[IV'-30] 'Each tribe has a different dia_The Native Races [of the Pacific states], Volume 3, Myths and Languages The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Volume 3

are small, the languages are sometimes so different that the

neighbouring tribes cannot understand each other. I have before

observed that in the Mission of San Carlos there are eleven different

dialects.' _Beechey's Voyage_, vol. ii., p. 73. 'La langue de ces

habitans (Ecclemachs) diffère absolument de toutes celles de leurs

voisins; elle a même plus de rapport avec nos langues Européennes

qu'avec celles de l'Amérique.... L'idiome de cette nation est

d'ailleurs plus riche que celui des autres peuples de la Californie.'

_La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., pp. 324-326. 'La partie septentrionale

de la Nouvelle-Californie est habitée par les deux nations de Rumsen

et Escelen. Elles parlent des langues entièrement différentes.'

_Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 321. 'Beyde Darstellungen

derselben sind, wie man aus der so bestimmten Erklärung beider

Schriftsteller, dass diese zwey Völker die Bevölkerung jener Gegend

ausmachen, schliessen muss, ohne Zweifel unter verschiedenen

Abtheilungen Eines Volkes aufgefasst, unter dessen Zweigen die

Dialekte, ungeregelt, wie sie sind, leicht grosse Abweichungen von

einander zeigen werden.' _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt. iii.,

p. 202; _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, Feb. 22, Apr. 20, 1860.

[IV'-31] 'Es erhellt aber aus den Zahlwörtern und anderen Wörtern, dass

die Sprache von la Soledad, der Runsien nahe gleich und der Achastlier

ähnlich ist.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 561; _Turner_,

in _Hist. Mag._, vol. i., p. 206.

[IV'-32] 'En estos indios reparé que entendian mas que otros los

términos de Monterey y entendí muchos términos de lo que hablaban....

El diciéndome _meapam_ tu eres mi padre, que es la misma palabra que

usan los de Monterey.' _Palou_, _Noticias_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._,

série iv., tom. vii., pp. 62-3, 59, 65, 67, 69.

[IV'-33] _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 392.

[IV'-34] _Comelias_, in _Cal. Farmer_, April 5, 1860.

[IV'-35] _Taylor_, in _Id._, April 27, 1860.

[IV'-36] 'Quod quanquam hoc idioma ineloquens videatur et inelegans,

in rei veritate non est ita: est valde copiosum, oblongum, abundans et

eloquens.' _Arroyo de la Cuesta_, _Alphabs Rivulus Obeundus_, preface,

also, _Arroyo de la Cuesta_, _Mutsun Grammar_. On the cover of the

manuscript is the following important note. 'Copia de la lengua Mutsun

en estilo Catalan á causa la escribió un Catalan. La Castellana usa de

la fuerza de la pronunciacion de letras de otro modo en su alfabeto.'

The Catalans pronounce _ch_ hard, and _j_ like the Germans.

[IV'-37] _Sitjar_, _Vocabulario de la M. de San Antonio._ The

orthography employed by Father Sitjar is very curious; accents, stars,

small letters above or below the line, and various other marks are

constantly used; but no explanation of these have been found in the

MS. I have therefore, as far as possible, presented the original style

of writing. See also _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., pp. 392-3.

[IV'-38] _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 633-4;

_Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, May 4, 1860.

CHAPTER V.

SHOSHONE LANGUAGES.

AZTEC-SONORA CONNECTIONS WITH THE SHOSHONE FAMILY -- THE UTAH,

COMANCHE, MOQUI, KIZH, NETELA, KECHI, CAHUILLO, AND CHEMEHUEVI

-- EASTERN AND WESTERN SHOSHONE, OR WIHINASHT -- THE BANNACK

AND DIGGER, OR SHOSHOKEE -- THE UTAH AND ITS DIALECTS -- THE

GOSHUTE, WASHOE, PAIULEE, PIUTE, SAMPITCHE, AND MONO -- POPULAR

BELIEF AS TO THE AZTEC ELEMENT IN THE NORTH -- GRIMM'S LAW --

SHOSHONE, COMANCHE, AND MOQUI COMPARATIVE TABLE -- NETELA

STANZA -- KIZH GRAMMAR -- THE LORD'S PRAYER IN TWO DIALECTS OF

THE KIZH -- CHEMEHUEVI AND CAHUILLO GRAMMAR -- COMPARATIVE

VOCABULARY.

In this chapter I include all the languages of the Shoshone family,

the Wihinasht or western Shoshone of Idaho and Oregon, the Utah with

its many dialects, the Comanche or Yetan of Texas and New Mexico, the

Moqui of Arizona, the Kizh, Netela, and Kechi of the San Fernando

Mission, and their dialects, and the Cahuillo and Chemehuevi of

south-eastern California. The six last mentioned do not properly

belong to the Shoshone family, but on account of certain faint traces

of Aztec, found alike in them and in all Shoshone idioms, I cannot do

better than to speak of them in this connection. As regards this Aztec

element, I do not mean to say that these languages are related to the

Aztec language, in the same sense that other languages are spoken of

as being related to each other, for this might lead those who are

searching for the former habitation or fatherland of the Aztecs, to

suppose that it has been found. This element consists simply in a

number of words, identical or reasonably approximate to the like Aztec

words, and in the similarity, perhaps, of a few grammatical rules. How

this Aztec word-material crept into the languages of the Shoshones,

whether by intercommunication, or Aztec colonization, we do not know.

Nor do I wish to be understood as attempting to sustain the popular

theory of an Aztec migration from the north; on the contrary, the

evidence of language is all on the other side. Whether or not the

Great Basin, or any part of the Northwest, was once occupied by the

ancient Mexicans, it is certain that the Aztec language, as a base, is

found nowhere north of central Mexico, so that these incidental or

accidental word-analogies if they prove anything, indicate only a

scattering from some primeval centre, other than the place where they

are found, and tend to show that the language whose words are thus

thinly sprinkled over so broad an area, could not have been the

aboriginal stock language of the country.

[Sidenote: SHOSHONE AND UTAH DIALECTS.]

The Shoshone and the Utah are the principal languages of the great

interior basin; and these may be regarded as sisters of a common

mother language, the Shoshone preponderating. Each has many dialects.

The Shoshone language may be divided into eastern, or Shoshone proper,

and western Shoshone, or Wihinasht. Of the former the Bannack, and the

Digger, or Shoshokee, are the chief variations. The Utah dialects, more

numerous, are the Goshute, Washoe, Paiulee, Piute, Sampitche, Mono,

and a few others, which latter vary so little from some one of the

others, that it is unnecessary to trace them as separate dialects. The

Comanche dialects I shall not attempt to classify.[V'-1] No grammar

has ever been written of any of these languages. In all of them words

are generally accented on the first syllable, except when a possessive

pronoun is prefixed. Words of more than four syllables, generally have

a secondary accent on the fifth, as in _té-ith-tis-chi-hó-no_,

valley.[V'-2] A few words in these languages are found almost identical

with like words of the Tinneh family, which have probably found their

way into them by intercommunication. Of these the following are the

principal ones, so far as designated by existing vocabularies:

[Sidenote: SHOSHONE AND TINNEH SIMILARITIES.]

Fire: Comanche, _ku-ona_; Shoshone, _kuna_; Chepewyan, _counn_, _kon_,

_kone_; Utah, _coon_. Bow: Comanche, _eth_; Shoshone, _atschö_;

Wihinasht, _ati_; Chepewyan, _atheike_. Cold: Comanche, _etscho_;

Shoshone, _ötschoin_; Wihinasht, _izíts_; Chepewyan, _edzah_. Eye:

Comanche, _nachich_; Chepewyan, _nackhay_.[V'-3]

In the Wihinasht, words occur sometimes in which an unusual number of

vowels are combined--_paöaíu_, great; long words are also not

infrequent, like _pimatiyimwaiákin_, salt.[V'-4] A short comparative

vocabulary to show the connection between these languages, is given

further on.

[Sidenote: AZTEC TRACES NORTH OF MEXICO.]

Let us now consider the often discussed but ill understood question of

the Aztec language in the north. Torquemada and Vetancvrt narrate the

expedition of Juan de Oñate, who invaded New Mexico during the last

years of the sixteenth century. Father Roque de Figueredo, who

accompanied the expedition, says that while searching for a lost mule,

at the Rio del Tizon, the Mexican muleteers met certain natives who

addressed them in their own language, and who, on being asked whence

they came, answered that they came from the north, where that language

was spoken. Clavigero, who repeats the above, also asserts, that

during the expedition made by the Spaniards, in 1606, to New Mexico,

when north of the Rio del Tizon, they saw some large houses, and near

them certain natives who spoke the Mexican language. Then we have the

statement of Father Gerónimo de Zárate, that while searching for the

Laguna de Copala, he was informed, among other things, that the

country in its vicinity was densely peopled by men who spoke a

language similar to that of his Aztec servants. Zárate was at this

time at the Rio del Tizon, and the natives, who are close observers in

such matters, assured the Spaniards that they detected in the speech

of the servant certain words common to both his own and the language

of the people of the Laguna de Copala. And again, in the region toward

the east, Acosta says that "of late they have discovered a new land,

which they call New Mexico, where they say is much people that speake

the Mexican tongue."

Vater, in his Mithridates, intimates that the Mexican language spread

far northward, through the roamings of wild tribes, particularly the

Chichimecs; but when we remember that the term Chichimec was applied

by the early Spaniards to all the immense unknown nomadic hordes north

and west, this mention carries with it but little weight. Mr Anderson,

who accompanied Captain Cook to the north-west coast, in 1778, fancied

he detected a resemblance between the Aztec and the language of the

Nootkas. "From the few Mexican words," he says, "I have been able to

procure, there is the most obvious agreement, in the very frequent

terminations of the vowels in _l_, _tl_, or _z_, throughout the

language." And remarks the editor, "may we not, in confirmation of Mr.

Anderson's remark, observe, that Opulszthl, the Nootka name of the

Sun; and Vitziputzli, the name of the Mexican Divinity, have no very

distant affinity in sound." Now the absurdity of all idle speculations

is apparent when we encounter such far-fetched comparisons as this. In

the first place, there is no affinity in the sounds of the two words,

and in the next place there is no such Aztec god--Huitzilopochtli

probably being the god meant. Neither has this last word any

resemblance to the sun; it is composed of the two words, _huitzilin_,

an abbreviation of the Mexican _huitzitzilin_, which signifies

'humming-bird,' and _opochtli_, that is to say 'left.' Vater also

draws analogies between the Aztec and the Nootka, and Ugalenze, which

on close comparison do not hold good.

Regarding the affinity of the Aztec language with those of the

Pueblos, Moquis, Apaches, Yumas, and others of New Mexico and Arizona,

Ruxton ventures the assertion, "all these speak dialects of the same

language.... They likewise all understand each other's tongue. What

relation this language bears to the Mexican is unknown; but my

impression is, that it will be found to assimilate greatly, if not to

be identical,"--in all of which assertions Mr Ruxton is greatly in

error.

All this, as evidence, does not amount to much; it only indicates the

origin of a popular belief which placed a Mexican language in various

parts of the north, while at the same time it shows upon how slender a

thread hangs this belief, and how the vaguest traditionary rumors

come, by repetition, to be accredited as fixed facts.

Buschmann asks himself the question whether the Aztec words, in any

considerable number, are not found in any other languages of the great

Mexican empire--in the Zapotec, Miztec, Tarasco, Otomí, or

Huastec--and the answer is no; he has discovered a few accidental

word-similarities, such as may be found between the Aztec and other

American languages, or between any two languages of the world, but

nothing which, by any possibility, could denote relationship.

From another class of evidence we approach a little nearer the truth.

Andres Perez de Ribas, missionary to Sinaloa writing about 1640, says,

that while studying the language of his people, he noticed many

Mexican words particularly radicals, and also words which appeared to

have been originally Mexican, but which had been so altered that only

one or two syllables in them could be recognized as Aztec.

Father Ortega, in 1732, wrote a vocabulary of the Cora language, in

which he says, the people had incorporated in their language many

words of the Mexican and some few of the Spanish languages, and this

at a period so early that at the time of his writing they were

regarded as belonging to the original language.

Hervas, whose work appeared in 1787, says that the Tarahumara language

is full of Mexican words. Vater, writing early in the nineteenth

century, affirms that the Cora is remarkable for its relation to the

Mexican, and that the Tarahumara, which is a more polished language

than its neighbors, contains some words similar to the Aztec. In his

Mithridates, Vater notices a relationship between the Cora and the

Aztec, furthermore asserting that the conjugations of the two are so

alike as plainly to prove the connection.

Wilhelm von Humboldt left us a short manuscript grammar of the Cora

and Tarahumara, in which he remarks that for languages which are

related, the Cora and the Mexican have great differences in their

sound-systems, and although these two languages certainly appear to be

related, yet he is unwilling to assert that either is derived from the

other. "There are more ways than one," says the great philologist

Wilhelm von Humboldt, "by which languages are connected. The

impression left upon me by the Cora, is that it is a mixture of two

different languages: one the Mexican, and the other some older and

richer language, but rougher. In the grammar of the Cora there are

found very many forms which strikingly call to mind the Mexican, yet

at the same time there are many forms wholly different, made by rules

directly opposite, among which are the pronouns." He further remarks

two other important differences between the Cora and the Mexican which

are the absence of the reduplication of syllables and of the

reverential forms.

Such was the attitude of the subject when Mr Buschmann took it up.

From the prevailing impression of an Aztec origin in the north, but

more particularly from certain remarks of Alexander von Humboldt

concerning the probable passing of the ancient Mexicans through the

regions of the north, he set himself to work to find this line of

migration, and the exact relations of their language in various parts.

Commencing at the Valley of Mexico he made a careful analysis of every

western language north of that place of which he could obtain any

material. The result of Mr Buschmann's researches was the discovery

of Aztec traces in certain parts, but nowhere did he find the Aztec

language as a base.

[Sidenote: AZTEC TRACES IN NORTHERN MEXICO.]

More particularly were these Aztec words and word-analogies

perceptible in four certain languages of north-western Mexico; in the

Cora, spoken in the Nayarit district of Jalisco, commencing about

fifteen leagues from the coast at the mouth of the Rio Tololotlan, and

extending between the parallels 21°30' and 20° back irregularly into

the interior about twenty leagues; in the Tepehuana of northern

Sinaloa, northern Durango, and southern Chihuahua, or as laid down on

the map of Orozco y Berra, commencing near the twenty-third parallel

about twenty leagues from the eastern shore of the Gulf of California,

and extending over a horse-shoe shaped territory to about the

twenty-seventh parallel; in the Tarahumara spoken immediately north of

the Tepehuana in the states of Chihuahua and Sonora, in the centre of

the Sierra Madre; and lastly in the Cahita spoken by the people

inhabiting the eastern shore of the Gulf of California, between

latitude 26° and 28° north, and extending back from the coast

irregularly about forty leagues, being almost directly west of the

Tarahumara, though not exactly contiguous. The name Cahita is applied

by the missionaries only to the language, and not to the people

speaking it. In the license prefixed to the _Manual para administrar à

los Indios del idioma Cahita los santos sacramentos compuesto por un

Sacerdote de la Compañia de Jesus_, printed in Mexico in 1740, it is

called the common language of the missions of the province of Sinaloa,

spoken by the Yaquis and the Mayos, the latter extending far into

southern Sonora. In a vocabulary of the Cahita given by

Ternaux-Compans, in the _Nouvelles Annales_, there are likewise found

many Aztec words. Neither of these languages are related to the

others, yet in all of them is a sprinkling of Aztec word-material. The

Aztec substantive ending _tl_ and _tli_, in the Cora are found changed

in _ti_, _te_, and _t_; in the Tepehuana into _de_, _re_, and _sci_;

in the Tarahumara into _ki_, _ke_, _ca_, and _la_; and in the Cahita,

into _ri_. In all four of the languages substantive endings are

dropped, first, in composition when the substantive is united with the

possessive pronoun; secondly, before an affix; thirdly, in the Cora

alone, before the ending of the plural; and before affixes in the

formation of words. They are not dropped in verbs derived from

substantives; and when two substantives are combined to form a word

the Aztec terminal is dropped in the first, and also in the

combination of a substantive and verb.

In the Cora, the ending _tyahta_ has the same meaning as the Aztec

local ending _tla_, or _tlan_, which signifies the locality of a

thing; as, _acotn_, a fir-tree; (Aztec, _ocotl_) _ocotyahta_, a

fir-forest; (Aztec, _ocotlan_). Another striking similarity between

these four languages and the Aztec consists in the use of a postfix

in the formation of substantives of locality and names of places. Then

come the numerals, in which are found similarities in all their

formations. The Aztec verb _ca_, to be, and even its irregular branch,

_catqui_, is found disseminated throughout all these languages. In the

Tarahumara dictionary of Steffel, and in the Cora dictionary of

Ortega, Buschmann found the Aztec element even stronger than he had

supposed, and he wondered how Gallatin, who had Tellechea's grammar,

could have allowed these similarities to escape his observations.

[Sidenote: AZTEC MATERIAL IN THE AZTEC-SONORA FAMILY.]

Of these four languages Buschmann makes what he calls his Sonora

family; which term is somewhat a misnomer as applied to languages not

related, and spoken more without than within the province of Sonora.

Their only bond of union is this Aztec element, which may have found

its way into them at different times and under different

circumstances. The most peculiar feature of it all, is the departure

which is made by these Aztec-Sonora languages, as from an original

centre, and their several appearance, each stamped alike with Aztec

marks while at the same time sustaining its own individuality, in

different parts of the great northern regions. It is as though a

handful of Aztec words had been thrown, at intervals, into the

languages of each of these four peoples, and, after partial

amalgamations of these foreign words with those of the aboriginal

tongues, by some means the words so modified had found their way in

greater or less quantities into the languages of other and remote

tribes. It is at such times, when we obtain a glance from a distance

at their shadowy history, that there arise in the mind visions of

their illimitable unwritten past, and of the mighty turmoils and

revolutions which must forever remain as they are, shrouded in the

deepest mystery.

In these four Aztec-Sonora languages there are nearly two hundred

Aztec words, and the words derived from them by the respective native

idioms into which they were projected, swell the list to four times

that number; and these, with other pure Aztec words in every stage of

mutilation and transformation are found re-scattered throughout the

before-mentioned Pueblo, Shoshone, and other languages of the north.

But again, let me say, nowhere does the Aztec, or any of its

affiliations appear as a base north of central Mexico.[V'-5]

Taking into consideration that some Aztec and Shoshone words are

almost identical, and that the endings of others are almost exactly

alike, it is not surprising if the acute ear of the natives detected

phonetic resemblances. The connection between these languages may not

be in one respect as positive as that between the languages which

compose the great Aryan family on the Asiatic and European continents,

but, on the other hand, it presents a somewhat analogous system, by

means of which it becomes possible to establish a connection. I allude

to Mr Grimm's discovery of what has been termed '_Lautverschiebung_,'

or '_Lautveränderung_,' anglicé 'Sound-shunting.'[V'-6]

This phenomenon consists of the changing, or shunting, of certain

vowels or consonants in the words of one language, into certain other

vowels and consonants in the same words of another language; and this

not accidentally, but in accordance with fixed rules. Sound-shunting,

originally discovered by Mr Grimm in the Aryan tongues, has also been

found by Mr Buschmann in the languages of his Sonora family, where it

is more particularly prominent in the word-endings. In a subsequent

place I shall have occasion to refer again to this point, and

particularly when speaking of the North Mexican languages, the

Tarahumara, Tepehuana, Cora, and Cahita, where it can be clearly shown

by comparison with the Aztec, that such shunting, or changing, has

taken place. In the languages at present under consideration, the

Shoshone, Utah, and Comanche, we have this shunting system illustrated

in the substantives and adjective endings _p_, _pa_, _pe_, _pi_, _be_,

_wa_, _ph_, _pee_, _rp_, and _rpe_; and more particularly in the Utah

and Shoshone _ts_, _tse_, _tsi_, all of which may be referred to the

Aztec endings _tl_, _tli_, and others. In the last-mentioned case the

endings have been preserved in a purer form, while in the former the

shunting or changing law is observed. As illustrating the connection

between the languages under consideration and those before mentioned

of Sonora and through them with the Aztec, I append on the next page a

short vocabulary in which the similarities can be easily

observed.[V'-7]

[Sidenote: THE MOQUI LANGUAGE.]

The Moqui, as before observed, does not properly belong to the

Shoshone family, but shows a connection with the Aztec. It is strange

that two permanently located peoples, the Moquis and the Pueblos, both

living in well-built towns not far apart, and both showing signs of a

budding civilization, should speak languages totally different from

each other; that one of these languages should show a connection with

the Aztec and the other not; that neither is related to the tongue of

the Shoshones, who nearly surround them; and, furthermore, that in six

of the seven Moqui towns only, the Moqui language is spoken, while in

the seventh, Harno, the Tegua, a language of one of the New Mexican

Pueblos is spoken. The people of Harno can converse with the Moquis of

the six other towns, but among themselves they never make use of the

Moqui, always speaking the Tegua.[V'-8]

------+----------+-----------+---------+----------+---------+

+----------+-----------+---------+----------+---------+

Water |pa |pa |pah |pa | |

Tongue|aku |ego |ahoh |ehk |linga |

{|nupáhw | | | | |

Egg {| or |anohó | |uno io | |

{|nanki | | | | |

{|nongkawa | | | | |

Ear {| or |inaka |nink |nahkarke |nookawuck|

{|masoaki | | | | |

{|chermti | | | | |

One {| or |singwáiu | |semmus | |

{|shímutsi | | | | |

God | | | | |tockill |

------+----------+-----------+---------+----------+---------+

------+--------------+---------------+-----------+--------+--------

+--------------+---------------+-----------+--------+--------

Water |atl |bagui, pauguiki| |baa |

Arm | | | | |

Dog |chichi | | | |

Ten |matlactli | | | |

Sun | | | |taa |

God |teotl | | | |

------+--------------+---------------+-----------+--------+--------

No grammar has been written of the Moqui language, and a few

vocabularies are all we possess of it. Gov. Lane, speaking of the

Pueblo languages collectively, writes: "All these languages are

extremely guttural, and, to my ear, seemed so much alike, that I

imagine they have sprung from the same parent stock."[V'-9]

[Sidenote: MOQUI AFFILIATIONS.]

Some claim a relationship between the Moquis and the Apaches and

others, but no such connection has ever been established.[V'-10] The

only positive statement in this regard is made by Buschmann, who, by

actual comparison of vocabularies, has determined its status.[V'-11]

Among other connecting links he particularly mentions the substantive

endings _pe_, _be_, and others, by means of which, he says, the Moqui

attaches itself to the Shoshone-Comanche branch of the Sonora idioms.

The comparative vocabulary before given will further illustrate their

affiliation.[V'-12]

* * * * *

[Sidenote: KIZH AND NETELA SPECIMENS.]

Returning to southern California, let us examine the three languages,

Kizh, Netela, and Kechi, spoken near the missions of San Gabriel, San

Juan Capistrano, and San Luis Rey, respectively, which are not only

distantly related to each other, but show traces of the Sonora-Aztec

idioms. Father Boscana, who has left us an accurate description of the

natives at San Juan Capistrano, unfortunately devoted little attention

to their language, and only gives us a few scattered words and

stanzas. One of the latter reads as follows:

Quic noit noivam

Quic secat peleblich

Ybicnum majaar vesagnec

Ibi panal, ibi urusar,

Ibi ecbal, ibi seja, ibi calcel.

Which may be rendered thus:

I go to my home

That is shaded with willows.

These five they have placed,

This agave, this stone pot,

This sand, this honey, etc.[V'-13]

But very little is known of the grammatical structure of these

languages. In the Kizh, the plural is formed in various ways, as may

be seen in the following examples:

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

Man woroit wororoit

House kitsh kikitsh

Mountain haikh hahaikh

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

Wolf ishot ishishot

Good tihorwait tiriwait

Small tshinui tshitshínui

Black yupikha yupinot

Woman tokor totokor

Bow paítkhuar papaítkhuar

Bad mohai momohoi

White arawatai rawanot

Red kwauokha kwaukhonot

DECLENSION WITH PRONOUN.

My father ninak Our father ayoinak

Thy father monak Your father asoinak

His father anak

My house nikin Our house eyoknga

Thy house mukin Your house asoknga

His house akinga Their house pomoknga

Of the Netela there are also the following few specimens of plural

formation and pronouns;--_suol_, star; _sulum_, stars; _nopulum_, my

eyes; _nanakom_, my ears; _nikíwalom_, my cheeks; _natakalom_, my

hand; _netémelum_, my knees.

DECLENSION WITH PRONOUN.

My house niki Our house tshomki

Thy house om aki Your house omomomki

His house poki Their house omp omki

My boat nokh Our boat tshomikh

Thy boat om omikh Your boat omom omikh

His boat ompomikh Their boat ompomikh[V'-14]

The Kizh appears also to have been spoken, in a slightly divergent

dialect, at the Mission of San Fernando, as may be easily seen by

comparing the following two versions of the Lord's Prayer; the first

in the language of San Fernando, and the latter in that spoken at San

Gabriel.

Y yorac yona taray tucúpuma sagoucó motoanian majarmi moin main

monó muismi miojor yiactucupar. Pan yyogin gimiamerin majarmi

mifema coyó ogorná yio mamainay mii, yiarmá ogonug y yoná, y yo

ocaynen coijarmea main ytomo mojay coiyamá huermi. Parima.

* * * * *

Yyonac y yogin tucupugnaisá sujucoy motuanían masarmí magin

tucupra maimanó muísme mílléosar y ya tucupar jiman bxí y yoní

masaxmí mítema coy aboxmi y yo mamaínatar momojaích milli y

yaxma abonac y yo no y yo ocaihuc coy jaxmea main itan

momosaích coy jama juexme huememesaích.

In like manner do the Netela and Kechi show a close affinity. The

Netela Lord's Prayer reads:

Chana ech tupana ave onench, otune a cuachin, chame om reino,

libi yb chosonec esna tupána cham nechetepe, micate tom cha

chaom, pepsum yg cai caychame, y i julugcalme cai ech. Depupnn

opco chame chum oyote. Amen Jésus.

The Kechi is as follows:

Cham na cham mig tu panga auc onan moquiz cham to gai ha cua

che nag omreina li vi hiche ca noc ybá heg gá y vi au qui gá

topanga. Cham na cholane mim cha pan pituo mag ma jan pohi cala

cai gui cha me holloto gai tom chame o gui chag cay ne che cal

me tus so lli olo calme alla linoc chame cham cho sivo.[V'-15]

Although Mr Turner classed these languages with the Shoshone family,

in reality they only form such a tie through their Sonora and Aztec

connection.[V'-16] This is illustrated by Mr Buschmann in an extensive

comparative vocabulary of the three languages, of which I shall give a

brief extract on a subsequent page.[V'-17]

[Sidenote: CHEMEHUEVI AND CAHUILLO PRONOUNS.]

The Chemehuevi and Cahuillo, the last two of this division, have also

been classed as belonging to the Shoshone family, and some have even

called them bands of Pah-Utes, but what has been said concerning the

affiliation of the three last mentioned will apply to these with equal

force. That they are distinct languages has already been stated by

Padre Garcés, who describes them under the name of Chemegue cajuala,

Chemegue sebita, Chemeguaba, and Chemegue, ascribing the same language

to all of them in distinction from their neighbors. He includes with

the Chemehuevi the Yavipai muca oraive or Moqui, who, although not

speaking the same language, are still somewhat connected with them,

through their Sonora and Aztec relations, which conjectures are

singularly significant.[V'-18] Grammatical remarks on these languages

there are but few to offer. The accentuation is in neither very

regular; in the Chemehuevi, it is generally on the second syllable,

while in the Cahuillo it is mostly on the first.[V'-19] I give here the

personal pronouns of the two languages.

CHEMEHUEVI. CAHUILLO.

I nuu neh

Thou háiïco eh

He einpá peh

We chémim

You éhmim

They íwim

To illustrate the Sonora and Aztec connection, I offer the following

short comparative vocabulary.

SHOSHONE LANGUAGES.

--------+------------+------------+-----------+----------+------------

+------------+------------+-----------+----------+------------

Water |pa |pal |pala |pala |bar

I |nuu |neh |no |no |noma

Arrow |nu |hul |nohu |hul |nihun

Hill |caib |{ow-so-ni, | | |

| |{or tu-qnush| |haikh |tule

--------+------------+------------+-----------+----------+------------

--------+-----------+--------+-----------+------------+--------

+-----------+--------+-----------+------------+--------

Water |atl |baa | | |atih

Sun | |taa | | |

Day | | | | |

Eye | |pusi |buy |pusiki |

I |ne, ni | | | |

--------+-----------+--------+-----------+------------+--------

[Sidenote: AZTEC TRACES IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.]

As regards the Sonora and Aztec relationship, we have here again the

substantive endings _p_, _b_, _t_, in various forms, which, as before

stated, may be compared with Aztec endings, changed according to

certain linguistic laws. In the Cahuillo, as in the Kechi, prefixed

possessive pronouns, before substantives representing parts of the

human body, particularly that in the first person singular, _n_, are

proof of the Sonora affiliation. In the same words, the Chemehuevi has

the two pronouns _ni_ and _wi_, which always carry with them the

ending, _m_.[V'-21]

FOOTNOTES:

[V'-1] 'The _Shoshóni_ and _Pánasht_ (Bonnaks) of the Columbia, the

_Yutes_ and _Sampitches_ ... the _Commanches_ of Texas, and some other

tribes along the northern frontier of Mexico, are said to speak

dialects of a common language.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._,

vol. vi., pp. 218-9. 'The great Shoshonee, or Snake, family: which

comprehends the Shoshones proper ... the Utahs ... Pah-Utahs ... the

Kizh ... the Netela ... the Kechi ... the Comanches.' _Turner_, in

_Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 76. '_Shoshónies_ ou _Serpents_ et

de _Soshocos_ ou _Déterreurs de racines_ ... parlent la même langue.'

_De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 126. 'The Shoshone language is spoken mostly by

all the bands of Indians in southeastern Nevada.' _Parker_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1866, p. 114. 'Their language (Shoshones) is very

different from that of either the Bannocks, or Pi-Utes.' _Campbell_,

in _Id._, p. 120. Goshautes speak the same language as Shoshones.

_Forney_, in _Id._, 1859, p. 363. 'The language is spoken by bands in

the gold mine region of the Sacramento.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol.

i., p. 198. 'Pai-uches speak the same language as the Yutas.'

_Farnham's Life in Cal._, pp. 371, 375. '_Pi-Edes_, allied in language

to the Utahs.' _Cooley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 18. Goships,

or Gosha Utes 'talk very nearly the Shoshonee language.' _Irish_, in

_Id._, p. 144. Shoshones and Comanches 'both speak the same language.'

Sampiches. 'Their language is said to be allied to that of the

Snakes.' Youtas. 'Their language is by some thought to be peculiar.'

_Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 501. 'Pueblan todas

las partes de esta sierra por el sueste, sur sudoeste y oeste, gran

número de gentes de la misma nacion, idioma etc.,' which they call

Timpanogotzis. _Dominguez and Escalante_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série

ii., tom. i., p. 467. 'The language spoken by the Comanches is of

great antiquity, and differs but little from that of the Incas of

Peru.' _Maillard's Hist. Tex._, p. 249; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der

Aztek. Spr._, pp. 349, 351. Yam-pah. 'This is what the Snakes call the

Comanches, of which they are either the parents or descendants, for

the two languages are nearly the same, and they readily understand

each other, and say that they were once one people.' 'The Snake

language is talked and understood by all the tribes from the Rocky

mountains to California, and from the Colorado to the Columbia, and by

a few in many tribes outside of these limits.' _Stuart's Montana_, pp.

58, 82. 'The different bands of the Comanches and Shoshonies or

Snakes, constitute another extensive stock, speaking one language.'

_Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., p. 251. 'The vernacular language of

the Yutas is said to be distantly allied to that of the Navajoes, but

it has appeared to me much more guttural, having a deep sepulchral

sound resembling ventriloquism.' _Id._, vol. i., p. 300. 'The Utahs,

who speak the same language as the Kyaways.' _Conder's Mex. Guat._,

vol. ii., p. 74; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 197. The Goshutes

are of different language from the Shoshones. _Douglas_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1870, p. 96. Diggers, 'differ from the other Snakes somewhat

in language.' _Wyeth_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 206;

_Berghaus_, in _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 371. The

Kusi-Utahs, 'in speaking they clipped their words ... we recognized

the sounds of the language of the Shoshonès.' _Remy and Brenchley's

Journey_, vol. ii., p. 412; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 359; _Catlin's N.

Amer. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 113. 'Their native language (Comanches), in

sound differs from the language of any other nation, and no one can

easily learn to speak it. They have also a language of signs, by which

they converse among themselves.' _French's Hist. La._, (N. Y. 1869),

p. 156. 'The primitive terms of the Comanches are short, and several

are combined for the expression of complex ideas. The language is very

barren of verbs, the functions of which are frequently performed by

the aid of gestures and grimaces.' _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 348.

[V'-2] _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 77.

[V'-3] _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, pp. 402-3.

[V'-4] _Id._, p. 645, et seq.

[V'-5] 'Que en casi todas ellas (que son muchas y varias) se hallan

vocablos, principalmente los que llaman radicales, que o son de la

lengua Mexicana, o se deriuan della, y retienen muchas de sus silabas,

de que pudiera hazer aqui vn muy largo catalago. De todo lo qual se

infieren dos cosas. La primera que casi todas estas Naciones

comunicaron en puestas y lenguas con la Mexicana: y aunque los Artes y

Gramaticas dellas son diferentes; pero en muchos de sus preceptos

concuerdan.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 20. 'Pintaron esta

laguna en tierra y muy poblada de gentes, y oyendo hablar á un indio,

criado de un soldado, en el idioma mexicano, preguntaron si era de

Copala, porque así hablaban los de alla ... que distaba de allí diez

jornadas pobladas.' _Zarate_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iii., tom.

iv., p. 83. 'El Padre Fr. Roque d Figueredo haze del viage que hizo

con D. Iuan de Oñate 500 leguas al Norte hallaremos que dice, que

aviendoseles perdido vnas bestias, buscandolas el rio de Tizon arriba

encontraron los mosos vn Indio que les hablò en lengua mexicana que

preguntado de donde era, dixo ser del Reyno adentro ... que està en las

Provincias del Norte donde se habla en esta lengua Mexicana cuyo es

vocablo.' _Vetancurt_, _Teatro Mex._, pt ii., p. 11. 'In un viaggio,

che fecero gli Spagnuoli l'anno 1606. dal Nuovo Messico fino al fiume,

che eglino appellarono _del Tizon_, seicento miglia da quella

Provincia verso Maestro, vi trovarono alcuni grandi edificj, e

s'abbatterono in alcuni Indiani, che parlavano la lingua messicana.'

_Clavigero_, _Storia Ant. del Messico_, tom. iv., p. 29. Tarahumara

'la cui lingua abbonda di parole Messicane.' _Hervás_, _Saggio

Practico delle Lingue_, p. 71. 'Die Sprache (Cora) ist auch wegen

ihres Verhältnisses zur Mexicanischen merkwürdig.' 'Die Sprache

(Tarahumara) welche eine gewisse Ausbildung zeigt, hat manche dem

Mexicanischen ähnliche Wörter,' _Vater_, _Litteratur der Grammatiken,

Lexica und Wörter-Sammlungen aller Sprachen der Erde_, pp. 52, 231;

_Cook's Voy. to Pac._, vol. ii., p. 336; _Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p.

194.

[V'-6] Max Müller simply names it 'Grimm's Law.' _Science of Language_,

series ii., p. 213, et seq.

[V'-7] 'Indem ich die Urtheile wegen der comanchischen und

schoschonischen Verwandtschaft bestätige, erkläre ich die Yutah-Sprache

für ein Glied des sonorischen Sprachstammes.' 'Noch ehe ich zur

Wortvergleichung übergehe, kann ich die sonorische Natur der Sprache

nach den beiden Elementen der aztekischen und sonorischen

Gemeinschaft, und sogar ihre besondere Stellung zwischen der

comanche-schoschonischen Ligue, durch blosse zwei, in ihr sich

hervorthuende Substantiv-Endungen (ts und p) darlegen.' 'Die zwiefache

Schoschonen Sprache und das Volk der Schoschonen sind das äusserste

Glied meiner Entdeckungen: des grossen Bundes, durch ein mächtiges

eignes Element zusammengehaltener Sprachen, von einem kleinen Erbtheil

aztekischen Wortstoffes durchdrungen; welches ich, von Guadalaxara aus

nordwärts suchend nach den Spuren des Azteken-Idioms und seines

Volkes, angetroffen habe; sie bilden den Schlusstein meines

sonorischen Baues.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, pp. 349,

351, 648, 391, 652, et seq.; _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, pp. 291-2.

[V'-8] 'They all speak the same language except Harno, the most

northern town of the three, which has a language and some custom

peculiar to itself.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 111. 'In six of the seven

Moqui pueblos, the same language is said to be spoken.... Those of San

Juan ... and one Moqui pueblo all speak the same language ...

Tay-waugh.' _Lane_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 689; _Ten

Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 87. 'The Moquis ... do

not all speak the same language. At Oraybe some of the Indians

actually professed to be unable to understand what was said by the

Mooshahneh chief, and the latter told me that the language of the two

towns was different. At Tegua they say that a third distinct tongue is

spoken.... The people ... have abandoned the habit of visiting each

other till the languages, which, with all Indian tribes, are subject

to great mutations, have gradually become dissimilar.' _Ives' Colorado

Riv._, p. 127. 'Wie ich erfuhr, sollen die Moquis nicht alle eine und

dieselbe Sprache haben, und die Bewohner einiger Städte nicht nur

fremde Dialekte, sondern sogar fremde Sprachen reden.' _Möllhausen_,

_Reisen_, tom. ii., p. 239. Davis, referring to a MS. by Cruzate, a

former Governor of New Mexico, maintains that the Moqui speak the

Queres language, but at the same time he says 'it is maintained by

some that ... four of the Moqui villages speak a dialect very nearly

the same as that of the Navajos, while a fifth speaks that of San

Juan, which is Tegua.... The distance from Picoris to the Moqui

villages is about four hundred miles ... yet these widely separated

pueblos speak ... the same language.' _El Gringo_, pp. 116-7, 155.

Comparisons of the vocabularies in Simpson, Davis, and Meline prove

the Moqui to be a distinct language. _Ward_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,

1864, p. 191.

[V'-9] _Lane_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 689.

[V'-10] 'The language of the Môquis, or the Môquinos, is said to differ

but little from that of the Navajos.' _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p.

197. Speaking of all the Pueblo languages, including the Moqui: 'All

these speak dialects of the same language, more or less approximating

to the Apache, and of all of which the idiomatic structure is the

same. They likewise all understand each other's tongue. What relation

this language bears to the Mexican is unknown, but my impression is

that it will be found to assimilate greatly, if not to be identical.'

_Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 194; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p.

269.

[V'-11] 'No analogy has yet been traced between the language of the old

Mexicans and any tribe at the north in the district from which they

are supposed to have come.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 283.

'Reste der Mexikanischen Sprache fanden dagegen in den Sprachen dieser

Völker die im Mexikanischen sehr geübten Missionäre nicht, sondern die

Sprache von Moqui, und die der _Yabipais_, welche lange Bärte tragen,

wesentlich unterschieden von dem Mexikanischen.' _Vater_,

_Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 182. 'Cependant la langue que

parlent les Indiens du Moqui, les Yabipais, qui portent de longue

barbes, et ceux qui habitent les plaines voisines du Rio Colorado,

diffère essentiellement de la langue mexicaine.' _Humboldt_, _Essai

Pol._, tom. i., p. 305. 'Doch reden die Moquis.... Sprachen ganz

verschieden vom Aztekischen.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt

ii., p. 539. 'Die Moqui-Sprache ist doch der mexikanischen befreundet!

sie ist--dies ist meine Erfindung--ein Zweig des Idioms, welches dem

Suchenden als ein Phantom statt des leibhaften _nahuatl_ als sein

Schattenbild, in dem alten Norden überall entgegentritt: ein Gebilde

der sonorischen Zunge, bei welchem Namen ein kleines aztekisches

Erbtheil sich von selbst versteht.... Ich erkläre die Moqui-Sprache

für ein Glied meines Sonorischen Sprachstammes. Schon die auffallend

vielen, manchmal in vorzüglich reiner Form erscheinenden, aztekischen

Wörter bezeichnen die Sprache als eine sonorische; es kommt das zweite

Kennzeichen hinzu: der Besitz gewisser ächt sonorischer Wörter. In

einem grossen Theile erscheint die Sprache aber überaus fremdartig: um

so mehr als sie auch von den 5 Pueblo-Sprachen, wie schon Simpson

bemerkt hat, gänzlich verschieden ist.... Die Spuren der Subst. Endung

_pe_, _be_ u.ä. weisen der Moqui-Sprache ihren Platz unter der

comanche-schoschonischen Familie des Sonora Idioms an. Dieses allgemeine

Urtheil über die Sprache ist sicher.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek.

Spr._, pp. 289-90.

[V'-12] _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 128-30; _Davis' El Gringo_,

pp. 157-9.

[V'-13] _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 282.

[V'-14] _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 566-7;

_Buschmann_, _Kizh und Netela_, pp. 512-13.

[V'-15] _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., pp. 393-4.

[V'-16] 'Belong to the great Shoshonee, or Snake family.' _Turner_, in

_Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 76. 'The similarity which exists

between many words in these two languages, and in the Shoshoni, is

evident enough from a comparison of the vocabularies. The resemblance

is too great to be attributed to mere casual intercourse, but it is

doubtful whether the evidence which it affords will justify us in

classing them together as branches of the same family.' _Hale's

Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 567. 'The natives of St.

Diego cannot understand a word of the language used in this mission,

and in like manner, those in the neighborhood of St. Barbara, and

farther north.' _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 240;

_Gleeson's Hist. Cath. Church_, p. 97.

[V'-17] 'Ich habe in dem Kizh ... und in der Netela ... zwei Glieder

meines sonorischen Sprachstammes, ausgestattet mit Aztekischem

Sprachstoff, entdeckt.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 546.

'Bei der, genugsam von mir aufgezeigten Gemeinschaft der zwei

californischen Idiome, so lautet _mein Urtheil_, hofft man auch hier

_vergebens_ auf ein genaues, glückliches _Zutreffen_ eigenthümlicher

Formen dieser Sprachen mit dem Comanche und Schoschonischen oder mit

den südlicheren sonorischen Hauptsprachen, ein Zusammentreffen mit

etwas recht Besonderem Einer Sprache mit einer anderen: so nahe liegen

die Sprachen sich nie, sie sind alle fremd genug gegen einander.'

_Buschmann_, _Kizh und Netela_, p. 518.

[V'-18] _Garcés_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série ii., tom. i., p.

351. Orozco y Berra includes them as well as the Utahs and Moquis with

the Apache family of languages, in support of which he cites Balbi,

tableau xxxii. 'Die Chimehwhuebes, Comanches und Cahuillos, also

Stämme, die zwischen den Küsten der Südsee und Texas verbreitet sind,

als Nebenstämme der Nation der Schoschone oder Schlangen-Indianer

betrachtet werden können.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._,

tom. i., pp. 435-6. 'The _Chemehuevis_ are a band of _Pah-Utahs_ ...

whose language ... agrees most nearly with Simpson's Utah, and Hale's

East Shoshonee.' The Cahuillo 'exhibits the closest affinity to the

Kechi and Netela, especially the former. Its affinity to the Kizh is

equally evident.' _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 76.

'Die Chemehuevi- und Cahuillo-Sprache sind einander so fremd, dass sie

beinahe für alle Begriffe ganz andere Wörter besitzen; ihre

Verschiedenheit ist so gross, dass man aus ihnen allein nicht ahnden

sollte, sie seien beide gleichmässig sonorische Glieder.' _Buschmann_,

_Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 554.

[V'-19] _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 77.

[V'-20] Compiled from Buschmann, Turner, Hale, Molina, Ortega, and

others.

[V'-21] _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, pp. 553-4.

CHAPTER VI.

THE PUEBLO, COLORADO RIVER, AND LOWER CALIFORNIA LANGUAGES.

TRACES OF THE AZTEC NOT FOUND AMONG THE PUEBLOS OF NEW MEXICO

AND ARIZONA -- THE FIVE LANGUAGES OF THE PUEBLOS, THE QUERES,

THE TEGUA, THE PICORIS, JEMEZ, AND ZUÑI -- PUEBLO COMPARATIVE

VOCABULARY -- THE YUMA AND ITS DIALECTS, THE MARICOPA, CUCHAN,

MOJAVE, DIEGEÑO, YAMPAIS, AND YAVIPAIS -- THE COCHIMÍ,

GUAICURÍ, AND PERICÚ, WITH THEIR DIALECTS OF LOWER CALIFORNIA

-- GUAICURÍ GRAMMAR -- PATER NOSTER IN THREE COCHIMÍ DIALECTS

-- THE LANGUAGES OF LOWER CALIFORNIA WHOLLY ISOLATED.

Having already mentioned some of the principal idioms spoken in the

southern part of the Great Basin, as parts of the trunks to which they

belong, or with which they affiliate, I shall devote the present

chapter to such languages of New Mexico and Arizona as cannot be

brought into the Tinneh or Sonora stocks, and to those of Lower

California. Beginning with the several tongues of the Pueblos, thence

proceeding westward to the Colorado River, and following its course

southward to the Gulf of California, I shall include the languages of

the southern extremity of California, and finally those of the

peninsula. These languages are none of them cognate with any spoken in

Mexico. Respecting those of the Pueblos which have long been popularly

regarded as allied to southern tongues, it is now very certain that

they are in no wise related to them, if we except the Aztec

word-material found in the Moqui. From analogous manners and customs,

from ancient traditions and time-honored beliefs, many have claimed

that these New Mexican towns-people are the remains of aboriginal

Aztec civilization, attempting meanwhile to explain away the adverse

testimony of language, by amalgamation of the ancient tongue with

those of other nations, or by absorption or annihilation; all of

which, so far as arriving at definite conclusions is concerned,

amounts to nothing. Analogies may be drawn between any nations of the

earth; human beings are not so unlike but that in every community much

may be found that is common to other communities, irrespective of

distance and race, especially when the comparison is drawn between two

peoples both just emerging from savagism. The facts before us

concerning the Pueblo languages are these: although all alike are well

advanced from primeval savagism, live in similar substantial houses,

and have many common customs, yet their languages, though distinct as

a whole from those of the more savage surrounding tribes, do not agree

with each other. It is difficult to prove that the Aztec, although now

perhaps extinguished, never was the tongue of New Mexico; on the other

hand, it is impossible to prove that it was, and surely theorists go

far out of their way in attempting to establish a people in a land

where no trace of their language exists, or exists only in such a

phase as proves conclusively that it could not possibly have ever been

the basis of the language now spoken.

[Sidenote: THE FIVE PUEBLO LANGUAGES.]

Five distinct languages, with numerous dialects, more or less

deviating, are spoken by the Pueblos. By the inhabitants of Santo

Domingo, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Silla, Laguna, Pojuate, Acoma, and

Cochiti, the Queres language is spoken; in San Juan, Santa Clara, San

Ildefonso, Pojuaque, Nambe, Tezuque, and also in Harno, one of the

Moqui towns, the Tegua language prevails; in Taos, Picoris, Zandia,

and Isleta, there is the Picoris language; in Jemez and Old Pecos, the

Jemez; in Zuñi, the Zuñi language.[VI'-1] The three principal dialects

of Queres are the Kiwomi, Cochitemi, and Acoma. Of these the first two

are very similar, in some cases almost identical, while the Acoma is

more distinct.[VI'-2] In the Queres the accent is almost invariably on

the first syllable, and the words are in general rather short,

although a few long words occur. Possessive pronouns appear to be

affixed; they are _ini_, _ni_, _ne_, _in_, and _i_.

In the Tegua and Zuñi the personal pronouns are:

TEGUA. ZUÑI.

I nah hóo

Thou uh tóo

He ihih lóoko

She ihih

We (incl.) tahquireh hóono

We (exc.) nihyeuboh

You nahih ahchée

They ihnah lóoko

In the Tegua, although many monosyllabics appear, there are also a

number of long words, such as _pehgnahvicahmborih_, shrub;

_haihiombotahrei_, for ever; _hahnguenaahnpih_, to be; _haihahgnuhai_,

great; _heinginubainboyoh_, nothing. In the Zuñi, long words appear to

predominate--_ákmeeashneekeeah_, autumn; _áhseeailahpalhtonnai_,

finger; _lahtailoopeetsínnah_, gold; _téhleenahweeteekeeah_, midnight;

_táhmchahpahnáhmnee_, war-club, and others.[VI'-3] As will more clearly

appear by the following comparative vocabulary, none of these

languages are cognate; they have no affinity among themselves, nor

with any other family or group.[VI'-4]

[Sidenote: PUEBLO COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY.]

QUERES. TEGUA. PICORIS. JEMEZ. ZUÑI.

Sun pah hoolennah pay yattockkah

Moon poyye pannah pahah

Star shecat adoyeah hahheglannah woonhah moyatchuway

Earth hahats nah pahhannah dockah oulocknannay

Man hatssee sayen tahhahnenah shuotish oatse

Woman naiatsay ker clayannah steosh ocare

Head nashcanne pumbah pinemah chitchous oshuckquinnay

Eye kannah chay chenay saech toonahway

Nose karwishshe shay pooaenah forsaech nolinnay

Mouth tseeikah sho clahmoenah eaequah aewahtinnay

Ear kahupah oyeo taglayonay washchish lahschucktinnay

Hand kahmoshtay mah mahtish shoncheway

Dog tish cher sodornah cannu watsetah

Fire hahkanye fah pahannah fwaah mackke

Water tseats ogh pohahoon pah keaoway

[Sidenote: COLORADO RIVER LANGUAGES.]

In the region through which flows the Colorado, and between that river

and the Gila, many different languages are mentioned by the early

missionaries but at this time it is difficult to ascertain how far

different names are applied to any one nation.

The missionaries themselves frequently did not know how to name the

people; often they gave several names to one language, and several

languages one name; many of the then existing dialects are known to

have since become extinct, and many more have mysteriously

disappeared, along with those who spoke them, so that in many

instances, a century after their first mention no such language could

be found. It seems seldom to have occurred to the missionaries and

conquerors that the barbarous tongues of these heathen could ever be

of interest or value to Christendom, still less lists of their words;

so that vocabularies, almost the only valuable speech-material of the

philologist, are exceedingly rare among the writings of the early

missionary Fathers. If one half of their profitless homilies on savage

salvation had been devoted to the simple gleaning of facts, science

would have been the gainer, and the souls of the natives no whit less

at peace. Of late, however, vocabularies of the dialects of this

region have become numerous, and relationships are at length becoming

permanently established.

The languages under consideration, on comparison, may nearly all be

comprised in what may be called the Yuma family. The principal

dialects which constitute the Yuma family are the Yuma, Maricopa,

Cuchan, Mojave, and Diegueño, which last is spoken in southern

California, and more particularly around the bay of San Diego. Among

others mentioned are the Yavipais and Yampais.[VI'-5] Compared with

that of their neighbors the language of the Diegueños is soft and

harmonious, and as it contains all the sounds of the letters in the

English alphabet, the people speaking it readily learn to pronounce

the English and Spanish languages correctly.[VI'-6] The following

Lord's Prayer is a specimen of the dialect of the Diegueños.

[Sidenote: DIEGUEÑO LORD'S PRAYER.]

Nagua anall amaí tacaguach naguanetuuxp mamamulpo cayuca

amaíbo mamatam meyayam canaao amat amaibo quexuic echasau

naguaguí ñaña chonñaquin ñípil meñeque pachís echeyuchapo

ñagua quexuíc ñaguaích ñacaguaihpo ñamechamel anipuch

uch-guelích-cuíapo. Nacuíuch-pambo-cuchlích-cuíatpo-ñamat.

Napuíjá.[VI'-7]

Of the other dialects the short vocabulary on the following page will

give an illustration:

CUCHAN. MARICOPA. MOJAVE. DIEGUEÑO.

Man épatch eepáche ipah aycóotchet

Woman seenyack sinchayaíxhutch sinyax seen

House eenouwa ahba awáh

Sun n'yatch n'yatz n'yatz

Moon hullyar hullash hullya

Fire aawo áhooch awa

Water ahá ahha ahá

Maize terditch terdítz terdicha

Good ahotk ahotk abhotk han

I n'yat inyátz n'yatz n'yat

Go n'yeemoom n'yimoom

Sleep aseemáh esoma'om [VI'-8]

Then there are the Yampai and Yavipai, said to approach the Cuchan and

Mojave;[VI'-9] the Chevet reported as a distinct tongue;[VI'-10] the

Cajuenche said to be another language, and the Jalliquamai, a dialect

of the Cajuenche.[VI'-11] The Tamajab is a strange language, described

by Don José Cortez as "spoken with violent utterance and lofty

arrogance of manner; and in making speeches, the thighs are violently

struck with the palms of the hands."[VI'-12]

There are further mentioned the Benemó with the dialects Tecuiche and

Teniqueche, and lastly the Covaji and Noche, each a distinct

tongue.[VI'-13] The people speaking the Noche probably were the

northern and eastern neighbors of the Diegueños, and may have been

mentioned by some writers under other names. I have preferred to

enumerate them here, because the names frequently occur in the reports

of the earlier expeditions to the Yuma nations.

* * * * *

[Sidenote: THREE STOCK LANGUAGES IN LOWER CALIFORNIA.]

On the peninsula of Lower California, there are three distinct

languages with many dialects, more or less related to each other. Some

of these dialects appear so remote from the parent stock that the

early missionaries believed them to be independent languages, and

accordingly the number of tongues on the peninsula has been variously

estimated, some saying four, others six; but careful comparisons refer

them all to three stock languages. These are the Cochimí, with its

principal dialects, the Laymon and Ika; the Guaicuri, with the Cora,

Monqui, Didiú, Liyúe, Edú, and Uchiti dialects; and lastly the Pericú.

Besides the above, there were also other dialectic differences in

almost every mission, such as the variations of word-endings, and

other minor points.[VI'-14] In general these languages have been

described as harsh and poverty-stricken. The missionaries complained

of not being able to find terms with which to express many of the

doctrines which they wished to inculcate; but from the grammatical

notes left by Father Baegert and those of Ducrue contained in _Murr's

Nachrichten_, as well as from the various Pater Nosters at hand, it

appears that these languages are not so very poor after all. Much

there may have been wanting to the zealous Fathers, many burning words

and soul-stirring expressions, which would have greatly assisted their

efforts, but except that there is certainly no redundancy in these

languages, they offer nothing very extraordinary.[VI'-15] Following I

give a few grammatical notes on the Guaicuri language. The sounds

represented by the German letters, _o_, _f_, _g_, _l_, _x_, _z_, and

_s_, excepting in _tsh_, do not appear. Possessive pronouns are shown

in the following examples:

My father bedáre My nose minamù

Thy father edáre Thy nose einamú

His father tiáre His nose tinamù

Our father kepedáre

[Sidenote: GUAICURI GRAMMAR.]

Of prepositions only two are mentioned--_tina_, on or upon; and

_déve_, or _tipítscheû_, on account of, or for (_propter_). There is

no article, and nouns are indeclinable. The conjunction _tshie_ is

always placed after the words to be connected. Verbs have only one

mood and three tenses--the present, the perfect, and the future. The

present is formed by the affix _re_ or _reke_; the perfect by the

affix _rikíri_, _rujére_, _raúpe_, or _raúpere_; and the future by

adding in like manner _me_, _méje_, or _éneme_. If the action of

several persons is to be expressed, the syllable _ku_ or _k_ is

prefixed to the verb, or the first syllable is changed into _ku_.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

To fight piabakè kupiábake

To remember umutù kumutú

To speak jake kuáke

Some verbs have also a perfect passive participle in the form of a

substantive--_tschípake_, to beat; _tschipitschürre_, a person who

has been beaten. The personal pronouns are: _be_, I, me, to me, my;

_ei_, thou, thee, to thee, thy; _becùn_, _beticùn_, _ecûn_, or

_eiticûn_, mine, thine.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB AMUKÍRI, TO PLAY.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

I play, bè amukirire | We play, catè amukírire

Thou playest, eï amukirire | You play, petè amukirire

He plays, tutâu amukirire | They play, tucáva amukirire

PERFECT. FIRST FUTURE.

I have played, bè amukiririkíri | I shall play, bè amukírime

IMPERATIVE.

Play thou, amukiri tei | Play you, amukiri tu

OPTATIVE.

Would that I had not played, beri amukiririkirikára

or, beri amukirirujerára

I also add a Guaicuri Lord's Prayer with literal translation.

Kepè; dáre tekerekádatembà daï, eïrì

Our father arched earth (heaven) thou art, thee O that

akátuikè-pu-me, tschakárrake-pu-me ti tschie: ecùn

acknowledge all will, praise all will people and: thy

gracia-ri atúme catè tekerekádatembà tschie: eïri

grace O that have will we arched earth and: thee O that

jebarrakéme ti pù jaûpe datembà, páe eï jebarrakére,

obey will people all here earth, as thee obey,

aëna kéa: kepecùn búe kepe kên jatúpe untâiri: catè

above are: our food us give this day: us

kuitscharrakè têi tschie kepecùn atacámara, pàe

forgive thou and our evil, as

kuitscharrakère catè tschie cávape atukiàra kepetujakè:

forgive we also the evil us do:

catè tikakambà têi tschie, cuvumerà catè uë

us help thou and, desire will not we something

atukiára: kepe kakunjà pe atacára tschie. Amen.[VI'-16]

evil: us protect from evil and. Amen.

[Sidenote: LORD'S PRAYERS IN DIFFERENT DIALECTS.]

As regards the other two languages, the only materials at hand are

some Lord's Prayers in various dialects of the Cochimí, as used in the

different missions. Of these I insert the following as samples of the

dialects spoken--I. at the Mission of Santa Maria, II. at San

Francisco de Borgia, and III. at San Ignacio:

Father our heaven in who art: thy name

I. Lahai-apa ambeing mia: mimbangajua val

II. Cahaí apá, ambeing miá, mimbang-ajuá val

III. Ua-bappá amma-bang miamú, ma mang-á-juá huit

all honored: earth thy kingdom come: will thine

I. vuit-maha: amet mididivvaijua kukuem: jenmu-jua

II. vuit-mahá; amét mididuvaijuá cucyém; jemmu-juá

III. maja tegem amat-ma-thadabajuá ucuem: kemmu-juá

heaven done be earth on

I. amabang vihi mieng ametetenang

II. amabáng vihí miéng ametenáug

III. ammabang vahi-mang amatànang

as Bread

I. luvihim. Thevap yi-cue ti-mi-ei-di-gua

II. luichim. Theváp yiecué ti-mi-eì-di-guá,

III. lauahim. Teguap ibang gual gúiang-avit-á-jua

Day

I. ibang-a-nang na-kahit tevichip

II. ibang-anáng gna cahit tevichip

III. ibang ánane pac-kagit: machi

I. nuhigua aviuve ham: vichip iyeg-ua na

II. nuhiguá aviuvehám vichip iyeguá gna

III. pugijua abadakegem, machi uayecg-juá

I. kaviu-vem cassetajuang inamenit nakum

II. caviu vém cassetasuàng mamenit guakúm

III. pac kabaya guem; kazet-à juan à juang-amuegnit

I. guang tevisiec na-kaviñaha.

II. guang tevisiec gna cavignahà.

III. pacum guang mayi-acg packanajam.[VI'-17]

The dialect spoken at the Missions of San Francisco Xavier, San José

de Comondú, and at Santa Gertrudis, differed considerably from the

above as will be seen by the following Lord's Prayer as used in the

last mentioned places.

Pennayù makenambà, yaà ambayujùp miya mò,

Our father who heaven thou art,

buhù mombojuà tammalà gkomendá hi nagodognò demuejueg

thy name men recognize and love all;

gkajim: pennayulà bogodognò gkajim, guihí

as and

ambayujup mabà yaà kæammet è decuinyi mò puegign:

heaven above earth satisfy

yaàm buhula mùjua ambayujupmò de dahijua, amet è

thy will heaven in done be, earth on

nò guilugui, ji pagkajim. Tamadà yaà ibò tejuèg guiluguigui

this as. Bread this day

pamijich è mò, ibò yanno puegin: guihi tammà

day and men

yaà gambuegjula kæpujui ambinyijuà pennayula

who have done evil us

dedaudugùjua, guilugui pagkajim: guìhi yaà tagamueglà

done have as: and

huì ambinyyjùa hi doomò puguegjuà, hi doomò pogounyim;

evil and although and although

tamuegjua, guihì usi mahel kæmmet è dicuin

also earth satisfy

yumò, guihì yaà hui mabinyì yaà, gambuegjuà pagkaudugum.[VI'-18]

and what is evil

Clavigero does not give a translation of this Lord's Prayer, but

Hervás, who copies it in his _Saggio Pratico_, translates all words

which he could find in a short vocabulary; Buschmann and others copy

from him, and even at this time no complete translation is obtainable.

Lastly, I present a few sentences in the Laymon dialect, literally

translated.

Tamma amayben metañ aguinañi

Man years many lives not

Kenedabapa urap, guang lizi, quimib tejunoey

Father mine eats, and drinks, but little.

Kenassa maba guimma

Sister thine sleeps.

Kadagua gadey iguimil decuiñi

The fish sees but not hears

Juetabajua tahipeñi

Blood mine good not

Kotajua kamang gehua

The stone (is) great, hard

Ibungajua ganehmajen kaluhù

Moon sun greater is.[VI'-19]

[Sidenote: THE CORA DIALECT IN LOWER CALIFORNIA.]

None of the Lower Californian languages are in any way related to, or

connected with, any other language. In Jalisco an idiom is spoken

which is called the Cora, but Señor Pimentel after comparing it with

the Cora of the peninsula as well as with others in Lower California,

assures us that not the least connection exists between them.[VI'-20] It

has also been stated that the languages spoken on the peninsula north

of La Paz are affiliated with the Yuma tongue, but this is not the

case. As we have seen, the dialect of the Diegueños reaches the

seacoast near San Diego, and again south of that point, and this being

a Yuma dialect, it has perhaps given rise to the belief that the Lower

Californian languages incline the same way.[VI'-21] In South America

there is a language called the Guaicuru, which has nothing in common

with the Guaicuri of Lower California.[VI'-22]

FOOTNOTES:

[VI'-1] 'No one showing anything more than the _faintest_, if any,

indications of a cognate origin with the other.' _Simpson's Jour. Mil.

Recon._, pp. 5, 128-9. 'Classed by dialects, the Pueblos of New Mexico

at the period of the arrival of the Spaniards spoke four separate and

distinct languages, called the Tegua, the Piro, the Queres, and the

Tagnos.' 'There are now five different dialects spoken by the

Pueblos.' No Pueblo can 'understand another of a different dialect.'

'It does not follow that the groups by dialect correspond with their

geographical grouping; for, frequently, those furthest apart speak the

same, and those nearest speak different languages.' _Meline's Two

Thousand Miles_, pp. 203-4; _Lane_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v.,

p. 689. 'The Pueblo Indians of Taos, Pecuris and Acoma speak a

language of which a dialect is used by those of the Rio Abajo,

including the Pueblos of San Felipe, Sandia, Ysleta, and Xeméz.'

_Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 194. 'There are but three or four different

languages spoken among them, and these, indeed, may be distantly

allied to each other.' 'Those further to the westward are perhaps

allied to the Navajoes.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 269. 'In

ancient times the several pueblos formed four distinct nations, called

the _Piro_, _Tegua_, _Queres_, and _Tagnos_ or _Tanos_, speaking as

many different dialects or languages.' _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 116; see

also pp. 155-6, on classification according to Cruzate. 'The Jemez ...

speak precisely the same language as the Pecos.' _Domenech's Deserts_,

vol. i., p. 198; _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 90,

et seq. 'There are five different dialects spoken by the nineteen

pueblos.' These are so distinct that the Spanish language 'has to be

resorted to as a common medium of communication.' _Ward_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1864, p. 191; _Buschmann_, _Spr. N. Mex. u. der Westseite

des b. Nordamer._, p. 280, et seq.

[VI'-2] _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 90; _Buschmann_,

_Spr. N. Mex. u. der Westseite des b. Nordamer._, p. 302.

[VI'-3] Tusuque words 'are monosyllabic, and suggest a connection with

Asiatic stocks, in which this feature is prominent.' _Schoolcraft's

Arch._, vol. iii., p. 406. 'All these languages are extremely guttural

and to my ear seemed so much alike that I imagine they have sprung

from the same parent stock.' _Lane_, in _Id._, vol. v., p. 689;

_Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 93 et seq.;

_Buschmann_, _New Mex. und Brit. N. Amer._, p. 280 et seq.

[VI'-4] 'Die Queres-Sprache ist trotz einiger Anklänge an andere eine

ganz besondere Sprache, von der keine Verwandtschaft aufzufinden.'

_Buschmann_, _Spr. N. Mex. u. der Westseite des b. Nordamer._, p. 303.

'Die Fremdheit der Tezuque-Sprache gegen alles Bekannte ist durch das

Wortverzeichniss genugsam erwiesen.' 'Ich unterlasse es spielende

aztekische oder Sonorische Aehnlichkeiten zu bezeichnen, da auch die

Zuñi-Sprache diesen Idiomen ganz fremd ist.' _Id._, pp. 296-7. Tanos,

'one of the Moqui villages, at present speak the Tegua language, which

is also spoken by several of the New Mexican Pueblo Indians, which

leaves but little doubt us to the common origin of all the village

Indians of this country and Old Mexico.' _Arny_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,

1871, p. 381. 'These Indians claim, and are generally supposed, to

have descended from the ancient Aztec race, but the fact of their

speaking three or four different languages would tend to cast a doubt

upon this point.' _Merriwether_, in _Id._, 1854, p. 174. 'The words in

the Zuñi language very much resemble the English.' _Hutchings' Cal.

Mag._, vol. ii., p. 348; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 285.

[VI'-5] Cocomaricopa, Yuma, Jalchedun and Jamajab, speak the same

language. _Garcés_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série ii., tom.

i., p. 350; _Kino_, _Relacion_, in _Id._, série iv., tom. i., pp.

292-3. 'Opas, que hablan la lengua de los Yumas y Cocomaricopas ...

Corre la gentilidad de éstos y de su misma lengua por los rios Azul,

Verde, Salado y otros que entran el Colorado.' _Arricivita_, _Crónica

Seráfica_, p. 416. 'La lengua de todas estas naciones es una,

Cocomaricopas, Yuma, Nijora, Quicamopa.' _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in

_Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iii., tom. iv., p. 852. Cuchans, or Yumas,

'speak the same dialect' as the Maricopas. _Emory's Rept. U. S. and

Mex. Boundary Survey_, p. 107; _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol.

iii., pp. 101-3; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p.

433. Yumas 'no ser Nacion distinta de la Cocomaricopa, pues usan el

mesmo Idioma.' _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 408;

_Gallatin_, in _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 129; _Cremony's Apaches_,

p. 90. 'The Pimos and Cocomaricopas ... speaking different languages.

_Cutts' Conq. of Cal._, p. 189. Cosninos and Tontos, 'leur langue

aurait plus d'affinité avec celle des _Mohaves_ et des _Cuchans_ du

Colorado.' 'Les _Yumas_, auxquels se joignent les _Cocopas_, les

_Mohaves_, les _Hawalcoes_, et les _Dieguenos_. Chacune de ces tribus

a une langue particulière, mais qui, jusqu'à un certain point, se

rapproche de celles des tribus du même groupe.' _Brasseur de

Bourbourg_, _Esquisses_, pp. 28-9. 'Gewiss ist, dass die Cocomaricópas

und Yumas nur Dialecte einer und derselben Sprache reden.'

_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p 211. 'The Maricopas speak ... a

dialect of the Cocapa, Yuma, Mohave and Diegana tongue.' _Mowry_, in

_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, p. 361; _Id._, 1857, p. 302. Papagos, Pimos,

and Maricopas. 'These tribes speak a common language, which is

conceded to be the ancient Aztec tongue.' _Davidson_, in _Id._, 1865,

p. 131. Pima and Maricopa. 'Their languages are totally different, so

much so that I was enabled to distinguish them when spoken.'

_Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 262. 'Los opas, cocomaricopas,

hudcoadan, yumas, cuhuanas, quiquimas, y otros mas allá del rio

Colorado, se pueden tambien llamar pimas y contar por otras tantas

tribus de esta nacion; pues la lengua de que usan es una misma con

sola la diferencia del dilecto.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc.

Hist. Mex._, série iii., p. 554; _Sonora_, _Rudo Ensayo_, p. 103.

'Yuma. Dialecto del Pima, lo tienen los Yumas, ó chirumas, gileños ó

xileños, opas, cocopas, cocomaricopas, hudcoadanes, jamajabs ó

cuesninas, ó cuismer ó cosninas ó culisnisnas ó culisnurs y los

quicamopas. Cajuenche. Dialecto del pima, pertenecen á esta seccion

los cucapá ó cuhanas, jallicuamai, cajuenches, quiquimas ó quihuimas,

yuanes, cutganes, alchedomas, bagiopas, cuñai y quemeyá.' _Orozco y

Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 353, 37; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek.

Spr._, p. 264, et seq. 'Die _Yumas_, deren Sprache von der

_Cocomericoopas_ ... wenig verschieden ist.' 'Cocomericoopas, Yumas,

Pimas ... haben jede ihre besondere Sprache.' _Pfefferkorn_, in

_Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 159. 'Alike in other

respects the Pima and Cocomaricopa Indians differ in language.'

_Latham's Comp. Phil._, vol. viii., p. 421.

[VI'-6] 'Suave al parecer, y mas fácil que no la pima, pues tiene la

suave vocal el la que falta á los pimas, repitiendo ellos la u hablan

su idioma cantando.' _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._,

série iii., tom. iv., p. 852. 'Soft and melodious.' _Bartlett's Pers.

Nar._, vol. ii., p. 262; _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.,

p. 101.

[VI'-7] _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 395.

[VI'-8] _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 95, et seq.;

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 118, et seq.

[VI'-9] _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.,

p. 14.

[VI'-10] 'La Nacion Chevet ... de muy distinto idioma de los que tienen

las demas Naciones.' _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 472.

[VI'-11] 'La lengua de los cajuenches es muy distinta de la yuma.'

Jalliquamais 'aunque parece el mismo idioma que el de los cajuenches,

se diferencía mucho.' _Garcés_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série

ii., tom. i., pp. 247, 251.

[VI'-12] 'The Cucápas, Talliguamays, and Cajuenches speak one tongue;

the Yumas, Talchedums, and Tamajabs have a distinct one.' _Cortez_,

_Hist. Apache Nations_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 124.

[VI'-13] _Id._, p. 125.

[VI'-14] 'Nun dann fünf andere ganz verschiedene, und in dem bisher

entdeckten Californien übliche Sprachen (welche seynd die Laymóna, in

der Gegend der Mission von Loreto, die Cotschimì, in der Mission des

heil. Xaverii und anderen gegen Norden, die Utschitì, und die Pericúa

in Suden, und die annoch unbekannte welche die Völker reden, so P.

Linck auf seiner Reis hat angetroffen) nebst einer Menge Absprossen

oder Dialekten, auf Seit gesetzt, und von der Waïcurischen allein

etwas anzumerken.' _Baegert_, _Nachr. von Cal._, pp. 176-7. 'Tres son

(dice el Padre Taravàl) las Lenguas: la Cochimi, la Pericù y la de

Loreto. De esta ultima salen dos ramos, y son: la Guaycùra, y la

Uchiti; verdad es, que es la variacion tanta, que ... juzgarà, no solo

que hay quatro Lenguas, sino que hay cinco.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la

Cal._, tom. i., pp. 63-7. Pericui, Guaicuri, Cochimí. 'Ognuna di

queste tre Nazioni aveva il suo linguaggio proprio.' _Clavigero_,

_Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 109. 'Vehitls, Coras, Pericos,

Guaicuras, Cantils, Cayeyus, y otros muchos.' 'Los de la baja

peninzula ... hablan distintos idiomas pero todos se entienden.'

_Revillagigedo_, _Carta_, MS., p. 7. Edues, Cochimies, et Periuches.

'Ces trois tribus parlent neuf dialectes différents, dérivés de trois

langues-matrices.' _Pauw_, _Rech. Phil._, tom. i., p. 168. 'Les unes

parlant la Langue _Monqui_ ... les autres la Langue _Laimone_.'

_Picolo_, _Mémoire_, in _Recueil de Voiages au Nord_, tom. iii., p.

279. 'Dreyerley Sprachen in Californien,' 'die de los Picos, dann die

de los Waïcuros ... und endlich die de los Laymónes.' _Ducrue_, in

_Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 392. 'Die Pericu; die Waicura mit den

Dialecten Cora, Uchidie und Aripe; die Laymon; die Cochima mit 4

verschiedenen Dialecten, worunter der von S. Francesco und Borgia; die

Utschita; die Ika.' _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 57. 'Die Perícues, dann

die Monquis oder Menguis, zu welchen die Familien der Guaycúras und

Coras gehören, die Cochímas oder Colímiës, die Laimónes, die Utschitas

oder Vehítis, und die Icas.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p.

212. See also tom. ii., pt ii., pp. 443-4; _Taylor_, in _Browne's L.

Cal._, pp. 53-4. 'The Cochimi, Pericu, and Loretto languages; the

former is the same as the Laymon, for the Laymones are the northern

Cochimies; the Loretto has two dialects, that of the Guaycuru and the

Uchiti.' _Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 553. 'The languages

of old California were: 1. The Waikur, spoken in several dialects; 2.

The Utshiti; 3. The Laymon; 4. The Cochimi North and the Pericu at the

southern extremity of the peninsula; 5. A probably new form of speech

used by some tribes visited by Link.' _Latham's Comp. Phil._, vol.

viii., p. 423. Morrell mentions three languages, the Pericues,

Menquis, and Cochimies. _Nar._, p. 198. Forbes, quoting Father

Taraval, also speaks of three languages, Pericues, Monquis, and

Cochimís. _Cal._, p. 21. 'Solo habia dos idiomas distintos; el uno

todo lo que comprehende la parte del Mediodía, y llamaban _Ado_; y el

otro todo lo que abraza el Departamento del Norte y llamaban

_Cochimi_.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., p. 99; _Vater_,

_Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 182, et seq.; _Baegert_, in

_Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, p. 393. Orozco y Berra also accepts three,

naming them, Pericu; Guaicura, with the dialects, Cora, Conchos,

Uchita and Aripa; and the Cochimí with the dialects, Edú, Didú, and

Northern Cochimi. _Geografía_, pp. 365-7; _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom.

ii., p. 207, et seq.; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 469,

et seq.

[VI'-15] 'La lingua Cochimi, la quale è la più distesa, è molto

dificile, è piena d'aspirazioni, ed ha alcune maniere di pronunziare,

che non è possibile di darle ad intendere.... La lingua Pericù è

oggimai estinta.... La branca degli Uchiti, e quasi tutta quella de'

Cori si sono estinte.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp.

110, 109. Edues and Didius, 'sus palabras no eran de muy difícil

pronunciacion, pero carecian enteramente de la f y s.' _Alegre_,

_Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., pp. 46-7. 'Die Aussprache ist

meistentheils gutturalis und narium.' _Ducrue_, in _Murr_,

_Nachrichten_, p. 392. Waïcuri. 'Kann man von derselben sagen, dass

sie im höchsten Grad wild sey und barbarisch ... so bestehet derselben

Barbarey in folgendem, und zwar--1. In einem erbärmlichen und

erstaunlichen Mangel unendlich vieler Wörter ... in dem Mangel und

Abgang der Präpositionen, Conjunctionen, und Relativorum, das déve,

oder tipitscheû, so wegen, und das tina, welches auf heisset

ausgenommen.... Im Abgang des Comparativi und Superlativi, und der

Wörter mehr und weniger, item, aller Adverbiorum, so wohl deren,

welche von Adjectivis herkommen, als auch schier aller anderen.... Im

Abgang des Modi Conjunctivi, mandativi und schier gar des optativi.

Item, des verbi Passivi, oder an statt dessen, des verbi Reciproci,

dessen sich die Spanier und Franzosen bedienen. Item, in Abgang der

Declinationen, und zugleich der Artiklen der, die, das, etc.'

_Baegert_, _Nachr. von Cal._, pp. 177-83. See also, _Smithsonian

Rept._, 1864, pp. 394-5.

[VI'-16] _Baegert_, _Nachr. von Cal._, pp. 175-94; _Id._, in

_Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, pp. 394-393; also in _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_,

tom. ii., pp. 207-14; _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, 2da época, tom. iv.,

pp. 31-40; _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., pp. 188-92;

_Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, pp. 484-95.

[VI'-17] _Hervás_, _Saggio Pratico_, p. 125; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der

Aztek. Spr._, pp. 496-7; _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii.,

pp. 193-4; _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 222; _Mofras_,

_Explor._, tom. ii., pp. 395-6; _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom.

i., p. 265.

[VI'-18] _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 264-5;

_Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 497; _Hervás_, _Saggio

Pratico_, p. 125; _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., pp.

192-4; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., pp. 395-6; _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_,

tom. ii., pp. 221-2.

[VI'-19] _Ducrue_, in _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, pp. 394-7.

[VI'-20] 'Hay otra idioma llamado Cora en California, que es un

dialecto del Guaicura ó Vaicura, diferente al que se habla en

Jalisco.' _Pimentel_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. viii., p.

603.

[VI'-21] 'All the Indian tribes of the peninsula seem to be affiliated

with the Yumas of the Colorado, and with the Coras below La Paz.'

_Taylor_, in _Browne's L. Cal._, p. 53.

[VI'-22] 'Beide Sprachen, die californische und die Südamerikanische

Guaycura oder Guaycuru (Mbaya) von einander gänzlich verschieden

sind.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 494.

CHAPTER VII.

THE PIMA, ÓPATA, AND CERI LANGUAGES.

PIMA ALTO AND BAJO -- PÁPAGO -- PIMA GRAMMAR -- FORMATION OF

PLURALS -- PERSONAL PRONOUN -- CONJUGATION -- CLASSIFICATION OF

VERBS -- ADVERBS, PREPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS, AND INTERJECTIONS

-- SYNTAX OF THE PIMA -- PRAYERS IN DIFFERENT DIALECTS -- THE

ÓPATA AND EUDEVE -- EUDEVE GRAMMAR -- CONJUGATION OF ACTIVE AND

PASSIVE VERBS -- LORD'S PRAYER -- ÓPATA GRAMMAR -- DECLENSION

-- POSSESSIVE PRONOUN -- CONJUGATION -- CERI LANGUAGE WITH ITS

DIALECTS, GUAYMI AND TEPOCA -- CERI VOCABULARY.

From the Rio Gila southward, in Sonora and in certain parts of

northern Sinaloa, is found the Pima language, spoken in many dialects,

of which the principal divisions are the Pima alto and Pima bajo, or

upper and lower Pima, and it has generally been considered one of the

chief languages of northern Mexico. North of the thirty-second

parallel, the Pápago is the dominant dialect of the Pima; in Sonora

there are the Sobaipuri and others more or less divergent.[VII'-1] The

Pima as compared with the languages of their northern and southern

neighbors is represented as complete, full, and harmonious.[VII'-2]

Although frequently classified with the Yuma, it is nevertheless a

distinct tongue. It is closely connected with the Aztec-Sonora

languages, which may be proven no less by its grammatical

coincidences, than by the similarity of many of its words.[VII'-3]

Following is an extract from a Pima grammar. The alphabet consists of

the following letters: _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, _g_, _h_, _i_, _j_, _m_,

_n_, _o_, _p_, _q_, _r_, _rh_, _s_, _t_, _u_, _v_, _x_, _y_. Nearly

all words end with a vowel. To form the plural, the first syllable of

the singular noun is duplicated--_hota_, stone; _hohota_, stones.

Exceptions to this rule occur in some few cases;--_vinoy_, snake;

_vipinoy_, snakes; _tuaia_, girl; _tusia_, girls; _sisi_, brother;

_sisiki_, brothers; _tuvu_, hare; _tutuapa_, hares. Gender is

expressed by means of the words _ubi_, female, and _ituoti_, male.

Derivatives expressing something which partakes of the nature of the

primitive are formed with the affix _magui_;--_xaivori_, honey;

_xaivorimaqui_, honeyed. For the same purpose the terminal _kama_ is

also used;--_hadunikama_, related to. _Kama_ is also employed to form

names of places and patronymics. Abstract words are formed with the

word _daga_;--_humatkama_, man; _humatkamadaga_, mankind; _stoa_,

white; _stoadaga_, whiteness. The particle _parha_, affixed to nouns

implies a past condition;--_nigaga_, my land for planting; _nigaga

parha_, the land for planting which was mine.

[Sidenote: PIMA GRAMMAR.]

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

SINGULAR.

FIRST PERSON. SECOND PERSON.

Nom. ani an'ani | Nom api ap'api

Gen., Dat., ni | Gen., Dat., and Abl. mu

and Abl.

Acc. ni, nunu, nu | Acc. mumu, mu

| Voc. api

PLURAL.

Nom. ati, at'ati | Nom., and Voc. apimu

Gen., Dat.,ti | Gen., Dat., and Abl. amu

and Abl.

Ac., ti, tutu, tu | Ac. amumu, amu

THIRD PERSON.

He, or she, hugai huka | They, those, nugama, hukama

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB AQUIARIDA, TO COUNT.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

I count, ani haquiarida | We count, ati haquiarida

Thou countest, api haquiarida | You count, apimu haquiarida

He counts, hugai haquiarida | They count, hugam haquiarida

IMPERFECT. PERFECT.

I counted, ani haquiarid cada | I have counted, an't' haquiari

PLUPERFECT.

I had counted, an't'haquiarid cada

FIRST FUTURE.

I shall count, ani aquiaridamucu, or an't'io haquiari

SECOND FUTURE.

I shall have counted, an't' io haquiari

IMPERATIVE.

Count thou, haquiaridani, or hahaquiarida

Count you, haquiarida vorha, or gorha haquiarida

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE.

If I count, co'n'igui haquiaridana

PRESENT OPTATIVE.

O that I may count, dod' an' iki haquiaridana

When I am counting haquiaridatu

(speaking of one person only),

Speaking of two persons, haquiaridada

Having counted, haquiaridac

When I count, or after counting, haquiaridaay

He who counts, haquiaridadama

He who counted, haquiaridacama

He who has to count, haquiaridaaguidama, or

io haquiaridacama

Verbs are divided into many classes, such as singular, plural,

frequentative, applicative, and compulsive. Plural-verbs--_murha_, to

run, one person; _vopobo_, to run, many. Frequentatives are formed

with the verb _himu_, to go; for example, _vaita_, to call;

_vaitahimu_, to call frequently. Applicatives are made by changing the

terminal vowel of the verb into _i_, and adding the terminal

_da_--_tubanu_, to lower; _tubanida_, to lower something. Compulsive

verbs are formed with the affix _tuda_--_hukiaridatuda_, to compel to

count. A large number of adverbs are used, of which I give only a few

specimens:

Where ua, ubai Near here iavu

Here ia High tai

Here (moving) ay Yesterday taco

Near mia How, as xa, astu, xaco

Nearer miacu No pima

PREPOSITIONS.

Before vaita Since oiti

For iquiti, vusio With bumata, buma

Upon damana Of amidurhu

In aba

CONJUNCTIONS.

And upu, cosi Or aspumusi, aspi

But posa Then bunoga

Because coiva Although apcada

Substantives are generally placed after the adjectives. To signify

possession the name of the possessor is simply prefixed--_Pedro

onnigga_, wife of Pedro. Prepositions are affixed.[VII'-4] Of the

different dialects there are four specimens, of which one differs to

such an extent as to be hardly recognizable. Neither the names of

these dialects nor the places where they were spoken are given with

any of them by the authorities. The first which I give is by the

missionary Father Pfefferkorn, and differs most from any of the

others.

Diosch ini mam, ami si schoic tat, wus in' ipudakit.

God my dear, I very sorry am towards my heart of

Ant' apotuta si sia pitana, apt' um soreto

I have done very much ugly, thou me punish wilt

taikisa pia humac tasch pia etonni tat.

fire in no single time not burning is.

The next, a Lord's Prayer, is from a _Doctrina Christiana_:

T'oga ti dama ca tum' ami da cama s'cuga m'aguna mu tuguiga,

tubui divianna simu tuodidaga. Cosasi m'huga cugai kiti ti

dama catum' ami gusuda huco bupo gusudana ia duburh' aba.

Siari vugadi ti coadaga vutu ica tas' aba cati maca. Vpu gat'

oanida pima s'cugati tuidiga cos' as' ati pima tuguitoa

t'obaga to buy pima s'cuga tuidiga. Pima t' huhuguida tudana

vpu pima s'cuga tuidiga, co' pi ti duguvonidani pima scuga ami

durhu. Doda hapu muduna Jhs.

The next is a Lord's Prayer from Hervás:

T'oca titauacatum ami dacama; scuc amu aca mu tukica; ta hui

dibiana ma tuotidaca; cosassi mu cussuma amocacugai

titamacatum apa hapa cussudana inatuburch apa mui siarim

t'hukiacugai buto ca tu maca. Pim' upu ca tukitoa pima scuca

ta tuica cosas ati pima tukitoa t'oopa amidurch pima scuca

tuitic; pim' upu ca ta dakitoa co diablo ta hiatokidara; cupto

ta itucuubundana pim scuc amidurch.

The fourth, also a Lord's Prayer, is from the collection of the

Mexican Geographical Society:

Chóga dáma cáta diácamá izquiáma ña meitilla tabus matúyaga

cosamacai yí, dama cata gussada imidirraba Sulit ecuadaga

butis maca vupuc chuan yiga cosismatito chavaga

tiapisnisquantillos pinitiandaná copetullañi imisquiandura

dodá maduná cetús.

From the same source I also take a Pápago Lord's Prayer:

Pan toc momo tamcaschina apeta michucuyca Santo: anchut

botonia ati chuyca: entupo hoyehui maetachui apo masima motepa

cachitmo, mapotomal pami buemasitaapa, jummo tomae,

boetoicusipua chuyechica, apomasi maza china sugocuita juann

motupay assimi qui, jubo gibu matama cazi pachuichica, panchit

borrapi. Amen.[VII'-5]

[Sidenote: THE DIALECTS OF THE ÓPATA LANGUAGE.]

Wedged in between the Pima alto and the Pima bajo, is the Ópata, or

Teguima, with its principal dialect the Eudeve. Although the Ópata and

Eudeve have generally been enumerated as distinct languages, after

careful comparison I think with the missionaries who were conversant

with both, that it will be safe to call the one a dialect of the

other. An anonymous author even says that the difference between them

is not greater than between the Portuguese and Castilian, or between

the French and the Provençal.[VII'-6] Like the Pima, it is a branch of

the Aztec-Sonora languages. As is most frequent on the Pacific Coast,

classification differs greatly according to fancy; thus it is with the

Ópata; its classifications have been many, and among others it has

been placed with the Pima family. Many dialects are mentioned, but

little is said of them. Of these there are the Teguis, Teguima,

Coguinachi, Batuca, Sahuaripa, Himeri, Guazaba, and Jova.[VII'-7] The

Ópata is represented as finished, easy to acquire, and abounding in

eloquent expressions.[VII'-8] Of the Eudeve dialect I insert a few

grammatical remarks. In the alphabet are wanting the letters _f_, _j_,

_k_, _w_, _x_, _y_, and _l_; vowels are pronounced as in the Spanish;

nouns are declined without the aid of articles. Verbal nouns are

frequently used;--_hiósguadauh_, painting or writing, from _hiósguan_,

I write. Nouns as names of instruments are formed from the future

active of verbs, designating the action performed by the said

instrument;--_métecan_, I chop; future, _métetze_, by changing its

last syllable into _siven_, forms _métesiven_--as a noun, meaning axe

or chopper. In some cases the ending _rina_ is used instead of

_siven_;--_bícusirina_, flute, from _bicudan_, I whistle, and

_bihirina_, shovel, from _bihán_, I scrape. Abstract nouns are formed

with the particles _ragua_ or _súra_--_váde_, joyously, _váderagua_,

joy; _déni_, good, _déniragua_, goodness; _dóhme_, man or people;

_dóhmeragua_, humanity. All verbs are used as nouns, and as such are

declined as well as conjugated;--_hiósguan_, I write, also means

writer; _nemútzau_, I bewitch, is also wizard. Adjective nouns ending

with _téri_ and _ei_ signify quality;--_bavitéri_, elegant;

_aresumetéri_, different or distinct; _tasúquei_, narrow. The ending

_ráve_ denotes plenitude;--_sitoráve_, full of honey; _sitóri_, honey;

and _ráve_, full. Endings in _e_, _o_, _u_, signify possession;--_esé_,

she that has petticoats; _nóno_, he that has a father, from _nónogua_,

father; _sutúu_, he that has finger-nails, from _sutú_. _Ca_ prefixed

to a word reverses its meaning;--_cúne_, married; _cacúne_, not

married. _Sguari_, affixed, denotes an augmentative;--_dotzi_, old

man; _dotzísguari_, very old man.

DECLENSION OF THE WORD SIIBI, HAWK.

Nom. siibi Acc. siibíc

Gen. siiibíque Voc. siibí

Dat. siibt Abl. sibítze

The plural of nouns is usually formed by duplication;--_dor_, man or

male, plural _dódor_; _hóit_, woman, _hóhoit_, women. Some exceptions

to this rule occur;--as, _doritzi_, boy, plural _vus_, applied to both

sexes, but when intended only for males, it is _dódorus_. In some

cases females employ different words from those used by the male sex;

for example, the father says to his son, _noguàt_, to his daughter,

_mórqua_; the mother says to either, _nótzgua_; the son says to the

father, _nonógua_; and the daughter, _mósgua_.

[Sidenote: EUDEVE GRAMMAR.]

Personal pronouns are _nee_, I; _nap_, thou; _id_, _at_, or _ar_, he,

or she; _tamide_, we; _emet_, or _emíde_, you; _amét_, or _met_, these

or they. In joining pronouns with other words, elision takes place,

the last letter or syllable of the pronouns being dropped.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB HIÓSGUAN, I PAINT.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

ACTIVE. PASSIVE.

I paint, nee hiósguan | I am painted, nee hiósguadauh

Thou paintest, nap hiósguan | Thou art painted, náp hiósguadauh

He paints, id, or | He is painted, id, or

at hiósguan | at hiósguadauh

We paint, tamide hiósguame | We are painted, tamide hiósguadagua

You paint, emét hiósguame | You are painted, emét hiósguadagua

They paint, amet hiósguame | They are painted, amet hiósguadagua

IMPERFECT.

I painted, nee hiósguamru | I was painted, nee hiósguadauhru

PERFECT.

I have painted, nee hiósguari | I have been painted, nee hiósguacauh

or nee hiósguarit

PLUPERFECT.

I had painted, nee hiósguariru | I had been painted,

nee hiósguacauhrutu

FIRST FUTURE.

I shall paint, nee hiósguatze | I shall be painted,

nee hiósguatzidauh

Paint thou, hiósgua

Paint ye, hiósguavu

I will see that I paint, asmane hiósguatze

I shall see that I be painted, asmane hiósguatzidauh

Even though you paint, venésmana hiósguam

I will that you paint, nee eme hiósguaco naquém

I will that thou be painted, nee eme hiósguarico naquém

Even though I may paint, venésmane hiósguam

Even though I may be painted, venésmane hiósguadauh

If I should paint, nee hiósguatzern

I should be painted, nee hiósquatziudauhru

There are seven other kinds of verbs mentioned, such as frequentative,

compulsive, applicative verbs, etc.

The numerals show more particularly a strong affinity to those of the

Aztec language: 1. _sei_; 2. _godum_; 3. _veidum_; 4. _nauoi_; 5.

_marqui_; 6. _vusani_; 7. _seniovusáni_; 8. _gos návoi_; 9.

_vesmácoi_; 10. _macoi_.

THE LORD'S PRAYER.

Tamo Nóno, tevíctze catzi, cannè teguà, uéhoa vitzua terádauh. Tomo

canne venè hasém amo quéidagua. Amo canne hinádocauh iuhtépatz

éndaugh, teníctze endahtevèn. Quécovi tamo bádagua óqui tame mic. Tame

náventziuh tame piuidedo tamo canáde émca; ein tamide tamo. Ovi tamo

náven tziuhdahteven. Cana tótzi Diablo tatacóritze tame huétudenta;

nassa tame hipùr cadénitzeuai.[VII'-9]

[Sidenote: ÓPATA GRAMMAR.]

Of the Ópata, there exists a grammar written by Natal Lombardo, from

which a few remarks are here given. The alphabet: _a_, _b_, _ch_, _d_,

_e_, _g_, _h_, _i_, _k_, _m_, _n_, _o_, _p_, _r_, _rh_, _s_, _t_,

_th_, _tz_, _u_, _v_, _x_, _z_. Most words end with a vowel. Long

words are not rare, as _chumikanahuinaguat_, name of a plant;

_kuguesaguataguikide_, spring (season); _makoisenignabussanibegua_,

seventeen. Gender is expressed either by the addition of the word,

male or female, or by distinct words. The plural is formed by

duplication; the manner of duplicating varies; sometimes the first,

and at others the last syllable being repeated, and very frequently

letters changed;--_Temachi_, lad; plural, _tetemachi_; _höre_,

squirrel; plural, _hohore_; _uri_, male; plural, _urini_; _vatziguat_,

brother; plural, _vapatziguat_; _maraguat_, daughter; plural,

_mamaraguat_, daughters. Ten declensions are described; they may be

recognized by different endings of the genitive, which are: _te_,

_ri_, _si_, _gui_, _ni_, _tzi_, _ki_, _ku_, _ku_, _pi_. The greater

number of words belong to the first declension. In the 2d, 3d, 4th,

5th, 6th, 7th, and 10th, the accusative and dative are the same as the

genitive; in the 8th the genitive, which ends in _ku_, is formed from

the accusative, while in the 9th, in which the genitive also ends in

_ku_, the accusative and dative are like the nominative.

1st DECLENSION OF THE WORD TAT, THE SUN.

Nom. tät | Gen. tätte | Dat. or Acc. tätta

2d DECLENSION OF THE WORD KUKU, THE QUAIL.

Nom. kuku | Gen. kukuri | Dat. or Acc. kukuri

8th DECLENSION OF THE WORD CHI, THE BIRD.

Nom. chi | Gen. chimiku | Dat. or Acc. chimi

9th DECLENSION OF THE WORD TUTZI, THE TIGER.

Nom. tutzi | Gen. tutziku | Dat. or Acc. tutzi

Abstract terms are formed by the affix _ragua_;--_massi_, father;

_massiragua_, paternity; _naideni_, good; _naideniragua_, goodness.

The word _ahka_ is used for a like purpose;--_uri_, man; _uriahka_,

humanity; _tossai_, white; _tossaiahka_, whiteness. To express a local

noun, the syllable _de_ is added;--_denide_, place of light;

_neomachide_, difficult place. _Suraua_, _guëua_, _ena_, _en_, _essa_,

and _otze_, signify much, and are used to form superlatives. Personal

pronouns are:--_ne_, I; _ta_, we; _ma_, thou; _emido_, you; _i_ or

_it_, he or she; _me_, they. Possessive pronouns are:--_no_, mine;

_tamo_, ours; _amo_, thine; _emo_, yours; _are_, _araku_, his;

_mereki_, theirs.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB NE HIO, I PAINT.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

I paint, ne hio | We paint, ta, or tamido hio

Thou paintest, ma hio | You paint, emido hio

He paints, i hio | They paint, me hio

IMPERFECT. PERFECT.

I painted, ne hiokaru | I have painted, ne hiosia, or

ne hiove

PLUPERFECT. FIRST FUTURE.

I had painted, ne hiosiruta | I shall paint, ne hiosea

SECOND FUTURE.

I shall have painted, ne hioseave

IMPERATIVE.

Paint thou, hiotte | Paint you, hiovu

Let him paint, hioseai | Let them paint, hioseame

Painting, hiopa, or hioko

Having painted, hiosaru, or hiositzi

Having to paint, hioseakoko, or hioseakiko

He who shall paint, hioseakame

He who paints, kiokame

He who painted, hiosi

As in the Eudeve, there are in this language many classes of verbs,

differing mostly in endings of certain persons. Prepositions and

adverbs exist in great number. Finally I give a few of the

conjunctions;--_guetza_, although; _vesé_, and; _nemake_, also;

_naneguari_, why, etc.

THE LORD'S PRAYER.

Tamomas teguikaktzigua kakame amo tegua santo

Of our father heaven in he who is of thee name holy

ah, amo reino tame makte, hinadoka iguati tevepa

is, of thee kingdom to us give, thy will here earth on

ahnia teguikaktzi veri. Chiama tamo guaka veu

be done heaven in so. Of all the days of us food now

tame mak, tame neavere tamo kainaideni ata api tamido

to us give, to us forgive of us bad as also

neavere tamo opagua, kai tame taotidudare; kianaideni

forgive of us enemy, not to us fall let; bad

chiguadu apita kaktzia.[VII'-10]

of also deliver.

Following is the Lord's Prayer in the Jova dialect:

Dios Noiksa: Vantegueca cachi, sec jan itemijunalequa

itemijunalequa motequán. Veda no parin, embeida mogitápejepa.

Ennio ju güidade, naté, vite tevá, nate vanteguéca. Necho

cuguírra, setata veté toomacá ento oreirá, en tobarurra, como

ité yté topa oreira toon oreira seeján. Caa ton surratoga

canecho jorrá sacu nuna dogüe seejan iguité caagüeta.

[Sidenote: SUPPOSED CERI AND WELSH SIMILARITIES.]

East of the Ópata and Pima bajo, on the shores of the gulf of

California, and thence for some distance inland, and also on the

island of Tiburon, the Ceri language with its dialects, the Guaymi and

Tepoca, is spoken. Few of the words are known, and the excuse given by

travelers for not taking vocabularies, is, that it was too difficult

to catch the sound. It is represented as extremely harsh and guttural

in its pronunciation, and well suited to the people who speak it, who

are described as wild and fierce.[VII'-11] It is, so far as known, not

related to any of the Mexican linguistic families. As in many other

languages, some have fancied they saw Welsh traces in it; one writer

thought he detected similarities to Arabic, but neither of these

speculations are worth anything. The Arabic relationship has been

disproven by Señor Ramirez, who compared the two, and the statement

regarding the Welsh is given on the hearsay of some sailors, who are

said to have stated that they thought they discovered some Welsh

sounds, when hearing the Ceris speak.[VII'-12] I give here the only

vocabulary which I have been able to find of this language:

Woman jidja Horse cai

Population jiciri Room (chamber) migenman

Milk junin More amen

Wine amat Less tungurá

Good tanjajipe Little jinás

Better jipe

FOOTNOTES:

[VII'-1] 'Estos se parten en altos y bajos ... hasta los rios Xila y

Colorado, aunque de otra banda de este hay muchos que hablan todavia

el mismo idioma.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 216.

'Los _pimas bajos_ usan del mismo idioma con los _altos_, y estos con

todas las demas parcialidades de indios que habitan los arenales y

páramos de los pápagos, los amenos valles de _Sobahipuris_, las vegas

de los rios _Xila_ (á escepcion de los apaches) y _Colorado_, y aun el

lado opuesto del último gran número de gentes, que á dicho del Padre

Kino y Sedelmayr, no diferencian sino en el dialecto,' _Sonora_,

_Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iii., tom. iv., pp.

534-5. 'Los opas, cocomaricopas, hudcoadan, yumas, cuhuanas,

quiquimas, y otras mas allá del rio Colorado se pueden tambien llamar

pimas y contar por otras tantas tribus de estar nacion; pues la lengua

de que usan es una misma con sola la diferencia del dialecto.' _Id._,

p. 554. _Sonora_, _Estado de la Provincia_, in _Id._, pp. 618-19;

_Sonora_, _Papeles_, in _Id._, p. 772. 'Sobaypuris, y hablan en el

idioma de los Pimas, aunque con alguna diferencia en la

pronunciacion.' _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 396;

_Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 369. 'El idioma es igual, y con

respecto al de los pimas se diferencian en muy determinadas palabras.'

_Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 161; _Zapata_, _Relacion_, in

_Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iv., tom. iii., p. 301, et seq. 'Las naciones

Pima, Soba y sobaipuris ... es una misma y general el idioma que todos

hablan, con poca diferencia de tal cual verbo y nombre' 'papabotas ...

de la misma lengua.' _Kino_, _Relacion_, in _Id._, tom. i., pp. 292-3.

Pimas 'usan todos una misma lengua, pero especialmente al Norte que en

todo se aventaja á los demas, mas abundente y con mas primores que al

Poniente y Pimería baja; todos no obstante se entienden.' _Velarde_,

in _Id._, tom. i., p. 366. 'El pima se divide en varios dialectos, de

los cuales ... el tecoripa y el sabagui.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom.

ii., p. 94. Orozco y Berra gives as dialects of the Pima, the Pápago,

Sobaipuri, Yuma and Cajuenche. _Geografía_, pp. 58-9, 35-40, 345-53.

_Papàgos_ 'die mit den Pimas dieselbe Sprache reden.' _Pfefferkorn_,

in _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 159. 'Die Sprache

der _Sovaipure_, als verwandt mit der Pima.' _Id._, p. 161. 'Aux Yumas

... se rattachent aussi, quant à la langue ... les _Cocomaricopas_ et

les tribus nombreuses qui, sous le nom de _Pimos_, s'étendent ... de

la même souche paraissent venir aussi les _Papayes_ ... mais dont la

langue s'éloigne davantage de celle des Yumas.' _Brasseur de

Bourbourg_, _Esquisses_, p. 30.

[VII'-2] 'Esta lengua distingue par flexion el singular del plural de

los nombres sustantivos; coloca de las preposiciones despues de sus

regímenes y las conjunciones al fin de las preposiciones: la sintáxis

es muy complicada y del todo distinta de la de las lenguas Europeas.'

_Balbi_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 352; _Bartlett's Pers.

Nar._, vol. ii., p. 262.

[VII'-3] 'Sie ist unfraglich und deutlich ein Glied des sonorischen

Sprachstammes; aber wieder sehr eigenthümliches, selbständiges und

wichtiges Idiom.' _Buschmann_, _Pima-Sprache_, p. 352. Family,

Dohme.... Language, Pima.... Dialects, Opata, Heve, Nevome, Papagos,

etc.' _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 236. 'These tribes speak a common

language, which is conceded to be the ancient Aztec tongue.'

_Davidson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 131; _Parker_, in _Id._,

1869, p. 19.

[VII'-4] _Arte de la Lengua Névome, que se dice Pima_; _Pimentel_,

_Cuadro_, tom. ii., pp. 93-118; _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt

iii., pp. 166-9; _Coulter_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi.,

pp. 248-50; _Parry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 461-2;

_Hist. Mag._, vol. v., pp. 202-3; _Buschmann_, _Pima-Sprache_, pp.

357-69; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 401.

[VII'-5] _Pfefferkorn_, in _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii.,

pp. 164-5; _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., pp. 113-15; _Doctrina

Christiana_, in _Arte de la Lengua Névome_, p. 3.; _Buschmann_,

_Pima-Sprache_, p. 353; _Col. Polidiómica Mex._, _Oracion Dominical_,

pp. 34-5.

[VII'-6] 'Á la Opata se pueden reducir los _Edues_ y _Jovas_; aquellos,

por diferenciar tan poco su lengua de la ópata, como la portuguesa de

la castellana, ó la provenzal de la francesa.' 'La nacion Opata y

Eudeve, que con muy poco diferencian en su idioma.' _Sonora_,

_Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iii., tom. iv., pp. 534,

494. 'A las opatas se reducen los tovas y eudeves, poco diferentes en

el idioma.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 216.

[VII'-7] 'É vero, che fra alcune di queste lingue si scorge una tale

affinità, che da tosto a divedere, che esse son nate da una medesima

madre, sicome _l'Eudeve_, _l'Opata_, e _la Tarahumara_ nell'America

settentrionale.' _Clavigero_, _Storia Ant. del Messico_, tom. iv., p.

21; _Hervás_, _Catálogo_, tom. i., p. 333; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_,

in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iii., tom. iv., p. 68. 'Auch von den,

nachher anzuführenden Opata und Eudeve sieht man aus Pfefferkorn, dass

sie von eben denselben Missionären bedient wurden, wie die Pima:

gleichwohl sind die Sprachen derselben, so weit sich aus den V. U.

schliessen lässt, sehr verschieden.' _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom.

iii., pt iii., p. 161. Eudeve 'Ihre Verwandtschaft mit dem sonorischen

Sprachstamme, als eines ächten Gliedes, mit erfreulicher Bestimmtheit

beweisen.' 'Man kan sie (Opata) mit Ruhe und ohne viele Einschränkung

als ein Glied in den sonorischen Sprachstamm einreihen.' _Buschmann_,

_Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, pp. 227, 235; _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_,

pp. 343-5.

[VII'-8] 'El idioma de los ópatas es muy arrogante ó elocuente en su

espresion, fácil de aprender, y tiene muchas voces del castellano.'

_Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 154.

[VII'-9] _Smith's Gram. Heve Lang._; _Hervás_, in _Vater_, _Mithridates_,

tom. iii., pt iii., pp. 165-6; _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., pp.

154-67; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, pp. 222-9.

[VII'-10] _Lombardo_, in _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., pp. 407-445;

_Hervás_, in _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 166;

_Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, pp. 229-236; _Pimentel_, in

_Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. x., pp. 288-313; _Col. Polidiómica

Mex._, _Oracion Dominical_, p. 11.

[VII'-11] 'Posee un idioma gutural muy dificil de aprender.' _Velasco_,

_Noticias de Sonora_, p. 131. 'Los guaimas ... de la misma lengua.'

_Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 216. 'Poco es la

distincion que hay entre seri y upanguaima, ... y unos y otros casi

hablan un mismo idioma.' _Gallardo_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iii.,

pp. 889; _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Id._, p. 535.

[VII'-12] 'Por su idioma ... se aparta completamente de la filiacion de

las naciones que la rodean.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 42,

353-4. 'Their language is guttural, and very different from any other

idiom in Sonora. It is said that on one occasion, some of these

Indians passed by a shop in Guaymas, where some Welsh sailors were

talking, and on hearing the Welsh language spoken, stopped, listened,

and appeared much interested; declaring that these white men were

their brothers, for they had a tongue like their own.' _Stone_, in

_Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 166; _Lavandera_, quoted by _Ramirez_, in

_Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. ii., p. 148, and _Ramirez_, in

_Id._, p. 149.

CHAPTER VIII.

NORTH MEXICAN LANGUAGES.

THE CAHITA AND ITS DIALECTS -- CAHITA GRAMMAR -- DIALECTIC

DIFFERENCES OF THE MAYO, YAQUI, AND TEHUECO -- COMPARATIVE

VOCABULARY -- CAHITA LORD'S PRAYER -- THE TARAHUMARA AND ITS

DIALECTS -- THE TARAHUMARA GRAMMAR -- TARAHUMARA LORD'S PRAYER

IN TWO DIALECTS -- THE CONCHO, THE TOBOSO, THE JULIME, THE

PIRO, THE SUMA, THE CHINARRA, THE TUBAR, THE IRRITILA -- TEJANO

-- TEJANO GRAMMAR -- SPECIMEN OF THE TEJANO -- THE TEPEHUANA --

TEPEHUANA GRAMMAR AND LORD'S PRAYER -- ACAXÉE AND ITS DIALECTS,

THE TOPIA, SABAIBO, AND XIXIME -- THE ZACATEC, CAZCANE,

MAZAPILE, HUITCOLE, GUACHICHILE, COLOTLAN, TLAXOMULTEC,

TECUEXE, AND TEPECANO -- THE CORA AND ITS DIALECTS, THE

MUUTZICAT, TEACUAEITZICA, AND ATEACARI -- CORA GRAMMAR.

We now come to the four Aztec-Sonora languages before mentioned, the

Cora, the Cahita, the Tepehuana, and the Tarahumara, and their

neighbors. I have already said that notwithstanding the Aztec element

contained in them, they are in no wise related to each other.

[Sidenote: NUMEROUS LANGUAGES IN SINALOA.]

In the northern part of Sinaloa, extending across the boundary into

Sonora, the principal language is the Cahita, spoken in many dialects,

of most of which nothing is transmitted to us. Numerous languages,

which were perhaps only dialects, are named in this region, and by

some classed with the Cahita, but the information regarding them is

vague and contradictory. No vocabularies or other specimens of them

can be obtained, nor can I find anywhere mention that any were ever

written. Of these there are the Zoe, the Guazave, the Vacoregue, the

Batucari, the Aibino, the Ocoroni, which are mentioned as related, as

also the Zuaque and Tehueco, and the Comoporis and Ahome. There are

also the Mocorito and Petatlan, both distinct; the Huite, the Ore, the

Varogio, the Tauro, the Macoyahui, the Troe, the Nio, the Cahuimeto,

the Tepague, the Ohuero, the Chicorata, the Basopa, and two distinct

tongues spoken at the Mission San Andres de Conicari, and four at the

Mission of San Miguel do Mocorito.[VIII'-1] The only dialects of the

Cahita, regarding which a few notes exist, and which at the same time

appear to have been the principal ones, according to the best

authorities, are the Mayo, Yaqui, and Tehueco.[VIII'-2] The Cahita

language is copious, but will not readily express polite

sentiments.[VIII'-3] Father Ribas says that the Yaquis always speak very

loudly and arrogantly, and that when he asked them to lower their

voice, they answered: "Dost thou not see that I am a Yaqui?" which

latter word signifies, 'he who speaks loudly.'[VIII'-4]

A grammar of the Cahita was written in the year 1737, of which I give

here an extract. The alphabet consists of the following letters: _a_,

_b_, _ch_, _e_, _h_, _i_, _j_, _k_, _l_, _m_, _n_, _o_, _p_, _r_, _s_,

_t_, _u_, _v_, _y_, _z_, _tz_.

The Native Races [of the Pacific states], Volume 3, Myths and Languages The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Volume 3 · 第 20 / 22 章

[IV'-30] 'Each tribe has a different dialect; and though their districts