2nd and 3rd; gu., 3 lions passant guardant, in pale or, langued
and unguled az. _England._
_Crown._--Royal.
_Supporters._--Dexter, a dragon gu. _Cadwallader._
Sinister, a greyhound arg., gorged or. _Nevill_ or _De
Beaufort._
_Badges._--Dependent from the shield 2 portcullises or, nailed az.,
chained of the first. _De Beaufort._
At the top, a fleur-de-lys or, _France_; and a double rose gu. and
arg., centred or, and leaved vert, _Tudor._
_Motto._--DIEV ET MON DROIT.
_Legend._--REX HENRICVS VIII.
[_Opus eximium de vera differentia regiae potestatis et
ecclesiasticae._ London, 1534.]
[Illustration]
_Variety._--Arms as before. Panel stamp with 2 angels bearing scrolls.
At the top a Tudor rose, and 2 portcullises dependent from the base of
the shield, which is ensigned with a Royal crown, and supported by a
dragon and a greyhound.
[HOLKOT. _Opus revera insignissimum in librum Sapietie
Salomonis editum._ Parisiis, 1518.]
[Illustration]
_Variety._--Arms as before. With two scrolls and a Tudor rose on the
top, and "M. D.," probably the initials of the designer, below. A
dragon and a greyhound support the shield, which is ensigned with a
Royal crown and flanked by two portcullises chained.
On the border are lions passant guardant and fleurs-de-lys alternately.
[_Dialogues in English._ London, 1532.]
[Illustration]
_Variety._--Arms as before. Within the Garter, ensigned with a Royal
crown and flanked by the Tudor emblems of a Tudor rose, a fleur-de-lys,
the gateway of the Castle of De Beaufort, and the cleft pomegranate of
Aragon.
_Legend._--On the rectangular borders. DEUS DAT NOBIS TUAM PACEM ET
POST MORTEM VITAM ETERNAM AMEN.
[England. _Le bregement des Estatuts._ London, 1521.]
[Illustration]
_Variety._--Arms and supporters as before. With the sun and moon in the
two upper corners and the shields of St. George and the City of London.
Ensigned with a Royal crown of incorrect pattern.
This design was probably used by Royal consent by members of the
Stationers' Company of London, and there are many examples of it on
which are also engraved the initials of London printers and publishers,
_e.g._ "J. R.," probably John Reynes; "J. N.," probably Jean Norins;
"G. G.," probably Garret Godfrey; "R. L.," probably Richard Lant, and
several more.
These initials are usually shown at the base of the shield. _Cf._ under
heading TUDOR.
Prince Henry (born 28th June 1491, died 28th January 1547) was
the second son of Henry VII., and in 1509 succeeded his father
on the throne of England. Henry VIII. always lived in much
luxury and loved finery and splendour, and to a certain extent
this feeling shows in the many beautiful bindings which were
made for him. The King was certainly fond of his books, and he
had several of them beautifully bound in velvet and embroidered
with pearls and inlays of coloured silks and satins, finished
with gold thread. Others are of gold, richly worked and
enamelled.
For his Queens also several fine bindings were made; these,
however, were generally armorial panel stamps, impressed
without gold. He married six times. For Catherine of Aragon
bindings were made which still exist, for Anne Bullen and
Catherine Parr, the same, but for Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves,
or Katherine Howard I know of no bindings recorded or in
existence. Katherine Parr is said to have herself embroidered
a beautiful armorial velvet-bound copy of Petrarch with her
own arms, and at the Bodleian Library at Oxford there is a
book said to have been embroidered for her by the Princess
Elizabeth, on which are the initials "K. P."
Thomas Berthelet, the first English bookbinder to use gold
tooling was made Royal Printer and Bookbinder to Henry VIII.
in 1530, and he bound the greater number of the Royal books in
leather, velvet, or satin.
Henry VIII. used the same coat-of-arms and supporters as his
father, namely, the red dragon of Cadwallader as a dexter
supporter and the white greyhound of the Nevills as a sinister
supporter, until 1528, when he adopted a golden lion rampant
royally crowned as his dexter supporter, and moved the dragon
to the sinister side, leaving out the greyhound altogether.
This change, however, does not, as far as I know, show on any
book, but it can be seen on the gold coins of the period, and
also on a sculptured compartment at Caerhays, is common at the
house of a member of the Trevanion family, and again on the
keystone of the ceiling over the organ-loft at St. George's
Chapel, Windsor, and here, moreover, the date 1528 is also
given.
[Illustration]
HENRY BENEDICT, CARDINAL YORK
_Arms._--Quarterly.
1st and 4th grand quarters, _France_ and _England_ quarterly.
2nd grand quarter, _Scotland._
3rd grand quarter, _Ireland._
All as used by James I. (q.v.). Over all a crescent for difference.
Ensigned with a Royal crown and the tasselled hat of a cardinal.
_Note._--This stamp was probably designed and cut after 1788, at which
date the Cardinal entitled himself King of England.
[STELLATO. _Ad frequentem in fidei controversiis
interrogationem, etc._ Viennae, 1752.]
Henry Benedict (born 5th March 1725, died 13th July 1807) was
the second son of James Francis Edward, called the Chevalier
St. George, son of James II., King of England, and Mary
of Modena, who married Mary Clementina, daughter of James
Sobieski, in 1719.
Prince Henry, who occasionally used the Royal Crown of England
over his coat-of-arms, is called sometimes Henry IX., King of
England. He entered the Romish Church as a priest at an early
age, and in 1747 he was made a Cardinal by Benedict XIV., and
held several Bishoprics and the Archbishopric of Corinth, but
was usually known as Cardinal York. He assumed certain airs of
dignity abroad in consequence of his Royal ancestry and claims,
and in 1788, on the death of his elder brother, he had a medal
made and inscribed "HENRICUS NONUS MAGNAE BRITANNIAE REX."
The Cardinal lived almost always abroad, and suffered much by
loss of revenue caused by the French Revolution; he had to
part with much of his private property, jewels, and plate. At
this juncture George III. generously assisted Cardinal York,
and made him a handsome allowance, in gratitude for which His
Eminence bequeathed to the Prince of Wales, afterwards George
IV., many of the Crown Jewels which James II. had taken with
him to France. Some of the most important of these stones now
adorn the English Imperial Crown. The Cardinal had a large
library, and several of his books are at Windsor and at the
British Museum. The majority of these are in leather, but some
are embroidered.
[Illustration]
HENRY FREDERICK, PRINCE OF WALES
_Arms._--Quarterly; 1st and 4th grand quarters, _France_ and _England_
quarterly; 2nd grand quarter, _Scotland_; 3rd grand quarter, _Ireland_.
All as used by James I. (q.v.); and over all a label arg. of three
points.
A variety of this stamp has thistles instead of roses in the border.
[APOLLONIUS GALLUS. _Exsuscitata Apollonii Pergaei_
ΠΕΡΙ ΕΠΛΦΩΝ _Geometria_. Parisiis, 1600.]
[Illustration]
_Variety._--Arms as before. Within the garter, and ensigned with a
Princely coronet.
[VITTORI. _Tesoro de las tres lenguas Francesa, Italiana,
ej Española._ Geneve, 1609.]
[Illustration]
A Prince of Wales's triple ostrich plume, commonly used as a corner
stamp, all impressed in silver.
[ALUNNO.
_Della Fabrica del
Mondo._
Venetia, 1575.]
[Illustration]
A Prince of Wales's triple ostrich plume; the coronet, ribs of
feathers, and motto generally impressed in gold, the feathers in
silver. Used mostly as a centre stamp.
[LIPSIUS. _Admiranda._
Antverpiae, 1599.]
[Illustration]
A Badge of a lion rampant guardant, with princely coronet, always
impressed entirely in gold.
[REUSNERUS.
ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΩΝ _opus genealogicum
Catholicum
de praecipuis familiis
Imperatorum_.
Francofurti, 1592.]
[Illustration]
A Badge of a Tudor rose, with princely coronet.
[BOCCACCIO.
_I casi degl' Huomini
Illustri._
Fiorenza, 1598.]
[Illustration]
A Badge of a fleur-de-lys.
[BARETUS. _An Alvearie, or triple Dictionarie._
London, 1573.]
Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales (born 19th February 1594,
died 6th November 1612), was the eldest son of James I., and
from his childhood showed studious and literary inclinations,
as well as sporting tastes. In 1609 he purchased the library
of John, Lord Lumley, a great part of which had previously
belonged to his father-in-law, Henry Fitz-Alan, Earl of
Arundel, and another large proportion to Thomas Cranmer,
Archbishop of Canterbury. He also acquired a number of books
which had belonged to a Welshman, John Maurice or Morris.
On the Prince's death his library became the property of James
I., and it was added to the existing Royal Library, then under
the care of Patrick Young.
Prince Henry had his books bound in calf, and probably
destroyed numbers of valuable old bindings which were
originally used. The new bindings were ornamented with stamps
bearing the Prince's coat-of-arms, without supporters, and
others showing a lion rampant, with princely coronet; a Tudor
rose, with princely coronet; a fleur-de-lys, and two stamps,
with slight variations, of the Prince of Wales's plume of
three ostrich feathers. These latter stamps are normally used
as corner-pieces, but they also show now and then as centres.
Smaller corner stamps are found showing coroneted Tudor roses,
coroneted thistles, coroneted fleurs-de-lys, and Prince of
Wales's feathers in gold. On the panels of the backs of Prince
Henry's books are found small stamps of a lion rampant,
with princely coronet; a unicorn rampant; a Tudor rose; a
portcullis, sometimes chained, and a Royal Crown. These are
arranged in various combinations.
The greater number of Prince Henry's bindings are simple,
having the coat-of-arms in the centre and the badges in the
corners, but several are very handsomely ornamented with
accessory gold tooling. The label shown on Prince Henry's
coat-of-arms is the cadency mark of the eldest son; it is
generally impressed in silver, as it ought always to be. The
feathers in the Prince of Wales's plume are always impressed in
silver, which has now oxidised black. Prince Henry's library
came to the British Museum with the rest of the Old Royal
Library of England in 1757.
[Illustration]
HEYDON, SIR CHRISTOPHER, KNIGHT
_Crest._--A talbot statant erm. _Heydon._
_Note._--Painted.
[CICERO. _Orationum volumen primum, etc._
Venetiis, 1540.]
Christopher Heydon (born circ. 1550, died circ. 1623) was
the son of Sir William Heydon of Bacousthorpe, Norfolk. He
was educated at Cambridge. In 1588 he represented Norfolk
in the House of Commons, and in 1596 he was knighted by the
Earl of Essex. Sir Christopher Heydon wrote some treatises on
astrology. He married first Mirabel Rivet, and secondly Anne
Dodge, and left a large family.
[Illustration]
HOARE, SIR RICHARD COLT, BARONET
_Crest._--An eagle's head erased arg. _Hoare._
[HOARE. _Catalogue of Books on Italian Topography, etc._
London, 1812.]
Richard Colt Hoare (born 9th December 1758, died 19th May
1838) was the son of Sir Richard Hoare of Barn Elms, Surrey,
a banker. Mr. Hoare worked for a time in the family bank, and
then, having a competent fortune, he travelled much on the
Continent. In 1787 he succeeded his father in the baronetcy.
Sir Richard Hoare wrote a large number of works on antiquities
and travel, the most important of which is the _Ancient History
of North and South Wiltshire_, published at London in 1810.
He was a Fellow of the Royal Society and of the Society of
Antiquaries. At his house "Stourhead" Sir Richard had a large
library, much of which he catalogued himself.
[Illustration]
FRANCIS HORTON
_Arms._--Sa., a stag's head cabossed arg., attired or. A crescent for
difference. _Horton._
_Crest._--A spear erect or, headed arg., enfiled with a dolphin of the
first.
_Helmet._--That of an Esquire.
[_Songs by Several Masters._ 1704, etc.]
Francis Horton, a member of an old family belonging to
Catton, county Derby, was a collector of musical works in the
eighteenth century.
[Illustration]
HOWARD, CHARLES, SECOND BARON HOWARD OF EFFINGHAM
_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quarterly.
1. Gu., on a bend between 3 cross crosslets fitchée arg., an
escutcheon or, charged with a demi lion rampant, pierced
through the mouth with an arrow, within a tressure flory
counterflory of the first. _Howard._
2. Gu., 3 lions passant guardant in pale or, in chief a label
of 3 points arg. _Brotherton._
3. Chequy, or and az. _Warren._
4. Gu., a lion rampant or, armed and langued az. _Fitz-Alan._
A mullet for difference.
_Crest._--On a chapeau gu., turned up erm., a lion passant, ducally
crowned or, and charged on the neck with a label and a mullet.
_Helmet._--That of a Peer.
_Supporters._--Two lions erm., each charged with a mullet.
_Motto._--DESIR N'A REPOS.
[CARADOC. _Historie of Cambria._ London, 1584.]
Charles Howard (born c. 1536, died 14th December 1624) was
the eldest son of William Howard, Baron Howard of Effingham,
Lord High Admiral of England. Charles Howard was a person of
importance from an early age, and was sent by Queen Elizabeth
on an Embassy to France. He was Member of Parliament for
Surrey, and a general officer in the army as well as being a
sailor. In 1574 he was made a Knight of the Garter and Lord
Chamberlain of the Household, and in 1573 he succeeded to his
father's barony.
Lord Howard of Effingham became Lord High Admiral of England in
succession to the Earl of Lincoln, and in 1588 he defeated and
dispersed the Spanish Armada. At the time of the coronation of
James I. Lord Howard became Lord High Steward of England.
[Illustration]
HOWARD, HENRY, EARL OF NORTHAMPTON
_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quarterly.
1. Gu., a bend between six crosses crosslet fitchée arg.
_Howard._
2. Gu., 3 lions passant guardant in pale or, in chief a label
of 3 points arg. _Brotherton._
3. Chequy, or and az. _Warren._
4. Gu., a lion rampant or, langued and armed az. _Fitz-Alan._
A crescent for difference.
_Coronet._--That of an Earl.
[MARSILIUS. _Interpretatione, etc._ Jenae, 1586.]
Henry Howard (born 25th February 1539, died 15th June 1614)
was the second son of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, who was
beheaded in 1547. Henry Howard the younger was restored in
blood by Queen Elizabeth, and on the accession of James I.
he quickly became a person of much importance. He was made a
Member of the Privy Council, Warden of the Cinque Ports, and
Constable of Dover Castle.
In 1604 Mr. Howard was created Earl of Northampton and a Knight
of the Garter, and in 1608, Lord Privy Seal. Lord Northampton
was a man of much learning, and wrote several treatises on
astrology and theology. He had much taste in knowledge as to
architecture, and built Northumberland House from the designs
of Moses Glover.
[Illustration]
HOWARD, THOMAS, EARL OF ARUNDEL, SURREY, AND NORFOLK
_Arms._--Gu., on a bend between six crosses crosslet fitchée arg., an
escutcheon or, thereon a demi lion rampant, pierced through the mouth
with an arrow, within a double tressure flory counterflory of the
first. _Howard._
_Coronet._--That of an Earl.
_Legend._--BIBLIOTHECA ARVNDELIANA.
_Note._--A nineteenth-century stamp.
[LYDGATE. _Siege of Troy._ Arundel MS. 99.]
Thomas Howard (born c. 1585, died 24th September 1646) was the
son of Philip, Earl of Arundel, who was attainted and died in
1595. James I. restored his father's titles to Thomas Howard,
but not the property, much of which, however, he subsequently
purchased; and in 1644 he was created Earl of Norfolk in
addition. He was a descendant of Henry Fitz-Alan, Earl of
Arundel, who had also been a great book collector, and whose
library had been largely acquired by Henry, Prince of Wales.
Lord Arundel travelled largely and made very valuable
collections of all sorts of antiquities, manuscripts
particularly; but as well as these he acquired marbles, coins,
gems, and pictures. Among the more notable of the collections
of manuscripts purchased by Lord Arundel was that made by the
Pirckheimer family of Nüremberg. The manuscripts were for some
time kept at Arundel House, where they suffered much from
neglect, and in 1666 most of them were given to the Royal
Society and others to the Heralds' College.
In 1831 the Arundelia MSS. in the Royal Society's library
were transferred, by arrangement, to the British Museum. Lord
Arundel was made a Knight of the Garter in 1611; in 1616 he
became a Member of the Privy Council; and in 1621 he was
restored to his hereditary post of Earl Marshal. He was also
High Steward of England.
[Illustration]
HUTCHINSON, THOMAS
_Arms._--Per pale gu. and az., a lion rampant between three crosses
crosslet arg. _Hutchinson._
_Crest._--A cockatrice, wings expanded az., comb, wattles, and members
or, issuing from a heraldic coronet.
_Motto._--FORTITER GERIT CRUCEM.
[D * * *. _Satyres sur les Femmes._ 1718.]
Thomas Hutchinson (born May 1698, died February 1769) was a
son of Peter Hutchinson of Cornforth, Durham. He was educated
at Oxford, and entered the Church about 1730. In 1731 he was
Rector of Lyndon in Rutland, and in 1748 he was Vicar of
Horsham, Rector of Cocking, and a Prebendary of Chichester.
Dr. Hutchinson edited a few editions of the classics, and
published several sermons and a few essays, particularly one on
Demoniacal Possession.
[Illustration]
JAMES I., KING OF ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, FRANCE, AND IRELAND
_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quarterly.
1st and 4th grand quarters, quarterly.
1 and 4. Az., 3 fleurs-de-lys, 2 and 1, or. _France._
2 and 3. Gu., 3 lions passant guardant in pale or, langued and
unguled az. _England._
2nd grand quarter; or, a lion rampant within a double tressure
flory counterflory gu. _Scotland._
3rd grand quarter; az., a harp or, stringed arg. _Ireland._
Ensigned with a Royal Crown.
_Supporters._--Dexter, a lion or, royally crowned ppr. _England._
Sinister, a unicorn arg., armed, crined, unguled or, gorged
with a princely coronet, a chain affixed thereto, passing
between the forelegs, and reflexed over the back of the
last. _Scotland._
_Motto._--DIEV ET MON DROIT.
_Initials._--I. R. (Jacobus Rex).
The thistle, the badge of Scotland, shows at the base.
[COQUAEUS. _Apologia pro summis ecclesiae Romanae
Pontificibus, etc._ Mediolani, 1619.]
[Illustration]
_Variety._--With vine spray and a thistle at the top.
[GODWIN. _Rerum Anglicarum Annales._ London, 1616.]
[Illustration]
_Variety._--With an ornamental border containing the falcon badge of
Queen Anne Bullen and Queen Elizabeth, the triple ostrich plume of the
Prince of Wales, the fleur-de-lys of France, the portcullis of the De
Beauforts, and the Tudor rose. A thistle of Scotland at the top.
[DU BELLAY. _Mémoires._ Parisiis, 1569.]
[Illustration]
_Variety._--Without supporters.
[T. BRADWARDINI. _Arch. Cantuariensis de causa Dei
contra Pelagium._ London, 1618.]
[Illustration]
_Variety._--Without supporters.
[BOVERIUS. _Orthodoxa Consultatio._ Matriti, 1623.]
[Illustration]
The badge of a Tudor rose, arg. and gu., reeded or and leaved vert,
royally crowned, with sprays of rose leaves.
[PERKINS. _Works._
Cambridge, 1603.]
[Illustration]
The badge of a Tudor rose, as before, royally crowned, within a lozenge
of laurel leaves.
[_Christian Dictionarie._
London, 1612.]
James Stuart (born 19th June 1566, died 27th March 1625) was
the son of Mary, Queen of Scotland, and Henry Stuart, Lord
Darnley. He was great-grandson of the Princess Margaret, eldest
daughter of Henry VII., who had married James IV., King of
Scotland, in 1502, and by right of this descent James came
into the line of succession of the English throne. On the
dethronement of Queen Mary in 1569, under the Regency of the
Earl of Murray, James became King of Scotland under the title
of James VI., and reigned for thirty-four years until the death
of his cousin, Queen Elizabeth, in 1603, when he inherited the
English crown and came to England as James I.
On the accession of James I., a greater change took place
in the English Royal coat-of-arms than had ever occurred
before. The old coat, France and England quarterly, which had
practically been in use ever since the time of Edward III., now
became only a quartering, and was shown in the first and fourth
quarters, then in the second quarter James put the ancient
coat-of-arms of Scotland, or, a lion rampant, within a double
tressure flory counterflory gu.
The lion appears for the first time on the shield of Alexander
II., and it is supposed to have been derived from the ancestors
of the Scottish kings, the Earls of Northumberland and of
Huntingdon, whose device it was. The tressure is also of
doubtful origin, and is also very ancient; it is popularly
supposed to have been given by Charlemagne in recognition of a
league between that monarch and Achaius, King of Scotland. The
double tressure is presumed to indicate that there were two
treaties.
In the third quarter is the coat-of-arms of Ireland, az., a
harp or, stringed arg. This harp appears on an illuminated
manuscript that belonged to Elizabeth, and is said to have been
granted to Ireland by Henry VIII. as a mark of his admiration
for the musical qualities of the Irish. It also is used as a
badge on Irish coins of and after 1526, and this single harp
was increased to three in similar coins made during Elizabeth's
reign. The harp was sacred to Apollo Grian or Beal, an ancient
Irish deity. Irish silver groats of 1478 show the device of
three crowns in pale, and this was probably the coat-of-arms of
Ireland at that time, and before that, in 1422, a single crown
is found as a badge.
It is curious to note the strong tendency of single devices or
badges to merge into threes. It occurs first in the case of the
single crown, which presently gets tripled, then the single
harp does the same, and the three castles, the arms of Dublin,
very likely began as one.
James I. made one more important change; he substituted one
of the Scottish unicorn supporters for the red dragon of
Cadwallader, used as a dexter supporter by Henry VIII., Edward
VI., Mary, and Elizabeth. The ancient Scottish supporters were
two unicorns arg., armed, maned, and unguled, gorged with a
princely coronet and chained or. The origin of the unicorn
supporters is lost, but the creature is generally considered
to be an emblem of purity and of freedom; the horn, moreover,
was credited with medical powers as a remedy against poisons.
The idea of an animal bearing a single horn arose probably from
the horn of the narwhal, which has diagonal striations upon
it resembling those generally shown on the horn of a unicorn,
and certainly does not look like the tooth of a fish. On the
other hand cups made of rhinoceros horn are credited with the
same magical powers as that of the unicorn. The chain attached
to a princely coronet on the neck of the unicorn is not easy
to explain; it is said that it alludes to an early king of
Scotland, who, as a young man, accidentally killed his father,
and bore the chain ever afterwards on his supporters as a sign
of grief.
The lion and the unicorn have remained ever since the time of
James I. as the supporters of the English Royal coat-of-arms,
without any change whatever.
In Scotland James VI. had John Gibson for his bookbinder. He
was appointed under the Privy Seal, and was "Our Soverane
Lordis Buikbinder," but there is no binding left that can with
certainty be attributed to him. On James's advent to England
John and Roger Norton and Robert and Christopher Barker were
made Royal binders and printers, and in 1604 John and Abraham
Bateman were made "Bookbinders to the King."
The many fine armorial bindings which were used by James I.
were probably made by one or other of these binders, but for
the present no signed binding has been found, so the authorship
of any one of them is only conjectural.