected with the

movement--Donatus of Casae Nigrae; Donatus surnamed Magnus, who

succeeded Majorinus as the Donatist bishop of Carthage; and Donatus

of Bagoi, a leader of the _circumcelliones_, who was captured and

executed c. 350. The name of the sect was derived from the second of

these. The Donatists themselves repudiated the designation, which was

applied to them by their opponents as a reproach. They called

themselves "Pars Majorini" or "Pars Donati."

[2] The Donatist movement affords a valuable illustration of the new

importance which the changed position of the church under Constantine

gave to the synodal system of ecclesiastical legislation.

DONATUS, AELIUS, Roman grammarian and teacher of rhetoric, flourished in

the middle of the 4th century A.D. The only fact known regarding his

life is that he was the tutor of St Jerome. He was the author of a

number of professional works, of which there are still extant:--_Ars

grammatica_; the larger portion of his commentary on Terence (a

compilation from other commentaries), but probably not in its original

form; and a few fragments of his notes on Virgil, preserved and severely

criticized by Servius, together with the preface and introduction, and

life of Virgil. The first of these works, and especially the section on

the eight parts of speech, though possessing little claim to

originality, and in fact evidently based on the same authorities which

were used by the grammarians Charisius and Diomedes, attained such

popularity as a school-book that in the middle ages the writer's name,

like the French Calepin, became a common metonymy (in the form _donet_)

for a rudimentary treatise of any sort. On the introduction of printing

editions of the little book were multiplied to an enormous extent. It is

extant in the form of an _Ars Minor_, which only treats of the parts of

speech, and an _Ars Major_, which deals with grammar in general at

greater length.

Aelius Donatus is to be distinguished from Tiberius Claudius Donatus,

the author of a commentary (_Interpretationes_) on the Aeneid (of far

less value than that of Servius), who lived about fifty years later.

The best text of the _Ars_ and the commentaries upon it by Servius and

others is in H. Keil, _Grammatici Latini_, iv.; of the commentary on

Terence there is an edition by P. Wessner (1902, Teubner series), with

bibliography and full account of MSS. See generally E. A. Grafenhan,

_Geschichte der klassischen Philologie im Altertum_, iv. (1850); P.

Rosenstock, _De Donato, Terenti ... explicatore_ (1886); H. T.

Karsten, _De comm. Don. ad Terenti fabulas origine et compositione_

(Leiden, 1907). For the commentary of Tiberius Donatus see O. Ribbeck,

Prolegomena to Virgil, Grafenhan (as above), and V. Burkas, _De

Tiberii Claudii Donati in Aeneidem commentario_ (1889). The text will

be found in G. Fabricius's edition of Virgil (1561), ed. by H. George,

i. (1905 foll.).

DONAUWORTH, a town of Germany in the kingdom of Bavaria, on the left

bank of the Danube, at the confluence of the Wornitz, 25 m. N. of

Augsburg by rail and at the junction of lines to Ulm and Ingolstadt.

Pop. 5000. It is an ancient town and has several medieval buildings of

interest. Notable among its seven churches (six Roman Catholic) are the

Kloster-Kirche (monasterial), a beautiful Gothic edifice with the

sarcophagus of Maria of Brabant, and that of the former Benedictine

abbey, Heilig-Kreuz, with a lofty tower. Remarkable among secular

buildings are the Gothic town hall, and the so-called Tanz-haus, which

now includes both a theatre and a school. The industries embrace

machinery, brewing and saw-milling; the place is of some importance as a

river port, and the centre of a considerable agricultural trade.

Donauworth grew up in the course of the 11th and 12th centuries under

the protection of the castle of Mangoldstein, became in the 13th a seat

of the duke of Upper Bavaria, who, however, soon withdrew to Munich to

escape from the _manes_ of his wife Maria of Brabant, whom he had there

beheaded on an unfounded suspicion of infidelity. The town received the

freedom of the Empire in 1308, and maintained its position in spite of

the encroachments of Bavaria till 1607, when the interference of the

Protestant inhabitants with the abbot of the Heilig-Kreuz called forth

an imperial law authorizing the duke of Bavaria to inflict chastisement

for the offence. In the Thirty Years' War it was stormed by Gustavus

Adolphus (1632), and captured by King Ferdinand (1634). In the vicinity,

on the Schellenberg, the Bavarians and French were defeated by

Marlborough and Prince Louis of Baden on the 2nd of July 1704. The

imperial freedom restored to the town by Joseph I. in 1705 was again

lost by reincorporation with Bavaria in 1714. In the neighbourhood the

Austrians under Mack were, on the 6th of October 1805, decisively

defeated by the French under Soult.

See _Konigsdorfer, Geschichte des Klosters zum Heiligen Kreuz in

Donauworth_ (1819-20).

DON BENITO, a town of western Spain, in the province of Badajoz; near

the left bank of the river Guadiana, on the Madrid-Badajoz-Lisbon

railway. Pop. (1900) 16,565. Don Benito is a thriving and comparatively

modern town; for it dates only from the 15th century, when it was

founded by refugees from Don Llorente, who deserted their own town owing

to the danger of floods from the Guadiana. Besides manufactures of

brandy, flour, oil, soap, linen and cloth, it has an active trade in

wheat, wine and fruit, especially melons.

DONCASTER, a market-town and municipal borough in the Doncaster

parliamentary division of the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 156 m.

N. by W. from London. Pop. (1901) 28,932. It lies in a flat plain on the

river Don, with slight hills rising westward. It is an important station

on the Great Northern railway, whose principal locomotive and carriage

works are here, and it is also served by the North Eastern, Great

Eastern, Great Central, Lancashire & Yorkshire, and Midland railways.

The Don affords intercommunication with Goole and the Humber. The parish

church of St George, occupying the site of an older structure of the

same name, destroyed by fire in 1853, was finished in 1858 under the

direction of Sir G. G. Scott. It is a fine cruciform structure of

Decorated character, with a central tower 170 ft. high, and contains a

particularly fine organ. St James's church was erected, under the same

architect and Lord Grimthorpe, by the Great Northern railway company.

Other important buildings are the town hall, mansion house, free library

and art school, corn exchange and markets. The grammar school was

founded in 1553 and reorganized in 1862. Doncaster race-meetings are

widely famous. The racecourse lies 1 m. S.E. of the town. The old course

is 1 m. 7 fur. 70 yds. in length, and the Sandall course of 1 m. was

added in 1892. The grand stand was erected in 1777, but there are

several additional stands. Races have long been held at Doncaster, and

there was a stand on the course before the year 1615. The St Leger takes

its name from Lieut.-General St Leger, who originated the race in 1776;

but it was not so named till 1778. The meetings are held in the second

week of September. A system of electric tramways connects the town with

its principal suburbs. The agricultural trade is extensive, and there

are iron, brass and agricultural machine works. Doncaster lies on the

outskirts of a populous district extending up the valley of the Don.

Two miles S.W. is the urban district of Balby-with-Hexthorpe (pop.

6781); and 7 m. S. is that of Tickhill, where there are remains of a

Norman castle. Wheatley (3579) lies 2 m. N.E. The borough of Doncaster

is under a mayor, six aldermen and eighteen councillors. Area, 1695

acres.

_History._--There was a Roman station here, and numerous remains of the

Roman period have been found. In the reign of Edward the Confessor,

Doncaster, as a _berewic_ of the manor of Hexthorp, belonged to Earl

Tostig; but before 1086 it had been granted to Robert, earl of Mortain,

whose successor William was attainted for treason in the time of Henry

I. The overlordship then fell to the crown, and the families of

Frossard, Mauley and Salvin successively held the manor as underlords.

Doncaster was evidently a borough held of the crown for a fee farm rent

before 1194, when Richard I. granted and confirmed to the burgesses

their soke and town to hold by the ancient rent and by twenty-five marks

yearly. The town was incorporated in 1467 by Edward IV., who granted a

gild merchant and appointed that the town should be governed by a mayor

and two serjeants-at-mace elected every year by the burgesses. Henry

VII., while confirming this charter in 1505, granted further that the

burgesses should hold their town and soke with all the manors in the

soke on payment of a fee farm. He also by another charter in 1508

confirmed letters patent granted by Peter de Mauley in 1341, by which

the latter renounced to the inhabitants of Doncaster all the manorial

claims which he had upon them, with the "pernicious customs" which his

ancestors claimed from bakers, brewers, butchers, fishers and

wind-fallen trees. In 1623 Ralph Salvin tried to regain the manor of

Doncaster from the mayor and burgesses, who, fearing that the case would

go against them, agreed to pay about L3000, in return for which he gave

up his claim to all the manors in the soke. Charles II. in 1664 gave the

town a new charter, granting that it should be governed by a mayor,

twelve aldermen and twenty-four capital burgesses, but since this was

not enrolled and was therefore of no effect the burgesses obtained

another charter from James II. in 1684 by which the town was governed

until the Municipal Corporation Act. In 1200 a fair at Doncaster on the

vigil and day of St James the Apostle was confirmed to Robert de

Turnham, who held the manor in right of his wife, with the addition of

an extra day, for which he had to give the king two palfreys worth 100

s. each. By the charter of 1194 the burgesses received licence to hold a

fair on the vigil, feast and morrow of the Annunciation, and this with

the fair on St James's day was confirmed to them by Henry VII. in 1505.

The fairs and markets are still held under these charters.

See _Victoria County History, Yorkshire_; Edward Miller, _The History

and Antiquities of Doncaster_ (1828-1831); _Calendar to the Records of

the Borough of Doncaster_, published by the Corporation.

DON COSSACKS, TERRITORY OF THE (Russ. _Donskaya Oblast_), a government

of S.E. Russia, bounded W. by the governments of Voronezh, Kharkov and

Ekaterinoslav, S.W. by the Sea of Azov, S. by the governments of Kuban

and Stavropol, and E. by those of Astrakhan and Saratov. Area, 63,532

sq. m. Pop. 1,010,135 in 1867, 2,585,920 in 1897 and 3,125,400

(estimate) in 1906. It belongs almost entirely to the region of the

South Russian steppes, but in the N., W. and S.W. presents more the

aspects of elevated plains gapped with ravine-like river-courses, while

in the S.E., towards the Manych depression, it passes over into the arid

Aral-Caspian steppes (e.g. Zadonsk Steppe), dotted over with salt lakes.

Geologically the region is made up of Carboniferous limestones, clay

slates and sandstones, containing anthracite and coal; of Cretaceous

marls, chalk, sandstone and greensands--chalk cliffs, in fact, accompany

the Don for 200 m.; and of Miocene limestones and clays. The surface,

especially W. of the Don, is the fertile black earth, intermingled here

and there, especially in the Zadonsk Steppe, with clay impregnated with

salt. The government is drained by the Don and its tributaries, of which

the Donets, Chir and Mius enter from the right and the Khoper and

Medvyeditsa from the left. The Don is navigable throughout the

government, and at Kalach is connected by a railway, 45 m. long, with

Tsaritsyn on the Volga, routes by which an enormous amount of heavy

merchandise is transported. The climate is continental and dry, the

average temperatures being--year 43 deg. Fahr., January 13 deg., July 72

deg. at Uryupina (in 50 deg. 48' N.; alt. 92 ft.); and year 48 deg.,

January 21 deg., July 73 deg. at Taganrog. The annual rainfall at the

same two places is 13.4 and 17.4 in. respectively. Forests cover only 2%

of the area.

Nearly one-half of the population are Cossacks, the other ethnological

groups being (1897) 27,234 Armenians, 2255 Greeks, 1267 Albanians,

16,000 Jews and some 30,000 Kalmuck Tatars, who are Lamaists in

religion. Nearly all the rest of the people, except the Jews and about

3000 Mahommedans, belong to the Orthodox Eastern Church. The Cossacks

own nearly 30,000,000 acres of land. The government is well provided

with schools, especially on the Cossack territory. Agriculture is the

principal occupation, but the crops vary very greatly from year to year,

owing to deficiency of rain. Vines are cultivated on a large scale, and

tobacco is grown in the south. Cattle-breeding is important, and there

are fine breeds of horses and large flocks of sheep. Productive

fisheries are carried on at the mouth of the Don. Nearly 13,000 persons

are engaged in coal-mining; the coalfields form part of the vast Donets

coal basin (10,420 sq. m., with a total output of nearly 13,000,000 tons

annually). Some iron ore, gypsum, salt and limestone are also produced.

The principal branches of manufacturing industry are flour-milling,

potteries, ironworks and tobacco factories. The exports consist chiefly

of cereals, cattle, horses, sheep, wine, fish and hides. The government

is under the administration of the ministry of war, and is divided into

nine districts--Donets (chief town, Kamenskaya with 23,576 inhabitants

in 1897), First Don district (Konstantinovskaya, 8800), Second Don

district (Nizhne-Chirskaya, 15,196), Rostov (Rostov-on-Don, 119,889),

Salsky (Velikoknyazheskaya), Taganrog (Taganrog, 58,928 in 1900),

Ust-medvyeditsa (Ust-medvyeditsa, 16,000), Khoper (Uryupina, 9600),

Cherkasky (Novo-cherkassk, 52,005). The capital of the government is

Novo-cherkassk. Many of the Cossack _stanitsas_ (villages) are very

populous. (P. A. K.; J. T. BE.)

DONEGAL, a county in the extreme north-west of Ireland, in the province

of Ulster, bounded N. and W. by the Atlantic Ocean, E. by Lough Foyle

and the counties Londonderry and Tyrone, and S. by Donegal Bay and the

counties Fermanagh and Leitrim. The area is 1,197,153 acres, or about

1871 sq. m., the county being the largest in Ireland after Cork and

Mayo. This portion of the country possesses little natural wealth; its

physical characteristics are against easy communications, and although

its northern coast affords one or two good natural harbours, there is no

commercial inducement to take advantage of them. The fine scenery and

other natural attractions of Donegal thus remained practically unknown

until late in the 19th century, but an effort was then made by Lord

George Hill to introduce wealth from without into the county, and to

develop its resources in this, almost the only possible direction. The

county possesses a large extent of sea-coast indented by numerous

inlets. Ballyshannon harbour, the most southern of these, is small, and

has a bar at its mouth, as has Donegal harbour farther north. Killybegs

harbour is well sheltered, and capable of receiving large vessels.

These, with Bruckles or M'Swiney's Bay, and Teelin harbour, suitable for

small vessels, are arms of the fine inlet of Donegal Bay. The western

shore is beautified by the indentations of Loughros Beg, Gweebarra,

Trawenagh and Inishfree Bays. On the north is Sheephaven, within which

is Dunfanaghy Bay, where the largest ships may lie in safety, as they

may also in Mulroy Bay and Lough Swilly farther east. Lough Foyle, which

divides Donegal from Londonderry, is a noble sheet of water, but is

shallow and in part dry at ebb tide, contracted at its entrance, and

encumbered with shoals. A few miles west of Malin Head, the most

northerly point of the mainland of Ireland, the varied and extensive

Lough Swilly runs far into the interior. From these two loughs much land

has been reclaimed. Numerous islands and rocks stud the coast. The

largest island is North Aran, about 15 m. in circumference, with a lofty

hill in its centre, and a gradual declivity down to the sea. On the

northern coast are Tory Island, and, farther east, Inishtrahull, the

_ultima Thule_ of Ireland. The inhabitants of these islands obtain a

precarious livelihood by fishing, kelp-burning and rude husbandry, but

are often reduced to extreme destitution.

Mountains and irregular groups of highlands occupy the whole interior of

the county, and a considerable portion is bog and moorland. Errigal

mountain in the north-west attains an elevation of 2466 ft. and commands

from its summit a fine view over a considerable portion of the country.

In its vicinity, the Derryveagh mountains reach 2240 ft. in Slieve

Snaght; Muckish is 2197 ft.; in the south Bluestack reaches 2219 ft.;

and in the Innishowen peninsula between Loughs Swilly and Foyle, another

Slieve Snaght is 2019 ft. in elevation. At the western extremity of the

north coast of Donegal Bay stands Slieve League, whose western flank

consists of a mighty cliff, descending almost sheer to the Atlantic,

exhibiting beautiful variegated colouring, and reaching an extreme

height of 1972 ft. From these details it will appear that the scenery of

the highlands and the sea-coast often attain a character of savage and

romantic grandeur; whereas the eastern and southern portions are

generally less elevated and more fertile, but still possess considerable

beauty. A considerable portion of the surface, however, is occupied by

bogs, and entirely destitute of timber.

With the exception of the tidal river Foyle, which forms the boundary

between this county and Tyrone and Londonderry, the rivers, though

numerous, are of small size. The branches of the Foyle which rise in

Donegal are the Derg, issuing from Lough Derg, and the Finn, rising in

the beautiful little lake of the same name in the highlands, and passing

through some of the best cultivated land in the county. The Foyle,

augmented by their contributions, and by those of several other branches

from the counties Tyrone and Londonderry, proceeds northward,

discharging its waters into the southern extremity of Lough Foyle, at

the city of Londonderry. It is navigable for vessels of large burden to

this place, and thence by lighters of fifty tons as far as Lifford.

Boats of fourteen tons can proceed up the Finn river as far as

Castlefinn. The fine river Erne flows from Lough Erne through the

southern extremity of the county into the southern extremity of Donegal

Bay. Its navigation is prevented by a fall of 12 ft., generally called

the Salmon Leap, in the neighbourhood of Ballyshannon, and by rapids

between Ballyshannon and Belleek, on the confines of Co. Fermanagh. The

Gweebarra, the Owenea, and the Eask are the only other streams of any

note. Lakes are very numerous in Donegal. The most remarkable, and also

the largest, is Lough Derg, comprising within its waters several islets,

on one of which, Station Island, is the cave named St Patrick's

Purgatory, a celebrated place of resort for pilgrims and devotees. The

circumference of the lake is about 9 m., and the extent of the island to

which the pilgrims are ferried over is less than 1 acre. The landscape

round Lough Derg is desolate and sombre in the extreme, barren moors and

heathy hills surrounding it on all sides. Salmon, sea-trout and brown

trout afford sport in most of the rivers and loughs, and Glenties for

the Owenea river, and Gweedore for the Clady, in the west; Killybegs for

the Eanymore and Eask, in the south; and Rathmelton and Rosapenna for

the Owencarrow and Leannan, in the north, may be mentioned as centres.

Ballyshannon and Bundoran, in the extreme south, are centres for the

Erne and other waters outside the county.

_Geology._--The dominant feature in the geology of this county is the

north-east and south-west strike forced upon the older rocks during

earth-movements that set in at the close of Silurian times. The

granite that forms characteristically the core of the folds is

probably of the same age as that of Leinster, or may possibly

represent older igneous masses, brought into a general parallelism

during the main epoch of stress. The oldest recognizable series of

rocks is the Dalradian, and its quartzites form the white summits of

Muckish, Errigal and Aghla. The intruding granite, which predominates

in the north-west, has frequently united with the metamorphic series

to form composite gneiss. In the southern mass near Pettigo, once

regarded as Archaean and fundamental, residual "eyes" of the

hornblendic rocks that are associated with the Dalradian series remain

floating, as it were, in the gneiss. North of this, the country is

wilder, consisting largely of mica-schist, through which a grand mass

of unfoliated granite rises at Barnesmore. The course of the

Gweebarra, or Glen Beagh, of the Glendowan mountains, and the Aghla

ridge, have all been determined by the general strike imparted to the

country. At Donegal Bay the Lower Carboniferous sandstone and

limestone come in as a synclinal, and the limestone extends to

Bundoran. Small Carboniferous outliers on the summits of the great

cliff of Slieve League show the former extension of these strata. Bog

iron-ore is raised as a gas-purifier; and talc-schist has been worked

for steatite at Crohy Head. In most parts of the west the patches of

glacial drift form the only agricultural land. The fine-grained

sandstone of Mount Charles near Donegal is a well-known building

stone, and the granites of the north-west have attracted much

attention.

_Industries._--The modes of agriculture present little that is peculiar

to the county, and the spade still supplies the place of the plough

where the rocky nature of the surface prevents the application of the

latter implement. The soil of the greater portion of the county, i.e.

the granite, quartz and mica slate districts, is thin and cold, while

that on the carboniferous limestone is warm and friable. Owing to the

boggy nature of the soil, agriculture has not made much progress,

although in certain districts (Gweedore, for instance) much land has

been brought under cultivation through the enterprise of the

proprietors. Roughly speaking, however, about 45% of the land is waste,

35% pasture and 15% tillage. Wheat and barley are quite an

inconsiderable crop, and in this as well as in other respects Donegal is

much behind the rest of Ulster in the extent of its crops. It bears,

however, a more favourable comparison as regards its live stock, as

cattle, sheep and poultry are extensively kept.

In Donegal, as in other counties of Ulster, the linen manufacture

affords employment to a number of inhabitants, especially at Raphoe,

while the manufacture of excellent homespun, woollen stockings and

worked muslin is carried on pretty extensively. The trade in these

manufactures and in the domestic produce of the county finds its

principal outlets through the port of Londonderry and the inland town of

Strabane, Co. Tyrone. The deep-sea fisheries are important, and are

centred at Killybegs, Gweedore and Rathmullen. The salmon fishery is

also prosecuted to a considerable extent, the principal seats of the

trade being at Ballyshannon and Letterkenny.

The railway system includes the County Donegal railway from Londonderry

south-west to Donegal town and Killybegs, with branches to Glenties, a

village near the west coast, and to Ballyshannon; and the Londonderry

and Lough Swilly, serving Letterkenny, and continuing to Burtonport with

a branch north to Buncrana, a watering-place on Lough Swilly, and

Cardonagh in the Innishowen peninsula. From Letterkenny the line

continues to Dunfanaghy on the north coast, thence to Gweedore and

Burtonport.

_Population and Administration._--The population (185,635 in 1891;

173,722 in 1901) decreases less seriously than in most Irish counties,

though the proportion of emigrants is large. About 78% of the population

is Roman Catholic, and almost the whole is rural. The native Erse

naturally dies out slowly in this remote county, and the Donegal dialect

is said to be the purest in the Irish language. The towns are small in

extent and importance. Lifford (pop. 446), the county town, is

practically a suburb of Strabane, in the neighbouring Co. Tyrone.

Ballyshannon (2359) on the river Erne, Letterkenny (2370) at the head of

Lough Swilly, and Donegal (1214) at the head of the bay of that name,

are the other principal towns. The principal watering-places are Moville

on Lough Foyle, Buncrana and Rathmelton on Lough Swilly; while,

following the coast from north to south, Rosapenna, Dunfanaghy,

Gweedore, Dungloe and Ardara, with Bundoran in the extreme south, are

seaside villages frequently visited. Resorts deserving mention for the

attractive scenery for which they are centres, are--Ardara, on the

Owenea river, where the cliffs of the neighbouring coast are

particularly fine; Carrick, Malin Head, the beautiful land-locked bay of

Mulroy, Narin on Boylagh Bay, Portsalon on Lough Swilly, and Stranorlar,

a small market town near the fine mountain pass of Barnesmore.

Donegal contains seven baronies and fifty parishes. Assizes are held at

Lifford, and quarter sessions at Ballyshannon, Buncrana, Donegal,

Cardonagh, Glenties, Letterkenny and Lifford. The county is in the

Protestant dioceses of Clogher and Derry, and the Roman Catholic

dioceses of Raphoe, Clogher and Derry. The county returned twelve

members to the Irish parliament; after the Union it returned two; but it

is now divided into north, east, south and west divisions, each

returning one member.

_History and Antiquities._--The greater part of Donegal was anciently

called Tyrconnell (q.v.) or the country of Conall; and it was sometimes

called O'Donnell's country, after the head chieftains of the district.

This district was formed into the county of Donegal in the reign of

Queen Elizabeth, in 1585, by the lord-deputy Sir John Perrott. The most

noteworthy architectural remains of antiquity in the county are to be

found at the head of Lough Swilly, where, situated on the summit of a

hill 802 ft. high, some remarkable remains exist of a fortress or palace

of the northern Irish kings. These are known as the Grianan of Aileach,

and evidently date from a period prior to the 12th century. On Tory

Island there are one of the best specimens of a round tower and some

other interesting remains. Numerous ruins of ancient castles along the

coast prove that much attention was formerly paid to the defence of the

country from invasion. The principal are--Kilbarron Castle, an ancient

stronghold of the O'Clerys, near Ballyshannon; Donegal Castle, built by

the O'Donnells, anciently their chief residence, and now a fine ruin

standing close to the water's edge; Burt Castle, built in the reign of

Henry VIII. on the shores of Lough Swilly by Sir Cahir O'Dogherty, to

whom is also attributed the erection of Green Castle, one of the

strongholds of the clan on Lough Foyle. Near the Castle of Doe, or

M'Swiney's Castle, at Horn Head, is a natural perforation in the roof of

a cave, called M'Swiney's Gun, formed by the workings of the ocean into

the overhanging cliff. When the wind blows due north, and the tide is at

half flood, the gun is seen to spout up jets of water to a height of 100

ft., attended with explosions heard occasionally in favourable weather

at an immense distance. Gulmore Fort, on the coast of Lough Swilly,

supposed to have been erected by the O'Doghertys, having come into the

possession of the crown, was granted in 1609 to the corporation of

London. It was afterwards enlarged or rebuilt, and acted a prominent

part in the celebrated siege of Derry. Traces of religious houses, some

existing only in traditionary or documental records, are also numerous.

The ruins of that of Donegal, founded in 1474, afford proofs of its

ancient grandeur. At Raphoe, 5 m. N.W. of Lifford, is the cathedral of a

former diocese united to that of Derry in 1835.

DONEGAL, a small seaport and market town of Co. Donegal, Ireland (not,

as its name would suggest, the county town, which is Lifford), in the

south parliamentary division, at the head of Donegal Bay, and the mouth

of the river Eask, on the Donegal railway. Pop. (1901) 1214. Its trade

in agricultural produce is hampered by the unsatisfactory condition of

its harbour, the approach to which is beset with shoals. Here are the

ruins of a fine Jacobean castle, occupying the site of a fortress of the

O'Donnells of Tyrconnell, but built by Sir Basil Brooke in 1610. There

are also considerable remains of a Franciscan monastery, founded in 1474

by one of the O'Donnells, and here were compiled the famous "Annals of

the Four Masters," a record of Irish history completed in 1636 by one

Michael O'Clery and his coadjutors. There is a chalybeate well near the

town, and 7-1/2 m. S., at Ballintra, a small stream forms a series of

limestone caverns known as the Pullins. Donegal received a charter from

James I., and returned two members to the Irish parliament. The name is

said to signify the "fortress of the foreigners," and to allude to a

settlement by the Northmen.

DONELSON, FORT, an entrenched camp at Dover, Tennessee, U.S.A., erected

by the Confederates in the Civil War to guard the lower Cumberland

river, and taken by the Federals on the 16th of February 1862. It

consisted of two continuous lines of entrenchments on the land side, and

water batteries commanding the river. After the capture (Feb. 6) of Fort

Henry on the lower Tennessee the Union army (three divisions) under

Brigadier-General U. S. Grant marched overland to invest Donelson, and

the gunboat flotilla (Commodore A. H. Foote) descended the Tennessee and

ascended the Cumberland to meet him. Albert Sidney Johnston, the

Confederate commander in Kentucky, had thrown a large garrison under

General Floyd into Donelson, and Grant was at first outnumbered; though

continually reinforced, the latter had at no time more than three men to

the Confederates' two. The troops of both sides were untrained but

eager.

On the 12th and 13th of February 1862 the Union divisions, skirmishing

heavily, took up their positions investing the fort, and on the 14th

Foote's gunboats attacked the water batteries. The latter received a

severe repulse, Foote himself being amongst the wounded, and soon

afterwards the Confederates determined to cut their way through Grant's

lines. On the 15th General Pillow attacked the Federal division of

McClernand and drove it off the Nashville road; having done this,

however, he halted, and even retired. Grant ordered General C. F.

Smith's division to assault a part of the lines which had been denuded

of its defenders in order to reinforce Pillow. Smith personally led his

young volunteers in the charge and carried all before him. The

Confederates returning from the sortie were quite unable to shake his

hold on the captured works, and, Grant having reinforced McClernand with

Lew Wallace's division, these two generals reoccupied the lost position

on the Nashville road. On the 16th, the two senior Confederate generals

Floyd and Pillow having escaped by steamer, the infantry left in the

fort under General S. B. Buckner surrendered unconditionally. The

Confederate cavalry under Colonel Forrest made its escape by road. The

prisoners numbered about 15,000 out of an original total of 18,000.

DONGA, a Bantu word for a ravine, narrow watercourse or gully formed by

the action of water. Adopted by the European residents of South Africa

from the Kaffirs, the use of the word has been extended by English

writers to ravines or watercourses of the nature indicated in various

other parts of the world. It is almost equivalent to the Arabic _khor_,

which, however, also means the dry bed of a stream, or a stream flowing

through a ravine. The Indian word _nullah_ (properly a watercourse) has

also the same significance. The three words are often used

interchangeably by English writers.

DONGOLA, a _mudiria_ (province) of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. It lies

wholly within the region known as Nubia and extends along both banks of

the Nile from about 18 deg. N. to 20 deg. N. The rainfall is very

slight, and the area of fertility is mainly confined to the lands

watered by the Nile. Beyond stretches eastward the Nubian desert,

westward the Libyan desert. The Wadi el Kab (Gab), west of and parallel

to the Nile, contains, however, a good deal of arable land. This wadi,

which is some 63 m. long, obtains water by percolation from the Nile.

Farther west is the extensive plateau of Jebel Abiad, and beyond, some

250 m. due west of Debba, is Bir Natron, or Bir Sultan, a valley whence

natron is obtained. In this desert region is found the addax, the rarest

of Sudan antelopes. The chief grain crops are durra and barley, and date

palms are extensively cultivated. The province is also noted for a breed

of strong, hardy horses. The largest town is Dongola, but the

administrative headquarters of the mudiria are at New Merawi (Merowe,

Meroe), on the left bank of the Nile, below the 4th cataract. Other

towns, also on the Nile, are Debba and Korti, whence start caravan

routes to Kordofan and Omdurman. At Jebel Barkal, in the neighbourhood

of Merawi, and elsewhere in the mudiria, are ancient ruins (see SUDAN:

_Anglo-Egyptian_). Old Merawi, on the right bank of the Nile, and Sanam

Abu Dom, on the left bank, indicate the site of the Ethiopian city of

Napata. From Kareima, on the right or northern bank of the Nile, 6 m.

above New Merawi, a railway (opened in March 1906) runs to Abu Hamed,

whence there is railway connexion with the Red Sea, Khartum and Egypt.

From Kareima downstream the Nile is navigable to Kerma, just above the

3rd cataract. Between 1896 and 1904 a railway ran between Kerma and Wadi

Halfa. In the last-named year this railway was closed. It had been built

for purely military purposes and was unremunerative as a commerical

undertaking.

The Dongolese (Dongolawi, Danaglas, Danagalehs) are Nubas in type and

language, but have a large admixture of Arab, Turk and other blood. They

are great agriculturists and keen traders, and were notorious

slave-dealers. South of Old Dongola the inhabitants are not Nubians but

Shagia (q.v.), and the Nubian tongue is replaced by Arabic. Of the nomad

desert tribes the chief are the Hawawir and Kabbabish.

The country now forming the mudiria was once part of the ancient empire

of Ethiopia (q.v.), Napata being one of its capital cities. From about

the beginning of the Christian era the chief tribes in the region

immediately south of Egypt were the Blemmyes and the Nobatae. The last

named became converted to Christianity about the middle of the 6th

century, through the instrumentality, it is stated, of the empress

Theodora. A chieftain of the Nobatae, named Silko, between the middle

and the close of that century, conquered the Blemmyes, founded a new

state, apparently on the ruins of that of the southern Meroe

(Bakarawiya), made Christianity the official religion of the country,

and fixed his capital at (Old) Dongola. This state, now generally

referred to as the Christian kingdom of Dongola, lasted for eight or

nine hundred years. Though late in reaching Nubia, Christianity, after

the wars of Silko, spread rapidly, and when the Arab conquerors of Egypt

sought to subdue Nubia also they met with stout resistance. Dongola,

however, was captured by the Moslems in 652, and the country laid under

tribute (_bakt_)--400 men having to be sent yearly to Egypt. This

tribute was paid when it could be enforced; at periods the Nubians

gained the upper hand, as in 737 when Cyriacus, their then king, marched

into Egypt with a large army to redress the grievances of the Copts.

There is a record of an embassy sent by a king Zacharias in the 9th

century to Bagdad concerning the tribute, while by the close of the 10th

century the Nubians seem to have regained almost complete independence.

They did not, however, possess any part of the Red Sea coast, which was

held by the Egyptians, who, during the 9th and 10th centuries, worked

the emerald and gold mines between the Nile and the Red Sea. The

kingdom, according to the Armenian historian Abu Salih, was in a very

flourishing condition in the 12th century. It then extended from Assuan

southward to the 4th cataract, and contained several large cities. Gold

and copper mines were worked. The liturgy used was in Greek. In 1173

Shams addaula, a brother of Saladin, attacked the Nubians, captured the

city of Ibrim (Primis), and among other deeds destroyed 700 pigs found

therein. The Egyptians then retired, and for about 100 years the country

was at peace. In 1275 the Mameluke sultan Bibars aided a rebel prince to

oust his uncle from the throne of Nubia; the sultans Kalaun and Nasir

also sent expeditions to Dongola, which was several times captured.

Though willing to pay tribute to the Moslems, the Nubians clung

tenaciously to Christianity, and, despite the raids to which the country

was subjected, it appears during the 12th and 13th centuries to have

been fairly prosperous. No serious attempt was made by the Egyptians to

penetrate south of Napata, nor is it certain how far south of that place

the authority of the Dongola kingdom (sometimes known as Mukarra)

extended. It was neighboured on the south by another Christian state,

Aloa (Alwa), with its capital Soba on the Blue Nile.

Cut off more and more from free intercourse with the Copts in Egypt, the

Nubian Christians at length began to embrace Jewish and Mahommedan

doctrines; the decay of the state was hastened by dissensions between

Mukarra and Aloa. Nevertheless, the Nubians were strong enough to invade

upper Egypt during the reign of Nawaya Krestos (1342-1372), because the

governor of Cairo had thrown the patriarch of Alexandria into prison.

The date usually assigned for the overthrow of the Christian kingdom is

1351. Only the northern part of the country (as far as the 3rd cataract)

came under the rule of Egypt. Nevertheless, according to Leo Africanus,

at the close of the 15th century Christianity and native states still

survived in Nubia, and in the 16th century the Nubians sent messengers

to Abyssinia to Father Alvarez, begging him to appoint priests to

administer the sacraments to them--a request with which he was not able

to comply. Thereafter the Nubian Church is without records. The Moslems

may have extinguished it in blood, for the region between Dongola and

Shendi appears to have been depopulated. Between Assuan and Hannek the

Turks introduced in the 16th century numbers of Bosnians, whose

descendants ruled the district, paying but a nominal allegiance to the

Porte. At Ibrim, Mahass, and elsewhere along the banks and in the

islands of the Nile, they built castles, now in ruins. South of Hannek

the kings of Sennar became overlords of the country. As the power of the

Sennari declined, the nomad Shagia (or Shaikiyeh) attained pre-eminence

in the Dongola district.

About 1812 Mamelukes fleeing from Mehemet Ali, the pasha of Egypt, made

themselves masters of part of the country, destroying the old capital

and building a new one lower down the Nile. In 1820 both Mamelukes and

Shagia were conquered by the Egyptians, and the Dongola province annexed

to Egypt. In consequence of the rising of the Dervishes Egypt evacuated

Dongola in 1886. The attempt to set up an independent government failed,

and the Dervishes held the town until September 1896, when it was

reoccupied by an Egyptian force.

See J. L. Burckhardt, _Travels in Nubia_ (London, 1819); Naum Bey

Shucair, The _History and Geography of the Sudan_ (in Arabic, 3 vols.,

Cairo, 1903); E. A. Wallis Budge, _The Egyptian Sudan_ (2 vols.,

London, 1907).

DONGOLA, a town of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, which gives its name to a

mudiria. It is situated on the W. bank of the Nile, about 45 m. above

the 3rd cataract, in 19 deg. 10' N., 30 deg. 29' E. Pop. about 10,000.

It is 1082 m. S. of Cairo by river and 638 m. N. of Khartum by the same

route. Its commerical outlet, however, is Port Sudan, on the Red Sea,

600 m. E.S.E. by steamer and railway. It is a thriving, well-built town;

an important agricultural and trading centre. Lignite is found on the

east bank of the Nile opposite the town. Founded c. 1812 by Mamelukes

who fled to Nubia from the persecutions of Mehemet Ali, the town is

called Dongola Makara (New Dongola) to distinguish it from Dongola Agusa

(Old Dongola), which it supplanted. It is also called El Ordi (the

barracks), a reminiscence of the buildings erected by the Egyptians

after their occupation of the town in 1820. The Mahdi Mahommed Ahmed was

a native of Dongola. In 1884-1885 the town was the base of the British

troops in their advance on Khartum.

Dongola Agusa, 75 m. upstream from New Dongola, now a heap of ruins, was

the capital of the Nubian state usually called the Christian kingdom of

Dongola. An Arab historian of the 11th century describes it as a large

city with many churches, fine houses and wide streets. It is said to

have been finally destroyed by the Mamelukes. On a hill near the ruins

is a mosque in which is an Arabic inscription stating that the building

was opened "on the 20th Rabi el Aneh in the year 717 (June 1, 1317 A.D.)

after the victory of Sefeddin Abdallah en Nasir over the Infidels."

DONIZETTI, GAETANO (1798-1848), Italian musical composer, was born at

Bergamo in 1798, the son of a government official of limited means.

Originally destined for the bar, he showed at an early age a strong

taste for art. At first, strangely enough, he mistook architecture for

his vocation, and only after an unsuccessful trial in that direction did

he discover his real talent. He entered the conservatoire of his native

city, where he studied under Simon Mayr, the fertile operatic composer.

His second master was Mattei, the head master of the celebrated music

school of Bologna, where Donizetti resided for three years. After his

return to Bergamo the young composer determined to devote himself to

dramatic music, but his father insisted upon his giving lessons with a

view to immediate gain. The disputes arising from this cause ultimately

led to Donizetti's enlisting in the army. But this desperate step proved

beneficial against all expectation. The regiment was quartered at

Venice, and here the young composer's first dramatic attempt, an opera

called _Enrico comte di Borgogna_, saw the light in 1818.

The success of this work, and of a second opera brought out in the

following year, established Donizetti's reputation. He obtained his

discharge from the army, and henceforth his operas followed each other

in rapid and uninterrupted succession at the rate of three or four a

year. Although he had to contend successively with two such dangerous

rivals as Rossini and Bellini, he succeeded in taking firm hold of the

public, and the brilliant reception accorded to his _Anna Bolena_ at

Milan carried his name beyond the limits of his own country. In 1835

Donizetti went for the first time to Paris, where, however, his _Marino

Faliero_ failed to hold its own against Bellini's _Puritani_, then

recently produced at the Theatre Italien. The disappointed composer went

to Naples, where the enormous success of his _Lucia di Lammermoor_

consoled him for his failure in Paris. For Naples he wrote a number of

works, none of which is worth notice. In 1840 the censorship refused to

pass his _Poliuto_, an Italian version of Corneille's _Polyeucte_, in

consequence of which the disgusted composer once more left his country

for Paris. Here he produced at the Opera Comique his most popular opera,

_La Fille du regiment_, but again with little success. It was not till

after the work had made the round of the theatres of Germany and Italy

that the Parisians reconsidered their unfavourable verdict. A serious

opera, _Les Martyrs_, produced about the same time with the _Daughter of

the Regiment_, was equally unsuccessful, and it was reserved to _La

Favorita_, generally considered as Donizetti's masterpiece, to break the

evil spell. His next important work, _Linda di Chamounix_, was written

for Vienna, where it was received most favourably in 1842, and the same

success accompanied the production of _Don Pasquale_ after Donizetti's

return to Paris in 1843. Soon after this event the first signs of a

fatal disease, caused to a great extent by overwork, began to show

themselves. The utter failure of _Don Sebastian_, a large opera produced

soon after _Don Pasquale_, is said to have hastened the catastrophe. A

paralytic stroke in 1844 deprived Donizetti of his reason; for four

years he lingered on in a state of mental and physical prostration. A

visit to his country was proposed as a last resource, but he reached his

native place only to die there on the 1st of April 1848.

The sum total of his operas amounts to sixty-four. The large number of

his works accounts for many of their chief defects. His rapidity of

working made all revision impossible. It is said that he once wrote the

instrumentation of a whole opera within thirty hours, a time hardly

sufficient, one would think, to put the notes on paper. And yet it may

be doubted whether more elaboration would have essentially improved his

work; for the last act of the _Favorita_, infinitely superior to the

preceding ones, is also said to have been the product of a single night.

There is a strange parallelism observable in the lives of Rossini,

Bellini and Donizetti. They had no sooner established their reputations

on the Italian stage than they left their own country for Paris, at that

time the centre of the musical world. All three settled in France, and

all three were anxious to adapt the style of their music to the taste

and artistic traditions of their adopted country. The difference which

exists between Rossini's _Tell_ and his _Semiramide_ may, although in a

less striking degree, be noticed between Donizetti's _Fille du regiment_

and one of his earlier Italian operas. But here the parallel ends. As

regards artistic genius Donizetti can by no means be compared with his

illustrious countrymen. He has little of Bellini's melancholy sweetness,

less of Rossini's sparkle, and is all but devoid of spontaneous dramatic

impulse. For these shortcomings he atones by a considerable though by no

means extraordinary store of fluent melody, and by his rare skill in

writing for the voice. The duet in the last act of the _Favorita_ and

the ensemble in _Lucia_ following upon the signing of the contract, are

masterpieces of concerted music in the Italian style. These advantages,

together with considerable power of humorous delineation, as evinced in

_Don Pasquale_ and _L'Elisir d'amore_, must account for the unimpaired

vitality of many of his works on the stage.

DONJON (from a Late Lat. accusative form _domnionem_, connected with

_domnus_ or _dominus_, a lord), the French term for the keep of a

medieval castle, used now in distinction to "dungeon" (q.v.), the

prison, which is only an anglicized spelling (see also KEEP).

DON JUAN, a legendary character, whose story has found currency in

various European countries. He was introduced into formal literature in

the Spanish _El Burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra_, a play which

was first printed at Barcelona in 1630, and is usually attributed to

Tirso de Molina; but the story of a profligate inviting a dead man to

supper, and finding his invitation accepted, was current before 1630,

and is not peculiar to Spain. A Don Juan Tenorio is said to have

frequented the court of Peter the Cruel, and at a later period another

Don Juan Tenorio, a dissolute gallant, is reported as living at Seville;

but there is no satisfactory evidence of their existence, and it is

unlikely that the Don Juan legend is based on historical facts. It

exists in Picardy as _Le Souper de fantome_, and variants of it have

been found at points so far apart as Iceland and the Azores; the

available evidence goes to show that Don Juan is a universal type, that

he is the subject of local myths in many countries, that he received his

name in Spain, and that the Spanish version of his legend has absorbed

certain elements from the French story of Robert the Devil. Some points

of resemblance are observable between _El Burlador de Sevilla_ and

_Dineros son calidad_, a play of earlier date by Lope de Vega; but these

resemblances are superficial, and the character of Don Juan, the

incarnation of perverse sensuality and arrogant blasphemy, may be

considered as the creation of Tirso de Molina, though the ascription to

him of _El Burlador de Sevilla_ has been disputed. The Spanish drama was

apparently more popular in Italy than in Spain, and was frequently given

in pantomime by the Italian actors, who accounted for its permanent

vogue by saying that Tirso de Molina had sold his soul to the devil for

fame. A company of these Italian mimes took the story into France in

1657, and it was dramatized by Dorimond in 1659 and by De Villiers in

1661; their attempts suggested _Le Festin de pierre_ (1665) to Moliere,

who, apparently with the Spanish original before his eyes, substituted

prose for verse, reduced the supernatural element, and interpolated

comic effects completely out of keeping with the earlier conception.

Later adaptations by Rosimond and Thomas Corneille were even less

successful. The story was introduced into England by Sir Aston Cokain in

his unreadable _Tragedy of Ovid_ (1669), and was the theme of _The

Libertine_ (1676), a dull and obscene play by Shadwell. Goldoni's _D.

Giovanni Tenorio osia Il Dissoluto_, based upon the adaptations of

Moliere and Thomas Corneille, is one of his least interesting

productions. Tirso de Molina's play was recast, but not improved, by

Antonio de Zamora early in the 18th century. A hundred years later the

character of Don Juan was endowed with a new name in Espronceda's

_Estudiante de Salamanca_; Don Felix de Montemar is plainly modelled on

Don Juan Tenorio, and rivals the original in licentiousness, impiety and

grim humour. But the most curious resuscitation of the type in Spain is

the protagonist in Zorrilla's _Don Juan Tenorio_, which is usually

played in all large cities during the first week in November, and has

come to be regarded as an essentially national work. It is in fact

little more than an adaptation of the elder Dumas' _Don Juan de Marana_,

which, in its turn, derives chiefly from Merimee's novel, _Les Ames du

purgatoire_. Less exotic are Zorrilla's two poems on the same

subject--_El Desafio del diablo_ and _El Testigo de bronce_. Byron's

_Don Juan_ presents a Regency lady-killer who resembles Ulloa's murderer

in nothing but his name.

The sustained popularity of the Don Juan legend is undoubtedly due in

great measure to Mozart's incomparable setting of Da Ponte's mediocre

libretto. In this pale version of _El Burlador de Sevilla_ the French

romantic school made acquaintance with Don Juan, and hence, no doubt,

the works of Merimee and Dumas already mentioned, Balzac's _Elexir d'une

longue vie_, and Alfred de Musset's _Une Matinee de Don Juan_ and

_Namouna_. The legend has been treated subsequently by Flaubert and

Barbey d'Aurevilly in France, by Landau and Heyse in Germany, and by

Sacher-Masoch in Austria. It has always fascinated composers. Mozart's

_Don Giovanni_ has annihilated the earlier operas of Le Tellier,

Righini, Tritto, Gardi and Gazzaniga; but Gluck's ballet-music still

survives, and Henry Purcell's setting--the oldest of all--has saved some

of Shadwell's insipid lyrics from oblivion.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.--F. de Simone Brouwer, _Don Giovanni nella poesia e

nell' arte musicale_ (Napoli, 1894); A. Farinelli, _Don Giovanni: Note

critiche_ (Torino, 1896); A. Farinelli, _Cuatro palabras sobre Don

Juan y la literatura donjuanesca del porvenir_ in the _Homenaje a

Menendez y Pelayo_ (Madrid, 1899), vol. i. pp. 205-222. (J. F.-K.)

DONKIN, SIR RUFANE SHAW (1773-1841), British soldier, came of a military

family. His father, who died, a full general, in 1821, served with

almost all British commanders from Wolfe to Gage. Rufane Donkin was the

eldest child, and received his first commission at the age of five in

his father's regiment; he joined, at fourteen, with eight years'

seniority as a lieutenant. Becoming a captain in 1793, he was on active

service in the West Indies in 1794, and (as major) in 1796. At the age

of twenty-five he became lieutenant-colonel, and in 1798 led a light

battalion with distinction in the Ostend expedition. He served with

Cathcart in Denmark in 1807, and two years later was given a brigade in

the army in Portugal, which he led at Oporto and Talavera. He was soon

transferred, as quartermaster-general, to the Mediterranean command, in

which he served from 1810 to 1813, taking part in the Catalonian

expeditions. Sir John Murray's failure at Tarragona did not involve

Donkin, whose advice was proved to be uniformly ignored by the British

commander. In July 1815 Major-General Donkin went out to India, and

distinguished himself as a divisional commander in Hastings' operations

against the Mahrattas (1817-1818), receiving the K.C.B. as his reward.

The death of his young wife seriously affected him, and he went to the

Cape of Good Hope on sick leave. From 1820 to 1821 he administered the

colony with success, and named the rising seaport of Algoa Bay Port

Elizabeth in memory of his wife. In 1821 he became lieutenant-general

and G.C.H. The rest of his life was spent in literary and political

work. He was one of the original fellows of the Royal Geographical

Society, and was a member of the Royal Society and of many other learned

bodies. His theories as to the course of the river Niger, published

under the title _Dissertation on the Course and Probable Termination of

the Niger_ (London, 1829), involved him in a good deal of controversy.

From 1832 onwards he sat in the House of Commons, and in 1835 was made

surveyor-general of the ordnance. He committed suicide at Southampton in

1841. He was then a general, and colonel of the 11th Foot.

See Jerdan, _National Portraits_, vol. iii.; _Gentleman's Magazine_,

xcii. i. 273.

DONNAY, CHARLES MAURICE (1859- ), French dramatist, was born of

middle-class parents in Paris in 1859. He made his serious debut as a

dramatist on the little stage of the Chat Noir with _Phryne_ (1891), a

series of Greek scenes. _Lysistrata_, a four-act comedy, was produced at

the Grand Theatre in 1892 with Mme Rejane in the title part. Later plays

were _Folle Entreprise_ (1894); _Pension de famille_ (1894); _Complices_

(1895), in collaboration with M. Groselande; _Amants_ (1895), produced

at the Renaissance theatre with Mme Jeanne Granier as Claudine Rozeray;

_La Douloureuse_ (1897); _L'Affranchie_ (1898); _Georgette Lemeunier_

(1898); _Le Torrent_ (1899), at the Comedie Francaise; _Education de

prince_ (1900); _La Clairiere_ (1900), and _Oiseaux de passage_ (1904),

in collaboration with L. Descaves; _La Bascule_ (1901); _L'Autre

danger_, at the Comedie Francaise (1902); _Le Retour de Jerusalem_

(1903); _L'Escalade_ (1904); and _Paraitre_ (1906). With _Amants_ he won

a great success, and the play was hailed by Jules Lemaitre as the

_Berenice_ of contemporary French drama. Very advanced ideas on the

relations between the sexes dominate the whole series of plays, and the

witty dialogue is written with an apparent carelessness that

approximates very closely to the language of every day.

DONNE, JOHN (1573-1631), English poet and divine of the reign of James

I., was born in 1573 in the parish of St Nicholas Olave, in the city of

London. His father was a wealthy merchant, who next year became warden

of the Company of Ironmongers, but died early in 1576. Donne's parents

were Catholics, and his mother, Elizabeth Heywood, was directly

descended from the sister of the great Sir Thomas More; she was the

daughter of John Heywood the epigrammatist. As a child, Donne's

precocity was such that it was said of him that "this age hath brought

forth another Pico della Mirandola." He entered Hart Hall, Oxford, in

October 1584, and left it in 1587, proceeding for a time to Cambridge,

where he took his degree. At Oxford he began his friendship with Henry

Wotton, and at Cambridge, probably, with Christopher Brooke. Donne was

"removed to London" about 1590, and in 1592 he entered Lincoln's Inn

with the intention of studying the law.

When he came of age, he found himself in possession of a considerable

fortune, and about the same time rejected the Catholic doctrine in

favour of the Anglican communion. He began to produce _Satires_, which

were not printed, but eagerly passed from hand to hand; the first three

are known to belong to 1593, the fourth to 1594, while the other three

are probably some years later. In 1596 Donne engaged himself for foreign

service under the earl of Essex, and "waited upon his lordship" on board

the "Repulse," in the magnificent victory of the 11th of June. We

possess several poems written by Donne during this expedition, and

during the Islands Voyage of 1597, in which he accompanied Essex to the

Azores. According to Walton, Donne spent some time in Italy and Spain,

and intended to proceed to Palestine, "but at his being in the farthest

parts of Italy, the disappointment of company, or of a safe convoy, or

the uncertainty of returns of money into those remote parts, denied him

that happiness." There is some reason to suppose that he was on the

continent at intervals between 1595 and the winter of 1597. His lyrical

poetry was mainly the product of his exile, if we are to believe Ben

Jonson, who told Drummond of Hawthornden that Donne "wrote all his best

pieces ere he was 25 years old." At his return to England he became

private secretary in London to Sir Thomas Egerton, the lord keeper

(afterwards Lord Brackley), in whose family he remained four years. In

1600 he found himself in love with his master's niece, Anne More, whom

he married secretly in December 1601. As soon as this act was

discovered, Donne was dismissed, and then thrown into the Fleet prison

(February 1602), from which he was soon released. His circumstances,

however, were now very much straitened. His own fortune had all been

spent and "troubles did still multiply upon him." Mrs Donne's cousin,

Sir Francis Wooley, offered the young couple an asylum at his country

house of Pyrford, where they resided until the end of 1604.

During the latter part of his residence in Sir Thomas Egerton's house,

Donne had composed the longest of his existing poems, _The Progress of

the Soul_, not published until 1633. In the spring of 1605 we find the

Donnes living at Camberwell, and a little later in a small house at

Mitcham. He had by this time "acquired such a perfection" in civil and

common law that he was able to take up professional work, and he now

acted as a helper to Thomas Morton in his controversies with the

Catholics. Donne is believed to have had a considerable share in writing

the pamphlets against the papists which Morton issued between 1604 and

1607. In the latter year, Morton offered the poet certain preferment in

the Church, if he would only consent to take holy orders. Donne,

however, although he was at this time become deeply serious on religious

matters, did not think himself fitted for the clerical life. In 1607 he

started a correspondence with Mrs Magdalen Herbert of Montgomery Castle,

the mother of George Herbert. Some of these pious epistles were printed

by Izaak Walton. These exercises were not of a nature to add to his

income, which was extremely small. His uncomfortable little house he

speaks of as his "hospital" and his "prison;" his wife's health was

broken and he was bowed down by the number of his children, who often

lacked even clothes and food. In the autumn of 1608, however, his

father-in-law, Sir George More, became reconciled with them, and agreed

to make them a generous allowance. Donne soon after formed part of the

brilliant assemblage which Lucy, countess of Bradford, gathered around

her at Twickenham; we possess several of the verse epistles he addressed

to this lady. In 1609 Donne was engaged in composing his great

controversial prose treatise, the _Pseudo-Martyr_, printed in 1610; this

was an attempt to convince Roman Catholics in England that they might,

without any inconsistency, take the oath of allegiance to James I. In

1611 Donne wrote a curious and bitter prose squib against the Jesuits,

entitled _Ignatius his Conclave_. To the same period, but possibly

somewhat earlier, belongs the apology for the principle of suicide,

which was not published until 1644, long after Donne's death. This work,

the _Biathanatos_, is an attempt to show that "the scandalous disease

of headlong dying," to which Donne himself in his unhappy moods had

"often such a sickly inclination," was not necessarily and essentially

sinful.

In 1610 Donne formed the acquaintance of a wealthy gentleman, Sir Robert

Drury of Hawsted, who offered him and his wife an apartment in his large

house in Drury Lane. Drury lost his only daughter, and in 1611 Donne

published an extravagant elegy on her, entitled _An Anatomy of the

World_, to which he added in 1612 a _Progress of the Soul_ on the same

subject; he threatened to celebrate the "blessed Maid," Elizabeth Drury,

in a fresh elegy on each anniversary of her death, but he happily

refrained from the third occasion onwards. At the close of 1611 Sir

Robert Drury determined to visit Paris (but not, as Walton supposed, on

an embassy of any kind), and he took Donne with him. When he left

London, his wife was expecting an eighth child. It seems almost certain

that her fear to have him absent led him to compose one of his loveliest

poems:

"Sweetest Love, I do not go

For weariness of thee."

He is said to have had a vision, while he was at Amiens, of his wife,

with her hair over her shoulders, bearing a dead child in her arms, on

the very night that Mrs Donne, in London (or more probably in the Isle

of Wight), was delivered of a still-born infant. He suffered,

accordingly, a great anxiety, which was not removed until he reached

Paris, where he received reassuring accounts of his wife's health. The

Drurys and Donne left Paris for Spa in May 1612, and travelled in the

Low Countries and Germany until September, when they returned to London.

In 1613 Donne contributed to the _Lachrymae lachrymarum_ an obscure and

frigid elegy on the death of the prince of Wales, and wrote his famous

Marriage Song for St Valentine's Day to celebrate the nuptials of the

elector palatine with the princess Elizabeth. About this time Donne

became intimate with Robert Ker, then Viscount Rochester and afterwards

the infamous earl of Somerset, from whom he had hopes of preferment at

court. Donne was now in weak health, and in a highly neurotic condition.

He suggested to Rochester that if he should enter the church, a place

there might be found for him. But he was more useful to the courtier in

his legal capacity, and Rochester dissuaded him from the ministry. At

the close of 1614, however, the king sent for Donne to Theobald's, and

"descended to a persuasion, almost to a solicitation of him, to enter

into sacred orders," but Donne asked for a few days to consider.

Finally, early in 1614, King, bishop of London, "proceeded with all

convenient speed to ordain him, first deacon, then priest." He was,

perhaps, a curate first at Paddington, and presently was appointed royal

chaplain.

His earliest sermon before the king at Whitehall carried his audience

"to heaven, in holy raptures." In April, not without much bad grace, the

university of Cambridge consented to make the new divine a D.D. In the

spring of 1616, Donne was presented to the living of Keyston, in Hunts.,

and a little later he became rector of Sevenoaks; the latter preferment

he held until his death. In October he was appointed reader in divinity

to the benchers of Lincoln's Inn. His anxieties about money now ceased,

but in August 1617 his wife died, leaving seven young children in his

charge. Perhaps in consequence of his bereavement, Donne seems to have

passed through a spiritual crisis, which inspired him with a peculiar

fervour of devotion. In 1618 he wrote two cycles of religious sonnets,

_La Corona_ and the _Holy Sonnets_, the latter not printed in complete

form until by Mr Gosse in 1899. Of the very numerous sermons preached by

Donne at Lincoln's Inn, fourteen have come down to us. His health

suffered from the austerity of his life, and it was probably in

connexion with this fact that he allowed himself to be persuaded in May

1619 to accompany Lord Doncaster as his chaplain on an embassy to

Germany. Having visited Heidelberg, Frankfort and other German cities,

the embassy returned to England at the opening of 1620.

In November 1621, James I., knowing that London was "a dish" which Donne

"loved well," "carved" for him the deanery of St Paul's. He resigned

Keyston, and his preachership in Lincoln's Inn (Feb., 1622). In October

1623 he suffered from a dangerous attack of illness, and during a long

convalescence wrote his _Devotions_, a volume published in 1624. He was

now appointed to the vicarage of St Dunstan's in the West. In April 1625

Donne preached before the new king, Charles I., a sermon which was

immediately printed, and he now published his _Four Sermons upon Special

Occasions_, the earliest collection of his discourses. When the plague

broke out he retired with his children to the house of Sir John Danvers

in Chiswick, and for a time he disappeared so completely that a rumour

arose that he was dead. Sir John had married Donne's old friend, Mrs

Magdalen Herbert, for whom Donne wrote two of the most ingenious of his

lyrics, "The Primrose" and "The Autumnal." The popularity of Donne as a

preacher rose to its zenith when he returned to his pulpit, and it

continued there until his death. Walton, who seems to have known him

first in 1624, now became an intimate and adoring friend. In 1630

Donne's health, always feeble, broke down completely, so that, although

in August of that year he was to have been made a bishop, the entire

breakdown of his health made it worse than useless to promote him. The

greater part of that winter he spent at Abury Hatch, in Epping Forest,

with his widowed daughter, Constance Alleyn, and was too ill to preach

before the king at Christmas. It is believed that his disease was a

malarial form of recurrent quinsy acting upon an extremely neurotic

system. He came back to London, and was able to preach at Whitehall on

the 12th of February 1631. This, his latest sermon, was published, soon

after his demise, as _Death's Duel_. He now stood for his statue to the

sculptor, Nicholas Stone, standing before a fire in his study at the

Deanery, with his winding-sheet wrapped and tied round him, his eyes

shut, and his feet resting on a funeral urn. This lugubrious work of art

was set up in white marble after his death in St Paul's cathedral, where

it may still be seen. Donne died on the 31st of March 1631, after he had

lain "fifteen days earnestly expecting his hourly change." His aged

mother, who had lived in the Deanery, survived him, dying in 1632.

Donne's poems were first collected in 1633, and afterwards in 1635,

1639, 1649, 1650, 1654 and 1669. Of his prose works, the _Juvenilia_

appeared in 1633; the _LXXX Sermons_ in 1640; _Biathanatos_ in 1644;

_Fifty Sermons_ in 1649; _Essays in Divinity_, 1651; his _Letters to

Several Persons of Honour_, 1651; _Paradoxes, Problems and Essays_,

1652; and _Six and Twenty Sermons_, 1661. Izaak Walton's _Life of

Donne_, an admirably written but not entirely correct biography,

preceded the _Sermons_ of 1640. The principal editor of his posthumous

writings was his son, John Donne the younger (1604-1662), a man of

eccentric and scandalous character, but of considerable talent.

The influence of Donne upon the literature of England was singularly

wide and deep, although almost wholly malign. His originality and the

fervour of his imaginative passion made him extremely attractive to the

younger generation of poets, who saw that he had broken through the old

tradition, and were ready to follow him implicitly into new fields. In

the 18th century his reputation almost disappeared, to return, with many

vicissitudes in the course of the 19th. It is, indeed, singularly

difficult to pronounce a judicious opinion on the writings of Donne.

They were excessively admired by his own and the next generation,

praised by Dryden, paraphrased by Pope, and then entirely neglected for

a whole century. The first impression of an unbiassed reader who dips

into the poems of Donne is unfavourable. He is repulsed by the

intolerably harsh and crabbed versification, by the recondite choice of

theme and expression, and by the oddity of the thought. In time,

however, he perceives that behind the fantastic garb of language there

is an earnest and vigorous mind, an imagination that harbours fire

within its cloudy folds, and an insight into the mysteries of spiritual

life which is often startling. Donne excels in brief flashes of wit and

beauty, and in sudden daring phrases that have the full perfume of

poetry in them. Some of his lyrics and one or two of his elegies

excepted, the _Satires_ are his most important contribution to

literature. They are probably the earliest poems of their kind in the

language, and they are full of force and picturesqueness. Their obscure

and knotty language only serves to give peculiar brilliancy to the not

uncommon passages of noble perspicacity. To the odd terminology of

Donne's poetic philosophy Dryden gave the name of "metaphysics," and

Johnson, borrowing the suggestion, invented the title of the

"metaphysical school" to describe, not Donne only, but all the amorous

and philosophical poets who succeeded him, and who employed a similarly

fantastic language, and who affected odd figurative inversions.

Izaak Walton's _Life_, first published in 1640, and entirely recast in

1659, has been constantly reprinted. The best edition of Donne's

_Poems_ was edited by E. K. Chambers in 1896. His prose works have not

been collected. In 1899 Edmund Gosse published in two volumes _The

Life and Letters of John Donne_, for the first time revised and

collected. (E. G.)

DONNYBROOK, a part of Dublin, Ireland, in the south-east of the city.

The former village of the name was famous for a fair held under licence

from King John in 1204. It gained, however, such a scandalous notoriety

for disorder that it was discontinued in 1855, the rights being

purchased for L3000.

DONOSO CORTES, JUAN, Marquis de Valdegamas (1809-1853), Spanish author

and diplomatist, was born at Valle de la Serena (Extremadura) on the 6th

of May 1809, studied law at Seville, and entered politics as an advanced

liberal under the influence of Quintana (q.v.). His views began to

modify after the rising at La Granja, and this tendency towards

conservatism, which became more marked on his appointment as private

secretary to the Queen Regent, finds expression in his _Lecciones de

derecho politico_ (1837). Alarmed by the proceedings of the French

revolutionary party in 1848-1849, Donoso Cortes issued his _Ensayo sobre

el catolicismo, el liberalismo, y el socialismo considerados en sus

principios fundamentales_ (1851), denouncing reason as the enemy of

truth and liberalism as leading to social ruin. He became ambassador at

Paris, and died there on the 3rd of May 1853. The _Ensayo_ has failed to

arrest the movement against which it was directed, and is weakened by

its extravagant paradoxes; but, with all its rhetorical excesses, it

remains the finest specimen of impassioned prose published in Spain

during the 19th century.

Donoso Cortes' works were collected in five volumes at Madrid

(1854-1855) under the editorship of Gavino Tejado.

DONOVAN, EDWARD (1768-1837), English naturalist, was the author of many

popular works on natural history and botany. In 1792 appeared the first

volume of his _Natural History of British Insects_, which extended to

sixteen volumes, and was completed in 1813. He also published _Natural

Histories of British Birds_, in 10 vols. 8vo (1799-1819), _of British

Fishes_, in 5 vols. (1802-1808), _of British Shells_, in 5 vols.

(1800-1804), a series of illustrated works on _The Insects of India,

China, New Holland, &c._, in 3 vols. 4to (1798-1805), and _Excursions in

South Wales and Monmouthshire_ (1805). To these works must be added his

periodical entitled _The Naturalist's Repository_, a monthly

publication, of which three volumes were completed (1823-1825), and an

_Essay on the Minute Parts of Plants in general_. Donovan was author of

the articles on natural history in Rees's _Cyclopaedia_. In 1833 he

published a _Memorial respecting my Publications in Natural History_, in

which he complains that he had been nearly ruined by his publishers. He

was a fellow of the Linnean Society, and died in London on the 1st of

February 1837.

DOOM (Old Eng. _dom_, a word common to Teut. languages for that which is

set up or ordered, from "do," in its original meaning of "place"; cf.

Gr. [Greek: themis], from stem of [Greek: tithemi]), originally a law or

enactment, the legal decision of a judge, and particularly an adverse

sentence on a criminal. The word is thus applicable to the adverse

decrees of fate, and particularly to the day of judgment. The verb

"deem," to deliver a judgment, and hence to give or hold an opinion, is

a derivative, and appears also in various old Teutonic forms. It is seen

in "deemster," the name of the two judges of the Isle of Man.

DOON DE MAYENCE, a hero of romance, who gives his name to the third

cycle of the Charlemagne romances, those dealing with the feudal

revolts. There is no real unity in the _geste_ of Doon de Mayence. The

rebellious barons are connected by the _trouveres_ with Doon by

imaginary genealogical ties, and all are represented as in opposition to

Charlemagne, though their adventures, in so far as they possess a

historical basis, must generally be referred to earlier or later periods

than the reign of the great emperor. The general insolence of their

attitude to the sovereign suggests that Charlemagne is here only a name

for his weaker successors. The tradition of a traitorous family of

Mayence, which was developed in Italy into a series of stories of

criminals, was however anterior to the Carolingian cycle, for an

interpolator in the chronicle of Fredegarius states (iv. 87) that the

army of Sigebert was betrayed from within its own ranks by men of

Mayence in a battle fought with Radulf on the banks of the Unstrut in

Thuringia. The chief heroes of the poems which make up the _geste_ of

Doon de Mayence are Ogier the Dane (q.v.), the four sons of Aymon (see

RENAUD), and HUON OF BORDEAUX (q.v.). It is probable that Doon himself

was one of the last personages to be clearly defined, and that the

_chanson de geste_ relating his exploits was drawn up partly with the

view of supplying a suitable ancestor for the other heroes. The latter

half of the poem, the story of Doon's wars in Saxony, is perhaps based

on historical events, but the earlier half, which is really a separate

romance dealing with his romantic childhood, is obviously pure fiction

and dates from the 13th century. Doon had twelve sons: Gaufrey de Dane

Marche (Ardennes?), the father of Ogier; Doon de Nanteuil, whose son

Garnier married the beautiful Aye d'Avignon; Griffon d'Hauteville,

father of the arch-traitor Ganelon; Aymon de Dordone or Dourdan, whose

four sons were so relentlessly pursued by Charles; Beuves d'Aigremont,

whose son was the enchanter Maugis; Sevin or Seguin, the father of Huon

of Bordeaux; Girard de Roussillon, and others less known. The history of

these personages is given in _Doon de Mayence_, _Gaufrey_, the romances

relating to Ogier, _Aye d'Avignon_, the fragmentary _Doon de Nanteuil_,

_Gui de Nanteuil_, _Tristan de Nanteuil_, _Parise la Duchesse_, _Maugis

d'Aigremont_, _Vivien l'amachour de Monbranc_, _Renaus de Montauban or

Les Quatre Fils Aymon_, and _Huon de Bordeaux_. Some of this material,

which dates in its existing form from the 12th and 13th centuries,

remains unpublished, but the chief poems are available in the series of

_Anciens Poetes de la France_ (1859, &c).

See _Hist. litt. de la France_, vols. xxii. and xxvi. (1852 and 1873),

for analyses of these poems by Paulin Paris; also J. Barrois,

_Elements carolingiens_ (Paris, 1846); W. Niederstadt, _Alter und

Heimat der altfr. Doon_ (Greifswald, 1889). The prose romance, _La

Fleur des batailles Doolin de Mayence_, was printed by Antoine Verard

(Paris, 1501), by Alain Lotrian and Denis Janot (Paris, c. 1530), by

N. Bonfons (Paris; no date), by J. Waesbergue (Rotterdam, 1604), &c.

DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. [Greek: thura], Lat. _fores_ or _valvae_;

the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes

from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. [Greek: thura] and Lat.

_fores_), in architecture, the slab, flap or leaf forming the enclosure

of a doorway (q.v.), either in wood, metal or stone. The earliest

records are those represented in the paintings of the Egyptian tombs, in

which they are shown as single or double doors, each in a single piece

of wood. In Egypt, where the climate is intensely dry, there would be no

fear of their warping, but in other countries it would be necessary to

frame them, which according to Vitruvius (iv. 6.) was done with stiles

(_scapi_) and rails (_impages_): the spaces enclosed being filled with

panels (_tympana_) let into grooves made in the stiles and rails. The

stiles were the vertical boards, one of which, tenoned or hinged, is

known as the hanging stile, the other as the middle or meeting stile.

The horizontal cross pieces are the top rail, bottom rail, and middle or

intermediate rails. The most ancient doors were in timber, those made

for King Solomon's temple being in olive wood (1 Kings vi. 31-35), which

were carved and overlaid with gold. The doors dwelt upon in Homer would

appear to have been cased in silver or brass. Besides olive wood, elm,

cedar, oak and cyprus were used. All ancient doors were hung by pivots

at the top and bottom of the hanging stile which worked in sockets in

the lintel and cill, the latter being always in some hard stone such as

basalt or granite. Those found at Nippur by Dr Hilprecht, dating from

2000 B.C.. were in dolorite. The tenons of the gates at Balawat (see

fig.) (895-825 B.C.) were sheathed with bronze (now in the British

Museum). These doors or gates were hung in two leaves, each about 8 ft.

4 in. wide and 27 ft. high; they were encased with bronze bands or

strips, 10 in. high, covered with repousse decoration of figures, &c.

The wood doors would seem to have been about 3 in. thick, but the

hanging stile was over 14 in. in diameter. Other sheathings of various

sizes in bronze have been found, which proves this to have been the

universal method adopted to protect the wood pivots. In the Hauran in

Syria, where timber is scarce, the doors were made in stone, and one

measuring 5 ft. 4 in. by 2 ft. 7 in. is in the British Museum; the band

on the meeting stile shows that it was one of the leaves of a double

door. At Kuffeir near Bostra in Syria, Burckhardt found stone doors, 9

to 10 ft. high, being the entrance doors of the town. In Etruria many

stone doors are referred to by Dennis.

[Illustration: Balawat Gates, sheath and socket.

From _History of Art in Chaldaea and Assyria_, by permission of Chapman

& Hall Ltd.]

The ancient Greek and Roman doors were either single doors ([Greek:

monothyrai], _unifores_), double doors ([Greek: dithyrai], _bifores_ or

_geminae_) or folding doors ([Greek: ptyches], _valvae_); in the last

case the leaves were hinged and folded back one over the other. At

Pompeii, in the portico of Eumachia, is a painting of a door with three

leaves, the two outer ones of which were presumably hung, the inner leaf

folding on one or the other; hinges connecting the folding leaves of a

door have been found in Pompeii. In the tomb of Theron at Agrigentum

there is a single four-panel door carved in stone. In the Blundell

collection is a bas-relief of a temple with double doors, each leaf with

five panels. Among existing examples, the bronze doors in the church of

SS. Cosmas and Damiano, in Rome, are important examples of Roman metal

work of the best period; they are in two leaves, each with two panels,

and are framed in bronze. Those of the Pantheon are similar in design,

with narrow horizontal panels in addition, at the top, bottom and

middle. Two other bronze doors of the Roman period are in the Lateran

Basilica.

The doors of the church of the Nativity at Bethlehem (6th century) are

covered with plates of bronze, cut out in patterns: those of Sta Sophia

at Constantinople, of the 8th and 9th century, are wrought in bronze,

and the west doors of the cathedral of Aix-la-Chapelle (9th century), of

similar manufacture, were probably brought from Constantinople, as also

some of those in St Mark's, Venice.

Of the 11th and 12th centuries there are numerous examples of bronze

doors, the earliest being one at Hildesheim, Germany (1015). Of others

in South Italy and Sicily, the following are the finest: in Sant'

Andrea, Amalfi (1060); Salerno (1099); Canosa (1111); Troja, two doors

(1119 and 1124); Ravello (1179), by Barisano of Trani, who also made

doors for Trani cathedral; and in Monreale and Pisa cathedrals, by

Bonano of Pisa. In all these cases the hanging stile had pivots at the

top and bottom. The exact period when the hinge was substituted is not

quite known, but the change apparently brought about another method of

strengthening and decorating doors, viz. with wrought-iron bands of

infinite varieties of design. As a rule three bands from which the

ornamental work springs constitute the hinges, which have rings outside

the hanging stiles fitting on to vertical tenons run into the masonry or

wooden frame. There is an early example of the 12th century in Lincoln;

in France the metal work of the doors of Notre Dame at Paris is perhaps

the most beautiful in execution, but examples are endless throughout

France and England.

Returning to Italy, the most celebrated doors are those of the

Baptistery of Florence, which together with the door frames are all in

bronze, the borders of the latter being perhaps the most remarkable: the

modelling of the figures, birds and foliage of the south doorway, by

Andrea Pisano (1330), and of the east doorway by Ghiberti (1425-1452),

are of great beauty; in the north door (1402-1424) Ghiberti adopted the

same scheme of design for the panelling and figure subjects in them as

Andrea Pisano, but in the east door the rectangular panels are all

filled with bas-reliefs, in which Scripture subjects are illustrated

with innumerable figures, these being probably the gates of Paradise of

which Michelangelo speaks.

The doors of the mosques in Cairo were of two kinds; those which,

externally, were cased with sheets of bronze or iron, cut out in

decorative patterns, and incised or inlaid, with bosses in relief; and

those in wood, which were framed with interlaced designs of the square

and diamond, this latter description of work being Coptic in its origin.

The doors of the palace at Palermo, which were made by Saracenic workmen

for the Normans, are fine examples and in good preservation. A somewhat

similar decorative class of door to these latter is found in Verona,

where the edges of the stiles and rails are bevelled and notched.

In the Renaissance period the Italian doors are quite simple, their

architects trusting more to the doorways for effect; but in France and

Germany the contrary is the case, the doors being elaborately carved,

especially in the Louis XIV. and Louis XV. periods, and sometimes with

architectural features such as columns and entablatures with pediment

and niches, the doorway being in plain masonry. While in Italy the

tendency was to give scale by increasing the number of panels, in France

the contrary seems to have been the rule; and one of the great doors at

Fontainebleau, which is in two leaves, is entirely carried out as if

consisting of one great panel only.

The earliest Renaissance doors in France are those of the cathedral of

St Sauveur at Aix (1503); in the lower panels there are figures 3 ft.

high in Gothic niches, and in the upper panels a double range of niches

with figures about 2 ft. high with canopies over them, all carved in

cedar. The south door of Beauvais cathedral is in some respects the

finest in France; the upper panels are carved in high relief with figure

subjects and canopies over them. The doors of the church at Gisors

(1575) are carved with figures in niches subdivided by classic pilasters

superimposed. In St Maclou at Rouen are three magnificently carved

doors; those by Jean Goujon have figures in niches on each side, and

others in a group of great beauty in the centre. The other doors,

probably about forty to fifty years later, are enriched with

bas-reliefs, landscapes, figures and elaborate interlaced borders.

In England in the 17th century the door panels were raised with

"bolection" or projecting mouldings, sometimes richly carved, round

them; in the 18th century the mouldings worked on the stiles and rails

were carved with the egg and tongue ornament. (R. P. S.)

DOORWAY (corresponding to the Gr. [Greek: pyle], Lat. _porta_), in

architecture, the entrance to a building, apartment or enclosure. The

term is more generally applied to the framing of the opening in wood,

stone or metal. The representations in painting, and existing examples,

show that whilst the jambs of the doorway in Egyptian architecture were

vertical, the outer side had almost the same batter as the walls of the

temples. In the doorways of enclosures or screen walls there was no

lintel, but a small projection inwards at the top, to hold the pivot of

the door. In Greece the linings of the earliest doorways at Tiryns were

in wood, and in order to lessen the bearing of the lintel the dressings

or jambs (_antepagmenta_) sloped inwards, so that the width of the

doorway opening was less at the top than at the bottom. In the entrance

doorway of the tomb of Agamemnon at Mycenae, 18 ft. in height, the width

is about 6 in. less at the top than at the bottom. The lintel of the

Greek doorway projected on either side beyond the dressings,

constituting what are known as the shoulders or knees (_projecturae_), a

characteristic feature which has been retained down to our time. The

next step was to work a projecting moulding round the dressings and

lintel forming the architrave. Examples with shoulders in stone exist in

the Beule doorway of the Acropolis at Athens, in the tomb of Theron, and

in a temple at Agrigentum in Sicily; also in the temples of Hercules at

Cora, and of Vesta at Trivoli, and with a peculiar pendant in all the

Etruscan tombs. The most beautiful example of a Greek doorway is that

under the north portico of the Erechtheum (420 B.C.). There is a slight

diminution in the width at the top of the opening, and outside the

ordinary architrave mouldings (which here and in all classic examples

are derived from those of the architrave of an order) is a band with

rosettes, which recall the early decorative features in Crete and

Mycenae; the band being carried across the top of the lintel and

surmounted by a cornice supported on each side by corbels (ancones).

In the Roman doorways, excepting those at Cora and Tivoli, there is, as

a rule, no diminishing of the width, which is generally speaking half of

the height. The dimensions of some of the Roman doorways are enormous;

in the temple of the Sun at Palmyra the doorway is 15 ft. 6 in. wide and

33 ft. high; and in the temple of Jupiter at Baalbec, 20 ft. wide and 45

ft. high, the lintel is composed of three stones forming voussoirs the

keystone measuring 7 ft. at the bottom, 8 ft. at the top, 10 ft. high

and 7 ft. 6 in. deep.

All the doorways mentioned above have cornices, and in those at Palmyra

and Baalbec richly carved friezes with side corbels. In the Pantheon

there is a plain convex frieze, but the outer mouldings of the

architrave and the bed-mould of the cornice are richly carved. In the

Byzantine doorways at Sta Sophia, Constantinople, a bold convex moulding

and a hollow take the place of the fasciae of the classic architrave.

So far we have only referred to square-headed doorways, but the side

openings of the triumphal arches of Titus and Constantine are virtually

doorways, and they have semicircular heads, the mouldings of which are

the same as those of the square-headed examples. In Saxon doorways,

which had semicircular heads, the outer mouldings projected more boldly

than in classic examples, and were sometimes cut in a separate ring of

stone like the hood mould of later date.

During the Romanesque period in all countries, the doorway becomes the

chief characteristic feature, and consists of two or more orders, the

term "order" in this case being applied to the concentric rings of

voussoirs forming the door-head. In classic work the faces of these

concentric rings were nearly always flush one with the other; in

Romanesque work the upper one projected over the ring immediately below,

and the employment of a different design in the carving of each ring

produced a magnificent and imposing effect: in the Italian churches the

decoration of the arch mould is frequently carried down the door jambs,

and the same is found, but less often, in the English and French

doorways; but as a rule each ring or order is carried by a nook shaft,

those in England and France being plain, but in Italy and Sicily

elaborately carved with spirals or other ornaments and sometimes inlaid

with mosaic.

The deeply recessed Norman doorways in English work required a great

thickness of wall, and this was sometimes obtained by an addition

outside, as at Iffley, Adel, Kirkstall and other churches.

In France, during the Gothic period, the several orders were carved with

figure sculpture, as also the door jambs; and the great recessing of

these doorways brought them more into the categories of porches. In

England much less importance was given to the Gothic doorways, and

although they consisted of many orders, these were emphasized only by

deep hollows and converse mouldings and always carried on angle or nook

shafts. In the perpendicular period the pointed-arch doorway was often

enclosed within a square head-moulding, the spandrel being enriched with

foliage or quatrefoil tracery.

In the Mahommedan style the doorway itself is comparatively simple,

except that the voussoirs of its lintel are joggled with a series of

curves, and being of different coloured stones have a decorative effect.

These doorways are placed in a rectangular recess roofed with the

stalactite vault.

With the Renaissance architect, the doorway continued as the principal

characteristic of the style; the actual door-frame was simply moulded,

by enclosing it with pilasters or columns, isolated or semi-detached,

raised on pedestals and carrying an entablature with pediment and other

kind of super-doorway; and great importance was given to the feature. In

the Italian cinquecento period, the panels of the side pilasters were

enriched with the most elaborate carving, and this would seem to have

been an ancient Roman method, to judge by portions of carved panels now

in the museums of Rome. The doorways of Venice are remarkable in this

respect. At Como the two side doorways of the cathedral, one of which is

said to be by Bramante, are of great beauty, and the same rich

decoration is found throughout Spain and France. In Germany and England

the pattern book too often suggested designs of an extremely rococo

character, and it was under the influence of Palladio, through Inigo

Jones, that in England the architect returned to the simpler and purer

Italian style. (R. P. S.)

DOPPLERITE, a naturally occurring organic substance found in amorphous,

elastic or jelly-like masses, of brownish-black colour, in peat beds in

Styria and in Switzerland. It is tasteless, insoluble in alcohol and

ether, and is described by Dana as an acid substance, or mixture of

different acids, related to humic acid.

DORAN, JOHN (1807-1878), English author, was born in London of Irish

parentage on the 11th of March 1807. He became tutor in several

distinguished families, and while travelling on the continent

contributed journalistic sketches to _The Literary Chronicle_, a paper

which was afterwards incorporated with _The Athenaeum_. His play,

_Justice or the Venetian Jew_, was produced at the Surrey theatre in

1824, and in 1830 he began to write translations from French, German,

Latin and Italian authors for _The Bath Journal_. After some years of

travel on the continent he became in 1841 literary editor of _The Church

and State Gazette_, and in 1852 under the title of _Filia dolorosa_

produced a memoir of Maria Therese Charlotte, duchesse d'Angouleme. Two

years later he became a regular contributor to _The Athenaeum_,

succeeding Hepworth Dixon as editor for a short time in 1869, until he

became editor of _Notes and Queries_ in 1870. His most elaborate work,

_Their Majesties' Servants_, a history of the English stage from

Betterton to Kean, was published in 1860, and was supplemented by _In

and About Drury Lane_, which was written for _Temple Bar_ and was not

published in book form till 1885, after Doran's death. Among his other

works may be mentioned _Table Traits_ and _Habits of Men_ (1854), _The

Queens of the House of Hanover_ (1855), _Knights and their Days_ (1856),

_Monarchs retired from Business_ (1856), _The History of Court Fools_

(1858), an edition of the _Bentley Ballads_ (1858), _The Last Journals

of Horace Walpole_ (2 vols., 1859), _The Princess of Wales_ (1860), and

the _Memoirs of Queen Adelaide_ (1861). These were followed by _A Lady

of the Last Century_ (1873), an account of Mrs Elizabeth Montagu and the

blue-stockings; _London in Jacobite Times_ (1877); and _Memories of our

Great Towns_ (1878). Doran died in London, on the 25th of January 1878.

DORAT, CLAUDE JOSEPH (1734-1780), French man of letters, was born in

Paris on the 31st of December 1734. He belonged to a family whose

members had for generations been lawyers, and he entered the corps of

the king's musketeers. He obtained a great vogue by his _Reponse

d'Abailard a Heloise_, and followed up this first success with a number

of heroic epistles, _Les Victimes de l'amour, ou lettres de quelques

amants celebres_ (1776). Dorat was possessed by an ambition quite out of

proportion to his very mediocre ability. Besides light verse he wrote

comedies, fables and, among other novels, _Les Sacrifices de l'amour, ou

lettres de la vicomtesse de Senanges et du chevalier de Versenay_

(1771). He tried to cover his failures as a dramatist by buying up a

great number of seats, and his books were lavishly illustrated by good

artists and expensively produced, to secure their success. He was

maladroit enough to draw down on himself the hatred both of the

_philosophe_ party and of their arch-enemy Charles Palissot, and thus

cut himself off from the possibility of academic honours. _Le Tartufe

litteraire_ (1777) attacked La Harpe and Palissot, and at the same time

D'Alembert and Mlle de Lespinasse. Dorat died on the 29th of April 1780

in Paris.

See G. Desnoireterres, _Le Chevalier Dorat et les poetes legers au

XVIII^e siecle_ (1887). For the bibliographical value of his works,

see Henry Cohen, _Guide de l'amateur de livres a figures et a

vignettes du XVIII^e siecle_ (editions of Ch. Mehl, 1876, and R.

Portalis, 1887).

DORCHESTER, DUDLEY CARLETON, VISCOUNT (1573-1632), English diplomatist,

son of Antony Carleton of Baldwin Brightwell, Oxfordshire, and of

Jocosa, daughter of John Goodwin of Winchington, Buckinghamshire, was

born on the 10th of March 1573, and educated at Westminster school and

Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated M.A. in 1600. He travelled

abroad, and was returned to the parliament of 1604 as member for St

Mawes. Through his connexion as secretary with the earl of

Northumberland his name was associated with the Gunpowder Plot, but

after a short confinement he succeeded in clearing himself of any share

in the conspiracy. In 1610 he was knighted and was sent as ambassador to

Venice, where he was the means of concluding the treaty of Asti. He

returned in 1615, and next year was appointed ambassador to Holland. The

policy of England on the continent depended mainly upon its relations

with that state, and Carleton succeeded in improving these, in spite of

his firm attitude on the subject of the massacre of Amboyna, the bitter

commercial disputes between the two countries, and the fatal tendency of

James I. to seek alliance with Spain. It was in his house at the Hague

that the unfortunate Elector Frederick and the princess Elizabeth took

refuge in 1621. Carleton returned to England in 1625 with the duke of

Buckingham, and was made vice-chamberlain of the household and a privy

councillor. Shortly afterwards he took part in an abortive mission to

France in favour of the French Protestants and to inspire a league

against the house of Austria. On his return in 1626 he found the

attention of parliament, to which he had been elected for Hastings,

completely occupied with the attack upon Buckingham. Carleton

endeavoured to defend his patron, and supported the king's violent

exercise of his prerogative. It was perhaps fortunate that his further

career in the Commons was cut short by his elevation in May to the

peerage as Baron Carleton of Imbercourt. Shortly afterwards he was

despatched on another mission to the Hague, on his return from which he

was created Viscount Dorchester in July 1628. He was active in

forwarding the conferences between Buckingham and Contarini for a peace

with France on the eve of the duke's intended departure for La Rochelle,

which was prevented by the latter's assassination. In December 1628 he

was made principal secretary of state, and died on the 15th of February

1632, being buried in Westminster Abbey. He was twice married, and had

children, but all died in infancy, and the title became extinct.

Carleton was one of the ablest diplomatists of the time, and his talents

would have secured greater triumphs had he not been persistently

hampered by the mistaken and hesitating foreign policy of the court.

His voluminous correspondence, remarkable for its clear, easy and

effective style, and for the writer's grasp of the main points of

policy, covers practically the whole history of foreign affairs during

the period 1610-1628, and furnishes valuable material for the study of

the Thirty Years' War. His letters as ambassador at the Hague, January

1616 to December 1620, were first edited by Philip Yorke, afterwards

second earl of Hardwicke, with a biographical and historical preface,

in 1757; his correspondence from the Hague in 1627 by Sir Thomas

Phillipps in 1841; other letters are printed in the _Cabala_, and in

T. Birch's _Court and Times of James I. and Charles I._, but by far

the greater portion remains in MS. among the state papers.

DORCHESTER, GUY CARLETON, 1st BARON (1724-1808), British general and

administrator, was born at Strabane, Co. Tyrone, Ireland, on the 3rd of

September 1724. He served with distinction on the continent under the

duke of Cumberland, and in 1759 in America as quartermaster-general,

under his friend Wolfe. He was wounded at the capture of Quebec, and

promoted to the rank of brigadier-general. In 1766 he was appointed

governor-general of Canada, which position he held till 1778. His

justice and kindliness greatly endeared him to the recently conquered

French-Canadians, and did much to hold them neutral during the War of

American Independence. He ordered the first codification of the civil

law of the province, and was largely responsible for the passing of the

Quebec Act. On the American invasion of Canada in 1775 he was compelled

to abandon Montreal and narrowly escaped capture, but defended Quebec

(q.v.) with skill and success. In October of the same year he destroyed

the American flotilla on Lake Champlain. In 1777 he was superseded in

his command of the military forces by Major-General John Burgoyne, and

asked to be recalled. He returned, however, to America in May 1782 as

commander-in-chief, remaining till November 1783. In 1786 he was again

sent to Canada as governor-general and commander of the forces, with the

title of Baron Dorchester. Many important reforms marked his rule; he

administered the country with tact and moderation, and kept it loyal to

the British crown amid the ferment caused by the French Revolution, and

by the attempts of American emissaries to arouse discontent. In 1791 the

province was divided into Upper and Lower Canada by the Constitutional

Act. Of this division Carleton disapproved, as he did also of a

provision tending to create in the new colony an hereditary aristocracy.

In 1796 he insisted on retiring, and returned to England. He died on the

10th of November 1808. He married in 1772 a daughter of the 2nd earl of

Effingham, and had nine children, being succeeded in the title by his

grandson Arthur. On the death in 1897 of the 4th baron (another

grandson) the title became extinct, but was revived in 1899 for his

cousin and co-heiress Henrietta Anne as Baroness Dorchester.

J. C. Dent's _Canadian Portrait Gallery_ (Toronto, 1880) gives a

sketch of Lord Dorchester's Canadian career. His life by A. G. Bradley

is included in the _Makers of Canada_ series (Toronto). Most of his

letters and state papers, which are indispensable for a knowledge of

the period, are in the archives department at Ottawa, and are

calendared in Brymner's _Reports on Canadian Archives_ (Ottawa, 1885,

seq.). (W. L. G.)

DORCHESTER, a market town and municipal borough and the county town of

Dorsetshire, England, in the southern parliamentary division, 135 m.

S.W. by W. from London by the London & South Western railway; served

also by the Great Western railway. Pop. (1901) 9458. It stands on an

eminence on the right bank of the river Frome, within a wide open tract

of land, containing 3400 acres, held under the duchy of Cornwall, called

Fordington Field. Several of the streets are planted with trees, and the

town is nearly surrounded by fine avenues. St Peter's church is a

Perpendicular building with a fine tower. All Saints and Holy Trinity

churches are modern, but Fordington church retains Norman and

Transitional details. Of public buildings the principal are--the

town-hall, with market-house, shire-hall, county prison and county

hospital; there is also a county museum, containing many local objects

of much interest. The grammar school (founded in 1569) is endowed with

exhibitions to Oxford and Cambridge. There is a statue to William Barnes

the Dorsetshire poet (1801-1886). The town is noted also for its ale. It

is a place of considerable agricultural trade, and large sheep and lamb

fairs are held annually. The borough is under a mayor, six aldermen and

eighteen councillors. Area 1648 acres.

_History._--_Durnovaria_ was here, a Romano-British country town of

considerable size, probably successor to a British tribal centre of the

Durotriges. The walls can be traced in part, and many mosaics, remains

of houses, &c., have been found. The remains of an amphitheatre are seen

at Maumbury Rings, near the town. Maiden Castle, 2 m. S.W. of the town,

is a vast earthwork considered to have been a stronghold of the tribe of

the Durotriges. There are other such remains in the vicinity. Little

mention of Dorchester (_Dornceaster_, _Dorcestre_) occurs in Saxon

annals, but a charter from AEthelstan to Milton Abbey in 939 is dated at

_villa regalis quae dicitur Doracestria_, and at this period it

possessed a mint. According to the Domesday Survey it was a royal

borough, and at the time of Edward the Confessor contained 172 houses,

of which 100 had been totally destroyed since the Conquest. Mention is

made of a castle at Dorchester in records of the 12th and 13th

centuries; and the Franciscan priory, founded some time before 1331, is

thought to have been constructed out of its ruins. The latter was

suppressed among the lesser monasteries in 1536. Edward II. granted the

borough to the bailiffs and burgesses at a fee-farm rent of L20 for five

years, and the grant was renewed in perpetuity by Edward III. Richard

III. empowered the burgesses to elect a coroner and two constables, to

be exempt from tolls, and to try minor pleas in the king's court within

the borough before a steward to be chosen by themselves. The first

charter of incorporation, granted by James I. in 1610, established a

governing council of two bailiffs and fifteen capital burgesses.

Charles I. in 1629 instituted a mayor, six aldermen and six capital

burgesses, and also incorporated all the freemen of the borough, for the

purposes of trade, under the government of a council consisting of a

governor, assistants and twenty-four freemen, the governor and four

assistants to be chosen out of the twenty-four by the freemen, and five

other assistants to be chosen by the mayor out of the capital burgesses;

the Council was empowered to hold four courts yearly and to make laws

for the regulation of the markets and trade. Dorchester returned two

members to parliament from 1295, until the Representation of the People

Act of 1868 reduced the number to one; by the Redistribution Act of 1885

the representation was merged in the county. Edward III. granted to the

burgesses the perquisites from three fairs lasting one day at the feasts

of Holy Trinity, St John Baptist and St James, and markets on Wednesday,

Friday and Saturday. Elizabeth granted an additional three days' fair at

Candlemas. The days of the fairs and markets have remained unchanged.

The cloth industry which flourished during the 16th century never

recovered from the depression following on the Civil War. The malting

and brewing industries came into prominence in the 17th century, when

there was also a considerable serge manufacture, which has since

declined.

See _Victoria County History, Dorsetshire_; John Hutchins, _The

History and Antiquities of the Town and Borough of Dorchester_ (3rd

edition, corrected, augmented and improved by W. Shipp and J. W.

Hodson, Blandford, 1865).

DORCHESTER, a large village in the south parliamentary division of

Oxfordshire, England, 9 m. S.S.E. of Oxford by road, on the river Thame,

1 m. from its junction with the Thames. This is a site of much

historical interest. There was a Roman station near the present village,

facing, across the Thames, the double isolated mound known as Wittenham

Hills (historically _Sinodun_), on one summit of which are strong early

earthworks. In Dorchester itself the chief point of interest is the

abbey church of St Peter and St Paul. This consists of a nave of great

length, primarily of the transitional Norman period; a choir with

arcades of the finest Decorated work; north choir aisle of the close of

the 13th century, south choir aisle (c. 1300) and south nave aisle (c.

1320). The tower (western) is an erection of the late 17th century. The

eastern bay of the choir is considered to have been added as a Lady

chapel, and the north window is a magnificent example of a "Jesse

window," in which the tracery represents the genealogical tree of Jesse,

the complete execution of the design being carried on in the glass. The

sedilia and piscina are very fine. The Decorated windows on the south

side of the church form a beautiful series, and there are monuments and

brasses of great interest.

Dorchester (_Dorcinia_, _Dornacestre_, _Dorchecestre_) was conquered by

the West Saxons about 560. It occupied a commanding position at the

junction of the Thames and the Thame, and in 635 was made the seat of a

bishopric which at its foundation was the largest in England, comprising

the whole of Wessex and Mercia. The witenagemot of Wessex was held at

Dorchester three times in the 9th century, and in 958 AEthelstan held a

council here. In the 11th century, however, the town is described as

small and ill-peopled and remarkable only for the majesty of its

churches, and in about 1086 William I. and Bishop Remigius removed the

bishop's stool to Lincoln, as a city more worthy of the distinction.

According to the Domesday Survey Dorchester was held by the bishop of

Lincoln; it was assessed at 100 hides and comprised two mills. In 1140

Alexander bishop of Lincoln founded an abbey of Black Canons at

Dorchester, but the town declined in importance after the removal of the

cathedral, and is described by 16th-century writers as a mere

agricultural village and destitute of trade.

See _Victoria County History, Oxfordshire_; Henry Addington, _Some

Account of the Abbey Church of St Peter and St Paul at Dorchester,

Oxfordshire_, reissue with additional notes (Oxford, 1860).

DORCHESTER, a residential and manufacturing district of Boston,

Massachusetts, U.S.A., a separate town until 1870, between the Neponset

river on the S. and South Boston and Boston proper on the N. It is

served by three lines of the New York, New Haven & Hartford railway. A

ridge, with an average height of about 100 ft. above the sea, extends

through the district from N. to S. and commands delightful views of

Boston Bay to the E. and of the Blue Hills to the S. There are many

large private estates, with beautiful lawns, and Franklin Field and

Franklin Park, one of the largest parks of the Boston park system, are

in Dorchester. The Shawmut school for girls is in the district. Among

the landmarks are the Barnard Capen house, built in the fourth decade of

the 17th century and now probably the second oldest house in New

England; and the James Blake house (1648), now the home of the

Dorchester Historical Society, which has a library and a museum.

Opposite the Blake house formerly stood the house in which Edward

Everett was born. Not far away is the old Dorchester burying ground,

which dates from 1634; it has many curious epitaphs, and contains the

graves of Barnard Capen, who died in 1638 (probably the oldest marked

grave in the United States); of William Stoughton (1631-1701), chief

justice of the court which tried the Salem "witches" in 1692,

lieutenant-governor of the colony from 1692, acting governor in

1694-1699 and 1700-1701, and founder of the original Stoughton Hall,

Harvard; and of Richard Mather, pastor of the First Parish church here

from 1636 until his death. In Dorchester Maria Susana Cummins

(1827-1866) wrote _The Lamplighter_ (1854), one of the most popular

novels of its time, and William T. Adams ("Oliver Optic") and Charles

Follen Adams ("Yawcob Strauss") did much of their writing; it was long

the home of Mrs Lucy Stone (Blackwell). Among the manufactures are

cocoa, chocolate, &c. (of the long-established Walter Baker & Co.),

paper, crushing and grinding machinery (Sturtevant Mill Co.), chemicals,

horseshoe nails, valves, organs and pianos, lumber, automobiles and shoe

machinery.

Dorchester was founded by about 140 colonists from Dorsetshire, England,

with whom the movement for planting the colony in Massachusetts Bay was

begun under the leadership of Rev. John White. They organized as a

church while at Plymouth, England, in March 1630, then embarked in the

ship "Mary and John," arrived in Boston Bay two weeks before Governor

Winthrop with the rest of the fleet, and in June selected Savin Hill (E.

of what is now Dorchester Avenue and between Crescent Avenue and

Dorchester Bay) as the site for their settlement. At the time the place

was known as Mattapanock, but they named it Dorchester. Town affairs

were at first managed by the church, but in October 1633 a town

government was organized, and the example was followed by the

neighbouring settlements; this seems to have been the beginning of the

town-meeting form of government in America. Up to this time Dorchester

was the largest town in the colony, but dissatisfaction arose with the

location (Boston had a better one chiefly on account of the deeper water

in its harbour), and in 1635-1637 many of the original settlers removed

to the valley of the Connecticut where they planted Windsor. New

settlers, however, arrived at Dorchester and in 1639 that town

established a school supported by a public tax; this was the first free

school in America supported by direct taxation or assessment on the

inhabitants of a town.[1] In October 1695, a few of the inhabitants of

Dorchester organized a church and in December removed to South Carolina

where they planted another Dorchester (on the N. bank of the Ashley

river, about 26 m. from Charleston); by 1752 they had become

dissatisfied with their location, which was unhealthy, and they

gradually removed to Georgia, where they settled at Medway (half way

between the Ogeechee and Altamaha rivers), their settlement soon

developing into St John's Parish (see GEORGIA: _History_). It was the

fortification of Dorchester Heights, under orders from General

Washington, on the night of the 4th and 5th of March 1776, that forced

the British to evacuate Boston. At one time Dorchester extended from

Boston nearly to the Rhode Island line; but its territory was gradually

reduced by the creation of new townships and additions to old ones.

Dorchester Neck was annexed to Boston in 1804, Thompson's Island in

1834, and the remaining portions in 1855 and 1870.

See W. D. Orcutt, _Good Old Dorchester_ (Cambridge, 1893).