Chatterton, Thomas, 52–54.
Chavis, Dom, 41.
Chilcot, Harriet, 52 n. 2.
Chinese architecture and decorations, craze for, 223–225.
_Chinese Letters_, 199.
_Chinese Tales_, _see_ Gueullette.
_Citizen of the World, The_, xv, xxvi, 72, 93 n. 1, 135, 157, 179,
184–199, 222, 223, 231.
Collins, William, 52–53.
_Conduct of Christians, The_, 201.
_Consolidator, The_, 199–200.
_Contentment_, 105.
_Contes Philosophiques_, 132–140, 144–151, 231.
Cooper, Rev. Mr., 107–109.
“Cornwall, Barry,” 71, 251, 252.
_Coverley, Sir Roger de_, 241, 242.
Crébillon, C. P. J. de, xxv, 277, App. B, I., No. 29.
D’Argens, Marquis, 199.
D’Aulnoy, Countess, 228 n. 1 (_c_), 239.
Defoe, Daniel, 163, 165, 237;
_The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe_, 48;
_Consolidator_, 199, 200;
_Tour through England_, 200;
_System of Magic_, 203;
_Story of Ali Abrahazen and the Devil_, 203;
_Story of the Arabian Magician in Egypt_, 203;
_Robinson Crusoe_, 12, 129, 130, 242.
De Quincey, T., 253, 254.
Dickens, C., 254.
Dickinson, G. Lowes, 191 n. 1.
_Dinarbas_, 103, 104.
_Disciplina Clericalis_, xix.
_Disinterested Nabob, The_, 49.
_Dissertation on Oriental Gardening_, 196 n. 1.
_Doom of a City, The_, 252.
D’Orville, _The Adventures of Prince Jakaya_, 47.
Dramas, 76 n. 2, 96 n. 1, 230 n. 1.
Dufresny, C. R., 156, 163–170, 181 n. 1.
_Eastern Eclogues_, 52 n. 2.
Edgeworth, Maria, 100–102, 110, 232.
_Elia, Essays of_, 162 n. 1.
_Espion Turc, L’_, 155, 157;
_see also_ _Turkish Spy_ and Marana.
Evelyn, John, 239 n. 1.
_Fables of Pilpay_, xix, xx, 104, 105, 110, 117 n. 4.
_Fair Syrian, The_, 51.
_Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, The_, 48.
Fauques de Vaucluse, Mme., 102.
_Faust der Morgenländer, Der_, 71.
_Female Captive, The_, 50–51, 210.
Fielding, Henry, 131, 233, 242.
Fitzgerald, Edward, 251.
_Fleur d’Epine_, 213–217.
_Four Facardins, The_, 219, 220.
_Friendship put to the Test_, 73, 76.
Galland, Antoine, xvi, xxii-xxv, 24, 81, 235, 236, 246.
_Gebir_, 55, 59–61, 251.
_Generall History of the Turks, The_, xxi, 236 n. 1.
Goldsmith, Oliver, xv, xxvi, 72, 92, 125, 126, 135, 179, 183 n. 1,
185–199, 222, 223, 231, 245.
Gomez, Mme. de, 200, 201.
_Good Bramin, The_, 139.
Graffigny, Mme. F. Huguet de, 199.
_Grateful Turk, The_, 105.
_Guardian_, 27, 81;
_see also_ Addison and Steele.
Gueullette, Thomas Simon, 31;
_Chinese Tales_, 31–36, 190;
_Mogul Tales_, 31, 36–38, 70, 85–88, 252;
_Tartarian Tales_, 32, 36;
_Peruvian Tales_, 32.
_Gulliver’s Travels_, 29.
_Hai Ebn Yokdhan_, [or “_Yockdhan_”] _The Life of_, xxii, 126–131.
Hale, Edward Everett, _My Double and How He Undid Me_, 39 n. 1.
_Hall of Eblis, The_, 252.
_Hamet and Selinda_, 105.
Hamilton, Antoine, 68–70, 157, 213–220.
_Hassan_, 105.
Hatchett, William, 38.
_Hattige_, 46.
_Hau Kiou Chooan_, 190.
Hawkesworth, John, 70, 89–97, 109, 125.
Haywood, Mrs. Eliza, 52.
_Hermit, The_, 73, 77–79, 110, 232.
_Hieroglyphic Tales_, 157, 220, 221.
Hillier, A., 202.
_History and Adventures of an Atom_, 203.
_History of Abdalla and Zoraide, The_, 71, 72, 105 n. 2, 180 n. 1.
_History of Arsaces, The_, 105.
_History of Henrietta de Bellgrave, The_, 49.
_History of Rodomond and the Beautiful Indian, The_, 49.
_History of the Caliph Vathek_, see _Vathek_.
Hughes, John, 29.
_Humphrey Clinker_, 252.
_Interesting Anecdotes_, 106.
Irving, Washington, 18 n. 2.
Irwin, Eyles, 52 n. 2.
Johnson, Samuel, 54, 70, 79, 110, 245, 255;
moralistic tales, 88–93;
philosophic tales in _Rambler_ and _Idler_, 118–124;
_Rasselas_, xv, xxvi, 103, 110, 123, 124, 140–154, 227, 232, 248.
Johnstone, Charles, 286, App. B, I., No. 63, _see also History of
Arsaces_.
Jones, Sir William, xvii, xviii, 54, 70, 256.
_Kalila and Dimna_, xix, 104.
Kelly, Hugh, 76 n. 2.
Klinger, F. M., 71.
Knight, Ellis Cornelia, 103 n. 1.
Knolles, R., xxi, 236 n. 1.
Lamb, Charles, 162.
Landor, Walter Savage, _Gebir_, 55, 59–61, 251.
Langhorne, John, 97.
Le Camus, A., 102.
Le Sage, A. L. R., 22 n. 1, 24.
_Letters from a Chinese Official_, 191 n. 1.
_Letters from Xo-Ho_, 187, 188.
_Letters of a Peruvian Princess_, 199.
_Letters to a Chinese Official_, 191 n. 1.
_Letters Writ by a Turkish Spy_, xvii, 158–162, 228, 239.
_Lettres Persanes, Les_, 134, 156, 173–180.
Lewis, Matthew Gregory, _The Anaconda_, 51;
_The Monk_, 27, 252;
_Romantic Tales_, 51, 71;
_Four Facardins_, 219 n. 1.
_Life and Surprising Adventures of Friga Reveep ..., The_, 48–49.
Lyttelton, Lord, 72 n. 1, 160, 178–186, 190.
Marana, G. P. xvii, 85 n. 1, 155–163, 189, 230, 240 n. 2.
Marmontel, Jean François, xxv, 73–77, 79, 106, 110, 111 n. 1, 156,
204–207.
_Matron of Ephesus, The_, 194 n. 1.
_Maugraby the Magician_, 42.
_May-Flower_, 214–217.
_Memnon the Philosopher_, 207, 209.
Midgley, Robert, 158, 162 n. 1.
_Milk for Babes_, 201, 202.
_Mille et un Jours, Les_, xxiii;
_see also_ Pétis de la Croix.
_Mille et un Nuits, Les_, 155;
_see_ Galland.
_Mogul Tales_, _see_ Gueullette.
_Monk, The_, 27, 252.
Montagu, Lady M. W., 244.
Montesquieu, C. de S., Baron de, xxiv, 156, 173–178, 189, 231.
Moore, Thomas, xvii, 54, 70, 236, 251.
_Moral Tales by Esteemed Writers_, 105.
_Murad the Unlucky_, 100–102, 232.
_Mysteries of Udolpho, The_, 67.
_New Arabian Nights_, 41–45, 252.
_Noble Slaves_, 46.
_Nourjahad_, 97–99, 227.
Novel, The English, 241–243.
_Oriental Chronicle, The_, 202.
_Oriental Eclogues_, by Collins, 52, 53;
by J. Scott, 54.
Oriental fiction in England before eighteenth century, xix-xxii.
_Orientalist, The_, 106.
_Oriental Moralist, The_, 107–109.
Oriental tale, definition of, xv, xvi.
_Oriental Tales, The_, 211–213.
_Ormar and Zabria_, 52 n. 2.
Parnell, Thomas, 73, 77–79, 110, 133, 232.
_Peregrinaggio di tre giovanni figliuoli del Re di Serendippo_, 30.
_Periodicals_, 224, 225;
_see_ Addison, Hawkesworth, Steele, and App. B, I., _passim_.
Perrault, Charles, xxiii, 228, 238.
_Perseis_, 201.
_Persian Anecdotes_, 200, 201.
_Persian Eclogues_, 52, 53.
_Persian Letters_, by Lyttelton, 72 n. 1, 160, 178–186, 190;
by Montesquieu, _see_ _Lettres Persanes, Les_.
_Persian Tales_, 13–25, 81, 233, 241, 248;
_see also_ Pétis de la Croix.
_Persian Tales of Inatulla_, 92 n. 1.
_Peruvian Tales_, _see_ Gueullette.
Pétis de la Croix, xxiv, 24, 246;
_see also_ _Persian Tales_.
Philips, Ambrose, 221, 222, 246;
_see also_ _Persian Tales_.
_Pied Piper of Hamelin, The_, 34.
Pilkington, Mrs. Mary P., 50.
Pococke, Edward, xxii, 130 n. 2.
Pope, Alexander, 77, 221, 222, 230, 238, 243, 244.
_Princess of Babylon, The_, 207–209.
_Progress of Romance, The_, 55.
_Quatre Facardins, Les_, 219, 220.
_Ragguagli di Parnaso_, 240.
_Ram, The_, 218, 219.
_Rasselas_, xv, xxvi, 103, 110, 123, 124, 140–154, 227, 232, 248;
_see also_ _Dinarbas_, 103, 104.
_Recollections of the Arabian Nights_, 252.
Reeve, Clara, 55, 246 n. 2.
Ridley, Rev. J., 102.
_Robber Caliph, The_, 42, 44, 45.
_Robinson Crusoe_, 12, 129, 130, 242;
_Farther Adventures of_, 48.
_Romance of an Hour, The_, 76 n. 2.
Romanticism, xv-xxiii, Chap. V.
_Romantic Tales_, 51.
_Santon Barsisa, The_, 27, 28, 81.
Scott, John, 52, 54.
Scott, Sir Walter, 253.
_Seged, Lord of Ethiopia_, 123, 124.
Segrais, J. Regnauld de, _Bajazet_, 46.
_Selima and Azor_, 204 n. 2.
_Sendebar_, xix, 26.
_Seven Sages of Rome, The_, 26.
Sheridan, Mrs. Frances, 97.
Smollett, T., 203, 252.
_Soliman II._, 106, 204–207.
_Solyman and Almena_, 97, 99–100.
Southey, Robert, xvii, 42, 54, 70, 236, 251, 252.
_Spectator_, _see_ Addison and Steele.
Steele, Sir Richard, 27, 79, 170, 232;
_see_ Addison.
Sterne, Laurence, 204.
Stevenson, R. L., 254.
_Story of Ali Abrahazen and the Devil_, 203.
_Story of the Arabian Magician in Egypt_, 203.
_Sultan, or a Peep into the Seraglio, The_, 204 n. 2.
Swift, J., 162, 204 n. 1, 244;
_Gulliver’s Travels_, 29.
_System of Magic, A_, 203.
_Tales of the Genii_, 102, 103.
_Tartarian Tales_, _see_ Gueullette.
_Tatler_, 79.
Temple, Sir William, 246.
Tennyson, A., 252.
Thackeray, W. M., 254.
_Thalaba_, _see_ Southey.
Thomson, James (1832–1882), 252.
_Thorn-Flower_, 214–217.
_Thousand and One Days_, _see_ _Persian Tales_.
_Thousand and One Nights_, _see_ _Arabian Nights_.
_Tour through England_, 200.
_Travels and Adventures of the Three Princes of Serendip_, 29–31.
_Travels of Scarmentado_, 207, 210.
_Trial and Execution of the Grand Mufti, The_, 202.
_Turkish Spy, The_, xvii, 157–162, 228, 239.
_Turkish Tales_, 25–29, 80, 252.
_Unfortunate Princess, The_, 52.
_Vathek_, xvii, xxvi, 37–41, 43 n. 1, 61–71, 230, 248, 251.
_Vision of Mirza, The_, 110, 112–114, 126, 232.
_Vizirs, The_, 102.
Voltaire, F. M. A. de, 68, 70, 126;
“_contes philosophiques_,” 132–140, 231, and 144–151 (_Candide_);
satiric tales, 156, 157, 207–211, 231.
Walpole, Horace, 29 n. 3, 157, 187, 188, 220, 221, 223, 236, 248.
_Watermen of Besons, The_, 73, 75, 76.
_White Bull, The_, 207, 209.
Whitehead, William, 224.
_Wonderful Travels of Prince Fan-Feredin, The_, 213.
Wordsworth, W., 253.
_World_, 224, 225.
_World as It Goes, The_, 138–140.
_Zadig_, 126, 132–138;
_see also_ _Hermit, The_.
-----
Footnote 1:
_Standard Dictionary of the English Language_, Vol. II., New York,
London, and Toronto, 1895.
Footnote 2:
Martino, Pierre, _L’Orient dans la littérature française au XVII^e et au
XVIII^e siècle_, Paris, 1906, p. 20.
Footnote 3:
Galland, _Paroles remarquables des Orientaux_, Paris, 1694,
Avertissement, quoted by P. Martino, _op. cit._, p. 221.
Footnote 4:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 73, pp. 288, 289.
Footnote 5:
Cf. F. Brunetière, _Études critiques sur l’histoire de la Littérature
française, huitième série_, Paris, 1907: _L’Orient dans la littérature
française_, p. 183: “Schopenhauer, dont la philosophie n’est elle-même
qu’un bouddhisme occidental, a écrit quelque part, en 1819 ou 1822,
que ‘le XIX^e siècle ne devrait guère moins un jour à la connaissance
du vieux monde oriental que le XVI^e siècle à la découverte ou à la
révélation de l’antiquité gréco-romaine.’”
Footnote 6:
Cf. pp. 104, 105, and App. B, I., No. 10, p. 271, _post_.
Footnote 7:
M. de Cézy, French ambassador to Constantinople, thirty years before
Racine’s _Bajazet_, brought the original story to Paris. Cf. P.
Martino, _op. cit._, p. 196.
Footnote 8:
Galland and Pétis de la Croix both went to the East with embassies.
Footnote 9:
_Nathaniel Hawthorne_, by G. E. Woodberry, in the American Men of
Letters Series. Boston and New York, 1902, p. 54; cf. p. 12.
Footnote 10:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 4, p. 269.
Footnote 11:
Proverbial despite the “extreme simplicity of its style,” noted by Mr.
John Payne, Vol. IX., pp. 373, 375, of his edition of _The Book of the
Thousand Nights and a Night_. London, 1884. “Nothing can be more
unlike the idea of barbaric splendour, of excessive and heterogeneous
ornament, that we are accustomed to associate with the name, than the
majority of the tales that compose the collection. The life described
in it is mainly that of the people, those Arabs so essentially brave,
sober, hospitable, and kindly, almost hysterically sensitive to
emotions of love and pity as well as to artistic impressions.
* * * * *
The splendours of description, the showers of barbaric pearl and gold,
that are generally attributed to the work exist but in isolated
instances. The descriptions are usually extremely naïve.”
Footnote 12:
Cf. _Rambler_, No. 17.
Footnote 13:
_The Story of the Sleeper Awakened or The Dead Alive._
Footnote 14:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 15, p. 273.
Footnote 15:
The _Persian Tales_, in _Tales of the East_, edited by Henry Weber.
Edinburgh, 1812, Vol. II., p. 455.
Footnote 16:
Washington Irving compares the reading-room of the British Museum to the
scene in “an old Arabian tale, of a philosopher who was shut up in an
enchanted library, in the bosom of a mountain, that opened only once a
year; where he made the spirits of the place obey his commands, and
bring him books of all kinds of dark knowledge, so that at the end of
the year, when the magic portal once more swung open on its hinges, he
issued forth so versed in forbidden lore, as to be able to soar above
the heads of the multitude and to control the powers of Nature.”—_The
Art of Bookmaking_, in the _Sketch-Book_.
Footnote 17:
It is particularly difficult in the case of the _Persian Tales_, because
Le Sage “revised” the manuscripts.
Footnote 18:
_Les Mille et une Nuit [sic], Contes Arabes traduits en François [sic]
par M. Galland. A Paris_, 1704–1717.
Footnote 19:
_Les Mille et un Jour [sic] Contes Persans traduits en François [sic]
par M. Pétis de la Croix. A Paris_, 1710–1712.
Footnote 20:
Cf. App. B, I., Nos. 7 and 15 (_b_), pp. 270 and 273.
Footnote 21:
Cf. _Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen_, Vol.
CXI. (n. s., XI.), pp. 106–121, “Studien zu M. G. Lewis’s Roman
‘Ambrosio, or the Monk,’” by Otto Ritter; pp. 316–323, “Die
eigentliche Quelle von Lewis’s ‘Monk,’” by Georg Herzfeld; Vol.
CXIII., pp. 56–65, “Die angebliche Quelle von M. G. Lewis’s ‘Monk,’”
by Otto Ritter; Vol. CXIV., p. 167, under _Kleine Mitteilungen_, “Zu
Archiv CXIII., 63 (Lewis’s ‘Monk’),” by Otto Ritter.
Footnote 22:
Cf. App. A, pp. 259–262.
Footnote 23:
The Persian words also are given in the 1708 edition (App. B, I., No. 7,
p. 270).
Footnote 24:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 20, p. 274. Cf. Horace Walpole’s coinage of the word
“serendipity,” meaning “accidental sagacity”; _Letters of Horace
Walpole_, edited by Mrs. Paget Toynbee in sixteen volumes. Oxford
MCMIII., Vol. III., pp. 203, 204; Letter No. 382, to Horace Mann,
January 28, 1754.
Footnote 25:
Cf. App. B, II., No. 3, p. 295.
Footnote 26:
_Die Reise der Söhne Giaffers aus dem Italienischen des Christoforo
Armeno übersetzt durch Johann Wetzel_, 1583, herausgegeben v. H.
Fischer und J. Bolte, Tübingen, 1895, p. 178.
Footnote 27:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 22, p. 275.
Footnote 28:
Cf. _Orlando Furioso_, Canto XXXIV., Astolfo’s journey to the moon,
where wits are kept.
Footnote 29:
Cf. _Spectator_, No. 289.
Footnote 30:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 23, pp. 275, 276.
Footnote 31:
One incident recalls Dr. Edward Everett Hale’s entertaining story, _My
Double and How He Undid Me_: A good fairy created for King Giamschid a
double, “a phantom, who ate with a very good appetite and who
pronounced at intervals, in the tone and voice of the true Giamschid,
a few sentences very much to the purpose.” (H. Weber’s _Tales of the
East_, 1812, Vol. III., p. 671.) The similarity is a mere coincidence.
Dr. Hale informs me that he was unacquainted with this story when he
wrote _My Double_.
Footnote 32:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 81, p. 290.
Footnote 33:
The writer of a recent review, in the _New York Evening Post_, of Vol.
IV., Lane’s _Arabian Nights_, Bohn edition, just issued, interprets
the “African” magician of _Aladdin_ as the “Tunisian” magician, and
continues: “That Tunis was especially famous for magic does not seem
to be elsewhere recorded. Such was, and is, the reputation rather of
Morocco and of Africa farther west in general, and in this same tale
the magician is also called a Maghribi, strictly a Moroccan.”
Footnote 34:
Cf. App. A, p. 263.
Footnote 35:
Cf. opening scenes of _Vathek_.
Footnote 36:
Weber, _op. cit._, Vol. II., p. 290.
Footnote 37:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 17, p. 274.
Footnote 38:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 21, pp. 274, 275.
Footnote 39:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 19, p. 274.
Footnote 40:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 27, p. 277.
Footnote 41:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 5 (_b_), p. 270.
Footnote 42:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 48, p. 283. In the above-mentioned title, the
original spelling is preserved.
Footnote 43:
These two are included in a frame-tale called _The Lady’s Drawing-room_
(1744). App. B, I., No. 35, p. 278.
Footnote 44:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 76, p. 289.
Footnote 45:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 89, (_a_), p. 292.
Footnote 46:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 59, p. 286.
Footnote 47:
Cf. Voltaire’s _Travels of Scarmentado_, p. 210, _post_.
Footnote 48:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 75, p. 289.
Footnote 49:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 93, pp. 292, 293.
Footnote 50:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 33, p. 278.
Footnote 51:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 69, p. 288, Chilcot, Harriet: _Ormar and Zabria_;
and No. 64 (_a_), p. 287, Irwin, Eyles: _Bedukah_ and _Eastern
Eclogues_.
Footnote 52:
“Written originally for the entertainment of the Ladies of Tauris and
now translated,” a phrase omitted from later editions. Cf. Dr.
Johnson, _Life of Collins_ (Chalmers, _English Poets_. London, 1810,
Vol. XIII., p. 193): “In his last illness ... he spoke with
disapprobation of his Oriental Eclogues, as not sufficiently
expressive of Asiatic manners, and called them his Irish Eclogues.”
Cf. App. B, I., No. 34, p. 278.
Footnote 53:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 61, p. 286.
Footnote 54:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 67, p. 287.
Footnote 55:
The only other poems that may be classed as imaginative oriental
tales—and that only by stretching a point—are _The Indian
Philosopher_, by Isaac Watts, and the fragment of an eclogue called
_An Indian Ode_, by William King. Cf. Chalmers’s _English Poets_.
London, 1810, Vol. XIII., p. 63, and Vol. IX., p. 302.
Footnote 56:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 70, p. 288.
Footnote 57:
Cf. Sophocles, _Trachiniæ_ (Death of Hercules).
Footnote 58:
Cf. _Iliad_, XXII (Death of Hector).
Footnote 59:
In English, 1786; in French, 1787. It had been written between January,
1782, and January, 1783, in French, by Beckford. Cf. App. B, I., No.
73 (_a_), p. 288; and _Vathek_, edited by Richard Garnett. London,
1893, Introduction.
Footnote 60:
Garnett, _op. cit._, Introduction, p. xxvii.
Footnote 61:
Cf. Lady Burton’s version of Sir Richard Burton’s _Arabian Nights_,
edited by J. H. McCarthy (London, 1886), n., p. 11, which, following
the _Koran_ and the _Talmud_, calls Iblis (Eblis) a rebellious angel
who refused to worship Adam, caused Adam and Eve to lose Paradise, and
still betrays mankind.
Cf. E. W. Lane, _Arabian Society in the Middle Ages, Studies in the
Arabian Nights_, edited by S. Lane-Poole, London, 1883, who, on p. 32,
says, “Iblees is represented as saying, ‘Thou hast created _me_ of
_fire_ and hast created _him_ [Adam] of _earth_.’ Kur. VII. and
XXXVIII., 77.”
Footnote 62:
Cf. App. A., pp. 258, 259.
Footnote 63:
Cf. pp. 251, 252, _post_.
Footnote 64:
Cf. also the two voices overheard by Nouronihar with _The Ancient
Mariner_ and Tennyson, _The Two Voices_.
Footnote 65:
Beckford also wrote a short oriental tale, _Al Raoui_, nominally
“translated from the Arabic” but probably composed by Beckford, 1783,
and first printed 1799. It is a fanciful and rather pleasing romantic
tale and may be found in Cyrus Redding, _Memoirs of William Beckford_.
London, 1859, Vol. I., pp. 213–226.
Footnote 66:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 93, pp. 292, 293.
Footnote 67:
Based on a story in Lyttelton’s _Persian Letters_. Cf. pp. 180, n. 1,
and 185, _post_. Goldsmith may have drawn directly from Lyttelton, or
from this more recent (1750?) version. Cf. also App. B, I., No. 41, p.
281.
Footnote 68:
Marmontel, J. F., _Memoirs_ (Boston, 1878). Introductory essay by W. D.
Howells, p. 25.
Footnote 69:
Preface to _Contes Moraux_ in _Œuvres_, Paris, 1818, Vol. III., p. xiv.
Footnote 70:
_Rambler_, No. 65.
Footnote 71:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 54 (_c_), p. 285.
Footnote 72:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 54 (_b_), pp. 284, 285.
Footnote 73:
Hugh Kelly’s _The Romance of an Hour, an afterpiece in two acts_, was
performed first, 1774. Two editions were printed. The plot was
borrowed from Marmontel’s tale, _L’Amitié à l’Epreuve_. [Gordon
Goodwin in _Dictionary of National Biography_, article “Hugh Kelly”.]
Footnote 74:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 18, p. 274.
Footnote 75:
_Spence’s Anecdotes, Observations, and Characters of Books and Men, a
Selection_, edited by John Underhill. London [n. d.], p. 168.
Footnote 76:
_La littérature française au moyen âge._ Paris, 1905, p. 242.
Footnote 77:
_Voltaire’s Roman Zadig ou la Destinée, Eine Quellen-forschung ..._ von
Wilhelm Seele ... Leipzig, Reudnitz, 1891. Cf. also G. A. Aitken’s
Introduction to _Parnell’s Poems_, Aldine Edition. London, 1894, and
Rev. John Mitford’s _Life of Parnell_ (p. 61 n.), prefixed to _The
Poetical Works of Thomas Parnell_. London, 1852.
Footnote 78:
_Guardian_, No. 162.
Footnote 79:
_Ibid._, No. 148, cf. pp. 27, 28, _ante_.
Footnote 80:
_Spectator_, No. 535.
Footnote 81:
_Freeholder_, No. 17.
Footnote 82:
_Guardian_, No. 99. Cf. _The Persian Moonshee_, Pt. II., Story 5,
translated by Francis Gladwin, Calcutta and London, 1801, p. 3.
Footnote 83:
_Guardian_, No. 167.
Footnote 84:
_Spectator_, Nos. 584, 585.
Footnote 85:
Cf. _Romeo and Juliet_.
Footnote 86:
_Spectator_, No. 583.
Footnote 87:
Chap. III.
Footnote 88:
In the satirical group Marana and Brown precede Addison. The great
essayist assisted in directing the tendency, and was the first notable
English writer to popularize it. Cf. Chap. IV.
Footnote 89:
Dedicated to Raphael Courtevile, Esq. In the passage quoted the author’s
spelling is preserved.
Footnote 90:
Quoted in the translation of 1759.
Footnote 91:
Only in so far as the moralistic tales composed by Addison and Johnson
are concerned. Those referred to, pp. 80–81, _ante_, as adapted by
Addison, possess intrinsic value.
Footnote 92:
Leslie Stephen, _Hours in a Library. Second Series._ London, 1876, p.
211.
Footnote 93:
Cf. p. 93, _post_.
Footnote 94:
Cf. p. 83, _ante_.
Footnote 95:
Courtenay, _Verses on the Moral and Literary Character of Dr. Johnson_,
quoted by Boswell; _Life of Johnson_, edited by G. B. Hill. Oxford,
1887, Vol. I., p. 223.
Footnote 96:
The _Story of Nouraddin and Amana, Adventurer_, No. 72 (1753). This was
one of the stories translated into French and published in _Le Mercure
de France_. The French title was _Les Souhaits Punis, Conte Oriental_;
date, August, 1760.
Footnote 97:
_Adventurer_, No. 132.
Footnote 98:
_Ibid._, Nos. 7 and 8.
Footnote 99:
Contrast the later oriental tales translated about the close of this
period, _e.g._ the _Persian Tales of Inatulla_, which is exceedingly
flowery in language. For full title, cf. App. B, II., No. 36, p. 301.
Footnote 100:
_Citizen of the World_, Letter XXXIII. Cf. Chap. IV.
Footnote 101:
_Rambler_, No. 65.
Footnote 102:
_Ibid._, No. 38.
Footnote 103:
_Adventurer_, Nos. 20, 21, 22.
Footnote 104:
_Adventurer_, No. 5.
Footnote 105:
_Adventurer_, No. 132.
Footnote 106:
_The Fair Circassian, a Tragedy_, by Samuel J. Pratt, second edition,
London, 1781; third edition, same year, was based on _Almoran and
Hamet_. Cf. _Preface_, third edition. This must not be confused with
_The Fair Circassian, a dramatic performance by a gentleman-commoner
of Oxford [Samuel Croxall].... Taken from the Song of Solomon_, 1755.
Footnote 107:
Cf. p. 123, _post_.
Footnote 108:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 52, p. 284.
Footnote 109:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 57, p. 285.
Footnote 110:
In _Popular Tales_. Cf. App. B, I., No. 92, p. 292.
Footnote 111:
_Popular Tales_, by Miss Edgeworth. Philadelphia and New York, 1849, pp.
67, 68.
Footnote 112:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 53, p. 284.
Footnote 113:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 46, p. 282.
Footnote 114:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 62, p. 286.
Footnote 115:
Published anonymously; written by Ellis Cornelia Knight, “lady companion
to the Princess Charlotte of Wales,” and reaching its fourth edition
by 1800. Cf. App. B, I., No. 79, p. 290. On _Rasselas_, cf. Chap.
III., _post_.
Footnote 116:
_Introduction to Dinarbas._
Footnote 117:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 10, p. 271.
Footnote 118:
Bound in with _The History of Abdalla and Zoraide, or Filial and
Paternal Love_. London, 1750. Cf. p. 71, _ante_, and App. B, I., No.
41, p. 281.
Footnote 119:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 66, p. 287.
Footnote 120:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 63 (a), p. 286.
Footnote 121:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 86, p. 291, and _Amorassan_, p. 71, _ante_.
Footnote 122:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 90, p. 292.
Footnote 123:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 74, p. 289.
Footnote 124:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 87, p. 291.
Footnote 125:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 58 (_b_), pp. 285, 286.
Footnote 126:
Cf. p. 204 _et seq._, _post_.
Footnote 127:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 77, p. 289.
Footnote 128:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 78, p. 290.
Footnote 129:
“Yet for the real student, these secondary writers [_e.g._
Marmontel] ... have, as they had for Sainte-Beuve, a peculiar
interest. We see the movement, the drift, the line, in them more
clearly than in their betters, precisely because it is less mingled
with and distorted by any intense personal idiosyncrasy. They are not
distractingly great nor distracted by their own greatness; they are
clear if limited, comprehensible from beginning to end. The man of
genius, being never merely, is never quite, of his time, the man of
talent is.” Professor Saintsbury’s _Introduction_ to Marmontel’s
_Moral Tales...._ London, 1895, p. xiv.
Footnote 130:
_Spectator_, No. 159.
Footnote 131:
One is reminded also of the Anglo-Saxon story of the sparrow flying
through the lighted hall from darkness to darkness again, as a type of
human life; and of the inscription on the Taj Mahal: “This world is
only a bridge; therefore cross over it, but build not upon it. The
future is veiled in darkness, and one short hour alone is given thee.
Turn every moment into prayer if thou wouldst attain unto Heaven.”
Footnote 132:
_Spectator_, No. 289.
Footnote 133:
_Spectator_, No. 289; attributed by Addison to the travels of Sir John
Chardin.
Footnote 134:
_Spectator_, No. 94.
Footnote 135:
_Spectator_, No. 578.
Footnote 136:
_Spectator_, No. 191.
Footnote 137:
_Spectator_, No. 604.
Footnote 138:
_Guardian_, No. 61 (Pope). The story is probably _The Life of Hai Ebn
Yokdhan_, cf. p. 126 _et seq._, _post_. Pope also quotes the tale of
the Traveler and the Adder, which he calls “one of the Persian fables
of Pilpay.”
Footnote 139:
_Spectator_, No. 343. At the opening of this essay Addison makes Will
Honeycomb quote Sir Paul Rycaut’s account of Mahometan beliefs,
including transmigration. The story of Pug’s adventures resembles that
of the transmigrations of Fum-Hoam (_Chinese Tales_, cf. Chap. I.,
_ante_). The idea of metempsychosis was a favourite one in the early
eighteenth century, witness Fielding’s _Journey from this World to the
Next_.
Footnote 140:
p. 89.
Footnote 141:
_Idler_, No. 99.
Footnote 142:
_Life of Johnson_, edited by G. B. Hill. Oxford, 1887, Vol. I., p. 215.
Footnote 143:
_Rambler_, No. 190.
Footnote 144:
_Rambler_, Nos. 204, 205.
Footnote 145:
In a _Voyage to Abyssinia_, by Lobo, a Portuguese Jesuit, which Johnson
translated, 1735, from a French version, mention is made, Chap. X., of
Sultan Segued, Emperor of Abyssinia, “the much-talked-of lake of
Dambia,” and the bridge built across the Nile by Sultan Segued.
Neither in the edition of _Rasselas_ by G. B. Hill nor in that by
James Macaulay is the resemblance between _Seged_ and _Rasselas_
noted.
Footnote 146:
_Idler_, No. 75.
Footnote 147:
_Idler_, No. 101.
Footnote 148:
_Adventurer_, No. 114.
Footnote 149:
Published in _Essays by Dr. Goldsmith_, 1765 (N.B., the Preface says:
“The following essays have already appeared at different times and in
different publications”); to be found in _The Bee and other Essays by
Oliver Goldsmith...._ London and Philadelphia, 1893, p. 187.
Footnote 150:
_The Bonze, or Chinese Anchorite, an Oriental Epic Novel. Translated
from the Mandarine language of_ _Hoamchi-vam, a Tartarian Proselite,
by Mons. D’Alenzon, Dedicated to Lord Kilwarling Son and Heir of the
Earl of Hillsborough, Secretary of State for the Northern Colonies.
With Adventurous wing exploring new found Worlds, the Orient Muse
unfettered with Rhyme who Sings of Heaven, of Earth, and Wondrous
mutations; Strives to Mingle instruction with delight, in hope to gain
the smile of Approbation._ Two vols. London, 1769.
Footnote 151:
The original spelling is preserved in the quotations given from this
work. Cf. App. B, I., No. 8, p. 270.
Footnote 152:
p. 57, edition of 1708.
Footnote 153:
pp. 114–139, same edition.
Footnote 154:
Cf. the dancing dervishes.
Footnote 155:
Dr. Edward Pococke (1604–1691) wrote a preface to a Latin translation of
_Hai Ebn Yockdhan_, published, Oxford, 1671, by his son Edward Pococke
(1648–1727).
Footnote 156:
_Zadig, or the Book of Fate, an Oriental History translated from the
French original of Mr. Voltaire._ London ... 1749. Several other
editions appeared later in the century, and one chapter, _The Hermit_,
separately, _e.g._ 1779. Cf. App. B, I., No. 39 (_a_), p. 279; and No.
39 (_j_), pp. 280, 281.
Footnote 157:
Cf. pp. 77–79, _ante_. Parnell’s poem was one of the sources, not the
only source, of Voltaire’s chapter.
Footnote 158:
In French, 1747, 1748; in English, 1749.
Footnote 159:
Cf. Chap. IV., p. 155 _et seq._, _post_.
Footnote 160:
Cf. Lessing: _Nathan der Weise_ (apologue of the three rings).
Footnote 161:
Cf. W. Seele, _op. cit._, p. 77, n. 4, _ante_, in which, on p. 64,
reference is made to the high estimation by Gaston Paris, of _Zadig_
as the most beautiful of Voltaire’s romances, and of the “Hermit” as
the best chapter in _Zadig_.
Footnote 162:
Cf. “On a Passage in Homer” under “Ancients and Moderns” in Voltaire’s
_Philosophical Dictionary_, tr. by W. F. Fleming, Vol. I., Paris,
London, New York, Chicago, 1901.
Footnote 163:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 39 (_b_), p. 279.
Footnote 164:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 39 (_f_), p. 280.
Footnote 165:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 40, p. 281.
Footnote 166:
First French edition, _Candide ou l’optimisme_, ... 1759; first English
edition, same year.
Footnote 167:
_Rasselas_ was written soon after January 23, 1759, and published in
March or April of that year. Johnson was one of the first to observe
the similarity between the two books. “I have heard Johnson say, that
if they had not been published so closely one after the other that
there was not time for imitation, it would have been in vain to deny
that the scheme of that which came latest was taken from the other.”
Boswell, _Life of Johnson_, edited by G. B. Hill, Vol. I., p. 342.
Hill’s note, same page: “It should seem that _Candide_ was published
in the latter half of February, 1759 ... _Rasselas_ was written before
March 23; how much earlier cannot be known.”
Footnote 168:
Cf. G. B. Hill’s note, p. 165 of his edition of _Rasselas_, Oxford,
1887: “Johnson is content with giving the artist a ducking. Voltaire
would have crippled him for life at the very least; most likely would
have killed him on the spot.”
Footnote 169:
For a sketch of this scene, cf. an essay on _Indifferentism_, by Bliss
Perry in the _Atlantic Monthly_, Vol. XCII., p. 329 _et seq._
Footnote 170:
Boswell’s _Life of Johnson_, edited by G. B. Hill ... Oxford, 1887, Vol.
IV., p. 31. Cf. on “the Saxon _k_,” Thomas R. Lounsbury, _Confessions
of a Spelling Reformer, Atlantic Monthly_, May, 1907 (Vol. XCIX.), p.
627: “The Saxon _k_ was the lexicographer’s personal contribution to
the original English alphabet.”
Footnote 171:
Cf. P. Martino, _op. cit._, p. 284.
Footnote 172:
Cf. T. Brown, _Amusements_, p. 163, _post_. P. Martino, _op. cit._ (p.
288, n. 3), gives 1705 as the date of the first edition of _Dufresny_.
But D. Jouaust, in his _Avertissement to Entretiens ou Amusements
sérieux et comiques par Rivière-Dufresny_, Paris, 1869, affirms that
this work, whence “Montesquieu a pris l’idée de son immortelle
satire,” appeared “pour la première fois en 1699,” and was reprinted.
Pétit de Julleville: _Histoire de la langue et de la littérature
française des origines à 1900_, Paris, 1898, Tome V., ... p. 596, also
gives 1699 as the date of Dufresny’s work.
Footnote 173:
Cf. P. Martino, _op. cit._, p. 299.
Footnote 174:
Cf. _The Story of Tquassaouw_, p. 173, _post_.
Footnote 175:
The “Characters” (character-sketches) of the seventeenth century, both
in France and in England, undoubtedly contributed to the
pseudo-letters, and _vice versa_. Cf. _e.g._ pp. 183 and 239, n. 1,
_post_.
Footnote 176:
This English version has been ascribed to Sir Roger Manley by his
daughter, Mrs. Manley; but it is now “practically certain ... that the
first volume of the _Letters_ was composed, not by Manley, but by
Marana; and it is at least very probable that the Italian was the
author of the remainder of the work.” J. M. Rigg in the _Dictionary of
National Biography_, article “Robert Midgley” (1653–1723). For title
of this English version, cf. App. B, I., No. 1, p. 267.
Footnote 177:
_Letter_ VIII. _The Eight Volumes of Letters Writ by a Turkish Spy ...
translated ... into English...._ London ... 1748, Vol. I. Quotations
are from this edition, and are given in the original spelling, etc.
Footnote 178:
J. M. Rigg, in the _Dictionary of National Biography_, article on
“Robert Midgley” (1653–1723). The date, 1723, for Montesquieu’s
_Lettres Persanes_ should read 1721. Mr. Rigg cites several volumes of
_Notes and Queries_; but does not give _Notes and Queries_, 4th
Series, VIII., November, 1871, p. 415, in which Arthur Bateman writes:
“Who but remembers Elia’s account of the first discovery of roast
pig?... In the _Turkish Spy_ (Vol. IV., book 1, letter 5) I read as
follows: ‘The historians say that the first inhabitants of the earth,
for above two thousand years, lived altogether on the vegetable
products, of which they offered the first fruits to God—it being
esteemed an inexpiable wickedness to shed the blood of any animal,
though it were in sacrifice, much more to eat of their flesh. To this
end they relate the first slaughter of a bull to have been made at
Athens ... and the bull being flea’d [_sic_], and fire laid on the
altar, they all assisted at the new sacrifice.... In process of time a
certain priest, in the midst of his bloody sacrifice, taking up a
piece of the broiled flesh which had fallen from the altar on the
ground, and burning his fingers therewith, suddenly clapped them to
his mouth to mitigate the pain. But when he had once tasted the
sweetness of the fat, he not only longed for more of it, but gave a
piece to his assistant, and he to others, who, all pleased with the
new found dainties, fell to eating of flesh greedily; and hence this
species of gluttony was taught to other mortals.’”
Footnote 179:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 2, pp. 267, 268.
Footnote 180:
Quotations, in which the original spelling and capitalization are
preserved, are taken from _The Third Volume of the Works of Mr. Thomas
Brown_ ... _The Third Edition_ ... _London_ ... 1715 (?).
Footnote 181:
Cf. p. 166, note 1, _post_.
Footnote 182:
The above quotation, in which the original spelling, etc., are
preserved, is from _Entretiens ou Amusements sérieux et comiques par
Rivière-Dufresny_, D. Jouaust, Paris, 1869.
Footnote 183:
Frequent coarseness of expression precludes quotation of the entire
passage.
Footnote 184:
George Saintsbury, _A Short History of English Literature_. New York,
London, 1905, p. 526: “The great essayist who immediately followed him
[_i.e._ Brown], owed more to him than might be imagined, and in not a
little of his work, especially in his _Amusements, Serious and
Comical_, which attempt an early ‘London from day to day,’ there is a
vividness of manners which anticipates the best of the later
novelists.”
Footnote 185:
No. 557.
Footnote 186:
_Spectator_, No. 545.
Footnote 187:
_Spectator_, No. 343.
Footnote 188:
_Ibid_, No. 511.
Footnote 189:
_Mirror_, No. 8.
Footnote 190:
p. 157, _ante_; and p. 230, _post_.
Footnote 191:
Cf. L. Dangeau, _Montesquieu, Bibliographie de ses œuvres_. Paris, 1874;
A. Sorel, _Montesquieu_ (In the Series, Great French Writers), tr. by
G. Masson ... London, 1887, p. 46. L. Vian, _Histoire de
Montesquieu...._ Paris, 1879, Chap. V.
Footnote 192:
Reprinted in _Persian Letters, by M. de Montesquieu, translated from the
French, in two volumes...._ The Sixth Edition ... Edinburgh, 1773. The
following quotations are from this edition.
Footnote 193:
Cf. John Gay’s poem, _The Quidnunkis_, in Chalmers, _English Poets_,
London, 1810, Vol. X., p. 503.
Footnote 194:
_Letters_ XI.–XIV.
Footnote 195:
_Letter_ LXVII.
Footnote 196:
_Letter_ CXLII.
Footnote 197:
_Letter_ CXLI.
Footnote 198:
_Letter_ CXLIII.
Footnote 199:
P. IV. of _Persian Letters_ cited, p. 175 n., _ante_.
Footnote 200:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 28, p. 277.
Footnote 201:
_Abdalla and Zoraide, or Filial and Paternal Love_, carries the same
story to this point and ends with Abdalla’s expression of gratitude to
Selim. Cf. p. 72, _ante_.
Footnote 202:
_Letter_ XXII. Quotations are from the edition of 1774.
Footnote 203:
_Letter_ V. Cf. P. Martino, _op. cit._, p. 289, where reference is made
to a similar passage in Dufresny’s _Amusements_.
Footnote 204:
_Letter_ LXVII. The words underlined are found in the parallel passage
in Goldsmith. Other similarities are noticeable.
Footnote 205:
Cf. pp. 71 and 180, n. 1, _ante_; and 197, _post_.
Footnote 206:
_Letter_ VI.
Footnote 207:
_Letter_ XXXI.
Footnote 208:
Cf. in regard to Lyttelton (_a_) _The Persian strip’d of his
disguise ..._ Dublin, 1735, a small pamphlet of twenty-three pages
attacking Lyttelton’s “late libel intitled _Letters from a Persian in
England to his friend in Ispahan_.”
(_b_) The _Persian Letters continued_, London, 1736, third edition,
“erroneously ascribed to Lord Lyttelton.” (_Dictionary of National
Biography_.)
(_c_) Edward Moore’s poem in defense of Lord Lyttelton, _The Trial of
Selim the Persian for divers high crimes and misdemeanours_.
(Chalmers: _English Poets_, London, 1810, Vol. XIV., p. 202.)
(_d_) _The Court Secret a Melancholy Truth, now first translated from
the original Arabic by an Adept in the Oriental Tongues_, London,
1742, an anonymous work ascribed to Lord Lyttelton, but not included
in the third edition of his works.
Footnote 209:
_A Letter from Xo-Ho, a Chinese Philosopher at London, to his friend
Lien Chi at Peking_, in _Works_ of Horatio Walpole, Earl of Orford,
London, 1798, Vol. I., p. 205.
Footnote 210:
Cf. _The Citizen of the World_, edited by A. Dobson, 2 vols., London,
1893. Introduction, pp. xi, xii.
Footnote 211:
The earliest use of the phrase “citizen of the world” in English is
believed to be in “England’s Path to Wealth and Honour,” by Puckle,
1700. In that work is found “An honest man is a citizen of the world.
Gain equalizeth all places to me.” Cf. Socrates (Plutarch: _De
Exilio_, V.), “I am a citizen not of Athens or of Greece, but of the
world;” E. Edwards: _Words, Facts, and Phrases_, London, 1882, pp.
117, 118; also Dante, “My country is the whole world,” _De vulg.
eloq._ lib. 1, cap. 6, quoted by Burckhardt: _Civilization of the
Renaissance ..._ tr. Middlemore ... 1904, pp. 132, 133, and note.
Footnote 212:
Cf. _Nouvelle Biographie Générale_ ... sous la Direction de M. le Dr.
Hoefer ... Paris, Firmin Didot Frères, Fils et Cie, Editeurs ... 1865,
Tome 35; article on “Monbron,” which mentions _Le Cosmopolite_, 1750,
and adds: “Il y a des exemplaires, avec la date de 1752, qui portent
le titre: ‘Le Citoyen du monde.’” E. H. Coleridge, _Works of Lord
Byron_, London, New York, 1901, Vol. II. (_Childe Harold_,
title-page), gives 1753 instead of 1752; and T. Moore, _Works of Lord
Byron_, London, 1832, Vol. VIII., gives 1798.
Footnote 213:
“L’univers est une espèce de livre, dont on n’a lu que la première page
quand on n’a vu que son pays. J’en ai feuilleté un assez grand nombre,
que j’ai trouvé également mauvaises. Cet examen ne m’a point été
infructueux. Je haïssais ma patrie. Toutes les impertinences de
peuples divers, parmi lesquels j’ai vécu, m’ont réconcilié avec elle.
Quand je n’aurais tiré d’autre bénéfice de mes voyages que celui-là,
je n’en regretterais ni les frais ni les fatigues.”
Footnote 214:
_Hau Kiou Chooan; or the pleasing History, a translation_ [by J.
Wilkinson] _from the Chinese ..._ [edited by T. Percy], London, 1761.
Cf. App. B, II., No. 28, pp. 299, 300.
Footnote 215:
Cf. _Letters from a Chinese Official, being an Eastern View of Western
Civilization_ by G. Lowes Dickinson. New York, McClure, Phillips &
Co., MCMIII. Mr. Dickinson’s book is an exceedingly interesting and
timely criticism of Western civilization, and an instance of the
vitality of the pseudo-letter genre, when the author has something to
say. Cf. Mr. William Jennings Bryan’s reply: _Letters to a Chinese
Official, being a Western View of Eastern Civilization_. New York,
McClure, Phillips & Co., MCMVI.
Footnote 216:
Quotations are from _The Citizen of the World, by Oliver Goldsmith_,
edited by Austin Dobson, London, 1893, 2 vols.
Footnote 217:
Cf. note on this _Letter_ in Dobson’s edition of _The Citizen of the
World_ (_op. cit._, p. 182, n.); W. Seele: _Voltaire’s Zadig_ (_op.
cit._, p. 128); and K. Campbell: _The Seven Sages of Rome ..._ Boston,
1907, Introduction, pp. ci-cviii, which gives seventy-six derivates
and analogues of the story known as _Vidua_, of which _The Matron of
Ephesus_ is the most famous version.
Footnote 218:
Possibly suggested by Addison’s tale, _Spectator_, No. 512.
Footnote 219:
Drawn from “the fables of Locman the Indian moralist.”
Footnote 220:
Cf. Sir William Chambers’s _Dissertation on Oriental Gardening_ ...
London, 1772; and Dobson’s edition (1893) of _The Citizen of the
World_, Vol. I., n. to p. 52, l. 4, in which the editor refers to _An
Heroic Epistle_ by William Mason, ridiculing Chambers’s
_Dissertation_. Cf. also the satire in verse, _Kien Long, a Chinese
Imperial eclogue translated from a curious Oriental manuscript and
inscribed to the author of An Heroic Epistle to Sir William Chambers_,
London, 1775.
Footnote 221:
Cf. pp. 71; 180 n. 1; 185; and 191, _ante_.
Footnote 222:
“Goldsmith remembered a quotation from Voltaire made by himself in _The
Monthly Review_ for August, 1757: ‘The success of the _Persian
Letters_ arose from the delicacy of their satire. That satire which,
in the mouth of an Asiatic, is poignant, would lose all its force when
coming from an European.’” Editor’s _Prefatory Note_ to _The Citizen
of the World_ in Vol. II., p. 86, _Works of Oliver Goldsmith_, edited
by Peter Cunningham, F.S.A., in four volumes, New York ... 1881.
Footnote 223:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 31, p. 277.
Footnote 224:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 38, p. 278.
Footnote 225:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 5, pp. 269, 270.
Footnote 226:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 25, p. 276.
Footnote 227:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 37, p. 278.
Footnote 228:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 58 (_a_), p. 285.
Footnote 229:
Cf. _The Works of Lord Byron ..._ edited ... by E. H. Coleridge, London,
New York, 1899, _Poetry_, Vol. II., p. 40, n.†.
Footnote 230:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 5 (_c_), p. 270.
Footnote 231:
In _Novels and Miscellaneous Works of Daniel Defoe_, Oxford, London,
1840, Vol. XII., pp. 101–135 and 154–181.
Footnote 232:
Cf. App. A, pp. 257, 258, _post_. Swift’s descriptive satirical poem,
_The Virtues of Sid Hamet the Magician’s Rod_, likewise uses oriental
disguise.
Footnote 233:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 54 (a), p. 284. It became popular also in
dramatic form, _The Sultan or a Peep into the Seraglio, a Farce in
two Acts_, by Isaac Bickerstaffe, first acted 1775; printed, 1784,
1786, 1787. Another of Marmontel’s works,—not a tale, but a
_comédie-ballet_,—called _Zemire et Azor_, formed the basis of a
popular comic opera, _Selima and Azor a Persian Tale_, with music
by Thomas Linley, Sr., London [1776]. It is a version of the story
of _Beauty and the Beast_.
Footnote 234:
Quoted in _Moral Tales by M. Marmontel. Translated from the French_ ...
New York, 1813, Vol. I.
Footnote 235:
Quotations that follow are from _Marmontel’s Moral Tales Selected_ ...
by George Saintsbury, London, 1895.
Footnote 236:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 39, pp. 279, 281.
Footnote 237:
R. Cambridge’s poem, _The Fakeer, a Tale_, first published in 1756, is
admittedly based on Voltaire. Chambers, _English Poets_, London, 1810,
Vol. XVIII., p. 288.
Footnote 238:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 36, p. 278.
Footnote 239:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 32, pp. 277, 278.
Footnote 240:
Translated also as _May-Flower, a Circassian Tale_, second edition,
Salisbury ... London, 1796. Cf. App. B, I., No. 51, pp. 283, 284.
Footnote 241:
Quoted in _The Cabinet of Irish Literature ..._ by Charles A. Read....
London, 1880, Vol. I., p. 94, n. 2.
Footnote 242:
_The Ram_, in _Select Tales_.... Translated from the French ... London,
1760.
Footnote 243:
“Embrouiller.”
Footnote 244:
_The Four Facardins_, in _Select Tales_ ... translated from the French,
London, 1760. Cf. also M. G. Lewis: _Romantic Tales_, London, 1808.
Footnote 245:
Cf. App. B, I., No. 49 (_b_), p. 283.
Footnote 246:
_Connoisseur_, No. 135. Chalmers, _English Poets_, London, 1810, Vol.
XV., p. 81.
Footnote 247:
Warton, in _Adventurer_, No. 139. Cf. also _World_, Nos. 26, 38, 59, 65,
205; _Rambler_, 82; _Adventurer_, 109; _Connoisseur_, 65, 73;
_Mirror_, 17; _Lounger_, 79; and Sir William Chambers’s _Designs of
Chinese Buildings, etc._, London, 1757.
Footnote 248:
Cf. (_a_) _The Blue Fairy Book ... edited with an Introduction by Andrew
Lang ..._ [Large Paper], London, 1889. Introduction: “Though published
in 1697, Perrault’s Contes de ma Mère l’Oye do not seem to have been
Englished till 1729. A version is advertised in a newspaper of that
year, but no copy exists in the British Museum.”
(_b_) _English Fairy Tales, collected by Joseph Jacobs ..._ third
edition ... New York, 1898, p. 229. _Notes._ “In the middle of the
last century the genius of Charles Perrault captivated English and
Scotch children.... Cinderella and Puss-in-Boots ... ousted Childe
Rowland, and Mr. Fox and Catskin. The superior elegance and clearness
of the French tales replaced the rude vigour of the English ones. What
Perrault began, the Grimms completed. Tom Tit Tot gave way to
Rumpelstilzchen.... The English Fairy Tale became a _mélange confus_
of Perrault and the Grimms.”
(_c_) The Countess D’Aulnoy’s _Tales of the Fairies_ was translated in
1707.
Footnote 249:
Cf. pp. 76, n. 2; 96, n. 1; and 204, n. 2, _ante_. Dramas based more or
less on oriental history appeared from time to time, _e.g._ Hughes’s
_Siege of Damascus_ (1720); D. Mallet’s _Mustapha_ (1739); Johnson’s
_Irene_ (1749); Hodson’s _Zoraida_ (1780); A. Dow’s _Zingis, a
Tragedy_, new edition (1773); and translations of Voltaire’s
_Mahomet_, _Zara_, and _Orphan of China_. Cf. Dr. Hoops, _Present
Problems_ (App. B, II., No. 33, p. 300).
Footnote 250:
_Works of A. Pope ..._ edited ... by ... Rev. W. L. Bowles, London,
1806, Vol. VIII., pp. 110, 112.
Footnote 251:
_Citizen of the World ..._ edited by A. Dobson ... London, 1893, p. 121,
note to p. 141, l. 25: “Mr. Tibs (is) a different person, by the way,
from the inimitable little Beau.”
Footnote 252:
Shenstone’s _Poems_, in Chalmers, _English Poets ..._ London, 1810, Vol.
XIII., p. 272.
Footnote 253:
Dr. Johnson (_Rambler_, No. 122) commends Knolles’s _History of the
Turks_, but declares the subject foreign and uninteresting, a remote
and barbarous nation “of which none desire to be informed.”
Footnote 254:
_Persia, Past and Present ..._ by A. V. W. Jackson ... New York, 1906,
p. 226. Cf. also _The Power of Bible Poetry_, by J. H. Gardiner in
_Atlantic Monthly_, September, 1906 (Vol. XCVIII., pp. 384–394).
Footnote 255:
Cf. _The Literary Remains of John Evelyn ..._ edited ... by William
Upcott ... second edition ... London, 1834. On p. xiii Evelyn’s
_Tyrannus or the Mode_ (1661) is mentioned as a “very curious and rare
pamphlet to be found ... in the second volume of the Evelyn papers,” a
pamphlet in which the author argues for the superiority of the Persian
fashion of dress over the English. Charles II. adopted the costume for
a short while, probably as a result of Evelyn’s reasoning. On pp.
141–167 is printed Evelyn’s _A Character of England as it was lately
presented in a letter to a nobleman of France_ (1651; third edition,
1659), a satiric jeu d’esprit, in which the author assumes the guise
of a Frenchman and gives a “character” of England from the French
point of view. He concludes: “In summe, my Lord, I have found so many
particulars worthy of reproof ... that to render you a veritable
account of England as it is at present I must pronounce with the
poet,—_Difficile est satyram non scribere_.”
Footnote 256:
Cf. _Trajano Boccalini’s Einfluss auf die Englische Literatur_, by R.
Brotanek, in _Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen u.
Literaturen_, Vol. CXI. (n. s. XI.), 1903; cf. also _Spectator_, No.
514, Steele’s _Vision of Parnassus_; Swift, _Journal to Stella_,
Saturday, April 28th, 1711; and others.
Footnote 257:
At the present writing there is no proof for, or against, a causal
relation; it is possible that Boccalini influenced Marana, but in the
absence of satisfactory evidence I do not wish to imply anything more
than an interesting and suggestive analogy. Cf. P. Toldo. _Dell’
Espion di Giovanni Paolo Marana e delle sue attinenze con le Lettres
Persanes del Montesquieu_, in _Giornale Storico_, Vol. XXIX., pp.
46–79; esp. 53; and Antonio Belloni, in Vol. VII. of _Storia
Litteraria d’Italia ... Il Seicento ..._ Milano, 1898–1899, p. 374.
Footnote 258:
Cf. W. Raleigh, _The English Novel ..._ New York, 1904. Fifth edition,
p. 120.
Footnote 259:
W. Raleigh, _op. cit._, p. 109.
Footnote 260:
_Works of A. Pope ..._ edited by Rev. W. L. Bowles, London, 1806, Vol.
VIII., pp. 110–112; Vol. IX., p. 372, n.
Footnote 261:
Spence, _op. cit._, on p. 77, n. 2; p. 169. “After reading the _Persian
Tales_ (and I had been reading Dryden’s _Fables_ just before them) I
had some thoughts of writing a Persian Fable; in which I should have
given full loose to description and imagination. It would have been a
very wild thing if I had executed it, but might not have been
unentertaining.”
Footnote 262:
During her husband’s embassy there, 1711–1718. _Letters and Works_ of
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu ... new edition, 2 vols., London, 1887. The
date of the first edition of _Turkish Letters_ was 1763.
Footnote 263:
_Swift’s Journal to Stella._ A.D. _1710–1713_, edited ... by F. Ryland,
London, 1897, p. 327. _Letter_ XL., January 26, 1711–1712.
Footnote 264:
Cf. numerous references in _Oliver Goldsmith ..._ by W. Irving. Hudson
edition ... New York, 1864.
Footnote 265:
_Works of Sir William Temple, Bart._, Vol. III., London, 1757, pp.
304–393; _Of heroic Virtue_, pp. 430–472. _An essay upon Ancient and
Modern Learning._
Footnote 266:
To this list other names might be added, _e.g._ that of Clara Reeve,
author of _The Old English Baron_ and editor of _Charoba_.
Footnote 267:
Cf. App. A, pp. 258, 259, Byron.
Footnote 268:
Cf. _Source of the Hall of Eblis by B. Cornwall_, by H. Jantzen, _Archiv
für das Studium der neueren Sprachen u. Literaturen ..._ Vol. CVIII.
(n. s. VIII.), 1902, p. 318 _et seq._
Footnote 269:
Cf. Chap. I., pp. 36–38.
Footnote 270:
Cf. Chap. I., p. 27.
Footnote 271:
Cf. App. A, pp. 259–262, Swift; 262, 263, Smollett; 263, Southey and
Thomson.
Footnote 272:
Cf. on the “goodness” of Haroun Alraschid, J. Payne: _The Book of the
Thousand Nights and One Night_, in nine volumes ... London, 1884, Vol.
IX. _Concluding Essay._
Footnote 273:
Cf. App. A, pp. 263–265, Wordsworth; 265, Scott; 265, 266, Dickens; 266,
Thackeray.
Footnote 274:
V. Chauvin, _Bibliographie des ouvrages arabes_, Vol. VI., § 286 n.,
“Pari Banou.” In _Waverley_, Chap. V., Scott refers to Prince
Hussain’s tapestry and Malek’s flying sentry-box. The subtitle of _The
Betrothed_ is _A Tale of the Crusaders_, but the story is in no
respects oriental.
Footnote 275:
_The Collected Writings of Thomas De Quincey ..._ edited by David
Masson, Edinburgh, 1889, Vol. I., pp. 127–130. Cf. _Revue des deux
Mondes_, 1896, Vol. 138, pp. 121, 122.
Footnote 276:
Cf. V. Chauvin, _op. cit._, Vol. VI., for influence of Arabian tales on
European writers. Of course nineteenth-century authors were influenced
also by versions of the _Arabian Nights_ later than those of the
period under discussion, _e.g._ those of J. Scott, Burton, Lane,
Payne, etc.
Footnote 277:
On one aspect of the duality in Dr. Johnson’s nature, cf. _The Prayers
of Dr. Johnson_, edited by W. A. Bradley, New York, 1902, pp. 84, 85.
Footnote 278:
I am informed by Professor Charles C. Torrey of Yale University, that
this legend, of the duel between Moses and “Auj” (Og, King of Bashan),
is found in the oldest Arabic history of Egypt, written about the
middle of the ninth century A.D.
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