II

The rising of the curtain for the second act reveals a wild

mountain-pass where Wotan, in a vast good-humour, is giving instructions

to Brünnhilde with regard to the impending meeting between the injured

husband and the abductor of his wife. Victory is allotted to Siegmund;

Hunding, "let them choose him to whom he belongs; he is not wanted

in Walhalla!" In Wotan's complacency the satisfaction speaks of

this thought: At last, at last, a change of fortune,--victory to

the Wälsung, after a trial of his mettle so severe and prolonged

it must have broken a spirit less admirably tempered. The Valkyrie,

in delight over the charge to her, breaks into her jubilant war-cry,

checking herself as she perceives Fricka approaching in the chariot

drawn by rams, and judges from the goddess's merciless urging of

the panting beasts that she comes for a _Zank_, a "scold," with

her husband. "The old storm!" murmurs Wotan, at sight of his liege

lady dismounting and coming toward him with ultramajestic gait, "the

old trouble! But I must stand and face her!" The scene following

has a touch of comical in its resemblance to domestic scenes among

less high-born characters, as, for instance, when Fricka says, "Look

me in the eye! Do not think to deceive me!" or "Do you imagine that

you can deceive me, who night and day have been hard upon your

heels?" Fricka, the guardian of marriage, has come to demand justice

for Hunding, vengeance upon the "insolently criminal couple." "What,"

asks Wotan, an unguarded and tender indulgence in his tone, "what

have they done that is so evil, the couple brought into loving

union by the Spring?..." "Do you feign not to understand me?" is in

effect Fricka's return; "for the holy vow of marriage, the deeply

insulted, I raise my voice in complaint...." "I regard that vow as

unholy," says Wotan,--and the source is flagrant from which Siegmund

has drawn his unpopular rules of conduct,--"which binds together

those who do not love each other." But the case in question, Fricka

protests, is not one simply of broken marriage-vow, "When--when

was it ever known that brother and sister might stand toward each

other in the nuptial relation?" "This day you have known it!" the

worthy teacher of Siegmund meets her; and, all his paternal affection

finding its imprudent way into his accents: "That those two love each

other is clear to you. Wherefore, take honest advice: if blessed

comfort is to reward your blessing, do you bless, laughing with

love, the union of Siegmund and Sieglinde!" Upon this, as is hardly

unnatural, the furious storm breaks over the indiscreet god; a

storm of reproach, in part for personal wrongs, which the outraged

goddess details, in part for his failure as ruler of the earth to

maintain law and right, to observe the boundaries established by

himself. At the end of it, rather feebly, he tells her, in defence

of his position, the thing which he had not confided to her before,

plain enough indication that the goddess, to win whom he had given

an eye, is not of his bosom's counsel any more. "This know! There

is need of a hero who without aid from the gods should cast off

the law of the gods. Such a one alone can compass the act which,

however much the gods may need it done, no god can himself do."

"And what may the great thing be," the dull august shrew inquires,

"that a hero can do which the gods cannot, through whose grace alone

a hero acts?... What makes men brave? Through your inspiration

alone they are strong. With new falsehoods you are trying to elude

me, but this Wälsung you shall not be able to save. Through him

I strike at you, for it is through you alone he defies me!" "In

wild sorrows," Wotan ventures, with deep emotion, "he grew up,

by himself. My protection never helped him!" "Then do not protect

him to-day!" she pursues, hatefully righteous, "take away from

him the sword you gave him." "The sword?..." Her suggestion is

a very sword for Wotan's heart. "Yes, the sword, strong with a

charm, which you bestowed on your son." "Siegmund conquered it

for himself in his need." The deep strain here shudders out its

passion of repressed resentment and grief, which after this darkly

underlines Wotan's misery. "You created the need, as you created

the sword," she follows him up with clear-sighted accusation, almost

voluble. "For him you drove it into the tree-trunk. You promised

him the goodly weapon. Will you deny that it was your own stratagem

which guided him to the spot where he should find it?" The effect

of her words upon Wotan--to whom this mirror held up to him reveals

the weakness of his scheme to create a hero who should act for

himself, unprompted, against the gods, yet in the very manner the

case of the gods demanded--still increases his wife's assurance.

"What do you require?" asks Wotan at last, in gloom, heart-struck.

"That you should sever from the Wälsung!" "Let him go his way!" Wotan

acquiesces, smothered by this horrible, yet so clear, necessity.

"But you, protect him not, when the avenger calls him out to fight!"

"I--protect him not!" "Turn from him the Valkyrie!" "Let the Valkyrie

determine as she will!" "Nay, she solely carries out your wishes....

Forbid her the victory of Siegmund!" "I cannot deal him defeat!"

protests Wotan, in anguish, "he found my sword!" "Withdraw the

charm from the sword. Let it snap in the knave's hand. Let the

adversary behold him without defence!... Here comes your warlike

maid.... This day must her shield protect the sacred honour of your

wife. My honour demands the fall of the Wälsung. Have I Wotan's

oath?" The unhappy god casts himself upon a rocky seat, in helpless

loathing, and the terrible consent falls forced from his lips: "Take

the oath!" Fricka, with proud tread turning from him to remount

her chariot, stops to address Brünnhilde: "The Father of Armies is

waiting for you. Let him tell you how he has appointed the fortune

of battle."

Wotan sits with his head in his hands, like any humblest mortal

hard put to it. It has been brought home to him sharply enough

that the thing is not to be done, on the accomplishment of which he

had so fondly built. It is not that an angry wife has interfered;

it is that her argument has been sound, and that for the sake of

his world a god cannot trespass against the laws he has himself

made for it. It is, in fact, that kings less than others can do

as they choose; that if in this he should follow his desire, it

would, as Fricka has pointed out, "be all over with the everlasting

gods!" But, to sacrifice the Wälsung, "brought up in wild sorrows"

for this very purpose which is to be relinquished; the Wälsung who

in his young life has had but one draught at the cup of joy!...

It is no wonder that Wotan utters his lamentation: "Oh, divine

ignominy! Oh, woful disgrace! Distress of the gods! Distress of

the gods! Immeasurable wrath! Eternal regret! The saddest am I

among all!"

The darling of his heart, Brünnhilde, torn by his cry, casts from

her all her Valkyrie accoutrements, and, woman merely and daughter,

kneels at his feet, presses her cheek against him, begging to be

trusted: "Confide in me! I am true to you. See, Brünnhilde pleads!"

He hesitates, while sorely yearning for the comfort. "If I utter

it aloud, shall I not be loosing the grasp of my will?" "To Wotan's

will you speak in speaking to me. Who am I, if not your will?"

With the assurance to himself: "With myself solely I take counsel,

in talking to you,..." he relates to Brünnhilde all the events which

have brought about this intolerable position, a long story: the

first mistake in trusting Loge; the mistake in possessing himself

of the Ring; what he has since done to obviate the effect of his

mistakes, and done, as is now shown, in vain. "How did I cunningly

seek to deceive myself! So easily Fricka exposed my fallacies! To

my deepest shame she looked through me. I must yield to her will."

"You will take away then the victory from Siegmund?" "I touched

Alberich's Ring," Wotan replies, "covetously I held the gold. The

curse which I fled from, flees not from me! What I love I must

desert, murder what from all time I have held dear, treacherously

betray him who trusts me!..." Again, it is no wonder his tormented

soul breaks forth in lamentation. The mighty groan of Wotan has,

if ever groan had, adequate cause, and his longing for "the end!

the end!" With grim comfort he recalls at this moment that the

end cannot be far,--not if there be truth in the prophecy of Erda:

"When the dark enemy of love shall in wrath beget a son, the end of

the Immortals will not be long delayed." For the loveless Alberich,

as Wotan knows, has by means of gold won the favour of a woman,

and the "fruit of hatred" is on its way toward the light. "Take

my blessing, son of the Nibelung!" cries Wotan in his dark mood;

"the thing which sickens me with loathing, I bestow it upon you

for an inheritance: the empty splendour of the gods!"

"Oh, tell me, what shall your child do?" entreats the daughter,

shaken by the sight of her father's passion. "Fight straightforwardly

for Fricka," he orders her, in the excess of bitterness; "what

she has chosen I choose likewise; of what good to me is a will

of my own?" "Oh, retract that word!" she beseeches, "you love

Siegmund.... Never shall your discordant dual directions enlist

me against him. For your own sake, I know it, I will protect the

Wälsung!" At this first intimation of rebellion in his child,--this

incipient treachery of his own will,--Wotan becomes stern, lays

down his command irrevocably, with threats of crushing retribution

if this child of his shall dare to palter with his expressed will.

"Keep a watch over yourself! Hold yourself in strong constraint!

Put forth all your valour in the fight!... Have well in mind what

I command: Siegmund is to fall! This be the Valkyrie's task!"

Brünnhilde gazes after him in wonder and fear as he storms up over

the rocky ascent out of sight: "I never saw Sieg-vater like that!"

Sadly she resumes her armour, woe-begone at the thought of the

Wälsung, given over to death. Becoming aware of the approach of

Siegmund and Sieglinde, she hastens from sight.

Sieglinde enters, fleeing in distraction from Siegmund, anxious

in pursuit. The presumption of those seeing her action without

understanding her words, is commonly, I suppose, that remorse has

overtaken her for her breach of the moral law. Remorse, indeed, has

assailed her, but not for having followed the "luminous brother."

It is for having ever belonged to Hunding, whom she neither loved

nor was loved by. The new sentiment of love so completely possessing

her places her former union in the light of unspeakable pollution,

and she adjures the "noble one" to depart from the accursed who

brings him such a dowry of shame. Siegmund with sturdy tenderness

assures her that whatever shame there is shall be washed away in

the blood of him who is responsible for it, whose heart Nothung

shall cleave. An insanity of terror seizes Sieglinde at the thought

of the meeting between the two men, the vision besetting her of

Siegmund torn by Hunding's dogs, against the multitude of which

his sword is of no use. At the picture painted by her delirium

of Siegmund's fall, shocked as if at the actual sight of it, she

sinks unconscious in his arms.

Having ascertained that she has not ceased to breathe, almost glad

perhaps for her of this respite from self-torment, he lets her

gently down on to the ground, and seats himself so as to make an

easy resting-place for her head.

Thus the Valkyrie finds them. At her approach, three solemn notes

are heard which intimate as if something awful and not to be

escaped--whose solemn awfulness consists in great part of the fact

that it cannot be escaped,--like Fate. "Siegmund!" she calls him,

with firm voice, "look upon me! I am that one whom in short space

you must follow!" Siegmund lifts his eyes from the sleeping face

upon which they have been fondly brooding, and beholds the shining

apparition. "Who are you, tell me, appearing to me, so beautiful

and grave?" "Only those about to die can see my face. He who beholds

me must depart from the light of life. On the field of battle I

appear to the noble alone. He who becomes aware of me, has been

singled out for my capture!" Siegmund gazes quietly and long and

inquiringly into her eyes, and: "The hero who must follow you,

whither do you take him?" "To the Father of Battles who has elected

you, I shall lead you. To Walhalla you shall follow me." "In the

hall of Walhalla shall I find none but the Father of Battles?"

"The glorious assemblage of departed heroes shall gather around

you companionably, with high and holy salutation." "Shall I in

Walhalla find Wälse, my own father?" "The Wälsung shall find his

father there." "Shall I in Walhalla be greeted gladsomely by a woman?"

"Divine wish-maidens there hold sway; the daughter of Wotan shall

trustily proffer you drink." "Unearthly fair are you; I recognise

the holy child of Wotan; but one thing tell me, you Immortal! Shall

the bride and sister accompany the brother? Shall Siegmund clasp

Sieglinde there?" "The air of earth she still must breathe. Siegmund

shall not find Sieglinde there!" The hero bends over the unconscious

woman, kisses her softly on the brow, and turns quietly again to

Brünnhilde: "Then bear my greeting to Walhalla! Greet for me Wotan,

greet for me Wälse and all the heroes; greet for me likewise the

benign wish-maidens: I will not follow you to them!"

In this strangely impressive and moving dialogue, the Brünnhilde-part

is upborne on the stately, high and cold Walhalla theme; the

Siegmund-part gives over and over one urgent heartful questioning

phrase, filled with human yearning and sorrow: the motif of love

and death. "Where Sieglinde lives in joy or sorrow, there will

Siegmund likewise abide,..." he pronounces. When he is informed

that he has no choice but to follow, that he is to fall through

Hunding, that its virtue has been withdrawn from his sword, justly

incensed, he declares that if this be true,--if he, shame to him!

who forged for him the sword, allotted him ignominy in place of

victory, he will not go to Walhalla, Hella shall hold him fast!

"So little do you care for eternal joy?" the Valkyrie asks wistfully;

"all in all to you is the poor woman who, tired and full of trouble,

lies strengthless in your lap? Nothing beside do you deem of high

value?" Inexpressibly moved at the manifestation before her of the

warmth and depth of this human affection, she begs him to place

his wife under her protection. He replies passionately that no

one while he lives shall touch the Stainless One, that if he must

indeed die, he will first slay her in her sleep. Brünnhilde, in

great emotion, begs still more urgently, "Entrust her to me, for

the sake of the pledge of love which she took from you in joy!"

But Siegmund, all the more firmly fixed in his resolve, lifts his

sword, and grimly offering Nothung two lives at one blow, swings it

above the sleeping woman. The Valkyrie at this can no longer keep

in bounds the surging flood of her compassion: "Hold, Wälsung!" she

restrains his arm, "Sieglinde shall live, and with her Siegmund!...

I change about the doom of battle. To you, Siegmund, I apportion

blessed victory...." With injunctions to place his trust in the

sword and the Valkyrie, bidding him farewell till they shall meet

on the field, she disappears. Siegmund, with heart restored to

gladness, bends over Sieglinde again; listens to her breathing

and studies her face, now smiling, as he sees, in quiet sleep.

"Sleep on!" he speaks to her, "till the battle has been fought and

peace shall rejoice you!"

Hunding's horn has already been heard, calling out the adversary.

Siegmund lays Sieglinde gently down, and, Nothung in hand, rushes

to the encounter. A storm has been gathering, a cloud has settled

over the mountain-tops. Sieglinde, left alone, murmurs in her sleep.

Her broken sentences reveal her dream: She is a child again and

the scene is reenacted to her of the conflagration which ended

her life in the forest with father and mother and twin. She starts

awake in affright, calling Siegmund, and finds herself alone. She

hears her husband's horn and his call to Wehwalt to stand and meet

him. She hears Siegmund's arrogant reply. She cannot see them for

the black storm-scud, but calls on them to stop, to kill her first.

A flash of lightning shows Hunding and Siegmund fighting on a high

point of the rocky pass. Sieglinde is rushing toward them, when

a sudden glare blinds her. In the light, Brünnhilde is seen hard

at Siegmund's side, defending him with her shield. "Strike home,

Siegmund! Trust to the victorious sword!" Siegmund raises his sword

for a deathblow to Hunding, when a fiery beam drops through the

storm-cloud; in the red glow of it is distinguished the form of

Wotan at Hunding's side, holding his spear between the combatants.

His voice is heard, terrible: "Back from the spear! To pieces,

the sword!" Nothung snaps against the spear, and, run through the

body by his adversary, Siegmund falls. Sieglinde hears his dying

sigh--the strong heart stops on a brief snatch, pathetic, of the

motif of the heroism of the Wälsungen--She drops to earth, stunned.

In the gloom, Brünnhilde, who has retreated before the angry father's

spear, is seen lifting Sieglinde and hurrying off: "To horse! that

I may save you!"

Long and mournfully Wotan gazes upon the fallen Siegmund--best-beloved

perhaps of all the Wagner heroes. Taking account suddenly of the

presence of Hunding, "Begone, slave!" he orders, "kneel before

Fricka, inform her that Wotan's spear has taken vengeance of that

which brought mockery upon her!... Begone!... Begone!..." But at

the gesture with which the command is emphasised, Hunding drops

dead, crushed out of life by the god's contempt.

Abruptly recalled to the thought of his child's contumacy, Wotan

starts up in terrific wrath: "But Brünnhilde! Woe to that offender!

Dreadful shall be the punishment meted to her audacity, when my

horse overtakes her in her flight!" Amid lightning and thunder,

aptly symbolising the state of his temper, the god vanishes from

sight.