Salishan.
(1) 354 on Puyallup Reservation, Washington.
(2) Little.
(3) Improving, but suffering from white contact. Congregationalist
mission.
(4) Eells in _Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst._, 1887, and other writings.
COLVILLE.
Salishan.
(1) 316 at Colville Agency, Washington. Decreasing slightly.
(2) Some Canadian-French, &c.
(3) Improving.
(4) See Chehalis.
COMANCHE.
Shoshonian.
(1) 1408 in Oklahoma. Now holding their own.
(2) Some due to Spanish (Mexican) captives, &c.
(3) Good progress, in spite of white impositions.
(4) Mooney, _14th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1892-1893.
COWICHAN.
Salishan.
(1) About 1000 on E. coast of Vancouver Island, and on islands in
Gulf of Georgia.
(2) Little.
(3) Industrious; steady progress. Catholic and Methodist missions,
chiefly former.
(4) Hill-Tout, _Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._, 1902, and _Trans. R.
Anthrop. Inst._, 1907; Boas, _Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._,
1889.
CREE.
Algonkian.
(1) About 12,000 in Manitoba, and some 5000 in Saskatchewan,
Alberta, Keewatin, &c.
(2) Large element of French, Scottish and English blood.
(3) Slow but steady progress (except with a few bands). Catholics,
Methodists and Anglicans strongly represented by missions and
church members; many Presbyterians also.
(4) Writings of Petitot, Lacombe, Horden, Bell, Watkins, Evans,
Young, &c.; Lacombe. _Dict. de la langue des Cris_ (1876);
Russell. _Explor. in the Far North_ (1898); Stewart, _Ann. Arch.
Rep. Ontario_, 1905; Maclean, _Canad. Sav. Folk_ (1890).
CREEK.
Muskogian.
(1) 11,000 in Oklahoma.
(2) Large element of white blood; some negro.
(3) American citizens, making good progress. Various religious
faiths.
(4) Gatschet, _Migration Legend of the Creeks_ (1884-1888); Speck,
_Mem. Amer. Anthrop. Assoc._, 1907.
CROWS (Absaroka).
Siouan.
(1) 1804 at Crow Agency, Montana.
(2) Little.
(3) Improving industrially and financially. Morals still bad.
(4) Simms, Publ. Field Columb. Mus., 1903; Schultz, _My Life as an
Indian_ (N.Y., 1907).
DAKOTA (Santee, Yankton, Teton--Sioux).
Siouan.
(1) About 18,000 in South and 4400 in North Dakota; 3200 in
Montana; 900 in Minnesota. Seemingly decreasing.
(2) Considerable white blood, varying with different sections.
(3) Capable of and making good progress. Episcopal, Catholic,
Congregational missions with good results.
(4) Writings of Dorsey, Riggs, Eastman, &c. Riggs, Contrib. _N.
Amer. Ethnol._, vol. vii., 1890, and vol. ix., 1893; Wissler,
_Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1907; Eastman, _Indian Boyhood_
(1902).
DELAWARE.
Algonkian.
(1) In Oklahoma, 800 with Cherokee and 90 with Wichita; 164 with
Six Nations in Ontario.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Oklahoma, Delaware, U.S. citizens, and progressing; Canadians
making also good progress.
(4) Brinton, _Lenápé and their Legends_ (Phila., 1885), and _Essays
of an Americanist_ (1890); Nelson, _Indians of New Jersey_
(1894).
DOG-RIBS.
Athabaskan.
(1) About 1000 in the region E. of the Hares, to Back river, N. W.
Canada.
(2) Little.
(3) "Wild and indolent," not yet much under white influence.
(4) See Chipewyans, Carriers.
ESKIMO (Greenland).
Eskimoan.
(1) West coast, 10,500; East coast, 500. Slowly increasing.
(2) Large element of white blood, estimated already in 1855 at 30%.
(3) More or less "civilized" and "Christian" as result of Moravian
missions.
(4) Writings of Rink, Holm, Nansen, Peary. Rink, _Tales and Trad.
of the Eskimo_ (Lond., 1875) and _Eskimo Tribes_ (1887);
Nansen, _Eskimo Life_ (1893); Thalbitzer, _Eskimo Language_
(1904).
ESKIMO (Labrador).
Eskimoan.
(1) About 1300.
(2) Considerable on S.E. coast.
(3) Much improvement due to Moravian and (later)
other Protestant missions.
(4) Packard, Amer. Naturalist, 1885; Turner, 11th _Ann. Rep. Bur.
Ethnol._, 1889-1890.
ESKIMO (central regions).
Eskimoan.
(1) About 2500.
(2) Little.
(3) Not much improvement except here and there. Some reached by
Episcopalian mission.
(4) Boas, _6th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnct_., 1884-1885, and _Bull. Amer.
Nat. Hist._, 1901 and 1908.
ESKIMO (Mackenzie, &c.).
Eskimoan.
(1) About 1500.
(2) Little.
(3) Not much improvement. Reached by Catholic missions.
(4) Petitot, _Les Grands Esquimaux_ (1887), _Monographie des
Esquimaux Tchiglit_ (Paris, 1876) and other writings;
Stefánsson, _Harper's Magazine_, 1908-1909.
ESKIMO (Alaska).
Eskimoan.
(1) About 12,000, exclusive of Aleuts.
(2) Considerable on certain parts of coast.
(3) Much improvement in parts since introduction of reindeer in
1892. Presbyterian, Methodist, Catholic, Moravian, Baptist,
Swedish Evangelical, Quaker, Congregational, Lutheran missions
now at work.
(4) Dall, _Contrib. N. Amer. Ethnol._, vol. i., 1877; Murdoch, _9th
Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1887-1888; and Nelson, _18th Rep._,
1896-1897; Barnum, _Innuit Gramm, and Dict._ (1901).
ESKIMO (N.E. Asia).
Eskimoan.
(1) About 1200.
(2) Little.
(3) Little improvement.
(4) Hooper, _Tents of the Tuski_ (1853); Dali, _Amer. Naturalist_
(1881). See Eskimo (Alaska).
FLATHEADS.
Salishan.
(1) 615 at Flathead Agency, Montana.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Continued Improvement. Catholic missions.
(4) McDermott, _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1901; Ronan, _Flathead
Indians_ (1890).
GOSIUTE.
Shoshonian.
(1) About 200 in Utah.
(2) Little.
(3) Some improvement in last few years.
(4) Chamberlin, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila._, 1908. See Paiute,
Ute.
GROSVENTRES (Atsina).
Algonkian.
(1) 558 at Ft. Belknap Agency, Montana.
(2) Little.
(3) Law-abiding, industrious and fast becoming more moral.
Catholic, chief mission influence, also Presbyterian.
(4) Kroeber, _Anthrop. Pap. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._, 1907-1908.
HAIDA.
Haidan.
(1) About 600 on Queen Charlotte Is., and 300 in Alaska. Decreasing.
(2) Some little.
(3) Now "gradually advancing along the lines of civilization."
Mission influences Methodists and Anglican, with much success,
especially former.
(4) Swanton, _Contrib. to Ethnol. of the Haida_ (1905) and other
writings; Boas, _Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._, 1889; Newcombe,
_Congr. intern. des Amér._ (Quebec, 1906).
HANKUT'QIN.
Athabaskan.
(1) About 400 on the Yukon, above the Kotlo, in Alaska.
(2) Little, if any.
(3) Not yet much under white or missionary influence.
(4) See Babines.
HARES.
Athabaskan.
(1) About 600 W. of Gt. Bear Lake to Eskimo country, in N.W. Canada.
(2) Little.
(3) "Wild and indolent," with little improvement. Reached by
Catholic missions.
(4) See Babines, Carriers, Chipewyan.
HAVASUPAI.
Yuman.
(1) 166 N. of Prescott in N.W. Arizona. Decreasing.
(2) Little.
(3) "Good workers"; not yet distinctly under mission influence.
(4) James, _Indians of the Painted Desert Region_ (Boston, 1903);
Dorsey, _Indians of the South-west_ (1903).
HIDATSA.
Siouan.
(1) 467 near Ft. Berthold, N. Dakota.
(2) Little.
(3) Making good progress. Congregational and Catholic missions.
(4) Matthews, _Ethnogr. and Philol. of the Hidatsa_ (1877); McGee,
_15th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1893-1894; Pepper and Wilson,
_Mem. Amer. Anthrop. Assoc._, 1908.
HUPA.
Athabaskan.
(1) 420 in Hoopa Valley, N.E. California.
(2) Little.
(3) Self-supporting by agriculture and stock-raising, Presbyterian
and Episcopal missions with good results.
(4) Goddard, _Life and Culture of the Hupa_ (1903), _Hupa Texts_
(1904), and other writings.
HURONS OF LORETTE.
Iroquoian.
(1) 466 at Lorette, near the city of Quebec. Increasing, but losing
somewhat by emigration.
(2) No pure-bloods left.
(3) Practically civilized. All Catholics, except one Anglican and
six Presbyterians.
(4) Gérin, _Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._, 1900.
IOWA.
Siouan.
(1) 246 in Kansas; 88 in Oklahoma. Holding their own.
(2) Considerable.
(3) In 1906 "accomplished more on their allotments than at any time
heretofore." One regular missionary.
(4) Dorsey, _Trans. Anthrop. Soc. Wash._, 1883, and _15th Ann. Rep.
Bur. Ethnol._, 1893-1894; also _11th Rep._
IROQUOIS (of Caughnawaga).
Iroquoian.
(1) 2075 at Caughnawaga, in S.W. Quebec (largely Mohawk).
Increasing.
(2) Few, if any, pure-bloods left.
(3) Practically civilized and making fair progress. Chiefly
Catholics, but there is a Methodist school.
(4) _Ann. Rep. Dept. Ind. Aff. Canada_, 1907.
IROQUOIS (of Lake of Two Mountains).
Iroquoian.
(1) 395 at Lake of Two Mountains, Quebec.
(2) Few, if any, pure-bloods left.
(3) Practically civilized and making fair progress. Catholics and
Methodists represented.
(4) Cuoq, _Lexique de la langue iroquoise_ (1882), and other
writings.
IROQUOIS (of St Régis).
Iroquoian.
(1) 1449 at St Régis, Quebec; 1208 at St Regis, New York.
(2) Few pure-bloods left.
(3) Practically all civilized and making fair progress.
(4) _Ann. Rep. Dept. Ind. Aff. Canada_, 1907.
IROQUOIS (of Watha).
Iroquoian.
(1) About 65 at Watha (formerly Gibson), near the southern end of
Lake Muskoka, Ontario.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Industrious and progressive. Influence of Methodist mission.
(4) _Ann. Rep. Dept. Ind. Aff. Canada_, 1907.
IROQUOIS (of St Albert).
Iroquoian.
(1) 94 near St Albert, Alberta ("Michel's band").
(2) "Indians only in name," no pure-bloods left.
(3) Practically civilized; outlook promising. Catholics.
(4) Chamberlain, _Amer. Anthrop._, 1904.
JICARILLA (Apache).
Athabaskan.
(1) 784 in New Mexico. Decreasing.
(2) Little.
(3) Improvement during past few years.
(4) Mooney, _Amer. Anthrop._ 1898. See Apache.
KAIBAB.
Shoshonian.
(1) About 100 in S.W. Utah. Decreasing.
(2) Little.
(3) "Destitute," but gaining somewhat.
(4) See Paiute, Ute.
KAIGANI.
Haidan.
(1) About 300 in S. Alaska.
(2) See Haida.
(3) See Haida.
(4) See Haida.
KAIYUHKHO'TENNE
Athabaskan.
(1) About 1500 on the Yukon (between the Anvik and Koyukuk) in W.
Alaska.
(2) Little.
(3) Up to the present influenced more by the Eskimo than by the
whites.
(4) See Babines, Carriers. Also Chapman, _Congr. inter, d. Amér._
(Quebec, 1906).
KALAPOOIA.
Kalapuyan.
(1) About 125 at Grande Ronde, Oregon, and a few also on the Siletz
Reservation.
(2) Not much.
(3) Continued improvement.
(4) Powell, _7th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1885-1886; Gatschet,
_Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1899; Lewis, _Mem. Amer. Anthrop.
Assoc._, 1906.
KALISPEL (Pend d'Oreille).
Salishan
(1) 826 on the Flathead Reservation, Montana; 98 at Colville Agency,
Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Continued improvement. Catholic missions.
(4) Giorda, _Kalispel Dictionary_ (1877-1879). See Chehalis.
KANSA (Kaw).
Siouan.
(1) 207 in Oklahoma.
(2) About half are mixed blood.
(3) American citizens, making fair progress.
(4) Dorsey, _11th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1889-1890, and 15th Rep.,
1893-1894; Hay, _Trans. Kans. State Hist. Soc._, 1906.
KICKAPOO.
Algonkian.
(1) 188 in Kansas; 204 in Oklahoma; about 400 in Mexico.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Progress hampered by liquor, &c.
(4) Mooney, _14th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1892-1893; Lutz, _Trans.
Kansas Hist. Soc._ 1906.
KAWIA (Cahuilla).
Shoshonian.
(1) About 150 in southern California.
(2) Little.
(3) Progress good. Nominally Catholics, result of Californian
missions.
(4) Barrows, _Ethnobotany of the Coahuilla Indians_ (1900); Kroeber,
_Ethnography of the Cahuilla_ (1908).
KIOWA.
Kiowan.
(1) 1219 in Oklahoma.
(2) Some white blood from captives, &c.
(3) Citizens of the U.S., making fair progress. Catholic, Methodist,
Presbyterian. &c. mission influences.
(4) Mooney. _14th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1892-1893, and _17th
Rep._, 1895-1896.
KITKSAN.
Tsimshian.
(1) About 1100 on upper Skeena river in central British Columbia.
(2) Little.
(3) Making good progress.
(4) See Tsimshian.
KLAMATH.
Lutuamian.
(1) 761 at Klamath Agency, Oregon.
(2) Little.
(3) Mostly self-supporting. Methodist mission, but poor work done.
(4) Gatschet, _The Klamath Indians_ (Washington, 1890); Dorsey,
_Amer. Anthrop._, 1901.
KLEKATAT.
Sahaptian.
(1) About 300 merged with Yakima and other tribes on Yakima
Reservation, Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Late reports indicate much bad influence of whites.
(4) Lyman, _Proc Amer. Antiq. Soc._, 1904; Lewis, _Mem. Amer.
Anthrop. Soc._, 1906.
KONKAU (Concow).
Pujunan.
(1) 171 at Round Valley, California.
(2) Little.
(3) Gradually improving.
(4) See Maidu.
KOOTENAY.
Kitunahan.
(1) In S.E. British Columbia; 220 at St Mary's; 59 al Tobacco
Plains; 82 at Columbia Lakes; 170, lower Kootenay. At Flathead
Agency, Montana, 565. Holding their own, or increasing.
(2) A little French and English.
(3) Good, especially upper Kootenay; continued progress. Kootenay in
U.S. not so progressive. Catholic missions with good results.
(4) Boas. _Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._, 1889; Chamberlain, _ibid._,
1892 (and other writings), _Ann. Arch. Rep. Ontario_, 1905;
Schultz, _My Life as an Indian_ (N.Y., 1907).
KOYUKUKHO'TENNE.
Athabaskan.
(1) About 500 on the Koyukuk and Yukon, above the 'Kaiyuhkho'tenne
in Alaska.
(2) Little, if any.
(3) Little progress noted.
(4) See Babines, Carriers, Chipewyan.
KWAKIUTE.
Wakashan.
(1) About 2000 in Vancouver Island and British Columbia. Decreasing.
(2) Considerable in places.
(3) Improvement recently. Anglican and Methodist missions--former
counting 469; latter, 19 members; rest, "pagans."
(4) Boas, _Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._, 1889, 1890, 1896. Rep.
_U.S. Nat. Mus._, 1895, and other writings; Boas and Hunt, _Mem.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._, 1902.
LILLOOET (Statliumh).
Salishan.
(1) About 900 in S.W. British Columbia, on Fraser river, Douglas and
Lillooet Lakes, &c.
(2) Considerable in places.
(3) Getting along well generally. Catholic and Anglican missions.
(4) Boas, _Ethnogr. Album_ (N.Y., 1890); Hill-Tout, _Journ. Anthr.
Inst._, 1905; Teit, _Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._, 1906.
LUMMI.
Salishan.
(1) 418 at Tulalip Agency, Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Suffering from white contact.
(4) See Chehalis.
MAIDU.
Pujunan.
(1) In N.E. California. About 250 full-bloods.
(2) Not much.
(3) Few and scattered.
(4) Dixon, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._, 1902-1905; _Journ. Amer.
Folk-Lore_, 1900-1907.
MAKAH.
Wakashan.
(1) 400 on Makah, 25 on Ozette Reservation, Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Progress good.
(4) Swan. _The Indians of Cape Flattery_ (Washington, 1870); Dorsey,
_Amer. Antiquarian_, 1901.
MANDAN.
Siouan.
(1) 264 at Ft. Berthold. N. Dakota. Beginning to increase again.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Making some progress. Catholic and Protestant mission
influences.
(4) Will and Spindle. _The Mandans_ (1906); Dorsey in _11th_ and
_15th Reps. Bur. Ethnol._
MARICOPA.
Yuman.
(1) 344 at Pima Agency Arizona. Decreasing slightly.
(2) No data.
(3) Progress in 1906 excellent. Catholic mission school.
(4) See Yuma.
MASKEGON (Swampy Cree).
Algonkian.
(1) About 2500 in Manitoba, Keewatin, Saskatchewan.
(2) Considerable in certain regions.
(3) Generally law-abiding, but improvident; some making good
progress.
(4) Simms in _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1906; Stewart in _Ann. Arch.
Rep. Ontario_, 1905.
MASSET.
Haidan.
(1) 360 at Masset, Q. Charlotte Is.
(2) See Haida.
(3) See Haida.
(4) See Haida.
MENOMINEE.
Algonkian.
(1) About 1600, of which 1364 under superintendency of Green Bay,
Wisconsin.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Making gradual progress, with noticeable improvement in many
respects. Catholic church has many members.
(4) Hoffman in _14th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1892-1893.
MIAMI.
Algonkian.
(1) 129 in Oklahoma. 240 in Indiana, a few elsewhere; total about
400.
(2) Considerable French blood, about 50%.
(3) American citizens; intelligent, thrifty and progressive.
(4) Pilling, _Bibl. of Algon. Lang._ (1891).
MICMAC.
Algonkian.
(1) 2114 in Nova Scotia, 288 in Prince Edward Island, 1000 in New
Brunswick, 591 in Quebec.
(2) Large element of French; some Scottish and English blood.
(3) Progress good; not degenerating nor decreasing. All Catholics.
(4) Writings of Dr S. T. Rand, especially _Micmac Legends_ (1894);
Pacifique and Prince, _Congr. intern. des Amér. Quebec_, 1906;
Leland _Algonquin Legends_ (1885); Leland and Prince, _Kuloskap_
(1902).
MISSION INDIANS.
Yuman; Shoshonian.
(1) About 3000 in S. California.
(2) Considerable in some sections.
(3) Self-supporting; some individuals remarkably able and
industrious. Catholics nominally.
(4) Writings of Miss C. G. du Bois, _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_ and
_Amer. Anthrop._, 1900-1908, &c. See Kawia.
MISSISSAGUA.
Algonkian.
(1) At Alnwick, 249; at the river Credit, 267; Rice Lake, 90; Mud
Lake, 190; Scugog, 35. Increasing slightly.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Fairly good generally; some at the Credit very successful
farmers, competing with whites. Methodists chiefly.
(4) Chamberlain, _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1888, and _Language of
the Mississagas of Skugog_ (Phila., 1892); Burnham, _Ont. Hist.
Soc. Pap. and Rec._, 1905.
MODOC.
Lutuamian.
(1) 52 in Oklahoma, 229 on Klamath Reservation, Oregon. Apparently
decreasing slowly, or holding their own.
(2) Little.
(3) Generally industrious and moral. Methodist mission.
(4) Miller, _My Life Among the Modocs_ (1873); Gatschet, _Amer.
Anthrop._, 1894. See Klamath.
MOHAVE.
Yuman.
(1) About 1600 in Arizona.
(2) Little.
(3) Good; industrious but restless. Presbyterian and Church of the
Nazarene missions.
(4) Bourke, _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_. 1889; Kroeber, _Amer.
Anthrop._, 1902. See Yuman.
MOHAWK.
Iroquoian.
(1) 1762 with Six Nations, Grand river, Ont., 1320, Bay of Quinte,
Ont., slight increase. The "Iroquois" at Caughnawaga, &c., are
largely Mohawks.
(2) Considerable English and French.
(3) See Six Nations.
(4) Forbes, _Congr. intern. d. Amér._, Quebec, 1906; Brant-Sero,
_Man_ (London, 1901). See Six Nations.
MONTAGNAIS.
Algonkian.
(1) About 2000 in N.E. Quebec, N. shore of St Lawrence and St John,
&c.
(2) Large element of French blood.
(3) At St John, "energetic, hard working and provident"; others
suffering from liquor, &c. Catholic missions.
(4) Chambers, _The Ouananiche_ (1896); Chamberlain, _Ann. Arch. Rep.
Ontario_, 1905; David, _Congr. int. d. Amér._, Quebec, 1906.
MOQUI (Hopi).
Shoshonian.
(1) About 2000 in N.E. Arizona.
(2) Little.
(3) Still "pagan," but "dry-farming" experts. At Oraibi two
factions, progressives and conservatives. Mennonite mission.
(4) Bourke, _Snake Dance Among the Moquis_ (1884); Hough, _Amer.
Anthrop._, 1898; Dersey and Voth, _Field Columb. Mus. Publ._,
1901-1902. Also the numerous monographs of Dr. J. W. Fewkes in
_Rep. Bur. Ethnol. Amer. Anthrop., Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_,
1894-1908.
"MORAVIANS."
Algonkian.
(1) 329 on river Thames, Ontario, Canada.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Generally industrious and very law-abiding. All Methodists.
(4) _Ann. Rep. Dept. Ind. Aff. Canada_, 1907.
MUNSEE.
Algonkian.
(1) 118 on river Thames, Ontario, Canada; also a few with the
Stockbridges in Wisconsin and the Chippewa in Kansas.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Fairly industrious; progress slow.
(4) _Ann. Rep. Dept. Ind. Aff. Canada_, 1907.
NAHANÉ.
Athabaskan.
(1) About 1000 in N.W. British Columbia, N. and S. of Stikeen river,
and E. to beyond the Rockies.
(2) Not much.
(3) Have suffered much from white contact. Reached by Catholic
missions from Stuart Lake.
(4) Writings of Petitot, Morice, &c., especially the latter in
_Trans. Canad. Inst._, 1894, _Proc. Canad. Inst._, 1889. See
Carriers.
NASCAPEE.
Algonkian.
(1) Some 2500 in N.E. Quebec, Labrador, &c.
(2) Not very much.
(3) Improvement not marked. Catholic mission influence.
(4) Turner, _11th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1889-1890; Chamberlain,
_Ann. Arch. Rep. Ontario_, 1905.
NAVAHO.
Athabaskan.
(1) About 29,000 in Arizona and New Mexico, about 8000 in the latter
state. Increasing in number.
(2) Much Spanish (Mexican) blood.
(3) Have made remarkable progress racially and individually.
Catholic, Presbyterian, &c., missions.
(4) Writings of Dr. W. Matthews, especially _Navaho Legends_
(Boston, 1897), _The Night Chant_ (N.Y., 1902).
NESPELIM.
Salishan.
(1) 191 at Colville Agency, Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Suffering from liquor and white contact.
(4) See Chehalis.
NEZ PERCÉS.
Sahaptian.
(1) 83 at Colville Agency, Washington, 1534 under Ft. Lapwai
superintendency, Idaho. Decreasing.
(2) Amount uncertain.
(3) Of a high intellectual type (seen in children); suffering much
from disease and white contact. About 60% Catholics and 15%
Presbyterians.
(4) Packard, _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1891; McBeth, _The Nez Percés
since Lewis and Clark_ (New York, 1908); Spinden, _Mem. Amer.
Anthrop. Assoc._, 1908.
NIPISSING.
Algonkian.
(1) 239 on Lake Nipissing, Ontario. Increasing.
(2) Little.
(3) Improving.
(4) _Ann. Rep. Dept. Ind. Aff. Canada_, 1907.
NISKA (Nasqa).
Tsimshian.
(1) About 800 in Nass river region in W. British Columbia.
Decreasing.
(2) Little.
(3) Making good progress.
(4) Boas, _Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._, 1895, 1896, and
_Indianische Sagen_ (Berlin, 1895). See Tsimshian.
NISQUALLI.
Salishan.
(1) 146 in W. Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Suffering from white contact, liquor, &c.
(4) Gibbs, _Contrib. N. Amer. Ethnol._, vol. i., 1877, and
_Niskwalli Dictionary_, ibid.
NOOTKA.
Wakashan.
(1) 2133 (including Clayoquot) on Vancouver Island, B.C. Decreasing
slowly.
(2) Considerable in places.
(3) Industrious and law-abiding; evil from white contact increasing.
Catholic and Presbyterian missions.
(4) Sproat, _Scenes and Studies of Savage Life_ (1868); Boas, _Rep.
Brit. Assoc._, 1890, and _Indianische Sagen_ (1895).
OKANAGAN.
Salishan.
(1) 824 in the Kamloops-Okanagan Agency, British Columbia; 527 on
Colville Reservation, Washington.
(2) Considerable in places.
(3) Industrious and law-abiding. Catholic, and in Canada Catholic
and Anglican churches largely represented.
(4) Boas, _Rep. Brit. Assoc._, 1889; Teit, _Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist._, 1900.
OMAHA.
Siouan.
(1) 1128 in Nebraska.
(2) Much white blood.
(3) Good progress in many respects; improvidence, &c., still causing
trouble. Presbyterian mission.
(4) Dorsey, _3rd Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1881-1882, and _13th
Rep._, 1891-1892, and other writings. Also writings of Miss A.
C. Fletcher. See Ponca.
ONEIDA.
Iroquoian.
(1) 777 on river Thames, Ontario, and 350 with Six Nations in
Ontario; 2151 in Wisconsin; 286 in New York. Increasing.
(2) Large element of white blood.
(3) Canadian Oneidas at Delaware full citizens. All progressing
excellently and self-supporting. U.S. Oneidas citizens.
(4) Bloomfield, _The Oneidas_ (N.Y., 1907). See Six Nations.
ONONDAGA.
Iroquoian.
(1) 350 with the Six Nations, Ontario; 553 in New York.
(2) Large element of white blood.
(3) Not so advanced in U.S. as Tuscarora.
(4) Clark, _Onondaga_ (Syracuse, 1849); writings of Beauchamp, de
Cost Smith, M. R. Harrington, &c. See Six Nations.
OSAGE.
Siouan.
(1) 1994 in Oklahoma.
(2) Very much white blood; half are mixed-bloods.
(3) U.S. citizens and making good progress. Baptists and Catholics
represented.
(4) Dorsey (J. O.), _6th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1884-1885;
Brewster, _Trans. Kans. State Hist. Soc._, 1906; Dorsey (G. A.),
_Publ. Field Columb. Mus._, 1904; Speck, _Trans. Arch. Dept.
Univ. of Penn._ (Phila., 1907).
OTO.
Siouan.
(1) About 390 with the Missouri in Oklahoma.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Making good progress.
(4) See Osage.
OTTAWA.
Algonkian.
(1) About 750 on Manitoulin and Coburn Islands, Ontario; 2750 in
Michigan; 197 in Oklahoma.
(2) Considerable French and English blood.
(3) Canadian Ottawa industrious and law-abiding, and many in the
U.S. as civilized as average whites about them. Catholic and
Protestant missions.
(4) Blackbird, _Ottawa and Chippewa Indians_ (1887). See Pilling's
_Bibliography of the Algonkian Languages_, 1891.
PAIUTE.
Shoshonian.
(1) 6500 to 7000 chiefly in Nevada (about 600 in Utah; 350 in
Arizona).
(2) No data.
(3) Peaceable, moral and industrious; "have steadily resisted the
vices of civilization." Catholic and Protestant missions.
(4) Mooney in _14th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1892-1893. See Ute.
PAMUNKEY.
Algonkian.
(1) About 140 in King William county, Virginia.
(2) All mixed-bloods; some negro mixture.
(3) Fishermen and small farmers.
(4) Pollard, _The Pamunkey Indians of Virginia_ (Washington, 1894).
PANAMINT.
Shoshonian.
(1) About 100 in the Panamint Valley, S.E. California.
(2) No data.
(3) Stationary.
(4) Coville, _Amer. Anthrop._, 1892.
PAPAGO.
Piman.
(1) 4991 in Arizona; about 1000 in Mexico.
(2) Little.
(3) Making very good progress recently. Catholic mission.
(4) McGee in Coville and Macdougal, _Des. bot. lab._, 1903;
Bandelier, _Arch. Inst. Papers_, 1890. See Pima.
PASSAMAQUODDY.
Algonkian.
(1) About 350 in Maine.
(2) Considerable French and English.
(3) With Penobscots have representative in Maine legislature.
(4) Leland, Algonq. _Leg. of New England_ (Boston, 1885); Brown,
_Trans. R. Soc. Canada_, 1889; Prince, _Proc. Amer. Philos.
Soc._, 1897; Leland and Prince, _Kuloskap_ (Boston, 1902).
PAWNEE.
Caddoan.
(1) 649 in Oklahoma. Decreasing.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Citizens of U.S. Special progress recently in agriculture.
Methodist mission.
(4) Writings of Dunbar, Grinnell, Dorsey, Fletcher, &c.; Grinnell,
_Pawnee Hero-Stories_ (1889); Dorsey, _Traditions of the Skidi
Pawnee_ (Boston, 1904), and _Pawnee Mythology_ (1906); Fletcher,
_22nd Ann. Rep. Bur. Etnnol._, 1900-1901.
PENOBSCOT.
Algonkian.
(1) About 410 in Maine.
(2) Considerable.
(3) See Passamaquoddy.
(4) See Passamaquoddy.
PEORIA.
Algonkian.
(1) 192 with Kaskaskia, Wea and Piankaskaw in Oklahoma.
(2) No pure-bloods left.
(3) American citizens and progressing well.
(4) See Pilling, _Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages_ (1891).
PIEGAN.
Algonkian.
(1) 482 near Macleod, Alberta; 2072 at Blackfoot Agency, Montana.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Improvement slow in Montana; in Alberta, "noticeable advance
along all lines." Methodist and Anglican missions in Alberta.
(4) See Blackfeet.
PIMA.
Shoshonian.
(1) 3936 in Arizona; more in Mexico. Increasing slightly.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Making good progress recently. Catholic and Protestant missions.
(4) Russel, _Amer. Anthrop._, 1903, _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1901,
and _26th Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethnol._, 1904-1905; Dorsey,
_Indians of the South-west_ (1903); _Hrdlicka, Amer. Anthrop._,
1904; Kroeber, _Univ. Calif. Publ._, 1907.
POMO.
Kulanapan.
(1) About 1000 in N.E. California.
(2) Little.
(3) Progress good.
(4) Barrett, _Ethnography of the Pomo_ (1908).
PONCA.
Siouan.
(1) 570 in Oklahoma.
(2) Considerable.
(3) U.S. citizens, making good progress.
(4) Dorsey (J. O.), _Cegiha Language_ (1890), O_maha and Ponka
Letters_ (1891), &c.; Dorsey (G. A.), _Field Columb. Mus.
Publ._, 1905; Boas, _Congr. int. d. Amér._, Quebec, 1906.
POTAWATOMI.
Algonkian.
(1) 179 on Walpole Island, Ontario; 1740 in Oklahoma.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Canadian Potawatomi are law-abiding and industrious. American
Potawatomi citizens making progress.
(4) See Pilling, _Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages_ (1891).
PUEBLOS.
Keresan.
(1) 3990 in 6 pueblos in N. central New Mexico.
(2) Larger element of white blood than other Pueblos Indians, but
not great.
(3) Majority nominally Catholics.
(4) Writings of Bandelier, Hodge, Lummis, Stevenson, &c. Stevenson,
_11th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1889-1890; Dorsey, _Indians of
the South-west_ (1903); Bandelier, _Archaeol. Inst. Papers_,
1881, 1883, 1892.
PUEBLOS.
Shoshonian.
(1) See Moqui.
(2) See Moqui.
(3) See Moqui.
(4) See Moqui.
PUEBLOS.
Tanoan.
(1) About 4200 in 12 pueblos in New Mexico.
(2) Have not favoured intermixture. Amount little.
(3) Nominally Catholics for most part. At San Juan notable evidences
of thrift, less elsewhere.
(4) Writings of Bandelier, Lummis, Fewkes, &c. See Pueblos (Keresan)
and Moqui.
PUEBLOS.
Zuñian.
(1) 1500 in Western New Mexico.
(2) Have not favoured white intermixture.
(3) Practically all are "pagans." Substantial progress lately in
several ways.
(4) Bandelier, _Journ. Amer. Ethnol. and Archaeol._, 1892; Fewkes,
_ibid._, 1891; Stevenson, _5th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._,
1883-1884, and _23rd Rep._, 1901-1902; Cushing, _2nd Rep._,
1880-1881, _4th Rep._, 1882-1883, _13th Rep._, 1891-1892, and
_Zuñi Folk-Tales_ (N.Y., 1901), and other writings.
PUYALLUP.
Salishan.
(1) 486 at the Puyallup Agency, Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Suffering from white contact; future not bright.
(4) See Chehalis.
QUAPAW.
Siouan.
(1) 292 in Oklahoma.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Majority are intelligent, thrifty and progressive. Catholic
missions.
(4) Dorsey (J. O.), _11th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1889-1890, _13th
Rep._ 1891-1892, and other writings.
QUILEUTE.
Chemakuan.
(1) 232 at Neah Bay Agency, N.W. Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Progress good.
(4) See Clallam.
QUINAIELT.
Salishan.
(1) 142 at Puyallup Agency in N.W. Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) See Nisqualli.
(4) Farrand, _Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._, 1902; Conard, _Open
Court_, 1905.
SACS AND FOXES (Sauk, &c.).
Algonkian.
(1) 343 in Iowa; 630 in Oklahoma; 90 in Kansas.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Continued improvement; conservative opposition less. Catholic
missions.
(4) Lasley, _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1902; Jones, ibid., 1901, and
_Fox Texts_ (1907); Owen, _Folk-Lore of the Musquaki_ (1904).
SANSPOIL.
Salishan.
(1) 126 at Colville Agency, Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Improving.
(4) See Chehalis.
SARCEE.
Athabaskan.
(1) 205 S.W. of Calgary, Alberta.
(2) More than many other tribes of this stock.
(3) Making good material progress lately. Anglican mission.
(4) Maclean, _Canad. Savage Folk_ (1890); Goddard, _Congr. int. d.
Amér._, 1906; Morice, _ibid._ and _Ann. Arch. Rep. Ontario_,
1905; Simms, _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1904.
SEKANÉ (Sikani).
Athabaskan.
(1) About 450 on Finlay and Parsnip rivers and W. to forks of Tatla
Lake in N. central British Columbia.
(2) Little.
(3) Not so progressive as Carriers &c. Reached by Catholic mission
from Stuart Lake.
(4) Morice, Anthropos, 1906, 1907, and Ann. Arch. Rep. Ontario,
1905, and other writings. See Babines, Carriers.
SEMINOLE.
Muskogian.
(1) 2132 in Oklahoma; 350 in Florida.
(2) Much white and some negro blood.
(3) Oklahoma Seminoles American citizens.
(4) MacCauley, _5th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1887; Coe, _Red
Patriots_ (1898). See Creek.
SENECA.
Iroquoian.
(1) 383 in Oklahoma; 2742 in New York; 215 with Six Nations, on
Grand river, Ontario.
(2) Considerable.
(3) See Six Nations.
(4) Sanborn, _Seneca Indians_ (1862); Hubbard, _An Account of
Sa-go-ye-wat-ha_, or _Red Jacket and his People_ (Albany, 1886).
See Six Nations.
SHAWNEE.
Algonkian.
(1) 574 in Oklahoma.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Progress good. Catholic and Protestant missions.
(4) See Pilling, _Bibl. of Algon. Lang._ (1891). Also Harvey,
_Shawnee Indians_ (1855).
SHOSHONEE.
Shoshonian.
(1) About 1000 in Idaho; 242 in Nevada; 793 in Wyoming.
(2) Amount of admixture not large.
(3) Progress good in the last few years. Catholic and Protestant
Episcopal missions.
(4) Culin, _Bull. Free Mus. Sci. and Art_ (Phila., 1901); Dorsey,
_Indians of the South-west_ (1903). See Ute.
SHUSWAP (Sequapamuq).
Salishan.
(1) About 1000 in the S. interior of British Columbia; also 52
within the Kootenay area at the Columbia Lakes.
(2) Considerable in places.
(3) Industrious and law-abiding. Catholic and Protestant missions.
(4) Boas, _Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._, 1890, and _Ethnogr. Album_
(N.Y., 1900); Dawson, _Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada_, 1891; Boas,
_Indianische Sagen_ (1895).
SILETZ.
Indians of several stocks.
(1) 483 on Siletz Reservation, Oregon.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Progress good.
(4) Dorsey, _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1890, and _Amer. Anthrop._,
1889.
SIX NATIONS (Canada).
Iroquoian.
(1) On Grand River Reservation, Ontario; Cayuga, 1044; Mohawk, 1762;
Oneida, 350; Onondaga, 350; Seneca, 215; Tuscarora, 397. Total,
4118.
(2) Large admixture of white blood.
(3) Generally capable and industrious, and steadily improving; many,
both in U.S. and Canada, equal to whites. The Canadian Cayuga
and Onondaga are "pagans." Many Christian faiths represented.
(4) Boyle, _Ann. Arch. Rep. Ontario_, 1898 and 1905, and _Journ.
Anthr. Inst._, 1900; Hale, _Iroquois Book of Rites_ (Phila.,
1883); Wilson, _Trans. Roy. Soc. Can._, 1885. See also under
tribal names.
SIX NATIONS (New York).
Iroquoian.
(1) In New York State; Cayuga, 179; Oneida, 286; Onondaga, 553;
Seneca, 2742; Tuscarora, 356. Total, 4116.
(2) Large admixture of white blood.
(3) Improvement varying with tribes; Tuscarora said to be best.
Various religious faiths.
(4) Beauchamp, _Bull. N.Y. State Mus._, 1897-1907, _The Iroquois
Trail_ (1892), and other writings; Smith, _2nd Ann. Rep. Bur.
Ethnol._, 1880-1881; Hewitt, _21st Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._,
1899-1900, and other writings. See also under tribal names.
SKIQOMIC.
Salishan.
(1) About 150 in the Howe Sd. and Burrard Inlet region of British
Columbia.
(2) Some Canadian-French admixture.
(3) "Probably the most industrious and orderly band of Indians in
the province." Catholic mission.
(4) Hill-Tout, _Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._, 1900; Boas, _ibid._,
1894.
SLAVÉ.
Athabaskan.
(1) About 1100 in the region W. of Gt. Bear Lake, from Ft. Simpson
to Ft. Norman in N.W. Canada.
(2) No certain data; but some admixture now going on.
(3) No marked progress, but white influence being felt. Catholics
and Episcopal missions.
(4) Various writings of Petitot and Morice; the latter in
_Anthropos_, 1906-1907; Bompas, _Mackenzie River_ (London,
1888); Bell, _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1901.
SNAIMUQ (Nanaimo).
Salishan.
(1) About 160 on reserve near Nanaimo Harbour, B.C.
(2) No data.
(3) Making good progress recently. Catholic mission.
(4) Boas, _Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._, 1889, and _Amer. Anthrop._,
1889.
SONGISH (Lkungen).
Salishan.
(1) About 200 in S.E. Vancouver Island, B.C.
(2) No data.
(3) Industrious and mostly well-off. Catholic mission.
(4) Boas, _Rep. Brit. Assoc._, 1890; Hill-Tout, _Journ. Roy.
Anthrop. Inst._, 1907.
SPOKAN.
Salishan.
(1) 91 in Idaho; 133 in Montana; 434 in Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Improving.
(4) Writings of Rev. M. Eells. See Chehalis.
TAHLTAN.
Athabaskan.
(1) 220 in the N. Interior of British Columbia, at mouth of Tahltan
river.
(2) Little.
(3) Making good progress.
(4) Teit, _Boas Anniv. Vol._ (N.Y., 1906).
TEN'A.
Athabaskan.
(1) About 2000 on the Yukon, between Tanara and Koserefsky in
Alaska.
(2) Little.
(3) Not yet much influenced by whites. Catholic mission.
(4) Jetté, _Congr. int. des Amér._ 1906; _Man_, 1907; _Journ.
Anthr. Inst._, 1907.
THOMPSON INDIAN (Ntlakapamuk).
Salishan.
(1) About 1770 in the Thompson river region, S. central British
Columbia.
(2) Not very much.
(3) Making good progress. Catholic and Protestant missions.
(4) Teit and Boas, _Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._, 1900; Teit, _Trad.
of Thompson Inds._ (Boston, 1898); Hill-Tout, _Salish and Déné_
(London, 1907).
TLINGIT.
Koluschan.
(1) About 2000 in S. Alaska.
(2) Considerable in places.
(3) Not marked generally. Greek Orthodox and other missions.
(4) Krause, _Die Tlinkit Indianer_ (Berlin, 1885); Boas,
_Indianische Sagen_ (Berlin, 1905); Bogoras, _Amer. Anthrop._,
1902; Swanton, _26th Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethnol._, 1904-1905;
Emmons, _Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._, 1903.
TONKAWA.
Tonkawan.
(1) 47 in Oklahoma.
(2) No data.
(3) "Contented and enjoying life."
(4) Mooney, _Globus_, 1902.
TSIMSHIAN (Proper).
Tsimshian.
(1) About 2000 in northern British Columbia.
(2) Not large.
(3) Making good progress. Anglican and other missions.
(4) Boas, _Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._, 1889, and _Indianische
Sagen_ (Berlin, 1895); von der Schulenburg, _Die Sprache der
Zimshian-Indianer_ (1894); Wellcome, Metlakatla (1887).
TUSCARORA.
Iroquoian.
(1) 397 on Six Nation Reservation, Ontario; 356 with Six Nations,
New York.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Making good progress in both Canada and New York.
(4) See Six Nations.
TUTCHONEKUT'QIN.
Athabaskan.
(1) About 1000 on the Yukon from Deer river to Ft. Selkirk, in
Alaska.
(2) Little.
(3) Little progress.
(4) See Babines, Carriers, Chipewyan.
UINTA UTE.
Shoshonian.
(1) 435 in Utah.
(2) Little.
(3) See Ute.
(4) See Ute.
UMATILLA.
Sahaptian.
(1) 207 in Oregon.
(2) Some.
(3) Making progress. Catholic and Presbyterian missions.
(4) See Nez Percés.
UNCOMPAGHRE UTE.
Shoshonian.
(1) 493 in Utah.
(2) Little.
(3) See Ute.
(4) See Ute.
UTE.
Shoshonian.
(1) 845 in Colorado; 1245 in Utah.
(2) Not much.
(3) Some progress recently. Catholic and Protestant missions.
(4) Culin, _Bull. Free Mus. Sci. and Art_ (Phila., 1901); Kroeber,
_Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1901, and _Amer. Anthrop._, 1906.
WALAPAI.
Yuman.
(1) 513 in Arizona. Decreasing.
(2) Little.
(3) Self-supporting, but poor morally.
(4) James, _Indians of the Painted Desert Region_ (Boston, 1903).
WALLAWALLA.
Sahaptian.
(1) 579 in Oregon.
(2) Some.
(3) Not so satisfactory recently, but progressing.
(4) See Nez Percés.
WICHITA.
Caddoan.
(1) 441 in Oklahoma.
(2) Probably considerable.
(3) Citizens of U.S., making good progress. Catholic and Protestant
missions.
(4) Dorsey, _Mythology of the Wichita_ (Washington, 1904) and other
writings.
WINNEBAGO.
Siouan.
(1) 1070 in Nebraska; 1285 in Wisconsin.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Many good citizens of U.S. and progressing. Suffering from
liquor and the mescal bean to some extent.
(4) Thwaites, _Coll. State Hist. Soc. Wisconsin_, 1892; Fletcher,
_Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1890; McGee. _15th Ann. Rep. Bur.
Ethnol._, 1893-1894.
WYANDOT.
Iroquoian.
(1) 385 in Oklahoma; 1 at Anderdon, Ontario, Canada.
(2) No pure-bloods left, hardly a half-blood.
(3) More white than Indian.
(4) Powell, _1st Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1879-1880; Connelley,
_Ann. Arch. Rep. Ontario_, 1905, and _Wyandott Folk-Lore_
(Topeka, 1899); Merwin, _Trans. Kansas State Hist. Soc._, 1906.
YAKIMA.
Sahaptian.
(1) About 1500 in Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Late reports indicate bad influence of whites.
(4) Pandosy, _Gramm. and Dict. of Yakima_ (1862); Lewis, _Mem. Amer.
Anthrop. Assoc._, 1906.
YELLOWKNIVES.
Athabaskan.
(1) About 500 N.E. of Great Slave Lake in N.W. Canada.
(2) Not much.
(3) No practical advance as yet.
(4) Writings of Petitot, Morice, &c. Petitot, _Autour du Grand Lac
des Esclaves_ (1891), and _Monographie des Déné-Dindjié_ (1876).
See Carriers, Chipewyan.
YUMA.
Yuman.
(1) 807 at Fort Yuma Agency, California, and a few at San Carlos,
Arizona.
(2) Some Spanish (Mexican) blood.
(3) Progress good. Catholic and Protestant missions.
(4) Gatschet, _Ztschr. v. Ethnologie_ (1893); Trippell, _Overland
Monthly_, 1889; Dorsey, _Indians of the South-west_ (1903). See
Mission Indians.
ZUÑI.
Zuñian.
(1) See Pueblos.
(2) Zuñian.
(3) See Pueblos.
(4) See Pueblos (Zuñian).
Population, &c.
From the tables it will be seen that the American Indians in some parts
of North America are not decreasing, but either holding their own or
even increasing; also that thousands of them are now to all intents and
purposes the equals in wealth, thrift, industry and intelligence of the
average white man and citizens with him in the same society. In certain
regions of the continent small tribes have been annihilated in the
course of wars with other Indians or with the whites, and others have
been decimated by disease, famine, &c.; and over large areas the
aboriginal population, according to some authorities, has vastly
diminished. Thus Morice estimates that the Athabaskan population at
present in Canada (about 20,000) is less than one-seventh of what it was
a century or more ago; Hill-Tout thinks the Salishan tribes (c. 15,000)
number not one-fifth of their population a hundred years ago, and
equally great reductions are claimed for some other peoples of the North
Pacific region; Kroeber thinks probable an Indian population in
California of 150,000 before the arrival of the whites, as compared with
but 15,000 now; by some the arid regions of the south-west are supposed
to have sustained a very large population in earlier times; certain of
the Plains tribes are known to have lost much in population since
contact with the whites. But under better care and more favourable
conditions generally some tribes seem to be taking on a new lease of
life and are apparently beginning to thrive again. A considerable
portion of the "disappearance" of the Indian is through amalgamation
with the whites. Undoubtedly, in some parts of the country, exaggerated
ideas prevalent in the early colonial period as to the numbers of the
native population have interfered with a correct estimate of the
aborigines past and present. Mooney thinks that the Cherokee "are
probably about as numerous now as at any period in their history"
(_Hndb. Amer. Inds._, 1907, pt. i. p. 247), and this is perhaps true
also of some other tribes east of the Mississippi. Major J. W. Powell
was of opinion that the Indian population north of Mexico is as large
to-day as it was at the time of the discovery. This, however, is not the
view of the majority of authorities. The total number of Indians in
Canada (_Ann. Rep. Dept. Ind. Aff._, 1907) for 1907 is given as 110,345,
as compared with 109,394 for the previous year, not including the Micmac
in Newfoundland and the Indians and Eskimo in that part of Labrador
belonging to Newfoundland. In 1903 the figures were 108,233. The gain
may be largely due to more careful enumeration of Indians in the less
well-known parts of the country, but there is evidently no marked
decrease going on, but rather a slight increase in Ontario, Quebec, New
Brunswick, &c. In the United States (exclusive of Alaska, which counts
about 30,000) the Indian population (_Ann. Rep. Ind. Aff._, 1906) is
estimated at 197,289, no including the "Five Civilized Tribes," of whose
numbers (94,292) some 65,000 can be reckoned as Indians--a total of
382,000. The figures of 197,289, according to the report, show an
increase in population "due mainly to increase in number of Indians
reported from California."
The financial condition of the Indians of the Dominion of Canada for
the year ending March 31, 1907, is indicated in the following table:--
+--------------+---------------+--------------+
| | Total Amount | |
| | of Real and | Total Income |
| | Personal | for the |
| | Property. | Year. |
+--------------+---------------+--------------+
| Ontario | $7,566,125 | $1,426,690 |
| Quebec | 1,781,330 | 915,783 |
| N. Brunswick | 189,701 | 109,892 |
| N. Scotia | 151,949 | 76,603 |
| P. E. I. | 6,370 | 15,374 |
| Manitoba | 2,102,044 | 348,966 |
| B. Columbia | 7,475,719 | 1,501,456 |
| Sask | 7,721,532 | 548,533 |
| Alberta | 5,154,789 | 211,839 |
+--------------+---------------+--------------+
| Total | $30,129,659 | $5,155,052 |
+--------------+---------------+--------------+
The total amounts earned during the year were: from agriculture,
$1,337,948; wages and miscellaneous industries, $714,125; fishing,
$544,487; hunting and trapping, $630,633. Of these hunting and
trapping show a decided decrease over 1906. The Indian Trust Fund
amounts to $5,157,566.59. The total appropriation in connexion with
the Indians of the Dominion for all purposes for the year 1906-1907
was $1,055,010 and the actual expenditure some $114,000 less. The
total amount of sales of lands for the benefit of Indian tribes was
$422,086.13. The balance to the credit of the Indian savings account
for the funding of the annuities and earnings of pupils at industrial
schools, together with collections from Indians for purchase of cattle
and for ranching expenses, was $51,708.92.
According to the _Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs_ the
total amount of trust funds held by the United States government for
the Indians, in lieu of investment, amounted to $36,352,950.97,
yielding for 1906 interest at 4 and 5% of $1,788,237.23. The total
incomes of the various tribes from all sources for the year ending
June 30, 1906, was $6,557,554.39, including interest on trust funds,
treaty agreement and obligations, gratuities, Indian money, proceeds
of labour, &c.
Physical characteristics.
While the general constitution of the American aborigines north of
Mexico is such as to justify their designation as one "American race,"
whose nearest congener is to be found in the "Mongolian race" of
eastern Asia, &c., there is a wide range in variation within the
American tribes with respect to particular physical characteristics.
Some authorities, like Dr Hrdlicka (_Handb. Amer. Inds. N. of Mex._,
1907, pt. i. p. 53), separate the Eskimo from the "Indians," regarding
them as "a distinct sub-race of the Mongolo-Malay," but this is hardly
necessary if, with Boas (_Ann. Archaeol. Rep. Ontario_, 1905, p. 85), we
"consider the inhabitants of north-eastern Asia and of America as a unit
divided into a great many distinct types but belonging to one and the
same of the large divisions of mankind." Upon the basis of differences
in stature and general bodily conformation, colour of skin, texture and
form of hair, shape of nose, face and head, &c., some twenty-one
different physical "types" north of Mexico have been recognized.
Although the variation in stature, from the short people of Harrison
Lake (average 1611 mm.) to the tall Sioux (average 1726 mm.), Eastern
Chippewa (average 1723 mm.), Iroquois (average 1727 mm.), Omaha and
Winnebago (average 1733 mm.) and other tribes of the Plains and the
regions farther east, is considerable, the North American Indian, on the
whole, may be termed a tall race. The stature of women averages among
the tall tribes about 92%, and among the short tribes about 94% of that
of the men.
The proportion of statures (adult males) above 1730 mm. in certain
Indian tribes (Boas) is as follows: Apache and Navaho, 25.3; Arapaho,
45.9; Arikara, 15.2; British Columbia (coast), 28.8; British Columbia
(interior), 16.4; California (south), 32.7; Cherokee (eastern), 21.0;
Cherokee (western), 40.7; Cheyenne, 72.2; Chickasaw, 23.8; Chinook,
36.2; Choctaw, 32.6; Coahuila, 14.2; Comanche, 27.1; Cree, 33.4;
Creek, 53.6; Crow, 51.3; Delaware, 41.1; Eskimo (Alaska), 5.9; Eskimo
(Labrador), 0.0; Flathead, 18.9; Harrison Lake, B.C., 1.0; Hupa, 18.7;
Iroquois, 52.1; Kiowa, 41.3; Klamath, 20.0; Kootenay, 26.0; Micmac and
Abnaki, 45.7; Ojibwa (eastern), 42.7; Ojibwa (western), 427; Omaha and
Winnebago, 54.9; Oregon (south), 5.1; Ottawa and Menominee, 30.6;
Paiute, 22.1; Pawnee, 39.0; Puget Sound and Makah, 6.5; Round Valley,
Cal., 3.3; Sahaptin, 28.2; Shuswap, 15.9; Sioux, 50.8; Taos, 18.5:
Ute, 124; Zuñi and Moqui, 1.9.
Very notable is the percentage of tall statures among the Cheyenne,
Creek, Crow, Iroquois, &c. The form of the head (skull) varies
considerably among the Indian tribes north of Mexico, running from the
dolichocephalic eastern Eskimo with a cephalic index of 71.3 on the
skull to the brachycephalic Aleuts with 84.8. Several tribes
practising deformation of the skull (mound-builders, Klamath, &c.)
show much higher brachycephaly.
The percentage of cephalic indices above 84 (on the heads of living
individuals) among certain Indian tribes (Boas) is as follows: Apache,
87.6; Arapaho, 5.0; Arikara, 24.6; Blackfeet, 6.2; Caddo, 47.2;
Cherokee, 20.0; Cheyenne, 10.4; Chickasaw, 14.4; Comanche, 65.3; Cree,
4.9; Creek, 25.0; Crow, 12.0; Delaware 12.0; Eskimo, (Alaska), 10.6;
Harrison Lake, B.C., 88.8; Iroquois, 15.4; Kiowa, 25.0; Kootenay,
19.1; Mandan, 4.5; Micmac and Abnaki, 7.0; Mohave, 86.5: Montagnais,
21.7; Moqui, 54.3; Navaho, 49.4; Ojibwa (eastern), 26.6; Ojibwa
(western), 10.2; Omaha, 23.0; Oregon (south), 50.9; Osage, 79.1;
Ottawa and Menominee, 24.7; Pawnee, 4.8; Pima, 9.6; Round Valley,
Cal., 4.8; Sahaptin, 57.4; Shuswap, 59.9; Sioux, 9.6; Taos, 6.0; Ute,
8.9; Wichita, 96.0; Winnebago, 66.8; Zuñi, 41.4.
The Apache, Mohave, Navaho, Osage, Sahaptin, Wichita and Winnebago
practised skull-deformation, which accounts in part for their high
figures. The brachycephalic tendency of the Caddo, Moqui, Shuswap and
Zuñi is marked; the Comanche, with an average cephalic index of 84.6
and the Harrison Lake people with one of 88.8, are noteworthy in this
respect. As in the case of stature, so in the case of head-form, there
seems to have been much mingling of types, especially in the
Huron-Algonkian region, the Great Plains and the North Pacific coast.
The North American Indian may be described in general as brown-skinned
(of various shades, with reddish tinge, sometimes dark and chocolate or
almost black in colour) with black hair and eyes varying from hazel
brown to dark brown. Under good conditions of food, &c., the Indian
tends to be tall and mesocephalic as to head-form, and well-proportioned
and symmetrical in body. The ideal Indian type can be met with among the
youth of several different tribes (Plains Indians, Algonkians,
Iroquoians, Muskogians and some of the tribes of the south-western
United States). Beauty among the aborigines of America north of Mexico
has been the subject of brief studies by Dr R. W. Shufeldt and Dr A.
Hrdlicka (_Boas Anniv. Vol._, New York, 1906, pp. 38-42).
Race mixture.
The extent to which the red and white races have mixed their blood in
various parts of North America is greater than is generally thought. The
Eskimo of Greenland have intermarried with the Danes, and their kinsmen
of Labrador with the English settlers and "summerers." The eastern
Algonkian Indians in New England and Acadia have now considerable
French, English and Scottish blood. Many of the Canadian Iroquois are
more than half French, many of the Iroquois of New York half English.
The Cherokee, an Iroquoian people of the Carolinas, have some admixture
of Scottish and German blood, to which Mooney would attribute some, at
least, of their remarkable progress. In the state of Oklahoma, which has
absorbed the old "Indian Territory," the results of race-amalgamation
are apparent in the large number of mixed bloods of all shades. In spite
of the romance of Pocahontas, the intermarriages of the two races in the
Virginian region seem not to have been very common or very important.
Nor does there appear to have been much intermarriage between Spaniards
and Indians in the south Atlantic region, though in Texas, &c., there
was a good deal. In New France, in spite of the efforts of some recent
Canadian-French writers to minimize the fact, intermixture between
whites, and Indians began early and continued to be extensive. In parts
of New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, some of the northern American states
and regions of the Canadian north-west, there are Indian villages and
white settlements where hardly a single individual of absolutely pure
blood can now be found. In the veins of some of the "Iroquois" of
Caughnawaga and New York state to-day flows blood of the best colonial
stock (Rice, Hill, Williams, Stacey, &c., captives adopted and married
within the tribe). In the great Canadian north-west, and to a large
extent also in the tier of American states to the south, the blood of
the Indian, through the mingling of French, Scottish and English
traders, trappers, employees of the great fur companies, pioneer
settlers, &c., has entered largely and significantly into the life of
the nation, the half-breed element playing a most important rôle in
social, commercial and industrial development.
In 1879, besides those whose mixed blood had not been remembered and
those who wished to forget it, there were, according to Dr Havard (_Rep.
Smiths. Inst._, 1879), at least 22,000 _métis_ in the United States and
18,000 in Canada (i.e. in the north-west in each case). When the
province of Manitoba entered the Canadian Confederation it numbered
within the borders some 10,000 mixed-bloods, one of whom, John Norquay,
afterwards became its premier. In the Columbia river region and British
Columbia some intermixture has taken place, originating in the
conditions due to the establishment of trading-posts, the circumstances
of the early settlement of the country, &c.--this has been both French
and English and Scottish. Farther north in Alaska the Russian occupation
led to not a little intermixture, both with the Aleuts, &c., and the
coast Indians. In some parts of the far north intermixture of the whites
with the Athabaskans is just beginning. In Canada no prohibition of
marriage between whites and Indians exists, but such unions are
forbidden by law in the states of Arizona, Oregon, North Carolina and
South Carolina.
A considerable number of the chiefs and able men of the various Indian
tribes of certain regions in recent times have had more or less white
blood--Iroquois, Algonkian, Siouan, &c.--who have sometimes worked
with and sometimes against the whites. In the case of some tribes
there have been "pure blood" and "mixed blood" factions. Some tribes
have frowned upon miscegenation; even the Pueblos (except Laguna,
which is Keresan) have never intermarried with the whites. Both in
Canada and the United States strains of Indian blood run in the veins
of prominent families. Some of the "first families of Virginia" are
proud to descend from Pocahontas, the Algonkian "Princess," who
married the Englishman Rolfe. In Maine may still be discovered perhaps
those whose line of life goes back to the Baron de St Casteins and his
Abnaki bride, while in Ontario and New York are to be met those who
trace their ancestry back to the famous Iroquois Joseph Brant and his
half-English wife. In the early history of Pennsylvania and Ohio were
noted the Montours, descendants of a French nobleman who about 1665
had a son and two daughters by a Huron woman in Canada. In 1817
Captain John S. Pierce, U.S.A., brother of President Franklin Pierce,
married the fair Josette la Framboise, who had at least a quarter
Indian (Ottawa) blood. In the latter part of the 18th century a young
Irish gentleman married Neengai, daughter of the Michigan Ojibwa chief
Waubojeeg, and of the daughters born to them one married a Canadian
Frenchman of reputation in the early development of the province of
Ontario, another the Rev. Mr McMurray, afterwards Episcopal archdeacon
of Niagara, and a third Henry R. Schoolcraft, the ethnologist.
Several Indians, some full-blood, others with more or less white blood
in their veins, have rendered signal service to ethnological science.
These deserve special mention: Francis la Flesche, an Omaha, a
graduate of the National University Law School. D.C., holding a
position in the Office of Indian Affairs; Dr William Jones, a Sac and
Fox, in the service of the Field Museum, Chicago, a graduate of
Harvard and of Columbia (Ph.D.); and J. N. B. Hewitt, a Tuscarora,
ethnologist in the Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, D.C. In
some regions considerable intermixture between negroes and Indians
(_Science_, New York, vol. xvii., 1891, pp. 85-90) has occurred, e.g.
among the Mashpee and Gay Head Indians of Massachusetts, the remnants
of the Pequots in Connecticut, the Shinnecocks and the Montauks, &c.,
of Long Island; the Pamunkeys, Mattaponies and some other small
Virginian and Carolinian tribes. In earlier times some admixture of
negro blood took place among the Seminoles, although now the remnants
of that people still in Florida are much averse to miscegenation. Of
the tribes of the Muskogian stock who kept large numbers of negro
slaves the Creeks are said to have about one-third of their number of
mixed Indian-negro blood. Sporadic intermixture of this sort is
reported from the Shawnee, the Minnesota Chippewa, the Canadian
Tuscarora, the Caddo, &c., in the case of the last the admixture may
be considerable. It is also thought probable that many of the negroes
of the whole lower Atlantic coast and Gulf region may have strains of
Indian blood. The mythology and folk-lore of the negroes of this
region may have borrowed not a little from the Indian, for as Mooney
notes (_19th Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethnol._, 1900, pp. 232-234), "in all the
southern colonies Indian slaves were bought and sold and kept in
servitude and worked in the fields side by side with negroes up to the
time of the Revolution." When Dr John R. Swanton visited the Haida
recently the richest man among the Skidegate tribe was a negro. Some
of the Plains tribes and some Indians of the far west, however, have
taken a dislike to the negro.
The leader in the "Boston Massacre" of March 5, 1770, was Crispus
Attucks, of Framingham, Mass., the son of a negro father and a Natick
Indian mother. The physical anthropology of the white-Indian
half-blood has been studied by Dr Franz Boas (_Pop. Sci. Monthly_, New
York, 1894).
Culture, arts, industries, &c.
The culture, arts and industries of the American aborigines exhibit
marked correspondence to and dependence upon environment, varying with
the natural conditions of land and water, wealth or poverty of the soil,
abundance or scarcity of plant and animal life subsidiary to human
existence, &c. Professor O. T. Mason (_Handb. of Amer. Inds. N. of
Mexico_, 1907, pt. i. pp. 427-430; also _Rep. Smiths. Inst._, 1895, and
_Pop. Sci. Monthly_, 1902) recognizes north of Mexico twelve "ethnic
environments," in each of which there is "an _ensemble_ of qualities
that impressed themselves on their inhabitants and differentiated them."