C { Tototin_The Native Races [of the Pacific states], Volume 3, Myths and Languages The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Volume 3

a { Yakon

l {

i { { Lutuami or Klamath

f { Klamath { Modoc

o { { Copah

r {

n {

i { { Shasta

a { Shasta { Palaik

n { { Watsahewah

s {

{ Euroc

{ Cahroc

{ Oppegach

{ { Pataway

{ Pataway or { Veeard

{ Weitspeck { Weeyot

{ { Wishosk

{

{ Ehnek or Pehtsik

{ Howteteoh

{ Nabiltse

{ Patawat

{ Chillulah

{ Wheelcutta

{ Kailta

{ Chimalaquai

{

{ { Yuka

{ Yuka { Tahtoo

{ { Wapo or Ashochemie

{

{ { Ukiah

{ { Gallinomero

{ { Masallamagoon

{ { Gualala

{ { Matole

{ Pomo { Kulanapo

{ { Sanél

{ { Yonios

{ { Choweshak

{ { Batemdakaie

{ { Chocuyem

{ { Olamentke

{ { Kainamare

{ { Chwachamaju

{

{ Cushna

{ Kinkla

{ Yuba

{ Sonoma

{ Oleepa

{ Yoloy or Yolo

{ Nemshous

{ Colusa

{ Bashonee

{ Veshanack

{ Meidoo

{ Neeshenam

{

{ { { Ochecamne

{ { { Serouskumne

{ { { Chupumne

{ { { Omochumne

{ { { Secumne

{ { { Walagumne

{ { { Cosumne

{ { Eastern { Sololumne

{ { Dialects { Turealumne

{ { { Saywamine

{ { { Newichumne

{ { { Matchemne

{ Sacramento { { Sagayayumne

{ Valley { { Muthelemne

{ Languages { { Sopotatumne

{ { { Talatiu

{ {

{ { { Puzlumne

{ { { Yasumne

{ { { Pujuni

{ { Western { Sekumne

{ { Dialects { Kisky

{ { { Yalesumne

{ { { Huk

{ { { Yukal

{ { { Tsamak

{ { { Nemshaw

{

{ Napobatin

{

{ { Napa

{ { Myacoma

{ Napa { Calayomane

{ { Caymus

{ { Uluca

{ { Suscol

{

{ Mustitul

{ Tulkay

{ Suisun

{ Karquines

{ Tomales

{ Lekatuit

{ Petaluma

{ Guiluco

{ Tulare

{ Hawhaw

{ Coconoon

{ Yocut

{ Matalan

{ Salse

{ Quirote

{ Olhone

{ Runsien

{ Eslene

{ Ismuracan

{ Aspianaque

{ Sakhone

{ Chalone

{ Katlendaruca

{ Poytoqui

{ Mutsun

{ Thamien

{ Chowchilla

{ Meewoc

{ Tatché

{ San Miguel

{ Santa Cruz

S { { Shoshone

h { Shoshone { Wihinasht

o { { Bannack

s { { Shoshokee

h {

o { { Utah

n { { Uintaüte

e { { Goshute

s { { Piute

{ Utah { Pahute

{ { Paiulee

{ { Washoe

{ { Sampitche

{ { Mono

{

{ Comanche

{ Moqui

{ Kizh

{ Netela

{ Kechi

{ Chemehuevi

{ Cahuillo

P { { Kiwomi

u { Queres { Cochitemi

e { { Acoma

n {

l { Tegua or Tezuque

o {

s { Picoris

{ Jemez

{ Zuñi

{

N { { Yuma

e { { Maricopa

w { { Cuchan

{ Yuma { Mojave

M { { Diegeño

e { { Yampais

x { { Yavipais

i { Chevet

c {

a { Cajuenche { Cajuenche

n { { Jalliquamai

s {

{ Tamajab

{

{ Benemé { Tecuiche

{ { Teniqueche

{

{ Covaji

{

{ Noche

L C { Cochimí { Laymon

o a { { Ika

w l {

e i { Guaicuri { Cora

r f { { Monqui

o { { Didiù

r { { Liyùe

n { { Edù

i { { Uchitie

a {

n { Pericú

s {

P { Pima Alto { Pápago

i { { Sobaipuris

m {

a { Pima Bajo

N { { Eudeve

o { { Teguis

r { { Teguima

t { { Coguinachie

h { Ópata { Batuca

e { { Sahuaripa

r { { Himeri

n { { Guazaba

{ { Jova

M {

e { { Mayo

x { Cahita { Yaqui

i { { Tehueco

c {

a { Zoe

n { Guazave

s { Batuca

{ Aibino

{ Ocoroni

{ Vocaregui

{ Zuaque

{ Comoporis

{ Ahome

{ Mocorito

{ Petatlan

{ Huite

{ Ore

{ Macoyahui

{ Tauro

{ Troes

{ Nio

{ Cahuimeto

{ Tepave

{ Ohuero

{ Chicorata

{ Basopa

{

{ { Varogio

{ Tarahumara { Guazapare

{ { Pachera

{

{ Concho

{ Toboso

{ Julime

{ Piro

{ Suma

{ Chinarra

{ Irritilia

{ Tejano

{ Tubar

{

{ Tepehuana

{ { Topia

{ Acaxée { Sabaibo

{ { Xixime

{

{ Zacatec

{ Cazcane

{ Mazapile

{ Huitcole

{ Guachichile

{ Colotlan

{ Tlaxomultec

{ Tecuexe

{ Tepecano

C { { Muutzicat

e { Cora { Teakualitzigti

n { { Cora, or Ateakari

t {

r { Aztec, Mexican, or Nahuatl

a {

l { Otomí { Otomí

{ { Mazahua

M {

e { Pame

x { Meco, or Serrano

i { Yuê

c { Yemê

a { Olive

n { Xanambre

s { Pisone

{ Tamaulipec

{

{ Tarasco

{ Matlaltzinca

{ Ocuiltec

S { { Tepuzculano

o { { Yangüistlan

u { { Miztec baja

t { { Miztec alta

h { { Cuixlahuac

e { Miztec { Tlaxiaco

r { { Cuilapa

n { { Mictlantongo

{ { Tamazulapa

M { { Xaltepec

e { { Nochiztlan

x {

i { Chocho, or Chuchone

c { Amusgo

a { Mazatec

n { Cuicatec

s { Chatino

{ Tlapanec

{ Chinantec

{ Popoluca

{

{ { Zaachilla

{ { Ocotlan

{ { Etla

{ Zapotec { Netzicho

{ { Serrano de Itztepec

{ { Serrano de Cajonos

{ { Beni Xono

{ { Serrano de Miahuatlan

{

{ Mije

{ Huave

M { { Tetikilhati

a { Huastec { Chakalmati

y { { Ipapana

a { { Tatimolo, or Naolingo

- {

Q { Totonac

u { Chiapanec

i { Tloque

c { Zotzil

h { Zeldal-quelen

é { Vebetlateca

{ Mam

{ Achie

{ Guatemaltec

{ Cuettac

{ Hhirichota

{ Pokonchi

{ Caechicolchi

{ Tlacacebastla

{ Apay

{ Poton

{ Taulepa

{ Ulua

{ Quiché

{ Cakchiquel

{ Zutugil

{ Chorti

{ Alaguilac

{ Caichi

{ Ixil

{ Zoque

{ Coxoh

{ Chañabal

{ Chol

{ Uzpantec

{ Aguacatec

{ Quechi

{ Maya

M { Carib

o { Mosquito

s { Poya

q { Towka

u { Seco

i { Valiente

t { Rama

o { Cookra

{ Woolwa

{ Toonglas

{ Lenca

{ Smoo

{ Teguca

{ Albatuina

{ Jara

{ Toa

{ Gaula

{ Motuca

{ Fansasma

{ Sambo

C A { Coribici

e m { Chorotega

n e { Chontal

t r { Orotiña

. .

C R { Blanco

o i { Tiribi

s c { Talamanca

t a { Chiripo

a { Guatuso

I { Nicoya

s { Cerebaro

t { Chiriquí

h { Burica

m { Veragua

i { Paris

a { Escoria

n { Biruqueta

{ Nata

{ Urraca

{ Chiru

{ Chame

{ Chicacotra

{ Sangana

{ Guarara

{ Cutara

{ Panamá

{ Chuchura

{ Chagre

{ Chepo

{ Cueba

{ Quarecua

{ Chiape

{ Ponca

{ Pocora

{ Zumanamá

{ Coiba

{ Ponca

{ Chitarraga

{ Acla

{ Careta

{ Darien

{ Abieiba

{ Abenamechey

{ Dabaiba

{ Birú

{ Tule

{ Cholo

{ Doracho

{ Cimarron

{ Bayano

{ Manzanillo, or San Blas

{ Mandingo

{ Cuna

{ Cunacuna

{ Choco

{ Caomane

{ Urabá

{ Idiba

{ Paya

{ Goajiro

{ Motilone

{ Guaineta

{ Cocina

CHAPTER II.

HYPERBOREAN LANGUAGES.

DISTINCTION BETWEEN ESKIMO AND AMERICAN -- ESKIMO PRONUNCIATION

AND DECLENSION -- DIALECTS OF THE KONIAGAS AND ALEUTS --

LANGUAGE OF THE THLINKEETS -- HYPOTHETICAL AFFINITIES -- THE

TINNEH FAMILY AND ITS DIALECTS -- EASTERN, WESTERN, CENTRAL,

AND SOUTHERN DIVISIONS -- CHEPEWYAN DECLENSION -- ORATORICAL

DISPLAY IN THE SPEECH OF THE KUTCHINS -- DIALECTS OF THE ATNAHS

AND UGALENZES COMPARED -- SPECIMEN OF THE KOLTSHANE TONGUE --

TACULLY GUTTURALS -- HOOPAH VOCABULARY -- APACHE DIALECTS --

LIPAN LORD'S PRAYER -- NAVAJO WORDS -- COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY

OF THE TINNEH FAMILY.

The national and tribal distinctions given in the first volume of this

work will, for the most part, serve as divisions for languages and

dialects; I shall not therefore repeat here the names and boundaries

before mentioned, except so far as may be necessary in speaking of

languages alone. As a rule those physical and social distinctions

which indicate severalness among peoples, are followed, if indeed they

are not governed by the severalness of dialects, that is, the

diversities of language operate as powerfully as the aspects of nature

or any other causes, in separating mankind into tribes and nations;

hence it is that in the different divisions of humanity are found

different dialects, and between dialects physical and geographical

divisions.[II'-1]

[Sidenote: LANGUAGES ON THE ARCTIC SEABOARD.]

As I have said in another place the Eskimos are the anomalous race of

the New World; and this is no less true in their language than in

their physical characteristics. Obviously they are a polar people

rather than an American or an Asiatic people.[II'-2] They cling to the

seaboard; and while the distinction between them and the inland

American is clearly drawn, as we descend the strait and sea of Bering,

cross the Alaskan peninsula and follow the shores of the Pacific

eastward and southward, gradually the Arctic dialect merges into that

of the American proper. In our Hyperborean group, whose southern bound

is the fifty-fifth parallel, the northern seaboard part is occupied

wholly by Eskimos, the southern by a people called by some Eskimos and

by others Koniagas, while further on the graduation is so complete and

the transition from one to the other so imperceptible that it is often

difficult to determine which are Indians and which Eskimos. In

treating of their manners and customs, I separated the littoral

Alaskans into two divisions, calling them Eskimos and Koniagas, but in

their languages and dialects I shall speak of them as one. No

philologist familiar with the whole territory has attempted to

classify these Hyperborean tongues; different writers refer the

languages of all to such particular parts as they happen to be

familiar with. Thus the Russian priest Veniaminoff divides the Eskimo

language into six dialects, all belonging to the Koniagas, on the

Kadiak Islands and the adjacent territory. The fact is Veniaminoff

dwelt in southern Alaska and in the Aleutian Isles, and knew nothing

of the great inland nations to the north and west. To the people of

Kadiak he gives two dialects, a northern and a southern, and carries

the same language over to the main land adjacent.[II'-3] The Russian

explorer Sagoskin, to the Chnagmute dialect of Veniaminoff, unites the

Kwichpagmute and Kuskoquigmute under the collective name of Kangjulit,

of which with the Kadiak he makes a comparative vocabulary

establishing their identity.[II'-4] In like manner Baer classifies these

northern languages, but confines himself almost exclusively to the

coast above Kadiak Island.[II'-5]

Kotzebue says that a dialect of this same language is spoken by the

natives of St Lawrence Island.[II'-6] Yet if we may believe Mr Seemann,

all these dialects are essentially different. The Eskimo language, he

writes, "is divided into many dialects, which often vary so much that

those who speak one are unable to understand the others. The natives

of Kotzebue Sound for instance have to use an interpreter in

conversing with their countrymen in Norton Sound; towards Point Barrow

another dialect prevails, which however is not sufficiently distinct

to be unintelligible to the Kotzebue people."[II'-7]

[Sidenote: EXAMPLES OF THE ESKIMO GRAMMAR.]

According to Vater and Richardson the Eskimo language as spoken east

of the Mackenzie River appears to have a softer sound, as for

instance, for the western ending _tch_ the eastern tribes mostly use

_s_ and sometimes _h_. The German sound _ch_, guttural, is frequently

heard among the western people. Nouns have six cases, the changes of

which are expressed by affixed syllables.

These are in the singular _mut_, _mik_, _mit_, _me_, and _kut_, and in

the plural _nut_, _nik_, _nit_, _ne_, and _gut_. _Ga_, _go_, _ne_,

_ait_, _anga_, _ara_, etc., affixed to the nominative, denote a

possessive case. As:--_kivgah_, a servant; _kivganga_, my servant;

_kivgane_, his servant; etc. _Arsu_ and _arsuit_ are diminutive

endings and _soak_, _sudset_, and _sudsek_ augmentatives. Adjectives

are also declinable. Nouns can be transposed into verbs by affixing

_evok_ and _ovok_, and the adjective is altered in the same manner.

The third person singular of the indicative is taken as the root of

the verb, and by changing its termination it may be used as a noun.

The infinitive is formed by the postposition _nek_. The verb has

numerous inflections.

'To be' or 'to have,' both possessing a similar signification, are

expressed by _gi_ or _vi_--as _nunagiva_, it is his land.

Richardson gives the following declension of a noun, transitively and

intransitively (?):

TUPEK, A TENT.

SINGULAR. DUAL. PLURAL.

Nom. tr. tupek }

intr. turkib} tuppak turket

Gen. turkib tuppak turket

Dat. tr. tuppek tuppak turket

intr. tuppermut tuppangnut tuppernut

Acc. tr. tuppak tuppak turkinut

intr. tuppernik tuppangnit turkit

Abl. tr. tuppermit tuppangnit tuppermit

intr. tuppermut tuppangnut turkinnut[II'-8]

Some claim that the languages of Kadiak and the Aleutian Islands are

cognate, others deny any relationship. Stephen Glottoff, one of the

first to visit Kadiak Island, states positively that the inhabitants

of Unalaska and particularly a boy from the western Aleutian Isles

could not understand the people of Kadiak.[II'-9] Captain Cook thought

there existed a phonetic similarity between the speech of the

Unalaskas and the people of Norton Sound, which opinion appears to be

correct.[II'-10] So disarranged have the aboriginal tongues in this

vicinity become since the advent of the Russians that little

dependence can be placed on latter-day investigations. Dall admits the

speech of the two peoples to be dissimilar yet their language he

believes to be one.[II'-11] Vater, more cautious, thinks that there is

perhaps some Eskimo influence noticeable among the Koniagas.[II'-12]

Baer gives Admiral von Wrangell's opinion, which also inclines towards

such a connection, but he himself expresses the opposite belief,

citing in support of this that the physical appearance of the Koniagas

differs entirely from that of the Eskimo race.[II'-13] Buschmann

gives, as the result of careful investigations and comparisons, the

opinion that the language of Unalaska is distinct from that of Kadiak,

and supports it by the statements of travelers, as for instance that

of the mate Saikoff, given in the _Neue Nordische Beiträge_, tom.

iii., p. 284, who says that the two are totally different.

[Sidenote: ATKHA AND UNALASKA DIALECTS.]

Throughout the whole Aleutian Archipelago there are but two dialects,

one of which is spoken on the peninsula, on Unalaska, and a few

islands contiguous, while the other--by Veniaminoff called the Atkha

dialect--extends thence over all the other Aleutian Isles. In neither

dialect is there any distinction of gender; but to make up for this

deficiency, besides the plural, a dual is used. Substantives have

three cases:--_adakch_, the father; _adam_ or _adaganilyak_, of the

father; _adaman_, to the father; _adakik_ or _adakin_, both fathers;

_adan_, the fathers; _adanik_, to the fathers. Verbs are conjugated by

means of terminals. They are divided into three classes, active,

medium, and passive. Negation is expressed by the syllable _oljuk_

added to the root of the verb; sometimes also by _ljaka_, _ljaga_, or

_gana_. _Sjukong_, I take; _sjunakching_, I took; _sjuljakakching_, I

take not; _sjunag´oljuting_, I took not; _sjuda_, take; _sjuljagada_,

or _sjuganachtchin_, take not.

The eastern Aleuts enunciate very rapidly, without dividing their

words distinctly, making it very difficult for a stranger to

understand them. In Unalaska their speech is more drawling, while on

Atkha Island the natives pronounce each word very distinctly. The

western Aleuts and the people on Umnak also speak rather

slowly--drawling.[II'-14] Dall states that the chief difference between

the Atkha and Unalaska dialects consists in the formation of the

plural of nouns. The former for this purpose employ the terminal

letters _s_, _sh_, or _ng_. For diminutives the Atkhas use the ending

_kutshak_ and the Unalaskas _dak_.[II'-15]

On the next page I insert a vocabulary of Eskimo, Kuskoquigmute,

Malemute, Aleut, and Kadiak tongues.

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY.

---------------------+--------------+------------+----------+-----------

ESKIMO. |KUSKOQUIGMUTE.| MALEMUTE. | ALEUT. | KADIAK.

---------------------+--------------+------------+----------+-----------

Man tuak |yugut |enuk |toioch |sewk

Woman |agnak |okanok |aiyagar |

Fire { ignik or |knik |iknik |kignak |knok

{ ignuck | | | |

Fresh } emik | | | |

Water } | | | |

Salt } tarreoke | | | |

Water } | | | |

Water |mik |immik |taangak |taangak

Earth |nuni |nuneh |tshekak |noona

Stone angmak | | | |

Dog { kenma or |annakhukkta |kiyukmuk |uikuk |pewatit

{ kooneack | | | |

Knife sequetat |chivichuk |chowik |omgazshiz-|tshangielk

| | |shik |

{ baittsaach | | | |

Sun { maisak or |akhtah |shukeenyuk |akathak |madzshak

{ neiya | | | |

I woonga |hwihka |wunga |keen |chooi

Thou |lpit |illewit |ingaan |chlput

Eat { ashadlooik or|neega |nugerunger |kaangen |pittooaga

{ ishadlooweet | | | |

Yes a |you |wah |aang |aang

{ naga, nau, | | | |

No { tuum, nao, |chashituk |peechuk |maselikan |pedok

{ aunga | | | |

One { tegara or |atauchik |atowsik |attakon |alcheluk

{ adaitsuk | | | |

Two { milleit- |malkhok |malruk |alluk |malogh

{ sungnet | | | |

{ pingettsat- | | | |

Three { sungnet or |païnaïvak |pinyusut |kankoon |pingaien

{ pingeyook | | | |

Four { tsetummat or |t'chamik |setemat |shitshin |stamen

{ setumet | | | |

{ tadglémat | | | |

Five { adreyeet or |talimik |telemat |tshang |taliman

{ taleema | | | |

{ arkbunna | | | |

Six { aghwinnak |akhvinok |aghwinuleet |attoon |agovinligin

{ akkaooin- | | | |

{ elget | | | |

{ aitpa | | | |

Seven { achwinnigh- | | | |

{ ipagha |ainaäkhvanam |mahluditagh-|olung |malchongun

{ mullaroonik | |winuleet | |

{ or bolruk | | | |

{ penayua | | | |

Eight { penniyooik |pinaiviak |pinyusuni- |kamtshing |inglulgin

{ pegesset | |laghwinuleet| |

Nine { seetumna |chtamiakvanam |koolinotyluk|sitching |kollemgaien

{ teeidimmik | | | |

Ten { tadleema or | | | |

{ kólit |kullnuk |kooleet |hasuk- |kollen

Eleven{ | | |attakatha-|alchtoch

{ | | |matkich |

---------------------+--------------+------------+----------+-----------

Turn now to the Thlinkeets, who extend along the coast southward from

Mount St Elias, as Holmberg says, to the Columbia River;[II'-16]

Chlebikoff, to the forty-first parallel; Vater, to Queen Charlotte

Island;[II'-17] and Veniaminoff, to the Stikeen River; the latter

affirming, at the same time, that there is but one dialect spoken

among them all.[II'-18] The nations mentioned by Captain Bryant as

speaking this language are the Chilkats, Sitkas, Hoodsinoos, Auks,

Kakas, Elikinoos, Stikeens, and Tungass.[II'-19]

[Sidenote: HARSHNESS OF THE THLINKEET TONGUE.]

From all accounts the Thlinkeets possess the most barbarous speech

found anywhere in the Pacific States. Whether this arises from the

huge block of wood with which the Thlinkeet matrons grace their under

lip, which drives the sound from the throat through the teeth and nose

before it reaches the ear of the listener, I do not pretend to say;

but that it is hard, guttural, clucking, hissing, in short everything

but labial, there is no doubt. All who have visited them, whether

German, English, French, or Spanish, agree in this particular.

Marchand describes it as excessively rude and wild. Most of their

articulations are accompanied by a strong nasal aspiration, with

strenuous efforts of the throat; particularly in producing the sound

of a double _r_, which is heavy and hard. Many of their words commence

with a strongly guttural _k_ sound and this same sound is frequently

heard three times in one word. Dr Roblet who accompanied Marchand,

says that, notwithstanding all this, the language is very complete,

possessing a multitude of words, the natives being at no loss to give

a name to everything.[II'-21] La Pérouse, who makes a similar report,

gives as an example of its harshness the word _khlrleies_, hair.[II'-22]

In Veniaminoff's vocabulary are found such words as _thlklunúk_,

healthy, and _katlhth_, ashes, literally unpronounceable. The

frequently occurring sound _tl_ has led several authors to suppose a

relationship with the Aztec tongue; as for example Vater, who made a

small comparative table which I insert to show directly the contrary

to what he wished to prove.

Setting aside the _tetl_, _te_, stone, of which I have made previous

mention, had the words been selected to prove a want of affinity

between the two languages they could not have been more to the point.

Buschmann asserts, moreover, that several of the Mexican words are

mis-quoted.[II'-23]

AZTEC. THLINKEET.

Mother nantli attli

Brother teachcauh achaik or achonoik

Face xayacatl kaga

Forehead yxquatl kakak

Strong velitilizcotl itlzin

Depth vecatlyotl kattljan

Stone tetl te

Earth tlalli tljaknak or tlatka

Duck canauhtli kauchu

Star citlati tlaachztl[II'-24]

A few instances have been discovered by the same writer, where the

Thlinkeet tongue appears to be verging towards the Tinneh. Among

others he mentions the Thlinkeet words _te_, stone, _zyyn_, muskrat,

comparing the latter with the Dogrib _tzin_; the Thlinkeet _achschat_,

woman, wife, with the Umpqua _sch'at_; the Thlinkeet _tjé_, _teik_,

road, with the Tacully _tee_.[II'-25] La Pérouse pretends that they do

not use and can hardly pronounce the letters _b_, _f_, _j_, _d_, _p_,

and _v_. Most words commence with _k_, _t_, _n_, _s_, or _m_, the

first named being the most frequently used; no word commences with an

_r_.[II'-26] Veniaminoff again says that it would take thirty-eight

letters or combinations to write the distinct sounds which are

expressed in the Thlinkeet language. The personal pronouns are _khat_,

or _khatsh_, I; _bae_, _be_, or _belch_, thou; _b_ or _bch_, he; _ban_

or _bantch_, we; _iban_ or _ibantch_, you; _as_ or _astch_ or _youtas_

or _youastch_, they. The verb 'to do' is conjugated as follows:

PRESENT INDICATIVE. FIRST FUTURE. SECOND FUTURE.

etakhani ekbkazyani enkbizini

IMPERFECT. PERFECT.

etakhanegin | ekhbziní or ekhbzinnigin[II'-27]

Vater has a Lord's prayer communicated by Baranoff, director of the

late Russian possessions in America. It reads as follows:

[Sidenote: THLINKEET LORD'S PRAYER.]

Ais waan, wet wwetu tikeu; ikukastii itssagi

Father our, who art in the clouds; honored be name

bae; faa atkwakut ikustigi ibee; atkwakut attüitugati

thine; let come kingdom thine, be done will

bee ikachtekin linkitan zu tlekw. Katuachawat

thine as we in heaven and on earth. Food

uáan zuikwülkinichat akech uáan itat; tamil uáan

our needful give us to-day; absolve us

tschaniktschak aagi zu uáan akut tugati ajat; ilil

debts ours as also we give debtors ours; not lead

uan zulkikagatii táat anachut uan akalléelchwetach.

us into temptation but deliver us from the evil Spirit.

Tü.

So.[II'-28]

Next come the Tinneh, a people whose diffusion is only equaled by that

of the Aryan or Semitic nations of the old world. The dialects of the

Tinneh language are by no means confined within the limits of the

Hyperborean division. Stretching from the northern interior of Alaska

down into Sonora and Chihuahua, we have here a linguistic line of more

than four thousand miles in length extending diagonally over forty-two

degrees of latitude; like a great tree whose trunk is the Rocky

Mountain range, whose roots encompass the deserts of Arizona and New

Mexico, and whose branches touch the borders of Hudson Bay[II'-29] and

of the Arctic and Pacific oceans.[II'-30] In the north, immense compact

areas are covered by these dialects; towards the south the line holds

its course steadily in one direction, while at the same time on either

side are isolated spots, broken fragments as it were, of the Tinneh

tongue, at wide distances in some cases from the central line. A

reference to the classification given at the end of the preceding

chapter, will show the separation of the Tinneh family into four

divisions--the eastern, western, central and southern. The eastern

division embraces the dialects spoken between Hudson Bay and the

Mackenzie River; the western, those of the Kutchins and Kenai of

interior Alaska and the Pacific Coast in the vicinity of Mount St

Elias and Copper River; the central, those of the Tacullies of New

Caledonia, the Umpquas of Oregon, and the Hoopahs of California; the

southern, those of the Apaches of New Mexico, Arizona, and Northern

Mexico.

Near the sources of a branch of the Saskatchewan River are the

Sursees, who have been frequently classed with the Blackfeet, but

Mackenzie had before this stated that they speak a dialect of the

Tinneh.[II'-31] Umfreville who visited these people, compares their

language to the cackling of hens, and says that it is very difficult

for their neighbors to learn it.[II'-32]

Glance first at the dialects round Hudson Bay, and thence towards the

west. The northern dialects are exceedingly difficult to pronounce,

being composed largely of gutturals. Richardson compares some of the

sounds to the Hottentot cluck, and Isbister calls them "harsh and

guttural, difficult of enunciation and unpleasant to the ear."[II'-33]

They differ mainly in accentuation and pronunciation, and it therefore

does not require that philological research which is necessary with

the farther outlying branches of the family to establish their

connection. Richardson says that the Hare and Dog-rib dialects differ

scarcely at all even in their accents; and again that the Sheep

dialect is well understood by the Hare Indians. Latham affirms that

the "Beaver Indian is transitional to the Slavé and Chepewyan proper."

Of the Coppermine people, Franklin writes that their language is

"essentially the same with those of the Chipewyans." Ross Cox says

that the language of the Slowacuss and Nascud "bears a close affinity

to that spoken by the Chepewyans and Beaver Indians."[II'-34]

[Sidenote: DIALECTS OF THE TINNEH FAMILY.]

From a paper in the collection of M. Du Ponceau, cited by Mr Gallatin,

there appears to be in the grammar of these northern dialects a dual

as well as a plural. Thus _dinné_, a person; _dinné you_, a man;

_dinné you keh_, two men; _dinné you thlang_, many men. Again we have

_sick keh_, my foot; _sick keh keh_, my feet. The Chepewyan declension

is as follows:

My two hats, _sit sackhallé keh_; thy two hats, _nit sackhallé keh_;

his two hats, _bit sackhaleé keh_, or _noneh bid tsakhalle keh_; their

two hats, _hoot sackhallé keh_; two pieces of wood, _teitchin keh_;

much, or many pieces of wood, _teitchin thlang_; my son, _see azé_; my

two sons, _see azé keh_; thy two sons, _nee azé keh_; his two sons,

_bee azé keh_; their two sons, _hoo bee azé keh_; my children, _see

azé keh thlang_, or _siskainé_. Thus we see that the dual ending is

_keh_ (which also means foot), and that of the plural, _thlang_.

Possessive pronouns are: first person, _si_, _sit_ or _nee_; second

person, _nit_ or _nee_; third person, his or their, _bit_, _bee_,

_noot_, or _hoo_.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB I SPEAK, YAWS'THEE.

PRESENT. IMPERFECT.

I speak, yaws'thee | I spoke, yawaylt'hee

Thou speakest, yawnelt'hée | Thou spakest, yayolt'hée

He speaks, yawlt'hée | He spoke, yalthee

We speak, yawoult'hée | We spoke, tayaolthee

You speak, tayoult'hée | You spoke, tayahelthee

They speak, tayathee | They spoke, tayolthee[II'-35]

At the end of this chapter may be found a comparative vocabulary,

comprising words selected from these and other dialects, belonging to

this family.

[Sidenote: THE KUTCHIN DIALECTS OF THE YUKON.]

Crossing over to the country drained by the Yukon, we find the great

Kutchin nation and to their north-east the Kenai. The Kutchins,

according to Jones, are "divided into about twenty-two different

tribes, each speaking a dialect of the same language." Hardisty

affirms that "the Loucheux proper is spoken by the Indians of Peels

River, thence traversing the mountains, westward down Rat River, the

Tuk-kuth, and Van-tah-koo-chin, which extend to the Tran-jik-koo-chin,

Na-tsik-koo-chin, and Koo-cha-koo-chin of the Youcon."[II'-36] The

connection of the Kutchin language with the Tinneh has been, by early

travelers, denied, and this denial re-echoed by writers following

them;[II'-37] but later philological investigations have established the

relationship beyond a question. Furthermore, to corroborate this fact

there are persons, well acquainted with these people and their

language, having lived in their country and traded with them for

years, who are positive that the Kutchin is a dialect of the Tinneh.

Some of them even affirm that the eastern Kutchin dialect bears a

closer relationship to that of their neighbors, the Hares and Slavés,

than do some of the dialects of the western Kutchins to each other,

yet it is certain that all the Kutchin tribes of the Yukon and its

tributaries understand one another, accentuation being the principal

distinction between them.

A greater divergence from the stock language is observable in the

dialect of the Tutchone Kutchin, which, with those of the Han Kutchin,

the Slavé of Francis Lake and Fort Halkett, the Sicannis, the

Abbato-tinneh of the Pelly and Macmillan Rivers, and the Nehanne of

forts Liard and Simpson, might almost be called a dialectic division

of the Tinneh language.[II'-38]

Richardson, following Murray, cautiously traces these relationships in

the following words: "More resemblances, he thinks, might be traced

through the Mountain Indian speech (Naha-'tdinnè or Dtchè-ta-ut'tinnè)

than directly between the Kutchin and Dog-rib tongues. The Han-Kutchi

of the sources of the Yukon, speak a dialect of the Kutcha-Kutchi

language, yet they understand and are readily understood by the

Indians of Frances Lake and the banks of the Pelly. Now these converse

freely with the Naha- or Dtché-ta-ut'tinnè, and other Rocky Mountain

tribes, whose language resembles the Dog-rib tongue, and who are, in

fact, acknowledged members of the Chepewyan nation. Again, the Frances

Lake Indians understand the Netsilley, or Wild Nation, who trade at

Fort Halkett, on the River of the Mountains; these again are

understood by the Sikanis; and the Sikanis by the Beaver Indians,

whose dialect varies little from that of the Athabascans, the

longest-known member of the 'Tinnè nation."[II'-39]

The Kutchins pride themselves on their oratorical powers, making

long, windy, and allegorical speeches remarkable alike for native wit

and eloquence. In public speaking their delivery is unique and

effective; commencing in a low monotonous tone the voice slowly rises

to a crescendo, then increases to a forte, and finally rolls forth in

grand fortissimo, at which point, accompanied by striking gestures, it

continues until sheer exhaustion compels the orator to pause for

breath. The speech closes with a "most infernal screech," as Hardisty

calls it, which is supposed to be a clincher to the most abstruse

argument.

It was among these people, in the vicinity of the junction of the

Tananah with the Yukon River that the before-mentioned broken Slavé

jargon originated. Before the arrival of foreigners, the necessity of

a trade, or intertribal, language was felt and met, the dialect spoken

on the Liard River forming the basis. With the arrival of Russians,

French, and English successively, each one of these nationalities

contributed of its words to form the general jargon. Dall says that it

is in use among all western Eskimos who have intercourse with the

Tinneh. The European element in their jargon is very slight, much less

than in the Chinook jargon, from the fact that but few Europeans have

ever come in contact with the inland tribes of Alaska even in an

indirect way.

Following the Tinneh tongue southward from Central Alaska, we strike

the Pacific seaboard at Cook's Inlet and Prince William Sound, where

we find the Kenai, with six or more dialects, stretching along the

shores of the Ocean as far as Copper River. The word Kenai, or as they

are sometimes called the Thnaina,[II'-40] meaning men, in signification

and sound is almost identical with the word Tinneh, Dinneh, Tinné,

Dinay, Tinna, with many other variations applied to this family.[II'-41]

According to Sagoskin the Ingaliks, Unakatanas, and others of the

Yukon and Nulato rivers call themselves Ttynaichotana.[II'-42]

Veniaminoff, a high authority on matters coming under his immediate

observation, draws erroneous conclusions from his comparisons of Kenai

dialects. The Kenai language, he says, is divided into four dialects;

the Kenai proper, the Atnah spoken by the Koltshanes and the people of

Copper River, the Kuskoquim, and the Kwichpak.[II'-43] Baron von Wrangell

is of the opinion that the Kenai are of Thlinkeet stock, affirming

that although their idiom is different yet it comes from the same

root;[II'-44] but Dall believes that it might be "more properly grouped

with the Tinneh."[II'-45] The dialect of the Ugalenzes, Buschmann

confidently asserts, belongs to the Tinneh family, although its

connection with the Kenai is not strongly marked, while slight traces

of the Thlinkeet tongue are found in it, but not the least shadow of

the Aztec as Vater imagined.[II'-46] Long words are of frequent occurence

in the speech of the Ugalenzes; as for example, _chakljtschejalsga_,

work; _tekssekonachalek_, enemy; _kakujasliatenna_, to divide;

_aukatschetohatle_, to take away.

* * * * *

The Atnah dialect has also been classed with the Thlinkeet by Baer,

who inserts a small comparative vocabulary to show the similarity, but

in it few similar words are found, while between the Atnah and the

Ugalenze the connection is quite prominent, as for instance;

ATNAH. UGALENZE.

Heaven jaat jaa

Ice ttön ttetz

Stone ttzesch ttza

Fox nakattze nakattze

Eagle ttschkuläk tkotschkalak

Blood tell tedlch

Fat chchä chche

Come here any anatschtja[II'-47]

[Sidenote: KENAI LINGUISTIC AFFILIATIONS.]

In like manner the Kenai dialect has been classed with the

Thlinkeet;[II'-48] but here the preponderance of evidence is with the

Tinneh. Buschmann claims it as his discovery that the Kenai belong to

the Tinneh family.[II'-49] The Kenai dialect is very difficult to

pronounce, so much so that even the neighboring people with their

harsh, nasal, and guttural idioms, find great trouble in enunciating

it clearly. Some of the combinations of consonants are really very

curious,[II'-50]--_aljtnjan_, earth; _kyssynj_, woman; _mljchny_, to

drink; _keljkatj_, to eat; _ktaaltatlni_, to shoot; _kydykntjassnissj_,

I hear; _tschatscheeintschichku_, do not be afraid; _kazikatejityssny_,

I know not.

Baer makes the Ingalik cognate with Kenai, Atnah, and Thlinkeet;[II'-51]

an affinity is also detected between the Inkalit and the Kenai, Atnah,

and Unalaska dialects;[II'-52] while Sagoskin numbers both the Ingalik

and the Inkalit among the members of the Tinneh family.[II'-53] Like

those of their neighbors these two dialects are harsh and difficult of

pronunciation, as for instance in the Inkalit, _tschugljkchuja_, a

fox.

From the earliest times it has been known that the Koltshanes could

converse freely with the Atnahs and Kenai, and the relationship

existing between these dialects has long been recognized.[II'-54] As a

specimen of the Koltshane tongue, I present the following:

_tschiljkaje_, eagle; _nynkakit_, earth; _ssyljtschitan_, cold;

_sstscheljssilj_, warm; _tschilje_, man.

[Sidenote: CENTRAL TINNEH DIVISION.]

To the Tacullies of our central Tinneh division, whose language Hale

separates into eleven dialects, Latham adds the Sicannis, and other

writers the Umpquas and the Hoopahs.[II'-55] The northern dialects of

this division are represented as composed of words harsh and difficult

to pronounce, while the southern dialects are softer and more

sonorous, yet robust and emphatic. Mr Hale felt the necessity of

adopting a peculiar style of orthography to represent the sounds of

these words. The Greek _chi_ he employed to reproduce the Tacully

gutturals, which he says are somewhat deeper than the Spanish _jota_,

probably nearly akin to the German _ch_ in _acht und achtzig_. With _t

chi l_ he aims to convey a sound which "is a combination uttered by

forcing out the breath at the side of the mouth between the tongue and

the palate."[II'-56] In the following words instead of the Greek

_chi_, I write _kh_, and for _t chi l_, _sch_. _Schling_, dog;

_schluk_, fish; _sutschon_, good; _kwun_, fire; _kukh_, house;

_schhell_, mountain; _tse_, stone; _kuschkai_, run.

Hale is the only author who gives any information of the two tribes

Tlatskanai and Kwalhioqua. The Kwalhioquas dwell on the north bank of

the Columbia, near its mouth; but between them and the river there

runs a wedge of Chinook territory. The former are to be found south of

the river, on a narrow strip extending north and south. Being nearly

related to the Tacully, these languages also belong to the Tinneh

family. The only vocabulary obtainable is given by Mr Hale. Round the

headwaters of the river Umpqua live the people of that name, speaking

a language related to the two last mentioned, but which, if we may

believe Mr Hale, is "much softer than the others."

[Sidenote: VOCABULARY OF HOOPAH DIALECTS.]

Scouler, who has made a curious classification of the languages of

north-western America, places the Umpqua in the same family with the

Calapooya and Yamkally under the general name of Cathlascon.[II'-57] The

southernmost dialect of this division is that of the Hoopahs, on

Trinity River. Upon the authority of Mr Powers, "the Hoopa language is

worthy of the people who speak it--copious in its vocabulary; robust,

sonorous, and strong in utterance; of a martial simplicity and

rudeness in construction." Again he writes, "as the Hoopas remind one

of the Romans among savages, so is their language something akin to

the Latin in its phonetic characteristics: the idiom of camps--rude,

strong, laconic. Let a grave and decorous Indian speak it

deliberately, and every word comes out like the thud of a

battering-ram against a wall. For instance let the reader take the

words for 'devil' and 'death'--_keetoanchwa_ and _cheechwit_--and note

the robust strength with which they can be uttered. What a grand roll

of drums there is in that long, strong word, _conchwilchwil_." Mr

Powers gives the following declension: I, _hwe_; father, _hoota_; my

father, _hwehoota_; you, _nine_; your father, _nineta_; mother,

_necho_; death, _cheechwit_; your mother's death, _nincho

cheechwit_.[II'-58]

On the western slope of Mount Shasta, there is the Wi-Lackee language,

which bears a close likeness to the Hoopah; on Mad River is the Lassic

and on Eel River the Siah, both probably Hoopah dialects, and on Smith

River in Del Norte County, the Haynaggi, Tolewah and Tahahteen, also

presumably Hoopah and Wi-Lackee dialects. The following comparative

table of the numerals in the Tolewah, Hoopah, and Wi-Lackee dialects,

will serve to illustrate their relationship.

TOLEWAH. HOOPAH. WI-LACKEE.

One chla chla clyhy

Two nacheh nach nocka

Three tacheh tach tock

Four tencheh tinckh tenckha

Five swoila chwola tusculla

Six ostáneh hostan cooslac

Seven tsayteh ochkit coosnac

Eight lanésh tnata cahnem coostac

Nine chla ntuch nocósta coosténckha

Ten neh sun minchla kwang enta

[Sidenote: SPEECH OF THE APACHE TRIBES.]

In the southern and last division of the Tinneh family are found the

great Apache and Navajo nations, with their many dialects. The Apaches

may be said to inhabit or rather to roam over the country, commencing

at the Colorado desert and extending east to the Rio Pecos, or from

about 103° to 114° west long., and from Utah Territory into the states

of Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Texas, or from about

38° to 30° north lat. Hardly two authors agree in stating the number

and names of the different tribes belonging to this nation.[II'-59] The

names by which they are known among themselves are, according to

Orozco y Berra: _Vinni ettinen-ne_, _Segatajen-ne_, _Tjuiccujen-ne_,

_Iccujen-ne_, _Yutajen-ne_, _Sejen-ne_, _Cuelcajen-ne_, _Lipajen-ne_,

for which the Mexicans have substituted, such words as Apaches,

Tontos, Chiricaguis, Gileños, Mimbreños, Faraones, Mescaleros,

Llaneros, Lipanes, and Navajos.[II'-60] The nations that make up this

great people are the Chiricaguis in north-eastern Sonora; Coyoteros in

the Gila country; Faraones, west of New Mexico in the Sierras del

Diablo, Chanate, and Pilares; Gileños at the eastern base of the

Sierra de los Mimbres south of the Rio Gila; the people of the copper

mines on both banks of the Rio Grande, ranging west to the Coyoteros

and Pinaleños, and also into Chihuahua and Sonora, and at Lake Guzman

west of Paso del Norte; the Lipanes, or Ipandes, in Texas; the

Llaneros, north-east of Santa Fé, and northerly of the Rio Rojo de

Natchitoches or Rio Pecos; Mescaleros, in the Sierras del Diablo,

Chanate, Pilares, and on both banks of the Rio Tuerco, above its

confluence with the Rio Grande; the Natages, or Natajes, in Texas near

the Lipanes; the Pelones, in Coahuila; the Pinaleños, in the Sierras

del Pinal and Blanca; the Tejuas, east of the Rio Grande, in the Gila

country; the Tontos, in north-eastern Sonora, in the north-east near

the Seris in the Pimeria Alta, and south of the Maricopas and the Rio

Gila; the Vaqueros in the eastern part of New Mexico; the Mimbreños,

in the Sierra de los Mimbres, west of Paso del Norte, and in the

south-western end of New Mexico, on the northern boundary of

Chihuahua.[II'-61] The Xicarillas, whose dialect forms the principal

connecting link between the Apache language and the Tinneh family,

live on the Rio de los Osos, west of the Rio Grande; also in the Moro

Mountains and along the Cimarron.[II'-62] All the Apache tribes speak

dialects but slightly varying from one another, and all can converse

easily together. Different accentuations and some peculiar vocal

appellations are, for the most part, all that constitute severalness

in these dialects. Don José Cortéz states that "the utterance of the

language is very violent, but it is not so difficult to speak as the

first impression of it would lead one to suppose; for the ear,

becoming accustomed to the sound, discovers a cadence in the words."

"It has great poverty, both of expression and words." It appears as

well that the harsh gutturals so constantly heard among the northern

members of the Tinneh family, frequently occur in the Apache

dialects.[II'-63] Bartlett writes, "it sounds like a combination of

Polish, Chinese, Choctaw, and Dutch. Grunts and gutturals abound, and

there is a strong resemblance to the Hottentot click. Now blend these

together, and as you utter the word, swallow it, and the sound will be

a fair specimen of an Apache word."[II'-64] Apache affiliations have been

surmised by different writers, with nearly all their neighbors, and

even with more distant nations. Arricivita hints at a possible

relationship with the Otomí, because an Otomí muleteer told him that

he could converse with the Apaches.[II'-65] The Shoshone and Comanche

dialects have also been referred to the Tinneh trunk, but in reality

they belong to the Sonora vernacular, a discovery first made by

Turner, and proved by Buschmann.

Col. Cremony, who was interpreter for the United States Mexican

boundary commission, and hence conversant with the Apache language,

gives some valuable grammatical notes. "Their verbs," he says "express

the past, present and future with much regularity, and have the

infinitive, indicative, subjunctive and imperative moods, together

with the first, second and third persons, and the singular, dual and

plural numbers. Many of them are very irregular, and depend upon

auxiliaries which are few. In all that relates to special

individuality the language is exacting; thus, _shee_ means I, or me;

but _shee-dah_ means I myself, or me myself; _dee_ means thee or thou;

but _dee-dah_ means you yourself especially and personally, without

reference to any other being. When an Apache is relating his own

personal adventures he never says _shee_ for I, because that word, in

some sense, includes all who were present and took any part in the

affair but he uses the word _shee-dah_, to show that the act was

wholly his own. The pronouns are: _shee_--I; _shee-dah_--I myself;

_dee_--thee or thou; _dee-dah_, thee thyself; _aghan_--it, he, her, or

they. The word _to-dah_ means no, and all their affirmatives are

negatived by dividing this word so as to place the first syllable in

front and the second in the rear of the verb to be negatived. For

example, _ink-tah_ means, sit down, but to say, do _not_ sit down, we

must express it _to-ink-tah-dah_; _nuest-chee-shee_, come here;

_to-nuest-chee-shee-dah_, do _not_ come here; _anah-zont-tee_, begone;

_to-anah-zont-tee-dah_, do _not_ begone."[II'-66]

[Sidenote: APACHE GRAMMAR.]

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO BE, AH GHONTAY.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

I am, tak she | We are, tan-ah-hee-ah-aht-tee

Thou art, tan-dee-ah-aht-tee | You are, nah-hee-ah-aht-tee

He is, tah-annah | They are, aghan-day-aht-tee

IMPERFECT.

I was, tash-ee-ah-ash-ee

Thou wast, dee-ah-alt-een

He was, tah annah-kah-on-yah

We were, akannah sin-kah

You were, nah-hee-dah-a-kan nah-dash-shosh

They were, aghan-do-doh-ah-kah-gah-kah

FIRST FUTURE.

I shall be, she-ah-dosh-´n-dahl | We shall be, nah-he-do-gont-ee dahl

Thou wilt be, dee-ay-goh-ay-dahl | You will be, nah-he-nah-hat-han-dahl

He will be, ando-ay-gah-ee-dahl | They will be, nah-hayt-han-dahl

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO DO, AH GOSH LAH.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

I do, she-ash-lah | We do, tah-nah-hee-ah-ghont-lah

Thou dost, tan-dee-aghon-lah | You do, nah-hee-ah-ghast-lah

He does tah-pee-ay-il-lah | They do, tah-goh-pee-ah-goh-lah

IMPERFECT.

I did, tah-she-ash-lah | We did, tah-nah-kee-and-lah

Thou didst, dee-and-lah | You did, nah-hee-alt-lah

He did, pee-ind-lah | They did, goh-pee-ah-goh-nind-lah

FIRST FUTURE.

I shall do, tash-ee-ah-dosh-leel

Thou wilt do, dee-ah-goh-dont-leel

He will do, tah-pee-aye-dahl-teel

We shall do, tah-nah-he-ah-go-dont-leel

You will do, nah-he-ah-dash-leel

They will do, go-pee-ah-guill-dah-leel

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE.

If I do, she-ash-lah-nah-ah | If we do, tah-nah-hee-ant-lah

If thou do, dee-alt-in-dahl | If you do, nah-hee-alt-lah

If he do, tah-pee-ayilt-in-dahl | If they do, go-pee-ah-wilt-ee

IMPERATIVE.

Do thou, eah-and-lah

PRESENT PARTICIPLE.

Doing, ah-whee-lah

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO EAT, ISH SHAN.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

I eat, she-ish-shan | We eat, tah-nah-de-hit-tahn

Thou eatest, deah-in-nah | You eat, nah-he-naloh-in-day

He eats, aghan-iz-yan | They eat, goh-pee-goo-iz-yun

PERFECT.

I have eaten, she-ohz-yan

Thou hast eaten, dee-schlee-ohn-nah

He has eaten, aghan-ohnz-yan

We have eaten, tah-nah-hee-al-ke-dah-ohn-tan

You have eaten, nah-he-ahz-yan

They have eaten, goh-pee-go-yohnz-yan

FIRST FUTURE.

I shall eat, she-go-ish-shan

Thou wilt eat, dee-doh-in-mah-dahl

He will eat, aghandoh-iz-yan

We shall eat, tah-nah-hee-hin-tahn-dahl

You will eat, nah-he-goh-an-shan

They will eat, goh-pee-goh-iz-yan-dahl

IMPERATIVE.

Eat thou, tan-dee-in-nah | Let them eat, tah-goh-pee-niz-yan

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO SLEEP, IL HOOSH.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

I sleep, she-ish-hoosh | We sleep, tah-nah-he-il-hoosh

Thou sleepest, dee-ilt-hoosh | You sleep, nah-he-il-hoosh

He sleeps, aghan-it-hoosh | They sleep, go-pee-will-hoosh

PERFECT.

I have slept, she-al-kee-dah-ish-hash

Thou hast slept, dee-al-kee-dah-ish-hash

He has slept, aghando-ish-hash

We have slept, tah-nah-he-al-kee-dah-il-gash

You have slept, nah-he-al-kee-dah-al-hoosh

They have slept, go-pee-al-kee-dah-go-il-gash

FIRST FUTURE.

I shall sleep, she-do-ish-hoosht-tahl

Thou wilt sleep, dee-do-dohl-goosh

He will sleep, aghando-il-hoosht-dahl

We shall sleep, tah-nah-he-do-il-goosh-tahl

You will sleep, nah-he-doh-al-hoosh-tahl

They will sleep, go-pee-go-will-hoosh-tahl

IMPERATIVE.

Sleep thou, dee-ilh-hoosh

Sleep you, nah-hee-doh-al-hoosh

Sleep they, go-pee-go-il-hoosh

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO LOVE, IN KAY GO ISHT LEE.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

I love, sheah-in-kay-go-isht-lee | We love,

| tan-ah-hee-in-kay-go-it-lee

Thou lovest, deah-vick-kay-go-int-lee | You love,

| nah-he-vick-kay-at-lee

He loves, aghan-ee-kay-go-it-lee | They love,

| goh-pee-vick-kay-go-it-lee

IMPERFECT.

I loved, she-in-kay-go-isht-leeth-lay

Thou lovedst, dee-vick-kay-go-int-leeth-lee

He loved, aghan-vick-kay-go-it-leelth-lee

We loved, tan-ah-hee-vick-kay-int-leelth-lee

You loved, nah-he-vick-kay-at-leelth-lee

They loved, go-pee-vick-kay-go-leelth-lee

FIRST FUTURE.

Thou wilt love, dee-vick-kay-go-isht-lee-dahl

He will love, ghan-vick-kay-go-it-lee-dahl

I shall love, he-in-kay-go-isht-lee-dahl

We shall love, tah-nah-he-vick-kay-go-it-tlee-dahl

You will love, nah-he-vick-kay-at-tlee-dahl

They will love, goh-pee-vick-kay-go-it-tlee-dahl

IMPERFECT POTENTIAL.

I should love, she 'dn-vick-kay-go-isht-leel-dahl

Thou shouldst love, dee 'dn-vick-kay-go-isht-leel-dahl

He should love, aghan-vick-kay-ich-klee-dahl

We should love, tah-nah-he-vick-kay-go-in-klee-dahl

You should love, nah-he-vick-kay-go-in-klee-dahl

They should love, goh-pee-vick-kay-go-in-klee-dahl

IMPERATIVE.

Love thou, vick-kay-go-it-lee

Love you, nah-he-vick-kay-at-lee

Let them love, goh-pee-vick-kay-go-it-lee

NUMERALS.

One tash-ay-ay

Two nah-kee

Three kah-yay

Four in-yeh

Five asht-lay

Six host-kon-nay

Seven host-ee-day

Eight hah-pee

Nine 'n-ghost-ay

Ten go-nay-nan-nay

Eleven klats-ah-tah

Twelve nah-kee-sah-tah

Thirteen kah-yay-sah-tah

Fourteen tin-sah-tah-hay

Fifteen asht-lay-sah-tah-hay

Sixteen host-kon-sah-tah-hay

Seventeen host-ee-sah-tah-hay

Eighteen tan-pee-sah-tah-hay

Nineteen 'n-ghost-ah-sah-tah-hay

Twenty natin-yay

Thirty kah-tin-yay

Forty tinsh-tin-yay

Fifty asht-lah-tin-yay

Sixty host-kon-tin-yay

Seventy host-ee-tin-yay

Eighty san-vee-tin-yay

Ninety 'n-ghost-ah-tin-yay

One hundred tah-len-too-ooh

One thousand go-nay-nan-too-ooh

Two thousand nah-tin-ee-too-ooh

The following sentences will serve as specimens to show the

construction of this language.

Whence come you? _hash-ee-ohn-dahl?_

I come from afar, _an-dah-she-oh-thal_.

I am a friend, _tah-in-joon-ay-ish-lee_.

What do you want? _ee-ya-althe-ee 'n?_

There are wood, water, and grass, _tooh-tlo-chee-gon-lee_.

Go and watch the enemy, _niñ-dah-bin-naht-hah-aden-he_.

Take notice of them, _gon-joon-ay-go-hah-den-ee_.

Of what nation are they? _yah-indah-aht-ee?_

Where is their camp? _hah-ay-vee-goat-hah?_

Note well their position, _gon-joon-ay-go-nel-he-hayago-ah-tay-na-lee_.

They are near by, _goh-pee-ach-han-nay-she-go_.

I do not believe it, _too-vah-osht-lah-dah_.

Show me the road, _in-tin-dee-she-chee-toh-golt-chee_.

Mine, _shee_.

It is mine, _es-shee_.

Thine, _dee_.

It is his or hers, _ah-koon-pee_.

It is not mine, _too-she-dah_.

It is not thine, _too-in-dee-dah_.

It is not his or hers, _too-pee-dah_.

These, _tee-hay-ah_.

Those, _ah-wayh-hay-yah_.

[Sidenote: SPEECH IN THE MESCALERO DIALECT.]

As a further illustration, I give a speech made by General Carleton

during an interview with the Mescaleros, which was translated and

written down at the time by Col. Cremony.

Nah-heedn day nah goodnltay; toogo take headah;

Your people are bad; they have not kept faith;

bayay geah gontay; schlee nahhah goh inay een;

they are treacherous; they have stolen our horses;

nahgah godilt say; nahhannah gwinheay endah ah tay;

they have murdered our people; they must make amends;

too nahhan neet ee dah; tah nakee ahendah adenh dee;

they must cease troubling us; they must obey our orders;

nah schleen nahhannah weedah ayl; han eganday

they must restore our animals; they must

nahhannah goee dalt yeal; enday nahhah hitjash

give up the murderers; they must give us

toohayago andadah; alkeedah llaynah ildee; eschlanay

hostages; let them remember past times; they were

vaygo daht eel; saylth lee goh-pee; taat hooay takee

numerous and powerful; they held all the sierras; they occupied all

anah goh kah; tah golkahay takay ikay goon lee;

the water-holes; they were masters of the plains;

tash lainah too nelchedah. Ako ahn day hahdah?

none made them afraid. Where are they now?

Eeyah veeahkah tsay nogoshee 'n nilt ee? Nakay eeah

Why do they hide behind rocks? Where is their

haddah? Bahyay kay 'n nilt ee? She aghan iltisch

possession? Why do they hide like coyotes? I will tell

in dee; taykay indah nash lee; taykay ay

them why; they have been enemies to all other people; they have made

veeakah nah hindah; tahnahhe elchindah nah hee;

all other people their enemies; they have made enemies of each other;

tannahee eedaltsay ayveeahkah hee nahindah; too nah

they have lived by robbery and murder; they have

yah seedah; tah nalkoneeay vickaygo tee en nahseego;

not worked; idleness breeds want;

tee en nahseego chin nah hilt yeeay; chevilheeaygo

want breeds hunger; hunger

vilkonyeago takhoogo ont yeal; yont hooaygo anaht eel;

and idleness breed crime; they have committed crimes;

takhoogo ninis yah;

the punishment has fallen on them;

aghon ahltay koohaygo naht lee;

their thousands have become hundreds;

elchinalcheego vickeah golt seel; nahee vah ahtee

we speak harsh truths; we speak so only for

elchinahtee; naschayhay too ahnah lahdah;

their good; we have no vengeance in our hearts;

Elchinalcheego inklees andah 'n june; nah kashee

Our talk is hard but good; let them

vanan an keeays; anahtay kahdayah too wakhahdah;

reflect upon it; let them change their ways;

innee nahl ash lah; ilk jeel eego andah 'n june.[II'-67]

let them cultivate the earth; let them be a strong but a good people.

Mr Dorr, writing in the _Overland Monthly_, makes an erroneous

assertion that the Apache and Zuñi languages are the same, "differing

only in accent, intonation, and cadence, they understand each other

without difficulty. The Zuñi, or Apache language is very flexible and

_suave_, and may at some time have been the Court language of the

ancient races. It is often as expressive of fine shades of distinction

as even the Greek itself. It preserves--in the _adyta_ of its

wonderful radicals--the traditional duality of the human race: its

dual, as well as singular and plural, forms of speech."[II'-68]

Vater intimates a relationship between the Apaches and the Pawnees,

and that chiefly on the ground of a similarity in the names Pawnees

and Lipanes.[II'-69]

Pimentel gives a Lord's Prayer in the Lipan dialect, which will serve

as a specimen of the language:

'Cutall nezlló ezllá anel ti qui Llatá; setezdanela net agá

nautela; nosesene nda tendajé lle agá tandé: tanzanenda agá

atanclaju, senegui ti ezllza glezi, aj ullú ti lle lata; Lle

tulatan nezllé ja lagé tatichi anizané tatichi en gucecen dé

joullé vandaezhé lenegui ajullú da yé nachezonllé tenagé

vandaezhec en ne zto agatenjá tendá tlez ti tezchupanen da

glicóa genechi te najacengli Gaache lyé net.'[II'-70]

The Navajos, or Apache Navajos, of New Mexico, like the northern

Tinneh, call themselves Tennai, men. Their dialect approaches the

Xicarilla Apache, and Mr Eaton even asserts that it is about the

same.[II'-71] Pike mentions the Nanahaws, which name is probably

intended for Navajos, as no other account can be found of such a

people.

[Sidenote: TINNEH VOCABULARY.]

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF THE TINNEH FAMILY.

------------+--------+--------+---------+-----------+-----------+--------+

------------+--------+--------+---------+-----------+-----------+--------+

Apache }| | | | | | |

Coppermine }| tzi | con |t'hochon | klinchane |chigonakai | pes |

Dogrib | thai | cun | to | kling | ssa | paas |

Apache }| | | | | | |

Pinaleño }|tschayer| | to | | yaheye |paysche |

Tacully | tse | coun | tou | sleing | tsa | téisch |

Tenan }| | | | | | |

Kutchin }| utsih | | chu | klankoyah | soh | |

Apache }| | | | | | |

Mescalero }| teesch | kunh' | too-ooh |neechschlee|shoonnahaye| pesh |

------------+---------+----------+------------+-----------+---------

| MAN. | EYE. | ONE. | TWO. | THREE.

------------+---------+----------+------------+-----------+---------

Apache }| | | | |

Coppermine }| n'de | sleenda | tashte | naki | ta-i

Apache }| | | | |

Pinaleño }|payyahnay| chindar | | |

Tenan }| | | | |

Kutchin }| tinji | sintaga | | |

Apache }| | | | |

Mescalero }| enday | shindah | tash-ayay | nahkee | kahyay

FOOTNOTES:

[II'-1] See vol. i., p. 42 et seq. of this work.

[II'-2] 'Ces deux langues ... sont absolument la même que celle des

Vogules, habitants de la Tartarie, et la même que celle des Lapons.'

_Monglave_, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom. i., div. i., p. 65. 'Les Esquimaux

d'Amérique et les Tchoutchis de l'extrémité nord de l'Asie orientale

... il est aisé de reconnaître qu'ils appartiennent à une même

famille.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 330. 'The whole arctic

shore of North America is possessed by the Esquimaux and Greenlanders,

who speak an original tongue called Karalit.' _McCulloh's Researches

in Amer._, p. 36. 'The Arctic region is mainly covered by dialects of

a single language--the Eskimo.' _Latham's Comp. Phil._, vol. viii., p.

384. 'Der Amerikanische Sprachtypus, die Eskimo-Sprache, reicht

hinüber nach Asien.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 711.

'Alle Eskimos sprechen im Wesentlichen dieselbe Sprache.' _Baer_,

_Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 280. 'The language of the Western Esquimaux so

nearly resembles that of the tribes to the eastward.' _Beechey's

Voyage_, vol. ii., p. 311; _Sauer's Billings' Ex._, p. 245;

_Kotzebue's Voyage_, vol. iii., p. 314; _Franklin's Nar._, vol. i., p.

30; _Dease and Simpson_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. viii., p.

222; _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 68. But Vater does not

believe that the language extends across to Asia. 'Dass sich wohl ein

Einfluss der Eskimo-Sprache, aber nicht diese selbst über die zwischen

Asien and Amerika liegenden Inseln erstreckt.' _Mithridates_, tom.

iii., pt iii., pp. 458, 426.

[II'-3] _Veniaminoff_, _Ueber die Sprachen des russ. Amer._, in

_Erman_, _Archiv._, tom. vii., No. 1, p. 126 et seq.

[II'-4] _Sagoskin_, _Tagebuch_, in _Russ. Geog. Gesell., Denkschr._,

tom. i., p. 359 et seq.

[II'-5] 'Alle diese Völkerschaften reden eine Sprache and gehören zu

einem und demselben Stamme, der sich auch weiter nördlich längs der

Küste ... ausdehnt.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 122.

[II'-6] _Kotzebue's Voyage_, vol. ii., p. 175.

[II'-7] Of the similarity between the Kadiak and Alaska idiom,

Langsdorff says: 'In a great degree the clothing and language of the

Alaskans, are the same as those of the people of Kodiak.' _Voy._, vol.

ii., p. 236. _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., pp. 68-69.

[II'-8] _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 364 et seq.; _Veniaminoff_,

in _Erman_, _Archiv_, tom. iii., No. i., pp. 142-43; _Beechey's

Voyage_, vol. ii., p. 366; _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii.,

p. 458 et seq.; notes on the Chugatsh dialect at Prince William Sound

in _Cook's Voy. to Pac._, vol. ii., pp. 374-6, and _Portlock's Voy._,

pp. 254-5.

[II'-9] 'Er konnte die Sprache dieser Insulaner nicht ... verstehen.'

_Neue Nachrichten_, p. 105.

[II'-10] _Cook's Voy. to Pac._, vol. ii., p. 522.

[II'-11] _Dall's Alaska_, pp. 377-8.

[II'-12] 'Dass sich wohl ein Einfluss der Eskimo-Sprache aber nicht

diese selbst über die zwischen Asien and Amerika liegenden Inseln

erstreckt.' _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., 458.

[II'-13] 'Der Bewohner von Unalaschka kann den von Kadjack gar nicht

verstehen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, pp. 123-289.

[II'-14] 'Dass ... sich das aleutische Idiom ... als ein eigner, von

dem grossen eskimoischen ganz verschiedener Sprachtypus erweist.'

_Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 702 et seq. Veniaminoff's

examples are as follows: active, he took; medium, he took me; passive,

he was born. In _Erman_, _Archiv_, tom. iii., No. 1, pp. 136-8;

_Veniaminoff_, _Sapiski ob Ostrovach Oonalashkinskacho Otjela_, tom.

ii., pp. 264-71.

[II'-15] _Dall's Alaska_, p. 386; _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii.,

pt iii., pp. 459-460.

[II'-16] 'Von St Eliasberge bis hinunter zum Columbia-Strome.'

_Holmberg_, _Ethno. Skiz._, p. 9.

[II'-17] 'Sie erstrecken sich von Iakutat südlich bis zu den

Charlotten-Inseln.' _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., p.

219.

[II'-18] 'Von Ltu bis Stachin, und hat fast nur einen Dialect.'

_Veniaminoff_, in _Erman_, _Archiv_, tom. vii., No. i., p. 128.

[II'-19] _Bryant's Jour._, in _Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact._, vol. ii.,

p. 302. The Tungass language 'as Mr. Tolmie conjectured, is nearly the

same as that spoken at Sitga.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc.,

Jour._, vol. xi., p. 218.

[II'-21] _Marchand_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 109-110.

[II'-22] _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 238. 'Their language is

harsh and unpleasant to the ear.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 293. 'It

appears barbarous, uncouth, and difficult to pronounce.' _Dixon's

Voy._, p. 172. 'La dificil pronunciacion de sus vozes ... pues las

forman de la garganta con un movimiento de la lengua contra el

paladar.' _Bodega y Quadra_, _Nav._, MS., pp. 46-47.

[II'-23] 'Von der ganzen Liste bleibt allein The, Stein als ähnlich.'

_Buschmann_, _Pima u. Koloschen Sprache_, p. 386. 'Zwischen ihnen und

der mexicanischen in Wörtern und Grammatik keine Verwandtschaft

existirt ... gänzlich vom Mex. verschieden sind.' _Buschmann_,

_Ortsnamen_, p. 69. 'Je n'ai trouvé aucune ressemblance entre les mots

de cette langue et celle des ... Mexicains.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._,

tom. ii., p. 240.

[II'-24] _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., pp. 212-13;

_Holmberg_, _Ethno. Skiz._, p. 16.

[II'-25] _Buschmann_, _Pima u. Koloschen Sprache_, p. 388.

[II'-26] _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., pp. 238-9.

[II'-27] _Veniaminoff_, _Sapiski ob Ostrovach Oonalashkinskacho

Otjela_, tom. iii., pp. 149-51. No translation is given.

[II'-28] _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 225.

[II'-29] 'Dimensionen, in welchen er ein ungeheures Gebiet im Innern

des nördlichen Continents einnimmt, nahe an das Eismeer reicht, und

queer das nordamerikanische Festland durchzieht: indem er im Osten die

Hudsonsbai, im Südwesten in abgestossenen Stämmen am Umpqua-Flusse das

stille Meer berührt.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 323.

'This great family includes a large number of North American tribes,

extending, from near the mouth of the Mackenzie, south to the borders

of Mexico.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 428. 'There are outlyers of the stock

as far as the southern parts of Oregon. More than this, there are

Athabascans in California, New Mexico and Sonora.' _Latham's Comp.

Phil._, vol. viii., p. 393. 'Dass er in seinem Hauptgürtel von der

nördlichen Hudsonsbai aus fast die ganze Breite des Continents

durchläuft; und dass er in abgesonderten, in die Ferne geschleuderten

Gliedern, gen Süden nicht allein unter dem 46ten (Tlatskanai und

Kwalhioqua) und 43ten Grade nördlicher Breite (Umpqua) das stille Meer

berührt, sondern auch tief im Innern in den Navajos den 36ten Grad

trifft ... während er im Norden und Nordwesten den 65ten Grad und

beinahe die Gestade des Polarmeers erreicht.' _Buschmann_, _Athapask.

Sprachstamm_, p. 313. See also vol. i., pp. 114, 143-9.

[II'-30] _Gibbs_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1866, p. 303.

[II'-31] 'The Sarsees who are but few in number, appear from their

language, to come on the contrary from the North-Westward, and are of

the same people as the Rocky-Mountain Indians ... who are a tribe of

the Chepewyans.' _Mackenzie's Voyages_, pp. lxxi-lxxii.

[II'-32] _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 252;

_Gallatin_, in _Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact._, vol. ii., p. 19. The

Sarsi, Sussees 'speak a dialect of the Chippewyan (Athapascan), allied

to the Tahkali.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p.

219.

[II'-33] 'They speak a copious language, which is very difficult to be

attained.' _Mackenzie's Voyages_, p. 114. 'As a language it is

exceedingly meagre and imperfect.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., pp.

3, 28.

[II'-34] _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., pp. 3, 7; _Franklin's Nar._,

vol. ii., p. 76. 'Hare Indians, who also speak a dialect of the

Chipewyan language.' _Id._, p. 83. Rocky Mountain Indians differ but

little from the Strongbow, Beaver, etc. _Id._, p. 85; _Latham's Comp.

Phil._, vol. viii., pp. 388, 391; _Id._, vol. iii., p. 393; _Cox's

Adven._, p. 323.

[II'-35] _Gallatin_, in _Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact._, vol. ii., pp.

215-16, 269.

[II'-36] _Richardson's Jour._, pp. 377-413; _Latham's Native Races_,

pp. 293-4; _Jones_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1866, p. 320; _Hardisty_,

in _Id._, p. 311.

[II'-37] 'They speak a language distinct from the Chipewyan,'

_Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 83. 'The similarity of language

amongst all the tribes (Athabascans) that have been enumerated under

this head (the Loucheux excepted) is fully established. It does not

appear to have any distinct affinities with any other than that of the

Kinai.' _Gallatin_, in _Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact._, vol. ii., p.

20. 'The language of the latter (Loucheux) is entirely different from

that of the other known tribes who possess the vast region to the

northward of a line drawn from Churchill, on Hudson's Bay, across the

Rocky Mountains, to New Caledonia.' _Simpson's Nar._, p. 157. 'The

Degothees or Loucheux, called Quarrellers by the English, speak a

different language.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 542.

[II'-38] _Hardisty_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1866, p. 311.

[II'-39] _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., pp. 400-1; _Hooper's Tuski_,

p. 270.

[II'-40] _Holmberg_, _Ethno. Skiz._, pp. 6-7; _Baer_, _Stat. u.

Ethno._, p. 97; _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 228;

_Dall's Alaska_, p. 430; _Latham's Nat. Races_, p. 292.

[II'-41] _Buschmann_, _Athapask. Sprachstamm_, p. 223; _Krusentern_,

_Woerter-Sammlung_, p. xi.

[II'-42] 'So nennen die Seeküstenbewohner Ulukag Mjuten Inkiliken,

und diese letzten nennen sich selbst entweder nach dem Dorfe, oder im

allgemeinen Ttynai-Chotana.' _Sagoskin_, _Tagebuch_, in _Russ. Geog.

Gesell., Denkschr._, p. 321.

[II'-43] _Veniaminoff_, in _Erman_, _Archiv_, tom. vii., No. i., p. 128.

[II'-44] 'Ihre Sprache ist zwar von der der Koloschen verschieden,

stammt aber von derselben Wurzel ab.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 97.

[II'-45] _Dall's Alaska_, p. 430.

[II'-46] 'Ich bleibe dabei stehn sie für eine athapaskische Sprache zu

erklären.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 687. 'Two tribes

are found, on the Pacific Ocean, whose kindred languages, though

exhibiting some affinities both with that of the Western Eskimaux and

with that of the Athapascas, we shall, for the present, consider as

forming a distinct family. They are the Kinai, in or near Cook's Inlet

or River, and the Ugaljachmutzi (_Ougalachmioutzy_) of Prince

William's Sound.' _Gallatin_, in _Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact._, vol.

ii., p. 14.

[II'-47] 'Dieses Volk gehört gleich den Ugalenzen zu einem und demselben

Stamme mit den Koloschen.... Auch in der Sprache giebt es mehrere

Wörter, die auf eine gemeinschaftliche Wurzel hindeuten.' _Baer_,

_Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 99.

[II'-48] 'Gehört zu demselben Stamme wie die Galzanen oder Koltschanen,

Atnaer und Koloschen. Dieses bezeugt nicht nur die noch vorhandene

Aehnlichkeit einiger Wörter in den Sprachen dieser Völker (eine

Aehnlichkeit, welche freilich in der Sprache der Koloschen kaum noch

merkbar und fast gänzlich verschwunden ist).' _Baer_, _Stat. u.

Ethno._, p. 103.

[II'-49] 'Die Kinai, Kenai oder Kenaizen wurden bisher schon als ein

Hauptvolk und ihre Sprache als eine hauptsächliche des russischen

Nordamerika's betrachtet. Sie umziehen in ihren Wohnungen an jener

Küste die grosse Kinai-Bucht oder den sogenannten Cooks-Fluss. Ihr

Idiom galt bisher als eine selbstständige und ursprüngliche Sprache,

Trägerinn mehrerer anderer. Nach meinen Entdeckungen ist es ein Glied

des grossen athapaskischen Sprachstammes, und seine Verwandten im

russischen Nordwesten sind andere Glieder desselben.' _Buschmann_,

_Athapask. Sprachstamm_, p. 223.

[II'-50] 'Die Kenai-Sprache ist, wegen der Menge ihrer Gurgellaute, von

allen Idiomen des russischen Amerika's am schwierigsten auszusprechen.

Selbst die Nachbarn der Kenajer, deren Sprachen schon ein sehr

geschmeidiges Organ erfordern, sind nicht im Stande, Wörter des

Kenajischen rein wiederzugeben.' _Veniaminoff_, in _Erman_, _Archiv_,

tom. vii., No. i., p. 128.

[II'-51] _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 119.

[II'-52] 'Sie sprechen eine Sprache, die ganz verschieden ist von der an

der Seeküste gebräuchlichen Sprache der Aleuten von Kadjack; der

Dialect der Inkaliten ist ein Gemisch aus den Sprachen der Kenayer,

Unalaschken und Atnaer ... auch die Anwigmüten und Magimüten sind

Inkaliten.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, pp. 120-1.

[II'-53] 'Der zwei Stämme des Volkes Ttynai, hauptsächlich der Inkiliken

und der Inkaliten-jug-elnut.' _Sagoskin_, _Tagebuch_, in _Russ. Geog.

Gesell., Denkschr._, tom. i., p. 352; _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 175.

[II'-54] 'Die näher wohnenden gehören zu demselben Stamme wie die Atnaer

und Kenayer und können sich mit ihnen, obgleich sie einen anderen

Dialect sprechen, verständigen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 101.

[II'-55] _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 62; _Mackenzie's Voyages_,

p. 284. 'Their language is very similar to that of the Chipewyans, and

has a great affinity to the tongues spoken by the Beaver Indians and

the Sicaunes. Between all the different villages of the Carriers,

there prevails a difference of dialect, to such an extent, that they

often give different names to the most common utensils.' _Harmon's

Jour._, pp. 285-6, 379, 193, 196; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 178. 'Les

Indiens de la côte ou de la Nouvelle Calédonie, les Tokalis, les

Chargeurs (_Carriers_), les Schouchouaps, les Atnas, appartiennent

tous à la nation des Chipeouaïans.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p.

337; _Gallatin_, in _Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact._, vol. ii., p. 20.

'A branch of the great Chippewyan (Athapascan) stock.' _Hale's

Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 202.

[II'-56] _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 533.

[II'-57] _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 225;

_Hines' Voy._, p. 117.

[II'-58] _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., pp. 157-8; _Gibbs_,

in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 422; _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R.

Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 87-5. 'Ich habe später die _Hoopah_ Sprache

wirklich für eine athapaskische angenommen.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der

Aztek. Spr._, p. 576.

[II'-59] _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 325. 'Desde el Real de

Chiguagua, cruzando al Poniente, hasta el rio Gila, y subiendo al

Norte, hasta el Moqui, y Nuevo México, y Provincias de Texas y

Quahuila; y revolviendo al Sur remata en el sobredicho Real.'

_Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 338; _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom.

iii., pt iii., p. 177; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., pp. 212-3;

'Extend from the black mountains in New México to the frontiers of

Cogquilla.' _Pike's Explor. Trav._, (Phil. 1810,) appendix, p. 10;

_Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 83; _Malte-Brun_,

_Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 446; _Pope_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._,

vol. ii., p. 13; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 298;

_Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 8. 'Se extienden en el vasto espacio de

dicho continente, que comprenden los grados 30 á 38 de latitud Norte,

y 264 á 277 de longitud de Tenerife.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_,

_Geografía_, p. 369; _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., pp.

393, et seq. 'Tota hæc regio, quam Novam Mexicanam vocant, ab omnibus

pene lateribus ambitur ab _Apachibus_.' _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 316;

_Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. ii., 553; _Orozco y Berra_,

_Geografía_, p. 40.

[II'-60] _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 369. 'La nacion apache es una

misma aunque con las denominaciones de Gileños, Carlanes, Chilpaines,

Xicarillas, Faraones, Mescaleros, Natales, Lipanes, etc. varia poco en

su idioma,' _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iv., tom. iii., p. 10. 'Los

Apaches se dividen en cinco parcialidades como son: Tontos ó

Coyoteros, Chiricahues, Gileños, Faraones, Mescaleros, Llaneros,

Lipanes, Xicarillas y otras.' _Barreiro_, _Ojeada_, appendix, p. 7.

Browne mentions the Gila Apaches, and as belonging to them Mimbrenas,

Chiricahuas, Sierra Blancas, Pinal llanos, Coyoteros, Cominos, Tontos,

and Mogallones.' _Apache Country_, p. 290; _Vater_, _Mithridates_,

tom. iii., pt iii., pp. 177-8; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p.

211. 'The Apache; from which branch the Navajos, Apaches, Coyoteros,

Mescaleros, Moquis, Yabipias, Maricopas, Chiricaquis, Chemeguabas,

Yumayas (the last two tribes of the Moqui), and the Nijoras, a small

tribe on the Gila.' _Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 194; _Ind. Aff. Rept._,

1857, p. 298; 1858, pp. 205-6; 1854, p. 180; 1861, p. 122; 1862, p.

238; 1863, p. 108; 1864, p. 156; 1865, p. 506; 1869, p. 234;

_Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 289. 'Los apaches se dividen en

nueve parcialidades ó tribus.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 251.

'Since acquiring the Apache language, I have discovered that they

(Lipans) are a branch of that great tribe, speaking identically the

same language, with the exception of a few terms and names of things

existing in their region and not generally known to those branches

which inhabit Arizona and New Mexico.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 21.

[II'-61] _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 303, et seq. 'El

intermedio del Colorado y Gila, ocupan los yavipaistejua, y otros

yavipais; al sur del Moqui son todos yavipais, que es lo mismo que

apaches, donde se conoce el gran terreno que ocupa esta nacion.'

_Garcés_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série ii., tom. i., p. 352;

_San Francisco Evening Bulletin_, Feb. 18, 1864. Padilla mentions the

following nations with the Apaches: 'Apaches, Pharaones, Natagees,

Gilas, Mescaleros, Cosninas, Quartelejos, Palomas, Xicarillas, Yutas,

Moquinos.' _Conq. N. Galicia_, MS., p. 785; _Cortez_, _Hist. Apache

Nations_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 118-20. 'The Apaches,

the Navahoes, and the Lipans, of Texas, speak dialects of the same

language. The Jicarillas, (Hic-ah-ree-ahs) Mescaleros, Tontos, and

Coyotens, are all bands of Apaches; and I am induced to think the

Garoteros are also an offshoot from the Apache tribe.' _Lane_, in

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 689.

[II'-62] 'A distancia de cinco leguas, al mesmo rumbo (north of Taos),

está una Nacion de Indios, que llaman Xicarillas.' _Villa-Señor y

Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 420; _Davis_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,

1869, p. 255. Xicarillas, Apache Indians of northern New Mexico. Their

language shows affinity with the great Athabascan stock of languages.

_Buschmann_, _Spr. N. Mex. u. der Westseite des B. Nordamer._, p. 274;

_Id._, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, pp. 318-9; _Schoolcraft's Arch._,

vol. v., p. 203.

[II'-63] _Cortez_, _Hist. Apache Nations_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol.

iii., p. 120. 'Hablan un mismo idioma, y aunque varia el acento y tal

cual voz provincial, no influye esta diferencia que dejen de

entenderse reciprocamente.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 339.

[II'-64] _Bartlett's Letter_, in _Literary World_, April 24, 1852, pp.

298-9. 'It abounds equally with guttural, hissing and indistinctly

uttered mixed intonations.... It abounds in the sound of _tz_, so

common in the Shemitic languages, of _zl_ of _d_ and the rough

_rr_.... It may be suggested that its proper affinities are to be

found in the Athpasca.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., pp. 202-3.

[II'-65] 'Le preguntó que si acaso entendia la lengua de los Apaches, y

satisfizo con que era la misma Otomite que él hablaba, y solo con la

diferencia de que ellos variaban la significacion de muchos vocablos

que en la suya querian decir otras cosas: pero por el contexto de las

otras palabras, facilmente se entendian.' _Arricivita_, _Crónica

Seráfica_, p. 339.

[II'-66] _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 239; _Id._, in _Overland Monthly_, Sept.

1868, pp. 306-7.

[II'-67] Prepared at Fort Sumner, Bosque Redondo, on the Pecos River, New

Mexico, in 1863, as certified by Brig. Gen. James H. Carleton, U. S.

A., and the only Apache grammar known to exist at this date.

_Cremony's Vocabulary and Grammar of the Mescalero Apache Language_,

MS.

[II'-68] _Dorr's Ride with the Apaches_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. vi.,

p. 343.

[II'-69] _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt. iii., p. 179.

[II'-70] _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 251, and in _Coleccion

Polidiómica Mexicana que contiene La Oracion Dominical; por la

Sociedad Mex. Geog. y Estad._, México, 1860.

[II'-71] 'The Apaches call the Navajoes Yú-tah-kah. The Navajoes call

themselves, as a tribe, Tenúai (man.) The appellation Návajo, was

unquestionably given them by the Spaniards.' _Eaton_, in

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 217-8; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_,

p. 229. 'Gehört ebenfalls zur Familie der Apaches.' _Id._, _Reisen_,

tom. ii., p. 236.

CHAPTER III.

COLUMBIAN LANGUAGES.

THE HAIDAH, ITS CONSTRUCTION AND CONJUGATION -- THE NASS

LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS -- BELLACOOLA AND CHIMSYAN

COMPARISONS -- THE NOOTKA LANGUAGES OF VANCOUVER ISLAND --

NANAIMO TEN COMMANDMENTS AND LORD'S PRAYER -- AZTEC ANALOGIES

-- FRASER AND THOMPSON RIVER LANGUAGES -- THE NEETLAKAPAMUCK

GRAMMAR AND LORD'S PRAYER -- SOUND LANGUAGES -- THE SALISH

FAMILY -- FLATHEAD GRAMMAR AND LORD'S PRAYER -- THE KOOTENAI --

THE SAHAPTIN FAMILY -- NEZ PERCÉ GRAMMAR -- YAKIMA LORD'S

PRAYER -- SAHAPTIN STATE AND SLAVE LANGUAGES -- THE CHINOOK

FAMILY -- GRAMMAR OF THE CHINOOK LANGUAGE -- AZTEC AFFINITIES

-- THE CHINOOK JARGON.

Returned from the south, whither we were led by the Apache branch of

the Tinneh family, let us examine the languages of our Columbian

group. Next along the seaboard, south of the Thlinkeets, are the

Haidahs and Kaiganies, whose language is spoken on the southern part

of the Prince of Wales Archipelago, and on Queen Charlotte Island.

This language is sometimes called Haidah, and sometimes Kaiganie,[III'-1]

and although many tribes belong to these nations, I find among them no

dialectic difference, except that between the Haidahs of Queen

Charlotte Island and the Kaiganies of the Prince of Wales Archipelago.

Marchand claims that this language is understood by the Thlinkeets

and other eastern tribes;[III'-2] Capt. Dixon thinks it is a distinct and

separate tongue;[III'-3] Scouler makes one large northern family, which

he says spreads "from the Arctic Circle to the northern extremity of

Quadra and Vancouver's Island;"[III'-4] Radloff's comparative researches

incline him to the opinion that, although there may be a few

similarities in words between this and other idioms, as, for example,

the Thlinkeet, they are yet insufficient to prove identity.[III'-5]

[Sidenote: THE HAIDAH AND KAIGANIE.]

Some of those who have heard the Haidahs speak, say that their

language is uncouth and difficult to articulate, abounding in

consonants, and with a labial and dental pronunciation;[III'-6] others

affirm that it does not possess the hard aspirated consonants so

frequently found in the Thlinkeet language, that it is richer in

vowels and softer, though, like the Thlinkeet, it is wanting in

labials, in the dental _r_, and in the guttural _l_, while the Haidah

has the clear _l_.[III'-7] The Haidah language lacks the letters _b_,

_p_, _f_, and the dental _r_; neither its substantives nor adjectives

have any gender, and to express the feminine the word _dshetta_,

woman, is added. _Itlk dshetta_, wife of the chief; _ha_, dog; _ha

dshetta_, slut. Neither is there any particular expression for the

plural. _Kjéganei_, my house; _kjeganei tljönxl lágun_, my three

houses are good; _tön dsha_, thy wife; _tön dsha s'töng hána_, thy two

wives are both pretty. Two exceptions have been mentioned;--_gjeà_,

mast; _gjeàng hlöhnhl_, three masts; _hätä_, man (homo); _hátei_, men.

Substantives are not declined, but remain unchanged in all cases.

_Hantl_, water; _hall hantl_, bring water; _tlu_, boat; _tlu tön

gistasa_, I give thee a boat; _katt_, deer; _katt hutsu ziggin_, I

have a small deer; _slei_, hand; _hall tön slei_, give thy hand.

Pronouns are either distinct words, or are prefixes to substantives

and verbs. Prefixes also denote the possessive case. To the former

class belong _htlä_, I; and _tonga_, thou. To the latter belong _te_,

_ti_, _de_, _di_, _zi_, _kje_, _teea_, _tl_, _t_, mine, all of which

are used in the first person singular. Second person singular, _töng_,

_tön_, _ten_, thine; second person plural, _töllöng_, yours.

Of the conjugation of the verb, the following may serve as example:

Present indicative--I am hungry, _tekutke_; thou art hungry, _töng

khúttus_; he is hungry, _law khúttung_; we are hungry, _itl khúttung_;

you are hungry, _töllöng khúttus_; they are hungry, _únnas khúttung_.

Root words are not of great length. The larger part are words of one

or two syllables; some are of three or four, but these are rare;

nevertheless, words may be agglutinated to any length.[III'-8]

The Nass language is spoken with very slight differences by the Nass,

Hailtzas, and Sebassas, who dwell around Observatory Inlet, Millbank

Sound, and the islands of Pitt Archipelago, respectively. Harsh sounds

and gutturals predominate.[III'-9] The personal pronouns are--_nookwa_,

I; _cusho_, thou; _nesho_, mine; _cusho_, thine; _nookwintok_, we;

_kycusko_, ye; _caigh qua_, he; _elee caigh qua_, they.[III'-10]

Dunn gives a few sentences, which I insert as specimens: _whealey

lowels kussú_, where are you going? _howmithlem pooquialla iltsouk_,

do you understand our language? _lowels, cah cúnter cah míllah_, go

shoot deer.[III'-11]

[Sidenote: BELLACOOLA AND CHIMSYAN.]

In the immediate vicinity of the Nass are two other languages, the

Bellacoola and Chimsyan, of which hardly anything is known. Tolmie

supposes the Chimsyan to be related to the Tacully language, but

Buschmann, on comparing the vocabularies, could not find the affinity.

The Rev. Mr Good informs me that the Chimsyan tongue extends inland as

far as Fraser and Stuart Lake.[III'-12] Compare the following words:

BELLACOOLA. CHIMSYAN.

I untsh newyo

Thou eno noone

Mine untshil nawhawae

We unshto neuhami

Ye enooh neumi

He teechtil taigh qua

They teech til tin no mo taight queet

Man tlimsdah tzib

Knife teech tah ilth-a-peesh

Water kull ah use

Stone quils tolomick loap

Sun skin nuch kium uk

Moon tlooki kium ugum aat uk

Good teeah aam

Bad ushee atuchk

The Hailtzas and the Bellacoolas have the following words in

common;--_watz_, dog; _poe_, halibut; _tlah_, black bear; _nun_,

grizzly bear.[III'-13]

[Sidenote: LANGUAGES OF VANCOUVER ISLAND.]

On Vancouver Island a multitude of dialects are spoken, and various

and contradictory classifications have been made, none of which, in my

opinion, are correct. From the evidence, dialetic diversity prevails

to such an extent that almost every petty tribe has its idiom; so

that, even if affinities do exist, sufficient to justify a

classification into languages and dialects, so meagre is our knowledge

that it is impossible in many instances to say which are languages and

which dialects. Hence in my classification I cannot do better than to

make of the Nootka one language, and give a list of the dialects on

the island, with all the information concerning them at my command.

Four languages of the island--the Quackoll in the north, the Cowichin

on the east, the Clallam at the south, and the Makah on the west, are

said to be "totally distinct from each other, both in sound,

formation, and modes of expression." The one last mentioned is said to

bear some affinity to the language spoken at the mouth of the Columbia

River,[III'-14] and is called by Sproat the Aht language, for which he

claims in like manner that it "can be traced through all the tribes on

the ocean coast, as far south as the mouth of the Columbia." The

Comux, which people he locates on the east coast between the Cowichins

and Quackolls, migrated thither, he says, from the main land, and the

tribes "do not readily understand one another's language;" from all of

which we may infer that in reality there is only one language, of

which these four are the chief dialects.[III'-15] Yet this is partially

contradicted by Grant, who affirms that the Cowichins and Clallams can

communicate with each other, though not very easily, but that the

Makahs and Quackolls cannot converse with each other or with any of

the other nations.[III'-16] Another authority, who certainly ought to be

entitled to an opinion, having been a captive among these nations for

some years, also intimates that in reality there was only one language

dominant on the island. After enumerating the different tribes he

concludes; "all of whom speak the same language. But the Newchemass

who come from a great way Northward, and from some distance inland,

speak quite a different language, although it is well understood by

those of Nootka."[III'-17]

National differences appear to consist more in pronunciation than in

grammatical construction. Thus the articulation of the Klaizzahts is

hoarser and more guttural than that of the people of Nootka

Sound.[III'-18] Dialectic differences sometimes go so far that the

several bands of the same tribe find difficulty in making themselves

understood; as for instance the Nitinaht tribes when conversing with

one another, have frequently to repeat their sentences differently

accented to make them intelligible. The chief peculiarity of the

Nitinaht dialect is the transmutation of the letters _m_ and _n_,

which are in universal use throughout the island, for which it

substitutes _b_ and _d_. Thus for _mamook_, to work, the Nitinahts say

_baboik_; _nismah_, country, they pronounce _dissibach_, and so

on.[III'-19]

As compared with that of the Thlinkeets, the Nootka language is

neither harsh nor disagreeable. Its most curious feature is the

predominance of labials and dentals over gutturals. The Nootkas

possess fine oratorical powers, lending assistance to their words by

shaking their head, gesticulating forcibly, and even jumping at each

other. A singular sound, and one which it is hardly possible to

express by any combination of letters, happens in many of their words.

Spreading the corners of the mouth to their widest extent, and raising

the point of the tongue against the palate, they expel the air from

the sides of the mouth, at the same time bringing the tongue down

strongly, which obviously produces a sound altogether foreign to the

English vocabulary. Captain Cook says of this sound, "it is formed, in

a particular manner, by clashing the tongue partly against the roof of

the mouth, with considerable force; and may be compared to a very

coarse or harsh method of lisping," and he attempts to give the sound

by the letters _lszthl_. Many words end with this sound, and also with

a _tl_, _z_, or _ss_;--as _opulszthl_, sun; _onulszthl_, moon;

_kahsheetl_, dead; _teeshcheetl_, to throw a stone; _kooomitz_, a

human skull; _quahmiss_, fish-roe. Captain Cook further remarks upon

their language that it "can only be inferred, from their method of

speaking, which is very slow and distinct, that it has few

prepositions or conjunctions; and, as far as we could discover, is

destitute of even a single interjection, to express admiration or

surprize."[III'-20]

Furthermore, I may add, there is no case, nor gender, nor tense, and

number is expressed only in the personal pronoun and in the inflection

of verbs. In the first persons singular and plural, verbs end in _a_

or _mah_; in the second persons, _huk_ or _ayts_; and in the third

persons, in _mah_, _win_, or _utlma_. Sometimes these endings go over

to the adverb which accompanies the verb, and they are subject to

phonetic rules, according to which syllables are sometimes changed or

left out altogether. We have _wik_, not; and _kumotop_, to understand;

_wikahkumotop_ or _wimmutomah_, I do not understand; the latter mode

being a change for the sake of euphony. Plurals, and particularly

frequentative plurals, are expressed by duplication: as _mahte_ or

_mahs_, house; _mahtmahs_, all the houses. Different classes of words

appear to have different terminals: for example, instruments end with

_ik_--_hukkaik_, a knife; _hissik_, a saw. Colors end in _uk_ or

_ook_--_eyyohquk_, green; _kistokkuk_, blue; _klayhook_, purple;

_kleesook_, white; _toopkook_, black. _Hissit_, red, forms an

exception. Trees and plants end in _pt_--_kowwhipt_, _seewhipt_,

_ootsmupt_, _klakkupt_, etc. Verbs end in _shitl_, _shetl_, and

_chitl_, although some exceptions occur. Another distinctive ending is

_up_--_châtayup_, to cut off with a knife; _kââsup_, to hurt or wound;

_hyyusatyup_, to diminish; _ashsup_, to break a string or cord;

_quoyup_, to break a stick, etc.[III'-21] As a specimen of the

language, I give the first three of the Ten Commandments, and the

Lord's Prayer, in the dialect of the Nanaimos.[III'-22]

[Sidenote: NANAIMO COMMANDMENTS.]

NUTSA.

Owa tonowa quinet ta eesaila tseetsel seeam, ohi tanca tseetsel

seeam.

EESAILA.

Owa tanowa seeise ta seeathl sta ta stem nay quo tseetsel, sta

ta stem aitna tomuck, e sta ta stem nay ta ka, kokoo taswa

tseetsel seeam owa tanowa cappausom e stayweeil ta sta, ohi

tanca tseetsel seeam. Towhat oyas kullstuck, tanca ouseete

tanca quaquat e towhat ighstuck tanca e oyas shatlm tanswan

squell oseete tanca igh lalamat.

TLEEUGH.

Owa tanowa heewaulim ta squish quo tseetsel seeam oseete

tseetsel seeam quaquasaum towhat oyas sta.

TA KALHEM TA JESUKIT.

Saulth man nay quo tseetsel igh telneemelth oyas stlay stuck ta

statsn squish. Tel-neemelth ohi stlay tanowa sthee seeam nay

toumuck tomuck. Igh taswa mestiu shatlm ta squell aitna tomuck

sta ta tseetsel mestiu. Tana quial e muck squial mistook ta

saulth saulthan. Igh tanowa nahi tataeuk whawa telneemelth e ta

saulth kull squiaxits sta telneemelth nahi tataeuk whunem

toumuck mestiu kull squiaxits whawa telneemelth. Igh

telneemelth owanam ethlkalth ta kull, igh tanowa awistuck etha

igh. Ohi tanowa oonans sthee seeam, tanowa ohi sthee quamqum

telneemelth ohi cappausom high quo tanowa oyas oyas. Amen.

From certain interpretations placed upon the ancient Aztec

manuscripts, it was by some inferred that the origin of that people

must be sought in the north; hence speculative philologists have, from

time to time, discovered many fancied resemblances between the

language of the aboriginal Mexicans and those of various northern

nations. Thus, in the speech of the Nootkas, a distinct phonetic

resemblance, and the frequent occurrence of the ending _tl_ were

sufficient evidence to Vater and others that a relationship exists

between the Aztecs and the Nootkas. Prescott, following his

predecessors, fell into the same error. Humboldt, although struck with

the similarities mentioned, yet pronounced them different

tongues,[III'-23] while Buschmann, who has examined the subject more than

all others combined, denies all such relationship.[III'-24]

* * * * *

Coming over to the main land we find, for the most part, in each of

the many inlets and canals a separate language. Between these

languages, from perpetual intertribal intercourse, it is impossible to

determine, in some instances, what relationship, if any, exists.

Several of the languages of the island we find also on the main land

adjacent. The Clallams are found on both sides of Juan de Fuca

Straits; and nearly related to the Cowichins, who are found as well on

the main land near the mouth of Fraser River as on the island, are the

Noosdalums of Hood Canal, one language being but a dialect of the

other.

[Sidenote: LANGUAGES OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.]

Respecting the languages spoken in the interior of British Columbia,

the Rev. Mr Good, who has spent fifteen years among the inland

nations, and who is fully conversant with their languages, gives me

the following information: From Yale to Lillooet, on the Fraser River,

thence from Bonaparte to Nicola River, the Neetlakapamuch, or Thompson

River, language is spoken. From Douglas, along the Harrison River and

lake, to its confluence with the Fraser, as far as Chilicothe, and

again from Lillooet northward to Clinton, the Stlatelemuck, or

Lillooet, language prevails. Next, from Bonaparte River northward to

William Lake, to Shushwap Lake, around Lake Kamloops, and for some

distance on the Thompson River, the Suwapamuck, or Shushwap, tongue

prevails; and finally, from Nicola Lake to Kamloops, and southward as

far as Columbia River, the Chitwout, or Similkameen, language is used.

Mr Good further asserts that, although there are four distinct

languages, they are nevertheless in some degree affiliated. From the

same gentleman, I also obtained the following grammatical notes and

specimens of the Neetlakapamuch tongue. Personal pronouns are--I,

_ens_; thou, _awee_; he, _cheneelt_; we, _nemeemult_; you,

_aweepeeaps_; they, _chinkoast_.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO GIVE.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

I give, ens nahktinna | We give, nemeemult nahktam

Thou givest, awee nahktatta | You give, aweepeeaps nahktattose

He gives, cheneelt nahktass | They give, chinkvast nahkteeiks

IMPERFECT.

I gave, huinahktlam

FIRST FUTURE.

I shall give, huinahkchin

The Native Races [of the Pacific states], Volume 3, Myths and Languages The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Volume 3 · 第 18 / 22 章