LITERARY ESTIMATE
Upon a general survey of the four groups of oriental tales described in
the preceding chapters, one is impressed by the exceedingly diversified
nature of the collection, and—paradoxical though the statement may
seem—by the presence of a sufficient number of common qualities to give
the collection as a whole a distinctive character: it is “the oriental
tale in England in the eighteenth century.” In form this fiction
includes within its wide range the frame-tale, in which
stories—sometimes in letter-form—are inclosed; isolated apologues and
other short tales used to point the moral of an Addisonian or Johnsonian
essay; fantastic tales in which adventure is everything; tales equally
fantastic but coloured by satire; and tales with the thinnest possible
thread of plot to sustain the predominant satiric, moralistic, or
philosophic purpose. The characterization is uniformly slight, and tends
toward more or less abstract types. The scene is laid in the Orient,
from Egypt to China, or in Europe visited by Orientals; and is given a
picturesque background of strange Eastern customs, sometimes enriched by
allusions to religious or philosophical beliefs, often by lavish use of
magic and enchantment. Oriental or pseudo-oriental nomenclature aids in
producing the desired effect of remoteness. The language is usually
coloured by oriental phraseology, and is frequently—but not
necessarily—figurative and inflated. As might be expected, the amount of
local colour, the richness of detail, and the truth to oriental manners
and places are greater as the stories approximate genuine Eastern
fiction like the _Arabian Nights_. At the other end of the scale, in
thoroughly Anglicized oriental tales, such as _Rasselas_ and
_Nourjahad_, the background is pale and shadowy, details are sparse, and
references to Eastern places and customs are rare. But in all this
fiction there is a distinctly exotic flavour, distilled through the
medium of eighteenth-century ideas.
The general course of development of the genre in England followed the
lines of the similar French movement, but with characteristically
different emphasis. In France the movement—preluded by the
pseudo-oriental satire, _The Turkish Spy_—was initiated by highly
imaginative oriental translations contemporaneous with the fairy tales
of Perrault. It was continued by imitations in which qualities from both
oriental tales and fairy tales were blended,—notably extravagant
invention and magic; by literary parodies aimed at form and style; and
by social satires, ranging from comments on manners to philosophic
criticism of life. Finally, the natural decline of the oriental tale as
a genre, together with that of the fairy tale, was hastened by the
weight of extreme license on the one hand and of moralistic didacticism
on the other. In England, the _Arabian Nights_ and its companions were
warmly welcomed, but there was no sudden efflorescence of imaginative
and fanciful fiction as there had been in France. English writers at
first contented themselves, as far as imaginative tales were concerned,
with translating from the French. It is worth noting that they did not
translate the fairy tales of Perrault until 1729.[248] The blending of
the fairy tales with the oriental tales in France was one of the most
striking characteristics of the movement, and the comparative lack of
the fairy element in England limited, in so far, the initial scope of
the English movement. But in France, after the first furore, no new
kinds of purely imaginative oriental stories or fairy tales appeared;
while in England, from time to time throughout the century, imaginative
oriental tales were written, including realistic stories, a tragic
romance, _Charoba_ (translated from a seventeenth-century French
version), and a tale of terror, _Vathek_. In both countries dramas,
especially farces, were based on this fiction.[249]
Satire in France—as suggested above—followed two lines of development:
the social line inaugurated by Marana, and the literary or parodic,—a
natural reaction from the extravagances of the imaginative tales.
English satire in oriental guise was chiefly social, occasionally
political, rarely parodic. The reaction against the enthusiasm with
which the oriental tales had been greeted, was voiced not so much in
actual parody as in direct ridicule or critical disapproval. Pope’s
friend, Bishop Atterbury, was not alone in thinking “the Arabian Tales”
“so extravagant, monstrous, and disproportioned” that they “gave a
judicious eye pain.”[250] Pope’s own gibe at the hack-writer who could
“turn a Persian tale for half-a-crown” was echoed fifty years later by
Goldsmith: “Mr. Tibs [is] a very _useful hand_; he writes receipts for
the bite of a mad dog and throws off an eastern tale to
perfection.”[251] What there was of parody was directed against the
so-called oriental diction and phraseology, while in France parody was
aimed chiefly at the narrative form and the extravagance of incident. On
the whole, English satire had a narrower range and followed chiefly the
line of light and cheerful humour best exemplified in _The Citizen of
the World_. French satire, more pervasive and more penetrating,
expressed—especially when touched by the genius of Voltaire and
Montesquieu—something of the deep unrest of France in the eighteenth
century, the era before the Revolution. Even the _contes philosophiques_
are tinged with satire. The typical English writer of philosophic
oriental tales, on the contrary, dwelt in an imaginary country of pure
speculation, and entered the world of fact only for the purpose of
moralizing.
The emphasis which in France was thrown upon satire fell in England upon
philosophy and morals. From _The Vision of Mirza_ to _Rasselas_; from
Parnell’s _Hermit_ to Miss Edgeworth’s _Murad the Unlucky_; throughout
the entire period the two tendencies were steadily prominent. At the
outset, Addison and Steele set the example of wresting the new
imaginative oriental fiction just received from France out of its
original shape into something more conformable to their sincere ideas of
worthy literature. Dr. Johnson and many others, especially in the
periodical essays, intensified this didactic tradition. In literary
merit the philosophic tales take precedence over the moralistic, though
the latter are far more numerous. Enough has been said in the preceding
chapters to make clear the character of the two groups. The questions at
present of greater importance in our discussion are the reasons why the
genre in England followed the philosophic and moralistic tendencies and
the other lines of development mentioned in the preceding paragraphs.
How may we account for the presence and more or less general popularity
of this fiction in England during the eighteenth century? Why were the
imaginative tales so soon diverted to didactic purposes?
The environment into which the _Arabian Nights_ and the _Persian Tales_
came was that of an age which expressed itself most naturally in
rationalistic prose and satiric verse. The moralizing tendency,
characteristic also of the eighteenth century on the continent, has been
called a fundamental instinct of the British character; and at that time
was so powerful and widespread as to colour all English literature. Even
Fielding did not escape, much less the writers of these Eastern stories.
The environment proved stronger than the new organism. Too exotic to
become easily acclimated, such tales were regarded as entertaining
trifles, to be tolerated seriously only when utilized to point a moral.
The moralizing tendency and the rationalistic mood were two barriers
opposed to the free development of imaginative oriental fiction. A third
obstacle was the deference shown to the canons of French classicism. All
things French were welcomed, but only those sanctioned by Boileau found
lasting and serious consideration; and the sober second thought of
Augustan criticism was thus strengthened in its disdain of the oriental
tale. Furthermore, a barrier existed in the insularity of English life
and thought. Aside from her connection with France, England was
surprisingly insular in the early eighteenth century. Literary England
was confined, in large measure, to London alone, because of the
practical difficulties of communicating with the country. Roads were
bad, journeys difficult and perilous. Foreign travel was by no means so
common as later in the century. The East was indeed the “Far East,”
chiefly used as a figure of speech for fabulous wealth or excessive
tyranny. Usually the contrast was drawn in favour of England. Dyer, in
his poem, _The Fleece_, even praises the happy English sheep in
comparison with the less favoured sheep of other lands. Mohammedanism
was regarded as an imposture and Buddhism was practically unknown. It
was not until the victories of Clive in India and the era of expansion
under the elder Pitt that England took any vital interest in the
Orient,—an interest first expressed in literature by direct translations
from oriental language in the last quarter of the century. In the
earlier decades, England, on the whole prosperous and peaceful under
Walpole’s long rule, was satisfied with her insularity; a feeling voiced
by Shenstone in the poem entitled, _Declining an invitation to visit
foreign Countries, he takes Occasion to intimate the Advantages of his
own_.[252]
But, even had there been no such obstacles to overcome in the
environment, a barrier to the free imaginative development of the
oriental tale would have existed in the character of the first
eighteenth-century translations of oriental fiction. They lacked too
frequently not only the graphic detail, which in accounts of far distant
lands fascinates the reader, but also the deeper elements of
characterization that make the whole world kin and are the most potent
means of breaking down superficial barriers between alien peoples. When
Galland prepared his version of the _Arabian Nights_ for European
readers, he omitted not only the coarseness of the original, but also
many of its interesting minutiæ, details which give to our later
versions—Burton’s and Payne’s, for instance—the charm of good tales of
travel, and produce in the reader the vivid sense of actually being in
the picturesque Orient. The French and English successors of Galland
followed him in this respect and fell short even of his achievement.
Hardly any English writers until past the middle of the century knew or
apparently cared to know the East well, either through travel or through
books; hence the pale and colourless quality of their oriental
fiction.[253] Beckford was the first to introduce much picturesque
detail, and in so doing anticipated the methods of Moore, Southey,
Byron, and their successors.
The lack of vivid descriptions, however, was far less serious than the
presence of alien elements without the saving grace of deep human
interest. Unlike Gothic legend, Celtic poem, or English ballad, the
oriental tale formed no intimate part of the national heritage.
Something latent or sleeping in the nature of the English people was
roused during this century by a sudden revival of interest in things
their ancestors had loved and lived with; and Percy’s _Reliques_,
Walpole’s _Castle of Otranto_, the _Poems of Ossian_, struck a
responsive chord. But the oriental tale was alien; and incident,
atmosphere, fancies, understood and liked by Eastern listeners, seemed
too grotesque and incredible to make more than a limited appeal to
untraveled English readers. They welcomed, rather, with characteristic
heartiness the homely, realistic background of Defoe’s stories. If the
oriental tale had emphasized the more fundamental elements of human
character—the passions of love, hate, ambition, revenge—in addition to
the spirit of adventure and delight in the picturesque and the
mysterious, then whatever was alien in setting or incident would have
been no barrier. For instance, the oriental custom most frequently
alluded to by English writers throughout the century is the suttee. They
were impressed not only by the outlandish barbarity of the custom, but
also by the universal ideal of supreme fidelity in love and heroic
devotion to religious belief. Witness also the strong appeal made to-day
to Western imaginations by modern versions of Afghan ballads afire with
passion; or by romantic legends like that of the Persian sculptor,
Farhad, and the Princess Schirin.[254]
But in spite of all these barriers to the free imaginative development
of this fiction,—the rationalistic classicism; the moralistic,
philosophic, and satiric moods; the insularity of the English people;
and the alien characteristics of the oriental tale,—nevertheless, the
presence and the genuine if limited popularity of this fiction in
eighteenth-century England are undeniable facts. The reasons behind
these facts will bring us to the question of the ultimate significance
of the genre as a manifestation of the Romantic spirit.
The first and obvious reason for the welcome given the oriental tale by
the London of Pope and Addison—despite Bishop Atterbury’s censure—was
that it came from France. Especially since 1660, French influence had
prevailed in England, French literary critics were regarded as
authoritative, and French fashions in literature were followed. Since,
then, the vogue of the oriental tale was so great in France, it was
naturally echoed in England. That the fairy tales—equally popular in
France—did not cross the Channel at that time may be due to the fact
that Perrault drew directly from French folk-lore, and hence made an
especial appeal to the French people; and that the Countess D’Aulnoy and
other aristocratic ladies gave to the stories they retold from
Straparola a prestige only local. Moreover, the fairy tales—charming as
they are—lack the quality possessed by the _Arabian Nights_,—what we
have called “the sense of reality in the midst of unreality,” a quality
particularly attractive to English readers.
The same fact of French influence accounts largely for the favourable
reception given to the _Turkish Spy_, and later to the _Lettres
Persanes_. The popularity of such oriental pseudo-letters in England was
a part of a general European tendency.[255] Similarly England had shared
in a widely diffused interest in an analogous form of satire; that of
Boccalini’s _Ragguagli di Parnaso_, a type generally known and
frequently imitated throughout seventeenth-century Europe.[256]
Boccalini had imagined Apollo, king of Parnassus, conducting discussions
among his courtiers,—men of genius from every nation and age,—and
passing criticism on political and literary questions; Boccalini himself
being the reporter who brought these “Advices” from Parnassus to Europe.
The analogy between such satire and that of Marana is striking. In one
sense Apollo and the departed shades, observing Europe from the remote
regions of mythology, were forerunners and equivalents of the later
learned Turkish spies, Persian travelers, and Chinese philosophers from
the Far East.[257]
Another reason for the welcome given the _Arabian Nights_ and _The
Persian Tales_ is found in connection with the history of the novel.
The elements of interest essential to great narrative art are plot,
character, and background. Of these essentials it has been said that
the _Sir Roger de Coverley_ papers possess two: admirable
characterization and well-defined background; and that the absence
of plot alone denies to _Sir Roger de Coverley_ the name of the
first English novel.[258] Almost exactly contemporary with the _De
Coverley_ papers appeared the _Arabian Nights_; and, in the light of
what has just been said, the auspicious reception of these oriental
tales gains new significance. Stories of pure adventure, in
fantastic and often brilliant setting, sometimes emotional or
sentimental, never strong in characterization—they offered just that
element of plot which was lacking in the periodical sketches. The
plot, indeed, is frequently strong only in incident, and is tangled
in construction. Yet, in the _Arabian Nights_, there are several
tales that, in certain respects, deserve to be called classical;
_Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves_, or _Zeyn Alasnam and the King of
the Genii_, for instance, despite all their oriental decorations,
are admirably simple and well-proportioned; and the _Arabian
Nights_, as a whole, is a treasure-house of story perhaps
unsurpassed in literature. Nothing so rich in adventurous incident
appeared in England until _Robinson Crusoe_ (1719); and in plot
nothing so well-constructed as some of these tales until Fielding’s
masterpieces. Historians of English fiction have insufficiently
recognized the fact that the oriental tale was one of the forms of
literature that gave to the reading public in Augustan England the
element of plot which, to a certain extent, supplemented that of
character, afforded by sketches like the _De Coverley_ papers. The
English novel, as a recent writer has pointed out in his admirable
outline of its history, is particularly rich in the variety of
elements assisting in its development. Of the seventeenth century he
writes: “The heroic romance died and left no issue. And the
influence that the century exercised on the growth of pure fiction,
the foundations it laid for the coming novel, are to be sought, not
in the writers of romance, but in the followers of other branches of
literature, often remote enough from fiction, in satirists and
allegorists, newspaper scribes and biographers, writers of travel
and adventure, and fashionable comic playwrights.”[259] Yet the
translators of oriental fiction in the early eighteenth
century—“writers of romance” in one sense though they were—deserve a
place among these diverse influences. The _Arabian Nights_ was the
fairy godmother of the English novel.
But the love of story for the story’s sake was not the only or the chief
reason for the welcome given the _Arabian Nights_ and its immediate
successors. In France, the popularity of these fantastic and marvelous
stories, restless in plot and exuberant in colour, had testified to a
truant desire to escape from the strict artistic rules and classical
ideals of masters like Boileau. Conditions were similar in England.
Pseudo-classicism was the natural literary ideal of the men gathered in
the coffee-houses around Pope and Addison. The rule of reason, of order,
of good sense, was unquestioned; and, to so keen and clever a society,
the satiric verse of Pope was ideal poetry. But even the author of the
_Essay on Criticism_ allowed his fancy to stray at times beyond the
well-defined limits of traditional art. He enjoyed the Arabian Tales,
commended them to his friend, Bishop Atterbury,[260] and planned himself
to write a “wild” Eastern tale.[261] Lady Montagu did much to excite and
to gratify curiosity concerning Turkish life by her entertaining letters
from Constantinople.[262] Swift read the _Arabian Nights_ and fairy
tales. He writes to Stella: “I borrowed one or two idle books of _Contes
des Fées_ and have been reading them these two days, although I have
much business upon my hands.”[263] Goldsmith dreamed ardently of a
journey to the Far East,[264] and Dr. Johnson himself came somewhat
under the oriental spell. The men of the eighteenth century were not
devoid of passion and imagination; they were not without a love for the
country, though they liked the town far better; they were not without an
appreciation of nature, though they preferred cultivated plains to
“horrid Alps”; but they considered it bad form to express such feelings
in polite society or in serious literature. Oppressed by the bare and
hard rationalism of the day, people craved more and more earnestly
adequate food for their imagination, their fancy, their emotion. This
hunger explains the growing interest in varied fields of artistic
activity: the popularity of the new Italian operas and of Handel’s
oratorios, the vogue of the bourgeois drama, the interest in Hogarth’s
realistic art, and the appearance of nature poetry like Thomson’s
_Seasons_.
To the general though gradual romantic expansion of outlook there are
many witnesses; and it is significant to note that the strand of
interest in the Orient is interwoven with other romantic threads. As
early as 1692, Sir William Temple shows interest in Norse poetry and
mythology, in Indian and Chinese life and art.[265] Addison soon follows
with his defense of _Chevy Chase_; Ambrose Philips, the translator of
the _Persian Tales_, also edits old English ballads, and Bishop Percy,
toward the end of the period, manifests a curious range of interest:
English ballads, Northern antiquities, Chinese literature, etc.[266]
Similarly in France, Caylus, Pétis de la Croix, and Galland had been
antiquarians as well as orientalists. In such a widening of outlook the
Romantic Movement resembles the Renaissance.
The chief reason, then, for the popularity of the oriental fiction was
its romantic character. No wonder that the growing demands of the
reaction against pseudo-classicism found a certain satisfaction in these
extraordinary tales, which brought into the comparatively gray and
colourless life of Augustan England the fascinating marvels of oriental
legend, encompassed, even in the translations from the French, by
something of the magical atmosphere and strange glamour of the East. It
would be as difficult as superfluous to analyze the world-wide charm of
these tales. The caliph in disguise, wandering the streets of Bagdad in
search of adventure, appeals to the same naïve sense of delight that is
excited by Richard Cœur-de-Lion or Robin Hood. There is in most people
at all times something of the child’s love of the marvelous. In the
eighteenth century a special reason for the popularity of these tales
lay in the fact that they offered to the reactionary spirit, always
characteristic of romanticism, romantic themes and treatment, and voiced
the romantic mood. In varying degree these stories show a love of
adventure and of mystery; a desire to excite the feelings of surprise,
horror, or delight; a child’s joy in the extravagant, the unusual, and
the exotic; and an equally childlike desire to achieve the apparently
impossible. The _Persian Tales_ is tinged with sentimentalism;
Anglicized tales such as _Rasselas_ sound a decided note of subjectivity
and melancholy; _Vathek_ is unreal and “wild.” It is interesting to find
Horace Walpole calling his _Castle of Otranto_ “so wild a tale,” for
just this quality of wildness in both the oriental and the Gothic tale
manifests romantic longings. In the one there is the reactionary desire
to escape to the far-away, mysterious East,—the remote in space; in the
other, the desire to return to the Middle Ages,—the remote in time; in
both, the longing for picturesque colouring, for magical atmosphere, for
strangeness, coupled sometimes with beauty, sometimes with horror.
But, it may be said, the oriental tale is romantic only in external
qualities, and should be classed as pseudo-romantic. Every romantic
revival passes through a stage of what may be called pseudo-romanticism
or, more accurately, superficial romanticism, gradually deepening and
strengthening as it grows toward its culmination. The movement known in
literary history as the Romantic Movement in England began almost
imperceptibly early in the eighteenth century. Its sources were as
diverse as those of the English novel. If we take as the highest
standards of English romanticism the picturesque, objective mediævalism
of Scott; the deep spirituality of Wordsworth; the intense subjectivity
of Emily Bronté; Shelley’s “cloudless clarity of light”; the strange
beauty of Keats’s verse,—the sense of melancholy, of mystery, of
sympathy with sorrow found in all great romantic poets,—then the
beginnings of English romanticism seem what they are, mere beginnings,
so remote from the great romantic literature that the difference in
degree amounts to a difference in kind. From this point of view,
critical analysis, noting that the Gothic tale and the oriental tale
lack the more subtle and essential elements of the romantic spirit,
justly regards them as romantic only in externals.
Yet romanticism is a relative term; and if all that is not romantic in
the highest sense be dismissed as unromantic, there is great danger of
ignoring the gradual evolution of the profounder elements of the
romantic spirit and of overlooking the genuine romanticism latent or
obscured in early romantic art. Critics of classicism, who regard solely
the highest forms in which that literary tendency embodies itself, often
pay the penalty of losing perspective, of disregarding evolution. If the
great classics—Homer, Æschylus, Virgil—be taken as the norm, then works
of the later Greek or Roman periods, or the so-called “classic” period
in France, may be regarded justly as pseudo-classical. At the same time,
genuinely classical qualities are present in Racine and Corneille, and
must be recognized, together with the equally obvious pseudo-classical
elements, as contributing to the evolution of French classicism. Here,
again, it is a question of the point of view. Criticism may consider a
work of art in the light of the absolute standard,—the ideal,—and may
also consider it in relation to the evolution of literary types or
tendencies.
In judging a romantic revival, such criticism finds its task at once
peculiarly difficult and peculiarly interesting; for the very nature of
romanticism is elusive, and its methods are those of symbolism and
suggestion rather than of clear definition. Yet, taking a broad view
over the entire romantic revival in England,—and the same holds true of
France in even greater degree,—one can see clearly that the orientalism
and pseudo-orientalism of the eighteenth century distinctly preluded the
use of oriental material by the romantic writers of the early nineteenth
century. As Allan Ramsay and Thomson prepared the way for Burns and
Wordsworth, so, less obviously, but none the less truly, the translators
and writers of the oriental tale, together with historians and
travelers, were forerunners of Southey, Moore, Byron, Matthew Arnold,
Fitzgerald, and many others, on to Kipling in the present day.
Moreover, the oriental tale directly contributed romantic elements to
the imaginative inheritance of later writers. Its influence is clearly
traceable throughout the entire nineteenth century. We have seen that
the _History of Charoba_ was the acknowledged inspiration of Landor’s
_Gebir_. _Vathek_ exerted great influence on Byron’s youthful work, an
influence easily understood if one recalls the mockery, the
sensuousness, and the brilliant setting of Beckford’s masterpiece, and
especially the sinister horror of the catastrophe.[267] Barry Cornwall
drew more definitely from _Vathek_ in his brief poem, _The Hall of
Eblis_.[268] Beckford himself borrowed directly from the _Adventures of
Abdalla_ and the _Mogul Tales_.[269] Lewis may have derived his tale of
terror, _The Monk_, from a _Turkish Tale_.[270] Possibly Swift also drew
from the _Turkish Tales_.[271] Smollett makes Lydia, the sentimental
country heroine of _Humphrey Clinker_, compare the “grandeur” of London
to the dazzling enchantments of oriental story.[271] Southey explicitly
states his indebtedness to the _New Arabian Nights_ for the idea of
_Thalaba_.[271] James Thomson (1834–1882), with equal frankness,
acknowledges his obligation to the _Arabian Nights_, in the case of _The
Doom of a City_.[271] Tennyson’s early poem, _Recollections of the
Arabian Nights_, is a good instance of the strong appeal made to
youthful imagination by the splendours of
“the golden prime
Of good Haroun Alraschid.”[272]
Wordsworth and Scott, as schoolboys, came eagerly under the spell.
“The tales that charm away the wakeful night
In Araby”
were to Wordsworth a precious treasure, setting free the child’s
imagination.[273] Part of the romantic charm of Venice in Wordsworth’s
eye, was that
“Once did she hold the gorgeous East in fee.”
Scott’s mature imagination also retained an interest in the Orient;
witness _The Talisman_, _The Surgeon’s Daughter_, _Count Robert of
Paris_, and possibly the arrow contest in _The Monastery_.[274] De
Quincey, in one of the most interesting passages in his
_Autobiography_,[275] after disparaging remarks concerning _Sindbad_ and
_Aladdin_, goes on to say that one solitary section of the latter story
“fixed and fascinated” his gaze: the incident of the murderous
magician,—who could gain the lamp only by the aid of a pure
child,—listening with ear to the ground in order to distinguish the
footsteps of his innocent young victim thousands of miles away. Dickens
in _David Copperfield_, Thackeray in _Vanity Fair_ and _The Virginians_,
and Stevenson in many passages, testify to a fondness for oriental
tales. Instances might be multiplied, but enough have been given to show
clearly that the oriental tales, from the early versions of the _Arabian
Nights_ on, have had a distinct value in stimulating the imagination of
numerous writers and countless readers.[276] In all these cases, the
vital and life-giving elements in this fiction have been the picturesque
and suggestive details about strange oriental customs; mysterious ideas
like metempsychosis; entertaining narrative; richness of invention,—in
short, the romantic qualities. These have constituted the chief charm of
oriental story from the time of Addison to the present day.
It must always be remembered that the oriental tale met with disapproval
as well as with favour. The full significance of the genre is understood
only when we recognize it as a test of the public opinion of the age
concerning romanticism, and not merely as a witness to the romantic
mood. On the one hand, condemned by typical men of letters as “wild” and
“romantick,” it reveals the strength of Augustan classicism as the law
of the land; on the other, welcomed with enthusiasm, persisting in one
form or another throughout the century, utilized even by such defenders
of the classical stronghold as Dr. Johnson,[277] it testifies, by its
mere presence, to the new spirit of romanticism.
But before the death of the last great classicist of the century new
forces were already at work, which were to bring the Orient much nearer
to England than ever before. The growth of the Indian empire, of
commercial intercourse with the East, and of the new democratic belief
in the brotherhood of the whole world, helped to break down England’s
insularity and to awaken a fresh interest in the Orient. In letters,
this modern spirit was first expressed by the increased number of
travelers’ accounts, and by the accompanying activity of orientalists
under the guidance of Sir William Jones. Direct translations from
oriental languages into English made a notable contribution to English
knowledge of Eastern life and literature, and had a large share in
turning the imaginations of nineteenth-century poets and story-tellers
toward the use of oriental material. A fresh chapter in the history of
oriental influence upon England thus opened. This chapter—still in the
making—has been distinguished throughout its entire course by actual
first-hand knowledge of the Orient,—one vital characteristic which
throws it into sharp contrast with the chapter discussed in the present
volume. But to consider even the beginnings of the modern period, in the
new scholarly movement inaugurated by Sir William Jones, would carry us
beyond the limits of our subject. By the time the new movement was well
under way, the oriental tale of the eighteenth century had done its work
and had passed on its inheritance to its successors.
APPENDIX A
NOTES
Page 204, =Sterne=. The manuscript of Sterne’s _Bramine’s Journal_, now
in the British Museum (Add. Ms. 34,527), is exhibited with the following
note: “The _Bramine’s Journal_, being Sterne’s Journal addressed to Mrs.
Eliza Draper after her departure for India. It extends from 13 April
(1767) to 4 August with a postscript on 1 Nov. and is entirely in the
author’s hand. It is full of expressions of extreme devotion, and was
discontinued on the arrival of Mrs. Sterne. At the beginning is a note
(evidently prefixed with a view to publication) stating that the names
are fictitious and the whole translated from a French manuscript. The
page exhibited contains the record for 17 June: ‘I have brought your
name _Eliza_! and Picture into my Work [The Sentimental Journey, see the
page exhibited above, No. 23] where they will remain when you and I are
at rest forever.—Some annotator or explainer of my works in this place
will take occasion to speak of the Friendship which subsisted so long
and faithfully betwixt Yorick and the Lady he speaks of.’ See also the
letter of W. M. Thackeray exhibited in Case VII., No. 44, written after
reading the Ms. [Add. Ms. 34,527]. Bequeathed in 1894 by T. W. Gibbs,
Esq.” In Case VII. the letter exhibited reads as follows: “He wasn’t
dying, but lying, I’m afraid—God help him—a falser and wickeder man it’s
difficult to read of.... Of course any man is welcome to believe as he
likes for me _except_ a parson: I can’t help looking upon Swift and
Sterne as a couple of traitors and renegades—... with a scornful pity
for them in spite of their genius and greatness.” “Dated 12 Sept. [1851]
Holograph. [Add. Ms. 34,527, f. 75.] Bequeathed in 1894 by T. W. Gibbs,
Esq.”
Page 251, note 1, =Byron=. On Byron’s indebtedness to the oriental tale,
cf. (_a_) _Die Belesenheit des jungen Byrons_ ... Dissertation ... von
Ludwig Fuhrmann, Berlin, 1903, pp. 60, 61, also 5, 6.
(_b_) _Byron’s und Moore’s Orientalische Gedichte, Eine Parallele_ ...
Dissertation ... von O. Thiergen. Leipzig, 1880.
(_c_) _Byron und Moore_ ... Dissertation ... von Edgar Dawson. Leipzig,
1902, p. 60.
(_d_), (1), _Childe Harold_, Canto I., 22, note by editor. _Works of
Lord Byron_ ... edited by T. Moore, in 14 vols., Vol. VIII. London,
1832: “‘Vathek’ (says Lord Byron in one of his diaries) was one of the
tales I had a very early admiration of. For correctness of costume,
beauty of description, and power of imagination, it far surpasses all
European imitations; and bears such marks of originality, that those who
have visited the East will find some difficulty in believing it to be no
more than a translation. As an Eastern tale, even Rasselas must bow
before it: his ‘happy valley’ will not bear a comparison with the ‘Hall
of Eblis.’”
(2) _The Siege of Corinth_, same edition, Vol. X., p. 131, Byron
acknowledges that an idea in certain lines was drawn from _Vathek_, and
then goes on to say, “[_Vathek_ is] a work to which I have before
referred; and never recur to, or read, without a renewal of
gratification.”
(3) _The Giaour_, same edition, Vol. IX., p. 178,
“To wander round lost Eblis throne;
And, fire unquenched, unquenchable,
Around, within thy heart shall dwell;” etc.
(4) _Manfred_, Act II., Sc. 4, p. 112 and notes. _Poetry_, Vol. IV., of
_The Works of Lord Byron ..._ edited by E. H. Coleridge ... London ...
New York, 1901. Byron’s note at beginning of the scene, “The Hall of
Arimanes—Arimanes on his Throne, a Globe of Fire, surrounded by the
Spirits.”
Page 252, note 4, =Swift=. (In strict compliance with our avowed
exclusion of Hebrew literature from our subject, the following note
would be omitted. But since the _Turkish Tales_ is little known to-day,
the student of Swift may find it convenient to have access to this
curious story here.) In the _Turkish Tales_, the story of the King of
Aad, a distorted legend[278] based on the conflict of the Children of
Israel with Og, King of Bashan and the Sons of Anak, reads as follows
[abridged from H. Weber: _Tales of the East_, Edinburgh, 1812, Vol.
III., p. 198]:—
“Aoudge-Ibn-Anak, King of Aad, being informed that the prophet Mousa, at
the head of 600,000 Israelites, was coming to preach the Jewish religion
to him, sent an army.... The prophet was strangely surprised when he saw
the King of Aad’s troops ... whose children were above an hundred feet
high. His zeal then cooled a little; and before coming into action, ...
he sent twelve doctors to tell their prince that it was a great pity
such proper men should be ignorant of God. This compliment was not
difficult to remember; and yet the doctors forgot it when they came into
the presence of Aoudge, who was cutting his nails with a terrible large
axe. This monstrous king, seeing the prophet’s twelve doctors so
affrighted that they could not speak one word, began to laugh so loud
that the echo resounded for the space of fifty leagues around; he then
put them all into the hollow of his left hand, and turning them about
like ants with the little finger of his right hand, he said, ‘If these
wretched animals would but speak, we would give them to our children for
playthings.’ After this, he put them into his pocket and marched
[against] the Israelites. When he came [near], he pulled their twelve
doctors out of his pocket; but they were no sooner on the ground than
they fled with all possible speed, and never looked behind them. The
Jews, terrified with the enormous size of their enemies, abandoned their
prophet. Their wives attempted in vain to animate and embolden them; but
their timorous husbands forced them with them in their flight, saying,
‘Let us fly, and leave the affair to the prophet. The Lord hath no
occasion for anybody besides himself to work a miracle.’ Mousa ... then
marched singly against the people of Aad. The terrible Aoudge expected
him unconcerned ... and lanced a rock at him, which had crushed the
prophet if God had not sent an angel in the shape of a bird, which, with
one peck of his bill, cleft the rock in two.... Mousa then ... by a
prodigious effort of the Omnipotent Power became 70 cubits higher than
his natural stature; he then flew into the air for the space of 70
cubits, and his rod was 70 cubits long, with which he touched Aoudge’s
knee, and that prince died suddenly. The people of Aad immediately fled,
and the Israelites returned to offer their service to the prophet; who
said to them, ‘Since you are so timorous, as not to have courage enough
to follow the generous counsel of your wives, God will make you wander
in the lands of Teyhyazousi, for the space of 40 years.’”
Cf. in a _Voyage to Lilliput_, in _Gulliver’s Travels_, edited by G. R.
Dennis, London, 1899, Vol. VIII., p. 30, of _Prose Works_ of J. Swift,
edited by Temple Scott, the incident of Gulliver’s putting into his
pocket five Lilliputians, who had shot arrows at him. “As to the sixth,
I made countenance as if I would eat him alive. The poor man squalled
terribly ... but ... looking mildly ... I set him gently on the ground,
and away he ran. I treated the rest in the same manner, taking them one
by one out of my pocket....” The picture of Aoudge holding the doctors
in his hand and putting them into his pocket is quite in the manner of
Swift; the mockery of the doctors and the ironical description of the
courageous wives of the Jews, and of the miracle, is thoroughly Swiftian
in spirit. Yet the similarity may be chance coincidence. Cf. Dennis,
_op. cit._, _Introduction_, p. xxiii, on the sources of _Gulliver’s
Travels_.
Page 252, note 4, =Smollett=. Cf. The Works of _Tobias Smollett ..._
Edinburgh, 1883. On pp. 497, 498 of _The Expedition of Humphrey
Clinker_, Lydia Melford writes about London to her friend Miss Letitia
Willis at Gloucester: “All that you read of wealth and grandeur in the
Arabian Nights’ Entertainments and the Persian Tales, concerning Bagdad,
Diabekir, Damascus, Ispahan, and Samarkand, is here realized....
Ranelagh looks like the enchanted palace of a genie, adorned with the
most exquisite performances of painting, carving, and gilding,
enlightened with a thousand golden lamps that emulate the noonday sun;
crowded with the great, the rich, the gay, the happy, and the fair;
glittering with cloth of gold and silver, lace, embroidery and precious
stones. While these exulting sons and daughters of felicity tread this
round of pleasure, or regale in different parties and separate lodges,
with fine imperial tea and other delicious refreshments, their ears are
entertained with the most ravishing delights of music, both instrumental
and vocal.... I really thought myself in paradise.”
Page 252, n. 4, =Southey=. Cf. _Thalaba the Destroyer_. In the Preface
to the fourth edition, Cintra, 1800, quoted on p. 6 of Vol. IV.,
_Poetical Works of R. Southey_, Boston, 1880, Southey writes: “In the
continuation of the Arabian Tales, the Domdaniel is mentioned,—a
seminary of evil magicians, under the roots of the sea. From this seed
the present romance has grown.”
Page 252, n. 4, =James Thomson= (1634–1882). Cf. _Poetical Works of
James Thomson_, edited ... by B. Dobell in 2 vols., London, 1895, Vol.
II., p. 109, _The City of Dreadful Night_. Thomson says, p. 442, note 3,
“The city of the statues is from the tale of Zobeide in the History of
the Three Ladies of Bagdad and the Three Calendars. This episode and the
account of the Kingdoms of the Sea in Prince Beder and —— impressed my
boyhood more powerfully than anything else in the Arabian Nights.”
Page 253, n. 1, =Wordsworth=. Cf. _The Prelude_, Book V. _The Poetical
Works of William Wordsworth_, edited ... by E. Dowden in 7 vols., l. 460
_et seq._, Vol. VII., London, 1893.
“A precious treasure had I long possessed,
A little yellow, canvas-covered book,
A slender abstract of the Arabian Tales;
And, from companions in a new abode,
When first I learnt, that this dear prize of mine
Was but a block hewn from a mighty quarry—
That there were four large volumes, laden all
With kindred matter, ’twas to me, in truth,
A promise scarcely earthly. Instantly,
With one not richer than myself, I made
A covenant that each should lay aside
The moneys he possessed, and hoard up more,
Till our joint savings had amassed enough
To make this book our own. Through several months
In spite of all temptation, we preserved
Religiously that vow; but firmness failed.
Nor were we ever masters of our wish.
And when thereafter to my father’s house
The holidays returned me, there to find
That golden store of books which I had left,
What joy was mine! How often....
For a whole day together, have I lain
Down by thy side, O Derwent! murmuring stream,
On the hot stones, and in the glaring sun,
And there have read, devouring as I read,
· · · · ·
A gracious spirit o’er this earth presides,
And o’er the heart of man: invisibly
It comes, to works of unreproved delight,
And tendency benign, directing those
Who care not, know not, think not what they do.
The tales that charm away the wakeful night
In Araby, romances; legends penned
For solace by dim light of monkish lamps;
Fictions, for ladies of their love, devised
By youthful squires; adventures endless,
· · · · ·
Dumb yearnings, hidden appetites, are ours,
And _they must_ have their food. Our childhood sits,
Our simple childhood, sits upon a throne
That hath more power than all the elements.
... Ye dreamers, then
Forgers of daring tales! we bless you then.
Imposters, drivellers, dotards, as the ape
Philosophy will call you: _then_ we feel
With what, and how great might ye are in league,
Who make our wish, our power, our thought a deed,
An empire, a possession,—ye whom time
And seasons serve; all Faculties to whom
Earth crouches, the elements are potter’s clay,
Space like a heaven filled up with northern lights,
Here, nowhere, there, and everywhere at once.”
Page 253, n. 1, =Scott=. Cf. _Autobiography_ in Lockhart’s _Life of
Scott_, in five vols., Vol. I., p. 29, Boston, 1902.
“In the intervals of my school hours I had always perused with avidity
such books of history or poetry or voyages and travels as chance
presented to me—not forgetting the usual, or rather ten times the usual
quantity of fairy tales, eastern stories, romances, &c. These studies
were totally unregulated and undirected. My tutor thought it almost a
sin to open a profane book or poem.” Cf. also references such as that in
_Waverley_, Chap. V., to Prince Hussein’s tapestry, and “Malek’s flying
sentry box”; and in the Introduction to _Quentin Durward_ to the
“generous Aboulcasem.”
Page 253, n. 1, =Dickens=. (1) _David Copperfield_, Chap. IV. “My father
had left a small collection of books.... From that blessed little room,
Roderick Random, Peregrine Pickle, Humphrey Clinker, Tom Jones, The
Vicar of Wakefield, Don Quixote, Gil Blas, and Robinson Crusoe, came
out, a glorious host, to keep me company. They kept alive my fancy, and
my hope of something beyond that place and time [his dreary
childhood],—they, and the Arabian Nights and the Tales of the Genii,—and
did me no harm.”
(2) When a child, Dickens wrote a tragedy called _Misnar, the Sultan of
India_, founded on the _Tales of the Genii_. See _Life of Dickens_ by
John Forster, Vol. I., pp. 7, 29, 34; also Chauvin, _op. cit._, IV., p.
11.
Page 253, n. 1, =Thackeray=. Cf. (1) _Vanity Fair_, Chap. V. “On a
sunshiny afternoon ... poor William Dobbin ... was lying under a tree in
the playground, spelling over a favorite copy of the _Arabian
Nights_—apart from the rest of the school—quite lonely and almost
happy.... Dobbin had for once forgotten the world and was away with
Sinbad the Sailor in the Valley of Diamonds or with Prince Ahmed and the
Fairy Peribanon in that delightful cavern where the prince found her,
and whither we should all like to make a tour.” Chap. III. “She [Becky]
had a vivid imagination; she had, besides, read the _Arabian Nights_ and
_Guthrie’s Geography_.”
(2) _The Virginians_, Chap. XXIII. Hetty Lambert “brought out ‘The
Persian Tales’ from her mamma’s closet.” Chap. XXX. Harry Warrington
writes home of reading “in French the translation of an Arabian Work of
Tales, very diverting.”
(3) _Roundabout Papers._ In the paper “On a Lazy, Idle Boy,” Thackeray
refers to “a score of white-bearded, white-robed warriors, or grave
seniors of the city, seated at the gate of Jaffa or Beyrout, and
listening to the story teller reciting his marvels out of _The Arabian
Nights_.”
(4) _Eastern Sketches_ contains many references to the pleasure
Thackeray has always taken in the _Arabian Nights_, _e.g._ pp. 338, 339,
of _Works_, Vol. X.
APPENDIX B. I.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
_A list of the more important oriental tales published in English during
the period under consideration. The order of arrangement is determined
by the date of the earliest edition extant. The works of each author are
grouped under his name. Editions given immediately after the titles are
first editions unless otherwise stated. Editions starred are those
referred to in the text or notes._
_Abbreviations_: Sp. = _Spectator_; Gu. = _Guardian_; Fr. =
_Freeholder_; Ra. = _Rambler_; Adv. = _Adventurer_; Wo. = _World_;
Con. = _Connoisseur_; Ba. = _Babler_; Id. = _Idler_; Mir. = _Mirror_;
Obs. = _Observer_; tr. = _translated_.
1. 1687. =Marana, Giovanni Paolo.= _Letters writ by a Turkish Spy, who
liv’d five and forty years ... at Paris: giving an Account ... of
the most remarkable transactions of Europe ... from 1637 to 1682_
[tr. from French, by W. Bradshaw, and edited by Robert Midgley,
M.D.], 8 vols., London, 1687–1693. Twenty-second edition, 1734; ...
edition, *1748; twenty-sixth edition, 1770.
2. 1700, =Brown, Thomas=. _Amusements Serious and Comical Calculated
for the Meridian of London_, separately published in 1700; and also
in the _Works of Thomas Brown, in three volumes, with a Character of
the author by James Drake, M.D._, *1707–1708. Cf. the four volumes
in the Boston Athenæum; (_a_) the title-page of the first volume
reads, _The Works of Thomas Brown, Serious, Moral, Comical and
Satyrical In Four Volumes, containing Amusements_ [then follows
table of contents of all four volumes]. _To which is prefixed a
Character of Mr. Brown and his Writings, by James Drake, M.D. The
Fourth edition, Corrected, with large Additions, and a Supplement_,
London. Printed for Samuel Briscoe, 1715; (_b_) the title-page of
the third volume reads, _The Third Volume of the Works of Mr. Tho.
Brown, Being Amusements, Serious and Comical, Calculated for the
Meridian of London. Letters Serious and Comical to Gentlemen and
Ladies. Æneas Sylvius’s Letters in English. A Walk around London and
Westminster, Exposing the Vices and Follies of the Town. The
Dispensary, a Farce. The London and Lacedemonian Oracles. The Third
Edition, with large Additions._ London, Printed for Sam. Briscoe,
and sold by J. Morphew near Stationers’ Hall,* 171-[date imperfect,
conjecture: 1711]. In the last-named volume, “_A Walk around London
and ... the Town_,” p. 244, is entitled also, _The Second Part of
the Amusements Serious and Comical_.
3. 1700. =[Avery, John]=?
(_a_) _The Life and Adventures of Captain John Avery ... now in
possession of Madagascar written by a person who made his escape
from thence_, 1700.
(_b_) _The King of the Pirates, being an account of the Famous
Enterprises of Captain Avery, the Mock King of Madagascar, with
His Rambles and Piracies, wherein all the Sham Accounts formerly
publish’d of him, are detected. In two Letters from Himself: one
during his Stay at Madagascar and one since his Escape from
thence_, London, 1720. [According to J. K. Langton in _Dict.
Nat. Biog._ article, “John Avery,” (_b_) has been attributed to
Defoe, and both (_a_) and (_b_) are “fiction, with scarcely a
substratum of fact”].
4. Between 1704 and 1712. _Arabian Nights Entertainments: consisting
of One Thousand and One Stories, told by the Sultaness of the
Indies, to divert the Sultan from the Execution of a bloody vow ...,
containing a better account of the Customs, Manners, and Religion of
the Eastern Nations, viz.: Tartars, Persians and Indians, than is to
be met with [in] any Author hitherto published. Translated into
French from the Arabian MSS. by M. Galland, ... and now done into
English from the third Edition in French...._ The fourth Edition,
London, Printed for Andrew Bell, In 12 [vols. 1–6], *1713–1715.
First edition, date unknown; second edition, *1712; edition called
the fourteenth edition, London, *1778, 4 vols. [= “the oldest
edition which I have seen containing the latter half of Galland’s
version.” W. F. Kirby in App. II., p. 467, Vol. X., of Burton’s
_Arabian Nights_, Benares, 1884].
5. 1705. =Defoe, Daniel.=
(_a_) _The Consolidator: or Memoirs of Sundry Transactions from
the World in the Moon, Translated from the Lunar Language. By
the Author of the True-Born Englishman_, London, ... *1705.
(_b_) _The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe_, London, *1719.
(_c_) _A System of Magic_, London, *1726.
6. 1707. _Arimant and Tamira; an eastern tale_ [in verse] _In the
manner of Dryden’s fables; By a gentleman of Cambridge_. London,
1707.
7. 1708. _Turkish Tales; consisting of several Extraordinary
Adventures: with the History of the Sultaness of Persia and the
viziers. Written Originally in the Turkish Language by Chec Zade,
for the use of Amurath II., and now done into English._ London ...
Jacob Tonson, *1768. Cf. also No. 15 (_b_) below: 1714, _Persian and
Turkish Tales compleat_.
8. 1708. =Abu Jaafar Ebn Tophail.= _The Improvement of Human Reason,
exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn Yokdhan; Written in Arabick above
500 years ago, by Abu Jaafar Ebn Tophail.... Translated by Simon
Ockley_ ..., London ... *1708; another edition, 1711. The first
English version was published in 1674, anonymously, with the title
“_An Account of the Oriental Philosophy ... [etc.]_.” Cf. _Brit.
Mus. Catalogue_ under “Abu Jaafar Ebn Tophail,” and _Dict. Nat.
Biog._ under “Geo. Ashwell” (1612–1695). Cf. for full title of
Ockley’s translation, pp. 126, 127, _ante_.
9. (1710?). =Ali Mohammed Hadji= (_pseud._). _A brief and merry
History of Great Britain, containing an account of the religion,
customs ... etc. of the people, written originally in Arabick by Ali
Mohammed Hadji.... Faithfully rendered into English by A. Hillier_,
London (1710?). Another edition, *1730.
10. 1711. =Bidpai.= Principal eighteenth-century versions. (1) _Æsop
Naturalized, in a collection of fables and stories from Æsop ...
Pilpay and others ..._ London, *1711; another edition, 1771; (2)
_The Instructive and Entertaining Fables of Pilpay, an ancient
Indian Philosopher, containing a number of excellent rules for the
conduct of persons of all ages._ London, 1743. [This is a
reproduction of the 1679 version, “_Made for the Duke of
Gloucester_.”] Other editions, 1747, 1754; fifth edition, 1775;
sixth edition, 1789. Cf. Chauvin, _Bibliographie_, II., pp. 33, 40,
70, and Table opposite p. 1. The earliest English version of Bidpai
is Sir Thomas North’s _Morall Philosophie of Doni ..._ 1570.
11. 1711. =Addison, Joseph.=
[_Sp._ No. 50, April 27, 1711. _Observations by four Indian
Kings._]
_Sp._ No. 94, June 18, 1711. (1) _Mahomet’s journey to the seven
heavens._ (2) _The adventures of the Sultan of Egypt._
_Sp._ No. 159, Sept. 1, 1711. _The Vision of Mirza._
_Sp._ No. 195, Oct. 13, 1711. _Story of sick king cured by
exercise with drugged mallet._
[_Sp._ No. 237, Dec. 1, 1711. _Jewish tradition concerning
Moses._]
_Sp._ No. 289, Jan. 31, 1711–1712. _Story of the dervish who
mistakes a palace for an inn._
_Sp._ No. 293, Feb. 5, 1711–1712. _Persian fable of drop of water
which became a pearl._
_Sp._ No. 343, April 3, 1712. _Story of Pug the monkey._
_Sp._ No. 349, April 10, 1712. _Story of courageous Muli Moluc,
Emperor of Morocco._
_Sp._ No. 511, Oct. 16, 1712. (1) _Persian marriage-auction._ (2)
_Merchant who purchased old woman in a sack._
_Sp._ No. 512, Oct. 17, 1712. _Story of Sultan Mahmoud and his
vizier._
_Sp._ No. 535, Nov. 13, 1712. _Story of Alnaschar._
_Gu._ No. 99, July 4, 1713. _Persian story of just sultan._
_Gu._ No. 167, Sept. 22, 1713. _Story of Helim and Abdallah._
_Sp._ No. 557, June 21, 1714. _Letter to the King of Bantam._
_Sp._ Nos. 584 and 585, Aug. 23 and 25, 1714. _Story of Hilpa,
Harpath, and Shalum._
_Fr._ No. 17, Feb. 17, 1716. _Persian Emperor’s riddle._
12. 1712. =Unknown Contributors to Guardian and Spectator.=
_Gu._ No. 162, Sept. 16, 1712. _Story of Schacabac and the
Barmecide._
_Sp._ No. 578, Aug. 9, 1714. _Story of Fadlallah and Zemroude._
_Sp._ No. 587, Aug. 30, 1714. _Story of Mahomet, Gabriel, and the
black drop of sin._
_Sp._ No. 604, Oct. 8, 1714. _Vision at Grand Cairo._
_Sp._ No. 631, Dec. 10, 1714. _Story of the dervise who forgot to
wash his hands._
13. 1713. =Pope, Alexander.=
_Gu._ No. 61, May 21, 1713. _Fable of the traveller and the
adder._
14. 1712. =Steele, Sir Richard.=
_Sp._ No. 545, Nov. 25, 1712. _Letter from the Emperor of China to
the Pope._
_Gu._ No. 148, Aug. 31, 1713. _Story of the Santon Barsisa._
15. 1714. _Persian Tales._
(_a_) _The Thousand and One Days, Persian Tales. Translated from
the French by Mr. Ambrose Philips._ London, *1714–1715. [Cf.
Chauvin, _Bibliographie_, IV., pp. 123–127.] Third edition,
1722; fifth, 1738; sixth, 1750; *seventh, 1765; other editions,
1781, 1783.
(_b_) _The Persian and the Turkish Tales compleat_ [sic]
_Translated formerly from those languages into French_ [or
rather compiled] _by M. Pétis de la Croix ..._ [assisted by A.
R. Le Sage] _and now into Englsh_ [sic] _from that translation
by ... Dr. King, and several other hands. To which are added;
Two letters from a French Abbot to his friend at Paris, giving
an account of the island of Madagascar; and of the French
Embassador’s reception by the King of Siam._ London, *1714.
(_c_) Cf. Edward Button, _A New Translation of the Persian Tales_,
London, 1754; and the anonymous _Persian Tales designed for use
and entertainment_, *Coburg, 1779–1781.
16. 1717. =Kora Selyn Oglan= (_pseud._). _The Conduct of Christians
made the sport of Infidels in a letter from a Turkish merchant at
Amsterdam to the Grand Mufti at Constantinople on occasion of ...
the late scandalous quarrel among the clergy_, *1717.
17. 1720. =Brémond, G. De.= _The Beautiful Turk, Translated from the
French original, Printed in the Year 1720._ [London.] This is
another translation of the French tale by G. de Brémond translated
“by B. B.” as _Hattige or the amours of the King of Tamaran_,
published in Amsterdam, 1680; and also in Vol. I., *1679 or 1683(?)
in R. Bentley’s _Modern Novels_.
18. 1722. (Dec. 11, 1721.) =Parnell, Thomas.= _The Hermit_, printed
posthumously in _Poems on Several Occasions.—Written by Dr. Thomas
Parnell, late Arch-Deacon of Clogher: and published by Mr. Pope._
London, *1722 (Dec. 11, 1721). For numerous volumes containing this
poem, see _Brit. Mus. Catalogue_.
19. 1722. =Aubin, Mrs. Penelope.= _The Noble Slaves, or the Lives and
Adventures of Two Lords and Two Ladies_ (in Aubin’s _Histories and
Novels_), London, *1722. Another edition, Dublin, (1730); also in
Mrs. E. Griffith’s collection, 1777.
20. 1722. =Mailly= [or =Mailli=], =Chevalier de=. _The Travels and
Adventures of three princes of Sarendip. Intermixed with eight
delightful and entertaining novels, translated from the Persian_ [or
rather the Italian of Chr. Armeno] _into French, an_ [sic] _from
thence done into English_. London, *1722.
21. 1725. =Segrais, J. Regnauld de.= _Bajazet or The Imprudent
Favorite_, in _Five Novels Translated from the French_. London,
*1725.
22. 1725. =Gueullette, Thomas Simon.=
(_a_) _Chinese Tales, or the wonderful Adventures of the Mandarin
Fum-Hoam translated from the French_ [of T. S. Gueullette].
London, 1725. Another translation, _Chinese Tales ...
Fum-Hoam ... translated by the Rev. Mr. Stackhouse_, London,
n.d. (Cook’s pocket edition of select novels). Another edition,
*1781.
(_b_) _Mogul Tales ... Now first translated into English ... With
a prefatory discourse on the usefulness of Romances._ London,
*1736. Second edition, 1743.
(_c_) _Tartarian Tales, or a thousand and one Quarters of Hours,
Written in French by the celebrated Mr. Guelletee_ [sic] _Author
of the Chinese, Mogul and other Tales. The whole now for the
first time translated into English by Thomas Flloyd._ London,
printed for J. and R. Tonson in the Strand, *1759. Another
edition, Dublin, printed for Wm. Williamson, Bookseller, at
Mæcenas’s Head, Bride St., 1764; another edition, London, 1785;
printed in the _Novelist’s Magazine_, 1785.
(_d_) _Peruvian Tales related in one thousand and one hours, by
one of the select virgins of Cuzco to the Ynca of Peru ...
Translated from the original French by S. Humphreys (continued
by J. Kelly)._ Fourth edition. London, 1764. Another edition,
1786.
23. 1729. =Bignon, Jean Paul.= _Adventures of Abdalla, Son of Hanif,
sent by the Sultan of the Indies to make a Discovery of the island
of Borico ... translated into French from an Arabick manuscript ...
by Mr. de Sandisson_ [_pseud._] _... done into English by William
Hatchett...._ London, *1729. Second edition, *1730.
24. 1730. =Montesquieu, C. de Secondat, Baron de.= _Persian Letters
Translated by Mr. Ozell._ London, *1730. Third edition, 1731; sixth
edition, anon., Edinburgh, *1773.
25. 1730. =Gomez, Mme. Madeleine Angelique (Poisson) de.= _Persian
Anecdotes; or, Secret memoirs of the Court of Persia. Written
originally in French, for the Entertainment of the King, by the
celebrated Madame de Gomez, Author of La Belle Assemblée. Translated
by Paul Chamberlain, Gent._ London *1730. The title in the _British
Museum Catalogue_ reads, “_The Persian Anecdotes ... Persia,
containing the history of those two illustrious heroes,
Sophy-Ismael, surnamed the Great, and Tor, King of Ormus, etc._
[Translated from the French by P. Chamberlen.] London, 1730.”
26. 1731. [=Boles, W.?=] _Milk for Babes, Meat for Strong Men and Wine
for Petitioners, Being a Comical, Sarcastical, Theological Account
of a late Election at Bagdad, for Cailiff of that City. Faithfully
Translated from the Arabick, and Collated with the most Authentic
Original Manuscripts. By the Great, Learned and Most Ingenious
Alexander the Copper Smith...._ Second edition, Cork, *1731.
27. 1733. [=D’Orville, Adrien de la Vieuville.=] _The Adventures of
Prince Jakaya or the Triumph of Love over Ambition, being Secret
Memoirs of the Ottoman Court. Translated from the Original
French...._ London, *1733.
28. 1735. =Lyttelton, George=, First Baron (1709–1773). _Letters from
a Persian in England to his friend at Ispahan._ London, *1735. Fifth
edition, 1774; printed also in Harrison’s _British Classicks_,
London, *1787–1793. Vol. I.; and in numerous editions of Lyttelton’s
_Works_. See _Brit. Mus. Catalogue_.
29. 1735. =Crébillon, C. P. Jolyot de.=
(_a_) _The Skimmer, or the history of Tanzai and Neardarné (a
Japanese tale), tr. from the French._—1735. Another edition,
1778.
(_b_) _The Sopha, a moral tale, tr. from the French_ (a new
edition).... London, 1781.
30. 1736. _The Persian Letters, continued._ Third edition, London,
*1736 [“erroneously ascribed to Lord Lyttelton,” _Dict. Nat.
Biog._].
31. 1739. =Boyer (Jean Baptiste de) Marquis d’Argens.= _Chinese
Letters; being a philosophical, historical, and critical
correspondence between a Chinese Traveler at Paris and his
countrymen in China, Muscovy, Persia, and Japan. Translated ...
into_ [or rather written in] _French by the Marquis d’Argens; and
now done into English...._ London, *1741.
32. (17-?). =Bougeant, G. H.= _The Wonderful Travels of Prince
Fan-Feredin, Translated from the French_ [of G. H. Bougeant, *1735],
Northampton, n.d. For full title, cf. p. 213, _ante_.
33. 1741. =Haywood, Mrs. Eliza.= _The Unfortunate Princess, or the
Ambitious Statesman, containing the Life and surprizing_ [sic]
_Adventures of the Princess of Ijaveo [Ijaves], Interspers’d with
several curious and entertaining Novels_. London, *1741.
34. 1742. =Collins, William.= _Persian Eclogues, Written originally
for the entertainment of the Ladies of Tauris and now translated_,
*1742; reprinted *1757 as _Oriental Eclogues_.
35. 1744. _The Lady’s Drawing Room ... interspersed with entertaining
and affecting Novels._ London, *1744 [contains _The History of
Rodomond and the Beautiful Indian_, and _The History of Henrietta de
Bellgrave_].
36. 1745. =Caylus, A. C. P. de Tubières, Comte de.= _Oriental Tales,
collected from an Arabian Manuscript in the Library of the King of
France...._ London, *1745. Another edition (1750?).
37. 1745. =Vieux-maisons, Mme. de= _or_ =Pecquet, A. (?)=. _The
Perseis, or secret memoirs for a History of Persia_ [a political
satire], _translated from the French with a key...._ London, *1745.
Another edition, 1765.
38. 1748. =Graffigny, F. Huguet de.= _Letters written by a Peruvian
Princess, translated from the French_ [of F. Huguet de Graffigny].
London, 1748. Another edition, Dublin, *1748. Another translation,
_The Peruvian Letters, translated from the French, with an
additional original volume by R. Roberts_. London, 1774.
39. 1749. =Voltaire, F. M. Arouet de.=
1749. (_a_) _Zadig, or the Book of Fate, an Oriental History,
translated from the French original of M. Voltaire_, London,
printed for John Brindley, etc., *1749. A version by F. Ashmore,
London, 1780; another edition, 1794. Also in (1) _The Works of
M. de Voltaire Translated from the French with Notes, Historical
and Critical. By T. Smollett, M.D., T. Francklin, M.A., and
others_, Vols. I.–XXV., London ... 1761–1765; Vol. XI., ...
London ... 1762; in (2) _The Works of M. de Voltaire. Translated
from the French with Notes, Historical, critical and
Explanatory. By T. Francklin, D.D., Chaplain to his Majesty, and
late Greek Professor in the University of Cambridge, T.
Smollett, M.D., and others._ A new edition, 38 vols.,
1778–1761–1781, Vol. XI. ... London ... 1779; and in (3)
_Romances, Tales and Smaller Pieces of M. de Voltaire_, Vol.
I., ... London.... 1794.
1754. (_b_) _Babouc or the World as it goes. By ... Voltaire. To
which are added letters, etc._ London, *1754. Also in (1)
_Works_, Vol. XI., 1762; in (2) _Works_ (new edition), Vol. XI.,
1779; and in (3) _Romances_, 1794, all cited above under
_Zadig_.
1762. (_c_) _A Letter from a Turk concerning the Faquirs, and his
Friend Bababec_, in (1) _Works_, Vol. XIII., 1762 (?); in (2)
_Works_, new edition, Vol. XIII., 1779; and in (3) _Romances_,
1794, all cited above under _Zadig_.
1762. (_d_) _History of the Travels of Scarmentado. Written by
himself_, in (1) _Works_, Vol. XII., *1762 (?); in (2) _Works_,
new edition, Vol. XII., 1779; and in (3) _Romances_, 1794, all
cited above under _Zadig_.
1762. (_e_) _Memnon; or Human Wisdom._ [_Memnon the Philosopher_]
in (1) _Works_, Vol. XIII., *1762 (?); in (2) _Works_, new
edition, Vol. XIII., 1779; and in (3) _Romances_, 1794, all
cited above under _Zadig_.
1763. (_f_) _History of a Good Bramin_ in (1) _Works_, Vol. XXVI.,
*1763; and in (2) _Works_, new edition, Vol. XIX., 1780, both
cited above under _Zadig_. Also printed separately as follows:
_The History of a Good Bramin to which is annexed an essay on
the reciprocal contempt of nations proceeding from their
vanity._ London, 1795 [no author or translator given].
1765. (_g_) _The Black and the White_, in (1) _Works_, Vol. XXV.,
*1765; and in (3) _Romances_, 1794, both cited above under
_Zadig_.
1769. (_h_) _The Princess of Babylon._ London, *1769. Also in (1)
_Works ..._ Vol. XXV., 1770; and in (3) _Romances_, 1794, both
cited above under _Zadig_.
1774. (_i_) _The White Bull_ [tr. by J. Bentham], *1774. Also in
(3) _Romances_, 1794, cited above under _Zadig_.
1774. (_j_) _The Hermit, an Oriental Tale. Newly translated from
the French of M. de Voltaire_ [being a chapter of _Zadig_],
1774.
[_N.B._—Apparently Voltaire’s oriental sketches: _André des Touches at
Siam_, _A Conversation with a Chinese_, and _An Adventure in India_,
as well as the _Letters of Amabed_, were not translated into English
in the eighteenth century.]
40. 1750. =Johnson, Samuel.=
_Ra._ No. 38, July 28, 1750. _Hamet and Raschid._
_Ra._ No. 65, Oct. 1750. _Obidah, the son of Abensima, and the
Hermit._
_Ra._ No. 120, May 11, 1751. _Nouradin the Merchant and his son
Almamoulin._
_Ra._ No. 190, Jan. 11, 1752. _Morad the son of Hanuth and his son
Abonzaid._
_Ra._ Nos. 204, 205, Feb. 29, March 3, 1752. _Seged, Lord of
Ethiopia._
1759. _The Prince of Abissinia_ [sic], _a Tale_ [= _Rasselas_].
London, 1759. Second edition, 1759; another edition, Dublin,
1759; ... ninth edition, 1793.
_Id._ No. 75, Sept. 22, 1759. _Gelalledin._
_Id._ No. 99, March 8, 1760. _Ortogrul of Basra._
_Id._ No. 101, March 22, 1760. _Omar, Son of Hassan._
41. 1750? _The History of Abdallah and Zoraide, or Filial and Paternal
Love.... To which is added The Maiden Tower or a Description of an
Eastern Cave, Together with Contentment, a Fable._ London *(1750?).
42. 1752. =Hawkesworth, John.=
_Adv._ No. 5, Nov. 21, 1752. _The Transmigrations of a Soul._
_Adv._ Nos. 20, 21, 22, Jan. 13, 16, 20, 1753. _The Ring of
Amurath._
_Adv._ No. 32, Feb. 24, 1753. _Omar the Hermit and Hassan._
_Adv._ No. 72, July 14, 1753. _The Story of Amana and Nouraddin._
_Adv._ No. 76, July 28, 1753. _The Story of Bozaldab._
_Adv._ No. 91, Sept. 18, 1753. _Yamodin and Tamira._
_Adv._ No. 114, Dec. 8, 1753. _Almet the Dervise._
_Adv._ No. 132, Feb. 9, 1754. _Carazan._
1761. _Almoran and Hamet: an Oriental Tale._ London, 1761, 2 vols.
Second edition, London, 1761; another edition, 1780; another,
London (1794?).
43. 1753. =Moore, E.=
_Wo._ No. 40, Oct. 4, 1753. _Prince Ruzvanchad and the princess
Cheheristany, The Infelicities of Marriage._
44. 1754. =Cambridge, Richard Owen.=
(_a_) _Wo._ No. 72, May 16, 1754. _Princess Parizade._
(_b_) _The Fakeer, a Tale_ [in verse], —— 1756.
45. 1754. =Colman and Thornton.=
_Con._ No. 21, June 20, 1754. _Story of Tquassaouw and
Knonmquaiha._
46. 1754. =Le Camus, A.= _Abdeker, or the art of preserving beauty.
Translated from an Arabic manuscript_ [or rather from the French of
A. Le Camus]. London, *1754. Another edition, Dublin, 1756.
47. 1754. =Murphy, Arthur, Esq.= _Works of A. Murphy_ in 7 volumes.
London, 1786. Vol. VI. contains the _Gray’s Inn Journal_, in No. 64
of which, Jan. 5, 1754, is a tale (entitled, _Aboulcasem of
Bagdad_), said to be by “my friend Capt. Gulliver.”
48. 1755. =Transmarine, Mr.= [_pseud._]. _The Life and surprizing_
[sic] _Adventures of Friga Reveep ... Written in French by himself
and translated into English by Mr. Transmarine_, *1755. For full
title, cf. pp. 48, 49, _ante_.
49. 1757. =Walpole, Horace.=
(_a_) _A Letter from Xo-Ho, a Chinese Philosopher at London to his
friend Lien Chi at Peking_, *1757.
(_b_) _Hieroglyphic Tales._ Strawberry Hill, *1785.
50. 1760. =Goldsmith, Oliver.=
(_a_) _The Citizen of the World_, first printed in form of
bi-weekly letters in Newbery’s _Public Ledger_ beginning Jan.
24, 1760. First edition, London, *1762. 2 vols. Other editions,
1769, 1774, 1796.
(1765). (_b_) _Asem, an Eastern Tale: or a vindication of the
wisdom of Providence in the moral government of the world_
*(1765 or 1759?). Cf. footnote to p. 125, _ante_.
51. 1760. =Hamilton, Antoine, Count.=
1760. (_a_) _The History of the Thorn-Flower_ [= _May-Flower_], in
(1) _Select Tales of Count Hamilton, Author of the Life and
Memoirs of the Count de Grammont, Translated from the French_.
In two volumes. Vol. I., London ... 1760; and (2) _History of
May-Flower, A Circassian Tale_, second edition ... Salisbury ...
London, 1796.
(_b_) _The Ram_, in (1) 1760, cited above under _The History of
the Thorn-Flower_.
(_c_) _The History of the Four Facardins_, in Vol. II. of (1),
1760, cited above under _The History of the Thorn-Flower_.
52. 1762. =Langhorne, John.= _Solyman and Almena._ Probably *1762.
Second edition, London, 1764; also edition in 1781; and one in East
Windsor, Connecticut, 1799.
53. 1764. =Ridley, James=, Rev., Chaplain to the East India Company
[_Morell, Sir C._ = _pseud._]. _Tales of the Genii; or ...
Delightful Lessons of Horam, the Son of Asmar ... tr. from the
Persian Manuscript by Sir C. Morell_, 1764. 2 vols. Also editions
1780, *1785, *1794.
54. 1764. =Marmontel, J. F.=
1764. (_a_) _Soliman II._ in (1) _Moral Tales by M. Marmontel_,
*1764–1766 (?). Vol. I.... London ... *1764; in (2) _Moral
Tales, by M. Marmontel. In three Volumes._ Vol. I., Edinburgh,
1768; in (3) _Moral Tales, by M. Marmontel Translated from the
French, by C. Dennis and R. Lloyd. In three Volumes._ Vol. I.,
London ... 1781; in (4) another edition of (3) Vol. I.,
Manchester ... [1790 (?)]; in (5) _Moral Tales by M. Marmontel.
Translated from the French. In two Volumes._ Vol. I. Cooke’s
edition ... London ... (1795); and in (6) _Moral Tales by M.
Marmontel._ Vol. I. A new edition ... London ... 1800.
1766 (?). (_b_) _Friendship put to the Test_ in (1) Vol. III.
*(1766?) of (1) cited above under _Soliman II._; in (2) Vol.
III. (1768) of (2) cited above under _Soliman II._; in (3) Vol.
III., 1781, of (3) cited above under _Soliman II._; in (4) =
(4), (1790?), cited above under _Soliman II._; in (5) = (5),
(1795), cited above under _Soliman II._; in (6) _Marmontel’s
Tales, Selected and abridged for the Instruction and Amusement
of Youth, by Mrs. Pilkington ..._ London ... 1799; and in (7) =
(6), 1800, cited above under _Soliman II._
1799. (_c_) _The Watermen of Besons_, in (6) cited above under
_Friendship put to the Test_.
55. 1767. [=Kelly, Hugh.=]
_Ba._ June 18, [1767]. _Orasmin and Elmira, an Oriental Tale._
Also printed in Harrison’s _British Classicks_, Vol. VI.,
London, *1794.
56. 1767. =Sterne, Laurence.= _The Bramine’s Journal._ Written 1767,
unpublished Ms. in the Additional Ms. 34,527, in British Museum.
57. 1767. [=Sheridan, Mrs. Frances (Chamberlaine).=] _The History of
Nourjahad. By the editor of Sidney Biddulph_; Dublin, *1767. Other
editions, London, 1788, and 1792.
58. 1769. =Smollett, Tobias G.=
1769. (_a_) _The History and Adventures of an Atom by Nathaniel
Peacock_ [_i.e._ T. Smollett]. London, 2 vols., *1749 [1769].
Tenth edition, London, 2 vols., 1778; Edinburgh, 1784; London,
1786.
1773. (_b_) _The Orientalist: A Volume of Tales after the Eastern
Taste. By the Author of Roderick Random, Sir Lancelot Greaves,
&c., and others...._ Dublin, *1773.
59. 1769. =Musgrave, Sir W.= _The Female Captive_ [_i.e._ Mrs. Crisp]
_a narrative of Facts which happened in Barbary in 1756 written by
herself_. London, *1769, 2 vols.
60. 1769. =D’Alenzon Mons.= _The Bonze or Chinese Anchorite, an
Oriental Epic Novel Translated from the Mandarine Language of
Hoamchi-vam, a Tartarian Proselite, by Mons. D’Alenzon...._ London,
*1769, 2 vols. [also 1770?]. Cf., for full title, p. 126, n. 1,
_ante_.
61. 1770. =Chatterton, Thomas.=
(_a_) _Narva and Mored, an African Eclogue_, first printed in
_London Magazine_, May, *1770; and reprinted in the
_Miscellanies_, *1778.
(_b_) _The Death of Nicou, an African Eclogue_, first printed in
_London Magazine_, June, *1770; and reprinted in the
_Miscellanies_, *1778.
(_c_) _Heccar and Gaira, an African Eclogue_, printed in the
_Supplement to the Miscellanies_, *1784; (written Jan. 1770).
62. 1774. =Vaucluse, Mad^e Fauques= [or =Falques=] =de=. _The Vizirs,
or the Enchanted Labyrinth, an Oriental Tale._ London, *1774, 3
vols.
63. 1774. =Johnstone, Charles.=
(_a_) _The History of Arsaces, Prince of Betlis, by the editor of
Chrysal._ London, *1774.
(_b_) _The Pilgrim, or a Picture of Life, in a series of letters
written mostly from London by a Chinese philosopher to his
friend at Quang-Tong, containing remarks upon the Laws, Customs
and Manners of the English and other Nations...._ London
*[1775], 2 vols. Other editions, London, 1775; Dublin, 1775.
64. 1776. =Irwin, Eyles.=
(_a_) _Bedukah, or the Self-Devoted. An Indian Pastoral. By the
Author of Saint Thomas’s Mount...._ London ... *1776.
(_b_) _Eastern Eclogues; Written during a Tour through Arabia,
Egypt, and other parts of Asia and Africa, In the Year
1777, ..._ London, ... *1780. [Contents: _Eclogue_ I. _Alexis:
or The Traveller._ Scene: The Ruins of Alexandria. Time:
Morning.... _Eclogue_ II. _Selima, or the Fair Greek._ Scene: A
Seraglio in Arabia Felix. Time: Noon.... _Eclogue_ III. _Ramah;
or the Bramin._ Scene: The Pagoda of Conjeveram. Time:
Evening.... _Eclogue_ IV. _The Escape, or, the Captives._ Scene:
The Suburbs of Tunis. Time: Night....]
65. 1779. =Richardson, Mr.= “Professor of Humanity at Glasgow.”
_Mir._ No. 8, Feb. 20, 1779. _The Story of the Dervise’s Mirror._
66. (178-?) =Moir, The Rev. J.= _Gleanings, or Fugitive Pieces_,
London *(178-?), [contains _Hassan_].
67. 1782. =Scott, John= (d. 1783). _Oriental Eclogues_ in volume
entitled _The Poetical Works of John Scott_, London, *1782. [The
_Arabian Eclogue_ in this collection was written by 1777.]
68. 1782. =Scott, Helenus, M.D.= _The Adventures of a Rupee wherein
are interspersed ... anecdotes Asiatic and European._ London, *1782.
69. 1783. =Chilcot, Harriet= (afterward =Mezière=). _Ormar and Zabria;
or the Parting Lovers, an Oriental Eclogue_, in volume entitled
_Elmar and Ethlinda, a Legendary Tale and Adalba and Ahmora, an
Indian_ [= Peruvian] _Tale: with other pieces ..._ London ... 1783.
70. 1785. =Reeve, Clara.= _The Progress of Romance, through Times,
Countries and Manners, with Remarks on the good and bad effects of
it, on them respectively, in a course of evening conversations. By
C. R., author of the English Baron, The Two Mentors, etc...._
Dublin, *1785 [contains _The History of Charoba_, extracted from the
_History of Ancient Egypt, Translated by J. Davies_, *1672, _from
the French of Monsieur Vattier, written originally in the Arabian
tongue by Murtadi_. [Cf. Part II. of this Bibliography, No. 48.]
Clara Reeve modernized the language of Davies’s translation
somewhat].
71. (1785?) =Confucius the Sage= (_pseud._). _The Oriental Chronicles
of the times; being the translation of a Chinese manuscript supposed
to have been written by Confucius the Sage_, London *(1785?).
72. (1785?) =Cumberland, Richard.=
_Obs._ No. 14 (1785?), _Abderama_.
73. 1786. =Beckford, William.=
(_a_) _History of the Caliph Vathek._ English, *1786; French,
*1787.
(1) The title-page of the first English edition reads: _An
Arabian tale from an unpublished ms., with notes critical
and explanatory_, London, 1786. On p. v, another title is
given: _The History of the Caliph Vathek, with notes_. The
notes were by the translator, Samuel Henley, D.D.
(2) The book had been written between Jan. 1782 and Jan. 1783,
in French by Beckford, and was published in French by him in
1787, one edition at Lausanne, another at Paris. [Cf. Part
II. of this Bibliography, No. 5, (1), Garnett’s edition.]
(_b_) _The Story of Al Raoui—a tale from the Arabick._ London,
*1799. Given in _Memoirs of Wm. Beckford_ by C. Redding. London,
*1859. Vol. I., p. 217.
74. 1786. _The Baloon, or Aerostatic Spy. A Novel containing a series
of adventures of an aerial traveller_ [contains the _Eastern Tale of
Hamet and Selinda_]. London, *1786. 2 vols.
75. 1787. =Bage, Robert.= _The Fair Syrian (a novel)_, *1787. See _La
Belle Syrienne, Roman en trois parties; par l’auteur du Mont-Henneth
et des Dunes de Barrham. Traduit de l’Anglois ..._ *1788.
76. 1788. _The Disinterested Nabob, a novel interspersed with genuine
descriptions of India, its manners and customs._ London, *1788. 3
vols. [Second edition.]
77. 1789. =Berquin, Arnaud.= _The Blossoms of Morality,—by the Editor
of the Looking-Glass for the Mind._ London, *1789. Also, 1796.
78. (1790?) =Cooper, J.= _The Oriental Moralist or the Beauties of the
Arabian Nights Entertainments. Translated from the original_ [_i.e._
from Galland’s French version] _and accompanied with suitable
reflections adapted to each story by the Rev. Mr. Cooper, author of
the History of England, etc._, London *(1790?). Cf. also _The
Beauties of the Arabian Nights Entertainments consisting of the most
entertaining Stories_, London, 1792.
79. 1790. =Knight, Ellis Cornelia.= _Dinarbas, a Tale: being a
continuation of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia_ [_sic_], London,
*1790. Third edition, London, 1793; fourth edition, London, *1800.
Also printed in same volume with S. Johnson’s _Rasselas ..._
Greenfield, Mass., 1795.
80. 1790. =Caraccioli, Louis Antoine de.= _Letters on the Manners of
the French ... written by an Indian at Paris. Translated from the
French by Chas. Shillito._ Colchester, *1790.
81. 1792. [_New Arabian Nights._] _Arabian Tales, or a continuation of
the Arabian Nights Entertainments ... newly tr. from the original
Arabic into French by Dom Chavis ... and M. Cazotte ... and tr. from
the French into English by Robert Heron_, Edinburgh and London,
*1792. 4 vols. Another edition, London, 1794, 3 vols.
82. (1795?) _The Arabian Pirate, or authentic history and fighting
adventures of Tulagee Angria_ [a chapbook], Newcastle.
83. (1795?) _The Trial and Execution of the Grand Mufti, from an
ancient Horsleian manuscript, found in the Cathedral of
Rochester ..._ London *(1795?).
84. 1796. _The Siamese Tales, Being a Collection of Stories told to
the son of the Mandarin Sam-Sib, for the Purpose of Engaging his
mind in the Love of Truth and Virtue, with an historical account of
the Kingdom of Siam. To which is added the Principal Maxims of the
Talapoins. Translated from the Siamese_, London, 1796. Another
edition, Baltimore ... 1797.
85. 1796. [=Mathias, T. J.=] _The Imperial Epistle from Kien Long,
Emperor of China to George III., King of Great Britain in the year
1794. Translated into English from the original Chinese ..._
[pseudo-oriental satire in verse,] London, *1796. Other editions,
1798, 1802; and Philadelphia, 1800.
86. 1796. =Klinger, F. M. von.= _The Caliph of Bagdad, Travels before
the Flood, an Interesting Oriental record of men and manners in the
antediluvian world, interpreted in fourteen evening conversations
between the Caliph of Bagdad and his court, tr. from Arabic_ [=
translated from the German of F. M. von Klinger], London, *1796. Cf.
also No. 93 below, Lewis: _Amorassan_.
87. 1797. =Addison, Mr.= _Interesting Anecdotes, Memoirs, Allegories,
essays and poetical fragments, tending to amuse the fancy and
inculcate morality_, London, *1797. 16 vols.
88. 1799. =Du Bois, Edward.= _The Fairy of Misfortune; or the Loves of
Octar and Zulima, an Eastern Tale Translated from the French by the
Author of a Piece of Family Biography. The Original of the above
Work is supposed to be in the Sanskrit in the Library of the Great
Mogul._ London, *1799.
89. 1800. =Pilkington, Mrs. [Mary P.].=
(_a_) _The Asiatic Princess, a tale._ London, *1800. 2 vols.
(_b_) _A Mirror of the Female Sex. Historical Beauties for Young
Ladies, intended to lead the female mind to the Love and
Practice of Moral Goodness, Designed Principally for the use of
Ladies Schools_: London, *1804. [Third Edition] contains _The
Governor’s wife of Minchew_; _The Princess of Jaskes_; _The
Empress of China_; _Amestris_, _Queen of Persia_; _Inkle_ and
_Yarico_ [West-Indian, not oriental, taken from Addison, _Sp._
No. 11, March 13, 1710–1711].
90. (1800?) =Day, Thomas.= _Moral Tales by Esteemed Writers_ [contains
_The Grateful Turk_], London *(1800?).
91. 1802. =Crookenden, Isaac.= _Romantic Tale. The Revengeful Turk or
Mystic Cavern._ London, *1802.
92. 1804. =Edgeworth, Maria.= _Popular Tales_ [contains _Murad the
Unlucky_]——, 1804; second edition, London, 1805.
93. 1808. =Lewis, Matthew Gregory.= _Romantic Tales._ London, *1808, 4
vols. Contains _The Anaconda, an East Indian Tale_, in Vol. II.;
_The Four Facardins, an Arabian tale_ [in part a translation, and in
part an original continuation by Lewis, of Hamilton’s tale, _Les
Quatre Facardins_] in Vols. II. and III.; and _Amorassan or the
spirit of the frozen ocean, an Oriental Romance_ [in part a close
translation from _Der Faust der Morgenländer_ by F. M. von Klinger]
in Vol. IV.
APPENDIX B. II.
BOOKS OF REFERENCE, CRITICAL, HISTORICAL, ETC.
_An alphabetical list of the books most useful in a study of this subject.
Standard references of obvious value, e.g. the Dictionary of National
Biography, Boswell’s Johnson, Chalmers’s English Poets, Lane’s Arabian
Nights, etc., are, with a few exceptions, omitted._
1. _Arabian Nights._
(_a_) =Burton, Sir Richard F.= _A Plain and literal translation of
the Arabian Nights’ Entertainments, now entitled the Book of the
Thousand Nights and a Night, with introduction, explanatory
notes on the manners and customs of Moslem men and a terminal
essay upon the history of the nights_ (in 10 vols.), Benares,
1885. Printed by the Kamashastra Society for private subscribers
only. Cf. especially in Vol. X., Burton’s _Terminal Essay_, and
W. F. Kirby’s _Bibliography of the Thousand and One Nights and
their imitations_.
(_b_) =Payne, John.= _The Book of the thousand nights and one
night ... done into English prose and verse ..._ by John Payne.
New York, 1884. 9 vols. (Villon Society Publications; Vols.
III.–IX., published in London.) Cf. especially essay at end of
Vol. IX. on the _Book of the Thousand Nights and one Night: its
history and character_.
(_c_) =Payne, John.= _Alaeddin and the Enchanted lamp; Zein ul
Asnam and the King of the Jinn: Two stories done into English
from the recently discovered Arabic text, by John Payne_,
London, 1889.
2. _Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen_, ...
herausgegeben v. Alois Brandl u. Heinrich Morf ... Braunschweig
[especially the volumes since 1902].
3. =Armeno, M. Christoforo.=
(_a_) _Peregrinaggio di tre giovanni figliuoli del Re di
Serendippo. Per opera di M. Christoforo Armeno dalla Persiana
nell’ Italiana lingua trasportato_, Venetia, 1557.
(_b_) _Die Reise der Söhne Giaffers aus dem Italienischen des
Christoforo Armeno übersetzt durch Johann Wetzel 1583_,
herausgegeben von Hermann Fischer und Johann Bolte, Tübingen,
1895.
4. =Beckford, William.=
(_a_) _Vathek, an Arabian Tale_, edited by R. Garnett, London,
1893.
(_b_) _Vathek, réimprimé sur l’original français avec la préface_
[de 1876] _de Stéphane Mallarmé_, Paris ... 1893.
5. =Bédier, Joseph.= _Les Fabliaux. Études de littérature populaire et
d’histoire littéraire du moyen âge...._ Paris, 1895, 2^e éd.
6. =Beers, H. A.= _History of English Romanticism in the Eighteenth
Century._ New York, 1899.
7. =Beljame, A.= _Le public et les hommes de lettres en Angleterre au
dixhuitième siècle, 1660–1774_; Paris, 1897, 2^e éd.
8. =Beloe, William.= _Miscellanies: consisting of Poems, Classical
Extracts, and Oriental Apologues, by Wm. Beloe, F.S.A., Translator
of Herodotus, Aulus Gellius, etc._, London, 1795. 3 vols.
9. =Bidpai.= _The Fables of Pilpay._
(_a_) _The Fables of Pilpay_ [translated from the French
translation of Gilbert Gaulmin and Dāwūd Said, by Joseph Harris,
and remodelled by the Rev. J. Mitford]. London, *1818.
(_b_) _The Earliest English Version of the Fables of Bidpai, The
Morall Philosophie of Doni by Sir T. North_, edited by Joseph
Jacobs, London, 1888.
(_c_) _Kalilah and Dimnah; or the Fables of Bidpai: being an
account of their literary history, with an English translation
of the later Syriac version of the same, and notes by J. G. N.
Keith-Falconer_, Cambridge [England], 1885.
(_d_) =Knatchbull, W.= _Kalila and Dimna or the Fables of Bidpai,
translated from the Arabic_, Oxford, 1819.
10. _British Museum Catalogue of Printed Books_, _passim_.
11. =Brunetière, Ferdinand.= _Études critiques sur l’histoire de la
littérature française, huitième série_, Paris, 1907. [Contains a
review of Pierre Martino: _L’Orient dans la littérature française au
XVII^e et au XVIII^e siècle_, Paris, 1906.]
12. _Le Cabinet des Fées; ou Collection Choisie des Contes des Fées,
et Autres Contes Merveilleux_ [edited by C. J. Mayer], 41 Tom. (This
collection originally consisted of but 37 vols. Four additional
volumes were published at Geneva with two title-pages, on the second
of which is the date 1793, making the numbers of volumes all
together 41.) Paris et Geneva, 1785–1789. This collection contains
_Abdalla (Adventures d’)_; _Aulnoy (Comtesse d’)_; _Bidpai et
Lokman_; _Caylus (Comte de)_; _Contes des genies_; _Contes turcs_;
_Gueulette_ [sic]; _Hamilton (A. comte d’)_; _Mille (Les) et un
jours, contes persans_; _Mille (Les) et une nuit, contes Arabes_;
_... suite (Dom Chavis et M. Cazotte)_; _Nourjahad_; _Perrault
(Charles)_.
13. =Campbell, Killis.=
(_a_) _Study of the Romance of the Seven Sages, etc._ in
_Publications of the Modern Language Association of America_,
1899, Vol. XIV., 1 (n.s. VII., 1), edited by J. W. Bright,
Baltimore, 1899.
(_b_) _The Seven Sages of Rome edited from the manuscripts with
introduction, notes, and glossary_, in the Albion Series, Ginn &
Co., Boston, New York, Chicago, London, 1907.
14. =Chambers, Sir William.= _Dissertation on Oriental Gardening._
London, 1772.
15. =Charlanne, Louis.= _L’influence française en Angleterre au XVII^e
siècle._ Paris, 1906.
16. =Chauvin, Victor.= _Bibliographie des ouvrages arabes ou relatifs
aux arabes, publiés dans l’Europe chrétienne de 1810 à 1885_, par
Victor Chauvin, professeur à l’université de Liége: ouvrage auquel
l’Académie des Inscriptions a accordé en partage le prix
Delalande-Guerineau. Liége et Leipzig, 1892–1905 [9 vols, in 3, 1
tab.]. Contents: 1, _Préface, Table de Schnurrer, Les proverbes_; 2,
_Kalilah_; 3, _Louqmâne et les Fabulistes, Barlaam, Antar et les
romans de chevalerie_; 4–7, _Les Mille et Une Nuits_; 8, _Syntipas_;
9, _Pierre Alphonse...._
17. =Clarétie, Leo.= _Le roman en France au début du 18^{me} siècle;
Lesage, romancier, d’après de nouveaux documents._ Paris, 1890.
18. =Clouston, W. A.=
(_a_) _Flowers from a Persian Garden, and other papers._ London,
1890.
(_b_) _Group of Eastern romances and stories from the Persian,
Tamil and Urdu: with introduction, notes, and appendix._
Privately printed, Glasgow, 1889.
(_c_) _Literary Coincidences ... and Other Papers._ Glasgow, 1892.
(_d_) _Popular Tales and Fictions, their migrations and
transformations._ Edinburgh and London, 1887, 2 vols.
19. =Boileau-Despreaux, Nicolas.= _Les Héros de roman ..._ edited by
T. F. Crane, Boston, 1902.
20. =Dickinson, G. L.= _Letters from a Chinese Official, being an
Eastern View of Western Civilization_, New York, 1903. McClure,
Phillips & Co. Cf. William Jennings Bryan’s _Letters to a Chinese
Official_. McClure, Phillips & Co., New York, 1906.
21. =Drake, Nathan, M.D.=
(_a_) _Essays, Biographical, Critical and Historical, Illustrative
of the Tatler, Spectator and Guardian, etc._ London, 1805, 3
vols.
(_b_) _Essays, Biographical, Critical and Historical, Illustrative
of the Rambler, Adventurer and Idler, and of the Various
Periodical Papers, which in Imitation of the Writings of Addison
and Steele have been published ... [to] 1809._ London, 1809, 2
vols.
22. =Drujon, F.= _Les Livres à clef._ Paris, 1888, 2 vols.
23. =Dunlop, John Colin.= _History of Prose Fiction._ New edition
revised ... by Henry Wilson. (Bohn’s Standard Library), London,
1896, 2 vols.
24. =Fürst, Rudolph.= _Die Vorläufer der Modernen Novelle im 18^{ten}
Jahrhundert_, Halle a. S., 1897.
25. =Gladwin, Francis.= _The Persian Moonshee...._ Calcutta [Persian
and English], 1795; another edition, London, 1801.
26. =Goldsmith, Oliver.= _The Citizen of the World_, edited by A.
Dobson, London, 1893, 2 vols.
27. =Gueullette, T. S.= and =Caylus, Comte de=.
(_a_) _Chinese Tales, or the marvellous adventures of the Mandarin
Fum-Hoam, translated from the French of Thomas Simon Gueullette.
Oriental Tales, translated from the French of the Comte de
Caylus._ London, 1817.
(b) _The Transmigration of the Mandarin Fum-Hoam_, edited by L. D.
Smithers, 1894.
(_c_) _The Thousand and one quarters of an hour. (Tartarian
Tales)_ edited by L. C. Smithers, London, 1893. Nichols &
Company.
28. (_a_) _Haoui-heu-Chuen. The Fortunate Union, a_
_Romance from the Chinese original with notes and illustrations by
J. F. Davis._ London, 1829.
(_b_) _Hau-Kiou Chooan; or the pleasing History a translation [by
J. Wilkinson] from the Chinese ... to which are added; I. The
Argument or story of a Chinese Play; II. A Collection of Chinese
Proverbs; and III. Fragments of Chinese Poetry, with notes_
[edited by Thomas Percy], 4 vols., R. and J. Dodsley, London,
1761.
29. =D’Herbelot de Molainville, B.= _Bibliothèque orientale ou
Dictionnaire universel, contenant généralement tout ce qui regarde
la connaissance des peuples de l’Orient, leurs histoires et
traditions véritables ou fabuleuses, leurs religions, sectes et
politique, etc._, Paris, 1697. [Finished after 1695 by A. Galland.]
30. =Hettner, Hermann.= _Literaturgeschichte des 18^{ten}
Jahrhunderts._ Braunschweig, 1893.
31. _Hitopadesa. Fables and proverbs from the Sanskrit, being the
Hitopadesa, translated by Charles Wilkins_ [in 1787, with a preface
on “Pilpay”], with an introduction by Henry Morley, London, 1888.
32. =Hole, Richard.= _Remarks on the Arabian Nights Entertainments, in
which the origin of Sinbad’s voyages ... is particularly
considered._ London, 1797.
33. =Hoops, Johannes.= _Present Problems of English Literary History_,
in _Congress of Arts and Science, Universal Exposition, St. Louis_,
1904, edited by Howard J. Rogers ... Boston and New York, 1906, Vol.
III., p. 415.
34. =Hoppner, J.= _Oriental Tales translated into English Verse._
London, 1805.
35. =Hunt, J. H. Leigh.= _Classic Tales, Serious and lively. With
critical essays on the merits and reputations of the authors._
London, 1806–1807, 5 vols. [contains selections from Hawkesworth,
Johnson, Goldsmith, Marmontel, Voltaire].
36. =Inatulla.= _Persian Tales._
(_a_) Ināyat Allāh. _Tales (the Baar Danesh) tr. from the Persian
of Inatulla of Delhi_ [by A. Dow], London, 1768, 2 vols.
(_b_) _Bahar-danush, or Garden of knowledge, an oriental romance,
tr. from the Persic by Jonathan Scott._ Shrewsbury, 1799, 3
vols. in 2.
37. =Johnson, Samuel.= _Rasselas_, edited by G. B. Hill, Oxford, 1887.
38. =Jones, Sir William.= _Works...._ London, 1807, 13 vols. Cf. also
Chalmers’s _English Poets_, London, 1810, Vol. XVIII., pp. 453–508.
39. =Kalidasa.= _The Story of Dooshwanta and Sakoontala, tr. from the
Mahabharata, a Poem in the Sanskreet Language, By Charles Wilkins,
Esq._ London, 1795 [originally published in Dalrymple’s _Oriental
Repertory_, London, 1793; another edition, 1808, published by East
India Company].
40. =Keightley, Thomas.= _The Fairy Mythology_, London, 1833, 2 vols.
41. =Knolles, Richard.= _Generall Historie of the Turkes from the
first beginning of that nation_, ... London, 1603. Cf. Sir Paul
Ricaut ...: _The History of the Turkish Empire From the Year 1623 to
the Year 1677...._ London ... 1680.
42. =Koerting, Heinrich Karl Otto.= _Geschichte des französischen
Romans im XVII^{ten} Jahrhundert, 2^{te} durch ein Vorwort ...
vermehrte Ausgabe_, Oppeln, 1891 [2 vols, in 1].
43. =Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, A. L. A.=
(_a_) _Essai sur les fables indiennes et sur leur introduction en
Europe, suivi du Roman des sept sages de Rome, en prose publié
pour la première fois d’après un manuscrit de la Bibliothèque
royale._ Paris, 1838.
(_b_) _Les Mille et un Jours ... Traduits ... par Pétis de
Lacroix_ ... nouvelle édition ... Paris, 1843. [Cf. especially
_Introduction_ by editor.]
44. =Marmontel, J. F.=
(_a_) _Memoirs of Jean François Marmontel. With an essay by
William D. Howells._ In two volumes, Boston ... 1878.
(_b_) _Marmontel’s Moral Tales Selected with a revised
translation, biographical introduction, and notes by Geo.
Saintsbury...._ London, 1895.
45. =Martino, Pierre.= _L’Orient dans la littérature française au
XVII^e et au XVIII^e siècle._ Paris, 1906.
46. =Menendez y Pelayo, D. M.= _Origenes de la Novela._ Tomo I.
_Tratado historico sobre la primitiva novela española...._ Madrid,
1905, in _Nueva Biblioteca de Autores Españoles_.
47. =Moore, Thomas.= _The Epicurean, a Tale with ... illustrations by
J. M. W. Turner._ London, 1839.
48. =Murtadi.= Murtadhā ibn al-Khafif. _The Egyptian History, treating
of the Pyramids, the inundations of the Nile and other prodigies ...
written ... in the Arabian tongue by Murtadi ... rendered into
French ... by M. Vattier ... and thence ... into English by J.
Davies_, London, 1672 [contains _Charoba_].
49. _The Novelists Magazine._ London, 1780–1781, in 23 vols. [contains
many oriental tales].
50. =Ouseley, Sir William= (1771–1842).
(_a_) _Bakhtyar nameh, or story of Prince Bakhtyar and the ten
viziers, a series of Persian tales from a manuscript in the
collection of Sir William Ouseley_ [text in Persian and
English], London, 1801.
(_b_) _Bakhtyār nāma; a Persian romance tr. from a manuscript text
by Sir W. Ouseley, edited with introduction and notes by W. A.
Clouston._ [Larkhall, Lanarkshire], 1883.
(_c_) _Oriental collections, consisting of original essays and
dissertations, translations, and miscellaneous papers,
illustrating the history and antiquities, the arts, sciences,
and literature of Asia._ London, 1797–1798, 2 vols.
51. [=Percy, Thomas=, editor]. _Miscellaneous Pieces relating to the
Chinese_, London, 1762, 2 vols.
52. =Pétit de Julleville, L.= [editor]. _Histoire de la langue et la
littérature française des origines à 1900_, Paris, 1899.
53. =Phelps, W. L.= _Beginnings of the English Romantic Movement; a
study in eighteenth-century literature._ Boston, 1893.
54. =Raleigh, Walter.= _The English Novel...._ Fifth edition.... New
York, 1904.
55. =Redding, Cyrus.= _Memoirs of William Beckford of Fonthill...._
London, 1859, 2 vols.
56. =Richardson, John.= _Dissertation on languages, literatures ... of
Eastern nations_, appended to _Dictionary of Persian, Arabic and
English ... new edition by Chas. Wilkins...._ 1806.
57. =Rigault, A. H.= _Histoire de la querelle des anciens et des
modernes...._ Paris, 1856, 4 vols.
58. =Saintsbury, George.= _Essays on French Novelists...._ London,
1891 [especially on _A. Hamilton_].
59. =Sayous, P. A.= _Histoire de la littérature française à l’étranger
depuis le commencement du XVII^e siècle._ Paris, 1853 [2 vols.].
60. =Schofield, W. H.= _English Literature from the Norman Conquest to
Chaucer._ New York and London, 1906.
61. =Scott, Jonathan= (1754–1829). _Tales, anecdotes and letters
translated from the Arabic and Persian._ Shrewsbury, 1800.
62. =Seele, Wilhelm.= _Voltaire’s Roman Zadig ou la Destinée. Eine
Quellen-Forschung...._ Leipzig, Reudnitz, 1891.
63. =Seeley, J. R.= _The Expansion of England._ Boston and London,
1901.
64. =Stephen, Sir Leslie.= _English Literature and Society in the
Eighteenth Century, Ford Lectures, 1903...._ New York and London,
1904. _History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century...._
London, 1876, 2 vols.; Third edition, New York, 1902, 2 vols. _Hours
in a Library...._ Second Series, London, 1876.
65. _Tootinameh (Tūti-Namah or Tales of a parrot)._
(_a_) _Tootinameh ... or Tales of a parrot, in the Persian
language with an English translation._ Calcutta, 1792.
(_b_) _Tales of a Parrot done into English from a Persian
manuscript entitled Tooti-Nameh, by_ [B. Gerrans] _a teacher of
the Persic, Arabic, Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldaic, Greek, Latin,
Italian, French and English languages_. London, 1792.
(_c_) _The Tooti-Nameh ... with an English translation_ [by F.
Gladwin] ... Calcutta [printed], London, 1801.
66. =Varnhagen, Hermann.=
(_a_) _Ein indisches Märchen auf seiner Wanderung durch die
asiatischen und europäischen Litteraturen...._ Berlin, 1882.
(_b_) _Longfellow’s Tales of a Wayside Inn und ihre Quellen...._
Berlin, 1884.
67. =Warren, F. M.= _History of the Novel Previous to the Seventeenth
Century._ New York, 1895.
68. =Weber, Henry William= (1783–1818). _Tales of the East, comprising
the most Popular Romances of Oriental Origin and the best Imitations
by European Authors, with new translations and additional tales,
never before published_ [with a useful preface by H. W. W.],
Edinburgh, 1812, 3 vols. Vol. I. (_I._) _Arabian Nights._ (_II._)
_New Arabian Nights._ Vol. II. (_III._) _The Persian Tales._ (_IV._)
_The Persian Tales of Inatulla._ (_V._) _The Oriental Tales by
Caylus._ (_VI._) _Nourjahad_ (by Mrs. Sheridan). Vol. III. (_VII._)
_The Turkish Tales._ (_VIII._) _The Tartarian Tales_ (by S.
Gueullette). (_IX._) _The Chinese Tales_ (by S. Gueullette) (_X._)
_The Mogul Tales_ (by S. Gueullette). (_XI._) _Tales of the Genii_
(by “Sir Chas. Morell,” _i.e._ Ridley). (_XII._) _History of
Abdallah the Son of Hanif._
69. =Weston, Stephen.=
(_a_) _Fan-hy-cheu, a tale, in Chinese and English, [taken from a
collection of Novels entitled the Heart Blue or Heart true
History] with notes and a short grammar of the Chinese
language._ London, 1814.
(_b_) _Persian Recreations; or New tales, with explanatory notes
on the original text and curious details of two ambassadors to
James I. and George III...._ new edition, London, 1812.
70. =Whittuck, Charles.= _The Good Man of the XVIII. Century, a
monograph on XVIII. century didactic literature._ London, 1901.
71. =Warton, Thomas.= _History of English Poetry ..._ [contains a
dissertation on the _Origin of Romantic Fiction in Europe_], new
edition, London, 1824, 4 vols.
INDEX
_Abdeker_, 102, 103.
Abu Jaafar Ebn Tophail, 126, 127.
Addison, Joseph, 232, 238, 244, 246, 255;
moralistic tales, 79–85, 110;
philosophic tales, 112–118;
satiric tales, 169–173.
“Addison, Mr.,” 106.
_Adventurer_, 89–95, 109, 125, 224 n. 2;
_see_ App. B, I., No. 42, pp. 281, 282.
_Adventures of Abdalla, Son of Hanif, The_, 38–41, 70, 252.
_Adventures of Prince Jakaya, The_, 47.
_African Eclogues_, 53, 54.
_Almoran and Hamet_, 95–97.
_Amorassan_, 71, 72, 105 n. 5.
_Amusements Serious and Comical_, 163–170.
_Amusements sérieux et comiques_, 156–170, 181 n. 1.
_Anaconda, The_, 51.
_Arabian Nights_, xv, xvii, xxii, xxiii, xxvi, 1–13, 41, 62, 100, 102,
108, 214, 228, 230, 233, 235, 241–244, 252, 254, _et passim_.
Armeno, M. Chr., 30.
Arnold, Matthew, 251.
_Asem_, 125, 126.
_Asiatic Princess, The_, 50.
Atterbury, Bishop, 230, 238, 244.
Aubin, Penelope, _Noble Slaves_, 46.
_Bababec_, 207, 209, 210.
Bage, Robert, _The Fair Syrian_, 51.
_Bajazet_, 46.
_Baloon, The_, 105.
_Barlaam and Josaphat_, xix.
_Beautiful Turk, The_, 46.
Beckford, William, xv, xxvi, 37–41, 61–71, 252.
_Bedukah_, 52 n. 2.
_Bélier, Le_, 217–219.
Bentley, R., _Modern Novels_, 46.
Bickerstaffe, Isaac, 204 n. 2.
_Bidpai_, xix, xx, 104, 105, 110, 117 n. 4.
Bignon, Jean Paul, 38.
_Black and the White, The_, 207, 209.
_Blossoms of Morality, The_, 107.
Boccalini, T., 240.
Boileau, 233, 243.
Boles, W., 202.
_Bonze, The_, 126, 131–132.
Bougeant, G. H., 157, 213.
Bradshaw, William, 158.
_Bramine’s Journal, The_, 204.
Brémond, G. de, 46.
_Brief and Merry History of Great Britain, A_, 202.
Brown, T., 85 n. 1, 156 n. 1, 163–170.
Bryan, W. J., 191 n. 1.
Byron, Lord, xvii, 71, 189, 203 n. 2, 236, 251.
_Caliph of Bagdad, The_, 105.
_Candide_, 144–151.
_Castle of Otranto, The_, 236, 248.
Caylus, A. C. P. de T., Comte de, xxiv, 157, 211–213, 246.
Cazotte, M., 41.
Chamberlain, Paul, 200.
Chambers, Sir William, 196 n. 1, 224 n. 2.