July, 1629, the French witnessed, instead of the expected fleet from
France, the English, under Louis and Thomas Kirke, brothers of Sir David,
who remained at Tadoussac, making their appearance off Point Levi.
Provisions were very scarce, as well as ammunition and all other means of
defence; and there seemed to be no prospect of immediate succor. He had
with him only sixteen persons who could in any sense be styled
combatants. An officer landed, bringing with him very liberal terms, upon
which Champlain and his followers might honorably surrender a post which,
in their circumstances, was utterly untenable. Champlain and Pontegravé,
who was present, acceded, and the conditions having been ratified by Sir
David Kirke at Tadoussac, the English, without resistance, took
possession of the fort, magazine, and habitations of Quebec. Before
actually yielding up his post, the high-minded Champlain went on board
the vessel of Captain Louis Kirke, and stipulated for the security of the
place of worship and quarters of the Jesuits and Récollets, as well as
for the protection of the property of the widow Hebert and her
son-in-law, Couillard. On July 24, 1629, Champlain and the priests,
together with all who chose to depart, embarked on board the vessel of
Thomas Kirke, and after some delay at Tadoussac, were carried to England,
and thence suffered to pass into France.[6]
[6] When Champlain, accompanied by Pontegravé, went on board Louis
Kirke's vessel, on the 20th, he demanded to be shown the commission
from the King of England in virtue of which the seizure of the
country was made. The two, as being persons whose reputation had
spread throughout Europe, were received with profound respect; and
after Champlain's request relative to the commission had been
complied with, it was stipulated that the inhabitants should leave
with their arms and baggage, and be supplied with provisions and
means of transport to France. About four days were needed to
procure the sanction of the admiral, David Kirke, at Tadoussac, and
then Champlain, with a heavy heart, attended by his followers,
embarked in the English ship. He says in his memoirs--"Since the
surrender every day seems to me a month." On the way down the St.
Lawrence, Emery de Caën was met, above Tadoussac, in a vessel with
supplies for Quebec. Kirke is said to have desired Champlain to use
his influence with De Caën to induce him to surrender without
resistance, which, however, the noble-minded man declined. Bazilli
was reported to be in the gulf with a French fleet, but
nevertheless De Caën felt obliged to surrender, as the Kirkes had
two ships to oppose his one. De Caën told Champlain that he
believed peace was already signed between the two crowns.
Thus ended, for the time, Champlain's effort to found and establish a
colony at Quebec--an attempt persevered in during twenty years, in spite
of discouragement and obstacles which would have conquered the zeal of
any man of that age excepting Champlain, who alone, even now, when taken
prisoner and carried out of the country, did not despair of ultimate
success.[7]
[7] A few, by Champlain's advice, accepted the offers of the
English to remain under their protection in the possession of their
habitations and clearings. They were to enjoy the same privileges
as the English themselves. A number of the French traders also
remained, but betook themselves to the west and into the Huron
country, where they lived with the Indians until the country was
restored to France, about three years subsequently. Louis Kirke was
left in command at Quebec.
Cardinal Richelieu, the prime minister of Louis XIII, founded the society
called the "Company of the One Hundred Associates." It was established,
not merely to put an end to the various obstacles and evils under which
the colony languished, but also to place its future upon a strong and
durable basis. Its organization was completed in the year 1627, and the
first expedition under its auspices was entered upon in 1628, but proved
an entire failure, owing to the English having then the control of the
St. Lawrence, and capturing or destroying the vessels sent out under M.
de Roguemont. Then occurred, as we have described, the surrender of
Quebec and the other stations, and their occupation by the English under
the Kirkes. The existence of the new company, and its government of the
affairs of the colony can scarcely be said to have commenced,
practically, until the year 1632, when New France was, by treaty with
England, restored to the French authorities.
Pursuant to arrangements, Emery de Caën, furnished with instructions from
the Government of France, and with an order signed by the King of
England, superseded Thomas Kirke at Quebec on July 13,1632. On landing
with the priests who were sent out on board De Caën's vessels, it was
found that much injury had been done in the place. Fire, violence, and
wilful neglect had been instrumental in destroying nearly all the
buildings, including those of the Jesuits and Récollets. It was also
found that the old friends of the French--the Montagnais and other
Indians--had been much corrupted by the traders with whom they had held
intercourse during the three preceding years. The fort itself remained
uninjured, and afforded shelter to all while the work of reconstructing
habitations and a place of worship was carried on.
In the mean time Champlain made preparations in France for carrying out
colonists, merchandise, ammunition, and provisions. The company furnished
him with three vessels, well equipped, and armed with cannon. With these,
having on board about two hundred persons, he arrived at Quebec on May
23, 1633, and landed amid manifestations of great joy on the part of the
French inhabitants, more especially of those who had remained in the
country after his forced departure.
From the moment of his return to Canada until his decease, Champlain
occupied himself diligently in providing for the material progress of the
colony, and at the same time coöperated heartily in all measures for
securing its religious welfare, and for converting the savages. While
occupied with various duties appertaining to his position, about October
10, 1635, Champlain was laid prostrate by a stroke of paralysis. In his
last illness, he was attended by his friend and spiritual adviser,
Charles Lalemant, the author of the _Relation of 1626_, and, during the
previous ten years, a most efficient coadjutor in his work. At length, on
Christmas Day, 1635, the pious and amiable founder of Quebec breathed his
last, bequeathing his blessing to his bereaved people, together with the
memory of his virtues and of his great services.
CHRONOLOGY OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY
EMBRACING THE PERIOD COVERED IN THIS VOLUME
A.D. 1558-1608
JOHN RUDD, LL.D.
Events treated at length are here indicated in large type; the numerals
following give volume and page.
Separate chronologies of the various nations, and of the careers of
famous persons, will be found in the Index Volume, with volume and page
references showing where the several events are fully treated.
A.D.
1558. Calais, the last English possession in France, taken by De Guise.
See "ENGLAND LOSES HER LAST FRENCH TERRITORY," X, 1.
Death of Bloody Queen Mary; accession of Elizabeth in England. See
"REIGN OF ELIZABETH," X, 8.
Marriage of the Dauphin, Francis, with Mary Stuart, Queen of the Scots.
Battle of Gravelines; victory of the Spaniards, under Egmont, over the
French.
1559. A new act of supremacy passed in England, firmly establishing
Protestantism.
Treaty of peace (Cateau-Cambrécis) between England, France, and Spain.
Iconoclastic outbreaks in Scotland, due to the teachings of John Knox.
See "JOHN KNOX HEADS THE SCOTTISH REFORMERS," X, 21.
Institution of the papal _Index Librorum Prohibitorum_.
1560. Conspiracy of Amboise, by the Huguenots, for the overthrow of the
Guises, in France; death of Francis II, Charles IX succeeds; Catherine
de' Medici controls the government as regent. Arrest of Condé.
Queen Elizabeth of England and the Scottish Reformers conclude a pact
of alliance. Death of the Regent, Mary of Guise; Mary Stuart and her
husband, Francis II, arrange the treaty of Edinburgh with Elizabeth
and the Reformers. Passing by the Scotch Parliament of the Statutes of
Reformation.
1561. Queen Mary Stuart returns to Scotland. See "MARY STUART: HER REIGN
AND EXECUTION," X, 51.
Rebellion of Shane O'Neil in Ireland.
Edict against the Reformers, now called Huguenots; Condé and Coligny
prepare to take up arms.
1562. Submission and pardon of Shane O'Neil.
Edict of St. Germain; it grants toleration to the Huguenots; massacre of
Huguenots at Vassy and other cities; defeat of the Huguenot army under
Condé and Coligny.
Attempted settlement of the Huguenots on the coast of South Carolina.
1563. Assassination of the Duc de Guise at the siege of Orléans.
Publication of the Thirty-nine Articles in England.[1]
[1] See 1552.
Publication by the Calvinists of the Heidelberg Catechism.
Beginning of the construction of the Escurial, Spain, by Philip II.
1564. Death of Ferdinand I; Maximilian II succeeds in the German empire,
the archduchy of Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia.
Settlement of a Huguenot colony on the St. John's River, Florida. See
"FOUNDING OF ST. AUGUSTINE," X, 70.
Birth of Shakespeare.
1565. Marriage of Queen Mary Stuart with Darnley. See "MARY STUART: HER
REIGN AND EXECUTION," X, 51.
Brilliant defence of Malta by La Valette against the Turks, led by
Mustapha Pacha.
Massacre of the Huguenots in Florida. See "FOUNDING OF ST. AUGUSTINE,"
X, 70.
1566. A petition of rights presented to the Regent by nobles of the
Netherlands. See "REVOLT OF THE NETHERLANDS AGAINST SPAIN," X, 81.
Moscow sacked by the Crim Tartars.
Murder of Rizzio by Darnley. See "MARY STUART: HER REIGN AND EXECUTION,"
X, 51.
1567. Defeat and assassination of Shane O'Neil.
Renewal of the civil-religious war in France; Battle of St. Denis.
Murder of Darnley; Mary marries Bothwell; she is imprisoned and
compelled to resign the crown. See "MARY STUART: HER REIGN AND
EXECUTION," X, 51.
Organization of the "Council of Blood" by the Duke of Alva, on his
arrival in the Netherlands as Spanish governor.
Founding of the Royal Exchange, London.
1568. Peace of Longjumeau with the Huguenots; assembling of Protestant
leaders at La Rochelle.
Thousands of the better classes of the Netherlands take refuge in
England from the persecutions of the Spaniards.
Execution of Egmont and Horn at Brussels; arms taken against the
Spaniards by Louis of Nassau and William of Orange, his brother.
1569. Insurrection of Roman Catholics in England.
Battle of Jarnac; defeat of the Huguenots; Condé taken and shot; Coligny
defeated at Moncontour.
Under the sovereignty of the Medici is created the grand duchy of
Tuscany out of the Florentine dominions.
1570. Murra, Regent of Scotland, assassinated; the English invade that
country; Earl Lennox made regent.
Revolt of the Moors in Spain crushed by John of Austria.
1571. Battle of Lepanto; the Holy League, consisting of Spain, Venice,
and the Pope, wins a great victory over the Turks. See "BATTLE OF
LEPANTO," X, 100.
Dumbarton, the main stronghold of the adherents of Mary Stuart, falls
into the possession of the Earl of Lennox.
The Thirty-nine Articles are made binding on the clergy of the Church of
England.
1572. Trial, condemnation, and execution of the Duke of Norfolk for
conspiracy, in England.
Marriage of Margaret of Valois, sister of Charles IX, with Henry of
Navarre; Massacre of St. Bartholomew. See "MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW,"
X, 119.
Rising of the Dutch against their Spanish oppressors; recognition of the
authority of William of Orange.
1573. Successful defence of La Rochelle; the treaty of La Rochelle
grants toleration to the Huguenots.
Haarlem reduced by the Spaniards; they besiege Leyden. See "HEROIC AGE
OF THE NETHERLANDS," X, 145.
Building of Manila which is made the seat of the Spanish viceroy in the
Philippines.
1574. Coronation of Henry, Duke of Anjou, as King of Poland; he becomes
King of France on the death of his brother, Charles IX; he abandons
Poland.
1575. Queen Elizabeth of England is offered the sovereignty of the
Netherlands.
Foundation of the University of Leyden, in commemoration of the siege
and relief of that city.
Stephen Bathori, Prince of Transylvania, elected king of Portugal.
1576. Devastation of Italy by the plague; Titian, the painter, is one of
the victims.
First voyage of Frobisher in search of a northwest passage. See "SEARCH
FOR THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE BY FROBISHER," X, 156.
Organization by Henry, Duke of Guise, of the Catholic League against the
Huguenots.
Appointment of Don John of Austria as governor of the Netherlands, by
his half-brother, Philip II of Spain.
"BUILDING OF THE FIRST THEATRE IN ENGLAND." See X, 163.
1577. Peace of Bergerac, the sixth one between Henry III and the
Huguenots.
Many of Titian's finest works destroyed in a great fire at Venice.
Sailing of Sir Francis Drake on his circumnavigation of the globe.
1578. Treaty of alliance concluded between England and the Netherlands.
Invasion of Morocco by King Sebastian of Portugal; he is defeated and
slain at Alcazar-Quivir.
Battle of Gembloux; great victory of Don John; on his death the Duke of
Parma succeeds as Spanish governor of the Netherlands.
Attempt of the Norwegians to interrupt the English commerce with
Archangel; Queen Elizabeth asserts the right freely to navigate all
seas.
1579. Union of Utrecht; foundation of the Dutch Republic.
A force of Spaniards invade Ireland.
Confinement of Tasso as a lunatic by the Duke of Ferrara.
1580. Persecution by the Protestants of Jesuits and seminary priests in
England.
Outlawry of William of Orange, by Philip II of Spain, inviting his
assassination.
Seizure of Portugal by Philip II.
1581. Conquest of Siberia by the Cossacks. See "COSSACK CONQUEST OF
SIBERIA," x, 181.
Declaration of independence formally issued by the Seven United
Provinces of the Netherlands.
Founding of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland.
1582. Reformation of the calendar by Gregory XIII. October 5th of this
year is made October 15th.
1583. Gilbert takes possession of Newfoundland for Queen Elizabeth. See
"FIRST COLONY OF ENGLAND BEYOND SEAS," x, 198.
Failing in his treacherous attempt on Antwerp the Duke of Anjou retires
into France, covered with disgrace.
1584. Assassination of William, Prince of Orange, at the instigation of
Philip II of Spain. See "ASSASSINATION OF WILLIAM OF ORANGE," x, 202.
Alliance between Philip II and the Catholic League.
Queen Elizabeth dismisses the Spanish ambassador Mendoza.
Having embraced Protestantism the Archbishop of Cologne is expelled his
territories.
Visit of Sir Walter Raleigh's men to South Carolina; the name Virginia
given to the district. See "NAMING OF VIRGINIA: FIRST DESCRIPTION OF THE
INDIANS," x, 211.
1585. Renewal of the war against the Huguenots, the "War of the Three
Henrys."
Capture of Antwerp by Parma; an English army sent to aid the Dutch.
Attack on the Spanish settlements in the West Indies by a powerful
English fleet under Drake and Frobisher.
Ambassadors from Japan received at Rome by Pope Gregory XIII.
Coaches first used in England.
1586. An unsuccessful settlement made by Raleigh's men on Roanoke
Island.
Trial and condemnation of Mary Stuart. See "MARY STUART: HER REIGN AND
EXECUTION," X, 51.
Conspiracy of Babbington against Queen Elizabeth.
Drake returns with an immense booty; he takes back the Virginian
colonists; they introduce potatoes and tobacco into England.
1587. Henry of Navarre defeats the army of Henry III at Coutras.
Sigismund Vasa elected King of Poland.
Expedition of Drake against the Spanish harbors. See "DRAKE CAPTURES
CARTAGENA," X, 230.
Cabal of "the Sixteen" in Paris.
1588. Publication of the first English newspaper, by Lord Burghley,
_The English Mercury_. It announced the defeat of the Invincible
Armada. See "DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA," X, 251.
Revolt against Henry III in Paris; "Day of the Barricades."
1589. End of the Valois line in France; inauguration of the Bourbon
dynasty.
Invention of the stocking-knitting frame by Lee, of Cambridge, England.
1590. Battle of Ivry; Henry IV defeats the Catholic League; he lays
siege to Paris, which is relieved by the Duke of Parma.
Establishment of the first paper-mill in England.
Publication of three books of Spenser's _Faerie Queene_, the
_Arcadia_ of Sidney, and part of Marlowe's _Tamburlane_.
1591. Elizabeth sends an army to assist Henry IV in France; it besieges
Rouen; it is relieved by Parma.
1592. Introduction of the sale of books at the fair of Leipsic.
Building of the Théâtre Français at Paris.
Abolishment of Episcopacy and establishment of Presbyterianism in
Scotland.
1593. "HENRY OF NAVARRE ACCEPTS CATHOLICISM." See X, 276.
Severe enactments against the recusants in England.
Conformation to Catholicism by Henry IV; Pope Clement VIII refuses to
absolve him. The Parliament of Paris declares against foreign
interference and female succession.
Publication of Shakespeare's _Venus and Adonis_.
1594. Jesuits expelled Paris.
Coronation of Henry IV at Chartres; Paris opens its gates to him.
1595. Declaration of war against Spain by Henry IV.
1596. Crushing defeat of the Austrians by the Turks in Hungary.
Writing of _Romeo and Juliet_ by Shakespeare.
Capture of Cadiz by Essex and Howard.
1597. Rebellion in Ireland of Tyrone.
Abolition of the Hanseatic League's privileges in England.
1598. Toleration granted to the Huguenots.
Treaty of Vervins, securing peace between France and Spain.
Founding of the Bodleian Library at Oxford, England.
Shakespeare performs in his own plays at the new Globe theatre, London.
1599. Essex sent to Ireland to crush the rebellion there; he treats with
the rebel leader.
Attempt of Sigismund Vasa to establish Catholicism in Sweden; he loses
the crown.
1600. Establishment of the English East India Company.
Invasion and occupation of Savoy by the French; marriage of Henry IV
with Marie de' Medici.
Giordano Bruno burned in Rome as an obstinate heretic.
1601. Suppression of the rebellion in Ireland; complete tranquillity
restored by Mountjoy, Elizabeth's general.
Commencement of the siege of Ostend by Archduke Albert of Austria.
Enactment of the earliest "poor law in England."
1602. Beheading of the Due de Biron for conspiring against King Henry
IV.
Failure of the Duke of Savoy in an attempt to seize Geneva.
Attempted settlement of Bartholomew Gosnold on the coast of
Massachusetts.
1603. Death of Queen Elizabeth; James VI of Scotland succeeds as James
I, King of Great Britain.
"DOWNFALL OF IRISH LIBERTY." See X, 299.
Committal to the Tower of Sir Walter Raleigh, on a charge of conspiring
to place Arabella Stuart on the English throne.
Publication of Shakespeare's _Hamlet_. See "CULMINATION OF DRAMATIC
LITERATURE IN 'HAMLET,'" X, 287.
A French colony founded at Port Royal, Acadia; now Nova Scotia.
1604. Conference at Hampton Court between English prelates and Puritans,
James I presiding.
Ostend surrenders to the Spanish general, Spinola.
1605. Detection of the Gunpowder Plot. See "THE GUNPOWDER PLOT," X, 310.
Publication of Bacon's _Advancement of Learning_.
Cervantes' _Don Quixote_, Part I, published. See "CERVANTES' 'DON
QUIXOTE' REFORMS LITERATURE," X, 325.
Death of the Russian Czar, Boris Godunoff; Fedor, his son, is dethroned;
his successor being the first Pseudo-Demetrius. This impostor pretended
to be Demetrius, a son of Ivan IV, who was put to death by Boris
Godunoff in 1591.
Battle of Bassorah; defeat of the Turks by Abbas the Great, of Persia.
1606. A patent granted to the London and Plymouth companies for the
purpose of American colonization.
Dethronement of the first Pseudo-Demetrius; he is slain; Shinski
succeeds as Basil V.
Discovery of Australia by the Portuguese. See "EARLIEST POSITIVE
DISCOVERY OF AUSTRALIA," X, 340.
1607. Naval victory of the Hollanders over the Spaniards off Cape St.
Vincent.
Foundation of Jamestown, Virginia. See "SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA," X, 350.
1608. Ireland secures an improved government from James I; the forfeited
lands in Ulster are offered to Protestant settlers.
Foundation of Quebec by the French. See "FOUNDING OF QUEBEC," X, 366.
Formation of the Evangelical Union by the Protestant German states.
END OF VOLUME X