THE WINTER OF 1854
Whatever hopes or expectations might have been previously entertained
as to the speedy fall of Sebastopol, the battle of Inkerman, at all
events, utterly and rudely dispelled them. The facts were now plain
enough--nearly 100,000 Russians were on the spot, with an almost
unlimited supply of guns and ammunition to defend their city, whilst
the allies had not much more than half the number of men; and their
siege material was nearly worn out and its ammunition expended. The
fortresses in the Mediterranean might in some degree help us to
replenish our batteries, but there was no hope of efficient operations
being renewed until the allied armies had been largely reinforced, both
with men and material. Months must thus elapse, during which time the
enemy would have leisure to strengthen their armaments and complete
their defences. Thus the first attempt on Sebastopol had failed.
But even these were by no means the worst features of the case. The
allies had open trenches to maintain, and at the same moment a widely
extended frontier to guard from attack.
It is as well to pause for a moment and to consider the circumstances
of the English army at the time. In the first place the force sent
to the East had been raised with difficulty, was quite inadequate to
the occasion, and was insufficiently provided with commissariat and
transport. Mr. Sidney Herbert, Minister for War, said: 'The army in the
East has been created by discounting the future. Every regiment at home
or within reach, and not forming part of the army, has been robbed to
complete it.' Again, it was entirely devoid of reserves. The House of
Commons Committee of 1855 reported 'that the men sent to reinforce the
army were recruits who had not yet become fit for foreign service. When
the Duke of Newcastle acquainted Lord Raglan that he had 2,000 recruits
to send him, he replied that those last sent were so young and unformed
that they fell victims to disease, and were swept away like flies--he
preferred to wait....'
We must, however, go further. It will be remembered that the expedition
proceeded to the Crimea at a late season, and after much sickness
at Varna, in obedience to the orders of the Home Government--who
apparently did not foresee the probability of a winter campaign with
open trenches before a half-beleaguered city, and the inevitable
hardships and losses which must ensue. For some time during the winter
of 1854 the English army was diminishing from invaliding and casualties
at the rate of 100 men a day. In short the winter was upon them, and
standing on the bare plateau, with greatly diminished numbers, several
miles from their base, and without proper food, shelter, or clothing,
they must now be prepared to maintain their dangerous position. A
consideration of these circumstances will enable us to form some
idea of the difficult position of Lord Raglan at that time. He had,
moreover, other anxieties pressing upon him--anxieties of divided
councils, and of indecision in his French colleague--who, however brave
as a soldier, allowed himself to be swayed and overborne by incessant
and rash proposals from Paris, and even by subordinates on the spot.
These latter facts were not generally known at the time, and the people
of England were misled; but in proof of them I will shortly enter into
some details, quoting official documents published afterwards. There is
almost always an element of weakness in allied operations, but during
the earlier part of the Crimean War they became more than usually
apparent and mischievous.
On the death of General Strangways, Colonel Dacres[16] succeeded to
the command of the artillery, and one morning soon after, he waited on
Lord Raglan, who, in his usual good-natured way, asked him how he was
getting on. 'My Lord,' said Dacres, 'when a man has been twenty-one
years a subaltern, he never can get on.' However, his turn came at
last. At the beginning of 1855 he was only a Lieutenant-Colonel,
but before the year was at an end he had been promoted to Colonel,
Brigadier-General, Major-General, and Lieutenant-General, and had
received the Order of the Bath, the Legion of Honour, the Medjidi, and
an Italian order.
The English army had hardly begun to realise the difficulties and
sufferings it was destined to endure throughout the winter when an
additional misfortune was caused by a terrific gale on November 14,
during which no less than fifteen transports containing clothing, food,
ammunition, forage, and other stores were sunk in the Black Sea. A
large number of tents on the plateau were also blown down, and great
misery ensued. Notwithstanding all our troubles, there were occasional
incidents of an odd and amusing kind, which now and then helped to
enliven us. Among others was one relating to a dead man, who came to
life and appeared at Woolwich. Soon after our arrival before Sebastopol
it was found that many men of the different regiments were unaccounted
for, some having died on the march, others been carried on board ship
sick, and some taken prisoners. Courts of Inquiry were held, and as
regards the artillery the results sent home. Some time afterwards a
letter was received from the Horse Guards that a Gunner Brown, who
was reported as dead, had arrived at Woolwich, and an explanation was
requested. The officer commanding the battery, in reply to the query,
stated to the effect 'that Brown was an old comrade of his, that he had
visited him when he was dying, and attended his funeral; therefore,'
he said, 'I know he is dead, and am surprised to hear of his return to
Woolwich, but am not responsible for his subsequent movements.'
On December 26 I had the gratification of receiving a note from Lord
Raglan of which the following is a copy: 'December 26, 1854. My dear
Adye,--I have great satisfaction in announcing your promotion to the
rank of Lieutenant Colonel, and that of Captains Fortescue, Gordon,
and Gage to the rank of Major. Captains Paynter,[17] Wodehouse, Maude,
Swinton, D'Aguilar, Brandling, Turner, Anderson, Morris, Hamley, Hoste,
Yates, and Pennycuick have also got a step. A pretty Christmas box for
you all. Pray accept my congratulations, and offer them to Captains
Fortescue, Gordon, and Gage. Yours faithfully, Raglan.'
The rations served out by the Commissariat during the winter of 1854
were not very varied or specially inviting, and consisted chiefly
of lumps of salt beef or pork (with occasional fresh meat), ship's
biscuits and rum, but no bread or milk. Luxuries of any kind were
difficult to obtain at Balaclava, and were expensive. A ham cost
two guineas, beer three shillings a bottle, and so on. Our chief
difficulty, however, was fuel. There were several English travellers,
called T.G.'s (travelling gentlemen), who paid the Crimea a visit
during the winter. On one occasion I was asked if I would entertain
one of these travellers at dinner, as the Headquarters' Farm was full
and the accommodation limited, and of course consented. My friend
turned out to be an old gentleman of position and large fortune, but of
delicate health, and was accompanied by a valet. What induced him to
come out at such a time is inexplicable. As my tent was rather larger
than the others, the three or four officers of the Artillery Staff
usually dined together in it. The table was a plank, and the seats
chiefly empty boxes on end. As soon as our friend arrived, dinner was
served, cooked, of course, in a hole in the open air, and consisted of
a lump of salt pork, more or less boiled. It was soon apparent that the
old gentleman was making a wretched effort, and I tried to encourage
him with a glass of rum and some biscuit; but he said he had a poor
appetite, which was evident. Presently he turned round to me and said,
'You won't be offended, will you?' I replied, 'Not in the least. What
is it?' 'Well,' he said, 'I don't mind for myself, but I know my valet
can't eat salt pork; if I were to give him a sovereign, do you think
he could go to some place of refreshment near, and buy some food?'
I assured him that there was nothing better to be had nearer than
Constantinople, which was several hundred miles away. After that he
collapsed, and left for England the next morning.
The history of the siege for the next few months is a record of
hardships and privations nobly borne. The officers and men of the
naval brigade, the artillery and infantry, who had to take their turn
of duty in the trenches for twenty-four hours at a time, were the
chief sufferers; having to lie in muddy ditches and batteries, without
shelter, with scanty clothing, and very indifferent food. There were
officers and men, however, in all branches of the service who, in spite
of hardships, went through the whole siege and never missed a tour of
duty. In January 1855 the English sick list amounted to 13,000 men. The
country was often deep in snow, and the road to Balaclava became almost
impassable. Four fifths of the artillery horses died.
Pending the arrival of wooden huts from England several officers dug
holes in the ground, and by means of planks and tarpaulins obtained
rather better shelter than was afforded by a tent. Among others,
Colonel Wood, R.A.,[18] constructed a rough hut of the kind. He
had brought out a French cook, whom he accommodated in the hut,
living himself in a covered cart. On being asked his object in this
arrangement, his reply was that if he could save the life of the cook,
the latter in return would do the same for him by giving him good food,
otherwise both would probably perish. His precaution proved successful.
Warm clothing, in large quantities, was sent out from England, and as
the weather began to hold up in February the condition of the troops
gradually improved. In addition to Government supplies, many persons
in England, deeply affected by the sufferings of the army, sent out
bales of mitts, comforters, flannels, under-garments, and even plum
puddings. Occasionally the distribution was somewhat embarrassing. For
instance, on one occasion, in opening some parcels for the artillery,
we found a warm pair of drawers ticketed, 'For the brave Jones in the
trenches.' Who was the brave Jones? We also sometimes received curious
letters and inquiries about artillerymen, of which the following is
an example:--'To the Right Honourable Colonel, Commanding the 12th
Battalion Royal Artillery, field of Battle, Crimea. Your Honour--Your
Petitioner is extremely anxious to know if James Winch under your
command is still alive, if otherwise, by sword or epidemic.'
Subsequently to the great battle of November 5 it became evident that
the English army, which was so rapidly diminishing in numbers, could
not adequately guard the positions at Balaclava and on the heights, in
addition to the hard work in the trenches. Consequently, the ridges
and slopes of Inkerman were gradually occupied by a portion of the
French army. The Russians, ever on the alert, came out in February,
and established outworks near the harbour, beyond the Careening Bay
ravine--known subsequently as the 'ouvrages blancs'--and it became
necessary to dislodge them. The duty was undertaken by the French,
and on the night of February 23, after a severe fight, in which
they suffered considerable loss, the position was captured, but was
not held, so that a few days afterwards it was again occupied and
strengthened by the Russians; and it is important to bear in mind
that no further attempt was made to dislodge them until after General
Canrobert had resigned his command at the end of May. In fact, the
Russians, who had received large reinforcements, became more bold and
aggressive daily, and during March commenced and armed a formidable
outwork on the Mamelon, considerably in advance of the Malakoff. Their
night sorties against the trenches of the allies were both vigorous
and frequent, with severe losses on all sides. It is computed that the
Russian army in April amounted to nearly 150,000 men.
The English batteries during the long severe winter only maintained
a desultory fire on the city, waiting for fresh armaments; and as
ammunition ran short we had frequently to obtain supplies from the navy
for current use. I was sent on many occasions to Admiral Sir Edmund
Lyons in connection with these details. On one occasion, on being shown
into his cabin on board the flagship, he said: 'Colonel Adye, whenever
I see your face it always reminds me of a 68-pounder shot.' I thought
at first he meant that it was too round, or was wanting in expression,
and began to explain that I was not altogether responsible; but he said
it was not that, but whenever I came to see him I always wanted a fresh
supply of 68-pounder shot. My reply was that he had exactly foreseen my
request, and promised if he would meet our wishes they should be safely
delivered the next day into Sebastopol. The argument convinced him, and
he complied at once.
_Flag of Truce._--The following extract from my journal refers
to rather an interesting event. '23rd of March. Accompanied Lord
Burghersh, A.D.C., with a flag of truce, by order of Lord Raglan. We
first went to the advanced French trenches on the left, near the sea,
hoisted a white flag, and sounded a bugle. In a few minutes firing
ceased on both sides. We stepped over the parapet, advanced about
100 yards, and were met by the enemy's riflemen out of their pits. A
Russian officer on horseback, with two orderlies, galloped out to meet
us, dismounted, and the conversation was then carried on in French.
We handed him some letters, clothes, and money for French and English
officers who had been taken prisoners, also a letter for Madame
Osten-Sacken from Lord Raglan. His letter enclosed one from the mother
of the midshipman (Giffard) who was killed in the fight at Odessa. It
appears that Madame Osten-Sacken had cut off a lock of the poor boy's
hair, and had sent it to his mother, who sent a letter of thanks. We
offered the Russian officer a cigar, which he declined, and we also
asked him a few questions, but his manner was stiff, and he shortly
remounted and rode off. We returned to the trenches; the white flag was
pulled down, and firing re-commenced. The French soldiers were always
cheerful and good-natured in their monotonous duties. Lord Burghersh,
as we passed along through their trenches, heard two of them chatting.
One, looking over the parapet, said to his comrade: "Alphonse,
êtes-vous prêt?" "Oui, mon ami, toujours prêt." "Eh bien! Allons faire
la guerre;" and then they both jumped up and fired away through the
loop-holes at the Russians.'
During the month of March strenuous efforts were made by the allies to
prepare for a second bombardment, and, fresh armaments having arrived,
it was decided to re-open with nearly 500 guns on April 9. It was,
however, at this period that considerable hesitation and conflicting
opinions became more or less evident at French Head Quarters. It was
understood that the Emperor of the French would shortly arrive and take
the command, and De Bazancourt, in his history of the campaign, states
that General Canrobert received secret instructions which tied his
hands. Their general scope was that the siege should be turned into a
blockade, and a campaign undertaken in the interior of the Crimea.[19]
The French army had about this time received large reinforcements, and
was divided into two corps, one under Bosquet on the extreme right, the
other under General Pélissier (who arrived in March) on the left; the
English holding the centre of the position. The French strength was
estimated at about 80,000 men. Omar Pasha also arrived in April with
20,000 Turkish troops. Great events were therefore anticipated.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 16: The late Field-Marshal Sir Richard Dacres, G.C.B.]
[Footnote 17: These were all artillery officers.]
[Footnote 18: The late General Sir David Wood, G.C.B., R.H.A.]
[Footnote 19: The history of the Crimean campaign by the Baron de
Bazancourt is often incorrect, and sometimes unjust as regards the
British army, and is therefore not altogether to be relied on. But in
his account of the French views and proposals he has more complete
knowledge, and, in fact, usually quotes official documents, and I have
therefore made some quotations from his work, especially as to this
critical juncture.]