NAPLES: St. Januarius, _Martyr_.
NOVARA: St. Gaudenzio, _Bishop_.
NUREMBURG: St. Laurence, _Martyr_; St. Sebald, _Pilgrim_ and _Hermit_.
(The latter an important person in pictures and prints of the Albert
Dürer school.)
PADUA: St. Anthony of Padua, _Friar_.
PARIS: St. Geneviève, _Virgin_; St. Germain, _Bishop_; St. Hippolitus,
_Martyr_.
PARMA: St. John, B.; St. Thomas the Apostle; St. Bernard, _Monk_; St.
Hilary (Ilario), _Bishop_.
PERUGIA: St. Ercolano and St. Costanzo, _Bishops_.
PIACENZA: St. Justina, _Martyr_; St. Antoninus, _Warrior_ (Theban
Legion).
PIEDMONT and SAVOY: St. John, B.; St. Maurice and St. George,
_Warriors_; St. Amadeus, _King_.
PISA: St. Ranieri, _Hermit_; St. Torpé, _Warrior_; St. Ephesus and St.
Potita, _Warriors_. (These only in the ancient Pisan school.)
RAVENNA: St. Appolinaris, _Bishop_.
RIMINI: St. Juliana, _Martyr_. (A young saint, popular all through the
north and down the east coast of Italy.)
SEVILLE: St. Leander, _Bishop_; St. Justina, St. Rufina, _Sisters_ and
_Martyrs_. (These are only found in Spanish pictures.)
SICILY: St. Vitus, _Martyr_; St. Rosalia, _Recluse_ (Palermo); St.
Agatha (Messina), St. Lucia (Syracuse), _Martyrs_.
SIENA: St. Ansano, _Martyr_; St. Catherine of Siena, _Nun_; St.
Bernardino, _Friar_.
THURINGIA and all that part of SAXONY: St. Elizabeth of Hungary; St.
Boniface, _Bishop_.
TOLEDO: St. Ildefonso, _Bishop_; and St. Leocadia, _Martyr_. (Only in
Spanish pictures.)
TREVISO: St. Liberale, _Warrior_.
TURIN: St. John the Baptist; St. Maurice, _Warrior_.
UMBRIA: All through this region and the eastern coast of Italy, very
important in respect to Art, the favourite saints are—St. Nicholas,
_Bishop_; St. Francis of Assisi, _Friar_; St. Clara, _Nun_; St.
Julian, _Martyr_; and St. Catherine, _Virgin Martyr_.
VALENCIA: St. Vincent, _Martyr_.
VENICE: St. Mark, _Apostle_; St. George, St. Theodore, _Warriors_; St.
Nicholas, _Bishop_; St. Catherine, St. Christina, _Virgin Martyrs_.
VERCELLI: St. Eusebius, _Bishop_; St. Thronestus, _Warrior_ (Theban
Legion).
VERONA: St. Zeno, _Bishop_; St. Fermo, _Martyr_; St. Euphemia,
_Martyr_.
VOTIVE PICTURES are those which have been dedicated in certain
religious edifices, in fulfilment of vows; either as the expression of
thanksgiving for blessings which have been vouchsafed, or propitiative
against calamities to be averted. The far greater number of these
pictures commemorate an escape from danger, sickness, death; and more
especially, some visitation of the plague, that terrible and frequent
scourge of the middle ages. The significance of such pictures is
generally indicated by the presence of St. Sebastian or St. Roch, the
patrons against the plague; or St. Cosmo and St. Damian, the healing
and medical saints; accompanied by the patron saints of the country
or locality, if it be a public act of devotion; or, if dedicated by
private or individual piety, the donor kneels, presented by his own
patron saint. In general, though not always, this expressive group is
arranged in attendance on the enthroned Madonna and her divine Son, as
the universal protectors from all evil. Such pictures are among the
most interesting and remarkable of the works of sacred Art which remain
to us, and have often a pathetic and poetical beauty, and an historical
significance, which it is a chief purpose of these volumes to interpret
and illustrate.
[Illustration:
_S^t. Damian._ _S^t. Mark._ _S^t. Roch._ _A. J. fecit_
_S^t. Cosmo._ _S^t. Sebastian._
_A Venetian votive picture against the plague._]