MALES
-----------------------+---------+-------+--------+-------
|Number of|Length,|Breadth,|Height,
Group |specimens|maximum|minimum |minimum
| | |of body |of body
-----------------------+---------+-------+--------+-------
| | _cm._ | _cm._ | _cm._
Munsee | (29) | 8.07 | 2.77 | 4.04
Arkansas and Louisiana | (34) | 8 | 2.75 | 3.97
Southern Utah | | | |
cliff-dwellers | (50) | 7.72 | 2.81 | 4.05
Southwest and Mexico | (16) | 7.85 | 2.67 | 4.01
United States whites | (55) | 8.33 | 2.85 | 4.20
-----------------------+---------+-------+--------+-------
FEMALES
-----------------------+---------+-------+--------+-------
Munsee | (22) | 7.3 | 2.4 | 3.6
Arkansas and Louisiana | (12) | 7.3 | 2.45 | 3.5
Southern Utah | | | |
cliff-dwellers | (30) | 6.92 | 2.43 | 3.56
Southwest and Mexico | (13) | 7.1 | 2.4 | 3.43
United States whites | (30) | 7.87 | 2.43 | 3.81
-----------------------+---------+-------+--------+-------
MALES
-----------------------+-------+--------+--------
|Module |Breadth-|Breadth-
Group | |length |height
| |index |index
-----------------------+-------+--------+--------
| _cm._ | |
Munsee | 4.76 | 34.1 | 67.9
Arkansas and Louisiana | 4.91 | 34.5 | 69.3
Southern Utah | | |
cliff-dwellers | 4.86 | 36.4 | 69.4
Southwest and Mexico | 4.84 | 34 | 66.5
United States whites | 5.13 | 34.1 | 67.7
-----------------------+-------+--------+--------
FEMALES
-----------------------+-------+--------+--------
Munsee | 4.43 | 32.6 | 66.2
Arkansas and Louisiana | 4.42 | 33.7 | 70.3
Southern Utah | | |
cliff-dwellers | 4.30 | 35.1 | 68.3
Southwest and Mexico | 4.31 | 33.8 | 70.1
United States whites | 4.71 | 30.9 | 63.7
-----------------------+-------+--------+--------
_Articular Facets for Astragalus_
As to visual observations on the os calcis, the greatest interest
attaches probably to the number and conformation of the articular
facets for the astragalus. These facets may be two in number, anterior
and posterior. But the anterior facet may be divided into two by a
ridge; or it may be replaced by two facets, anterior and median,
completely separated by a narrow to moderately broad groove or space;
or, finally, in place of the single oblong anterior facet there may
be a small to rudimentary anterior and a medium sized median facet,
separated by a broad and deep notch.
The percental distribution of these facets among the Munsee, the
Arkansas and Louisiana mound Indians, and the United States whites,
is given below. There is a remarkable similarity in the frequency of
occurrence of the two main forms (two and three facets) in all three
groups among the males, but the females show slight irregularity.
LXXXI. OS CALCIS: MUNSEE AND COMPARATIVE:
ARTICULAR FACETS FOR ASTRAGALUS
----------------------+-------------------------------
| Male
Group +---------+----------+----------
|Specimens| Two | Three
| | facets | facets
----------------------+---------+----------+----------
| |_Per cent_|_Per cent_
Munsee | (31) | 26 | 74
Arkansas and Louisiana| (39) | 26 | 74
United States whites | (55) | 25.5 | 74.5
----------------------+---------+----------+----------
----------------------+--------------------------------
| Female
Group +---------+----------+-----------
|Specimens| Two | Three
| | facets | facets
----------------------+---------+----------+-----------
| |_Per cent_|_Per cent_
Munsee | 19 | 48 | 52
Arkansas and Louisiana| 33 | 37 | 63
United States whites | 30 | 40 | 60
----------------------+---------+----------+-----------
The agreement above set forth might lead us to suppose that practically
no racial differences are connected with the facets, at least between
the whites and some of the Indians; but this assumption is not borne
out by a detailed study of these characters. The next table shows the
more detailed observations on the number and character of these facets
in the Munsee and in whites, and also with reference to sex and side.
Here we notice, in the first place, that the frequency of two facets
only is much higher in both groups in the females than in the males,
while three facets are correspondingly more frequent in the males. But
we observe further that the condition of three facets in which the
anterior and median are separated by a wide notch is very much more
frequent among the whites than among the Indians.
As to sides, differences between the right and left are irregular; if
we combine the two series of Munsee and whites they almost disappear.
LXXXII. OS CALCIS IN THE MUNSEE AND IN UNITED STATES WHITES:
ARTICULAR FACETS FOR ASTRAGALUS
---------------+------+--------+----------+------------+-------------
| | | Three | Three | Three
| | | facets, | facets | facets,
| | | but the | completely |disconnected,
|Speci-| Two | two |disconnected| with a wide
| mens | facets |anterior | |notch between
| | |separated | | the anterior
| | |only by a | | two
| | | ridge | |
---------------+------+--------+----------+------------+-------------
Males: | | % | % | % | %
Munsee | (31) | 25.8 | 19.4 | 35.5 | 19.4
United States| | | | |
whites | (55) | 25.5 | 7.3 | 29.1 | 38.2
Females: | | | | |
Munsee | (29) | 48.3 | 10.3 | 41.4 | —
United States| | | | |
whites | (30) | 40 | 16.7 | 20 | 23.3
+------+--------+----------+------------+-------------
Right: | | | | |
Munsee | (31) | 42 | 6.5 | 42 | 9.7
United States| | | | |
whites | (51) | 29.4 | 15.7 | 21.6 | 33.3
Left: | | | | |
Munsee | (29) | 31 | 24 | 34.5 | 10.3
United States| | | | |
whites | (34) | 32.4 | 2.9 | 32.4 | 32.4
---------------+------+--------+----------+------------+-------------
An additional point of some interest in connection with the calcaneus
is the development of the peroneal spine. Among the Munsee this was
found frequently to be very moderate and never pronounced; among the
whites, cases with a much more marked development of the spine are met
with occasionally, especially among the males.
_Astragalus_
Next to the calcaneus, the most interesting bone of the tarsus is
the astragalus. The bone exhibits wide and characteristic variations
among the higher mammals and may well be expected to show some groupal
differences in man. It yields itself to three measurements, the maximum
length, breadth, and height, from which in turn we obtain the module
or mean diameter, useful in comparing the size of the bone, and the
breadth-length and breadth-height indexes, which show its shape.
[Illustration: BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 62 PLATE 29
_a_ THE RIGHT AND LEFT FIRST METATARSAL OF MUNSEE SKELETON NO. 285,326,
U.S.N.M., SHOWING DISPROPORTION IN SIZE; ALSO A CANAL IN THE SMALLER
BONE, POSSIBLY THE VESTIGE OF AN EARLY FRACTURE]
[Illustration:
_b_ THE CALCANEI OF MALE MUNSEE SKELETON NO. 285,313, U.S.N.M., SHOWING
WIDE SEPARATION OF THE TWO FACETS FOR THE ASTRAGALUS]
There are 60 astragali in the Munsee material, and the measurements
of 52 paired bones are given below. They show the bone in the male to
be absolutely larger in every dimension than in the female. As to the
side, there is practically no difference among the males, but among
the females the average measurements of the left astragalus are all
slightly higher than those of the right bone. The module is practically
identical on the two sides in the males, and slightly higher on the
left in the females. As to the relative proportions, there is great
similarity between the two sexes, as well as on the two sides of the
body.