was founded, is preserved in the Museum of the Royal College of
Surgeons. It has thus been possible to compare it directly with the
undoubted cranium of _Grypotherium_ from the Patagonian cavern. The
specimen is merely the left half of the hinder part of the cranium,
and is therefore very inadequate for discussion; but several features
seem worthy of note. Compared with the new skull No. 1, the fragment
named _Glossotherium_ has (i.) the inner wall of the temporal fossa
less flattened, (ii.) the digastric fossa deeper in proportion to its
width, (iii.) the hinder border of the inflated pterygoid vertical,
instead of sloping downwards and forwards, (iv.) a much larger and
deeper pit for the articulation of the stylohyal, and (v.) a longer
canal penetrating the base of the occipital condyle for the passage of
the hypoglossal nerve. In all these respects the so-called
_Glossotherium_ agrees much more closely with the typical _Mylodon_;
and Owen was probably correct in 1842 when he expressed the opinion
that the two are at least generically identical.[52]
I am therefore of opinion that _Grypotherium_ is the correct generic
name for the Ground-Sloth from the Patagonian cavern, while
_Glossotherium_ must be relegated to the synonymy of _Mylodon_.
The specific determination of the new specimens is more difficult. As
remarked by Roth, only two species of _Grypotherium_ seem to be
already known from the Pampa formation--_G. darwini_ by three
skulls[53] and _G. bonaerense_ solely by a maxilla.[54] The portions
of skull and dentition now under discussion indicate an animal much
larger than _G. bonaerense_ (assuming the original maxilla to be that
of an adult); while they are considerably smaller than any known
specimen of _G. darwini_. Moreover, the nasal arcade now described is
narrower and more concave on its outer face than that of _G. darwini_,
as already observed by Roth. It thus seems very probable that the
animal from the Patagonian cavern represents a distinct species, which
must bear the name of _G. listai_. This specific name was given by
Ameghino to a fragment of the first-discovered piece of skin, and the
curious argument which leads Roth to propose the substitution of a new
name for it does not affect its validity.
It may be added that Dr. Erland Nordenskjöld has recently compared his
specimens from the Patagonian cavern with the skull of _Grypotherium
darwini_ at Copenhagen, and finds no specific difference.[55] No
particulars however, have yet been published.
2. ASSOCIATED MAMMALIAN REMAINS.
_Felis_, sp.
A feline carnivore larger than the existing Jaguar (_Felis onca_), but
about the same size as an average Tiger (_F. tigris_), is represented
in the collection by the distal half of a right humerus (No. 44), a
left fourth metatarsal (No. 46), and the distal end of another
metatarsal (No. 47). These bones have evidently been buried in dust,
but are in the same fresh state of preservation as those of
_Grypotherium_.
Careful comparison of these bones shows that they are undoubtedly
feline; and there is no difficulty in determining that they belong to
_Felis_ rather than to the extinct _Machærodus_. A humerus of _M.
neogæus_, from a Brazilian cavern, now in the British Museum (No.
18972 _b_), is readily distinguished from the new Patagonian humerus
by the remarkable lateral compression of its shaft and the much
greater downward extension of its prominent and sharp deltoid ridge.
The humerus in all the large species of _Felis_, on the other hand,
only differs from the fossil now under discussion in very small
particulars. In fact, the humerus and metatarsals of the existing
_Felis onca_ are essentially identical with the bones from the
Patagonian cavern, except that they are rather smaller. I am therefore
inclined to regard the newly discovered remains as indicating a
comparatively large variety of _F. onca_, which once lived in the
temperate regions of Patagonia, beyond the present range of this
species. Such an occurrence would be a precise parallel to that of the
Cave-Lion in Europe. It is well known that nearly all the remains of
_F. leo_ found in the Pleistocene formations of the temperate parts of
the Old World indicate animals of somewhat larger size than any
surviving in the warmer regions to which the species is now
confined.[56]
It may be noted that bones of the Jaguar of ordinary dimensions have
been recorded from the Pampa formation of the Province of Buenos
Aires.[57]
_Arctotherium_, sp.
With the bones of _Felis_ just noticed, Roth provisionally associates
the imperfect distal end of a remarkably large right femur. He is thus
induced to suppose that the carnivore represented by the fragments
will prove to be a new genus and species of the Felidæ. He suggests
for it the name of _Iemisch listai_, on the assumption that it is the
mysterious quadruped which Ameghino states is known to the natives as
the Iemisch.
A comparison of the distal end of the femur in question with the
femora of Felidæ in the British Museum seems to prove conclusively
that it cannot be referred even to the same family. Its width across
the condyles is much greater, compared with its antero-posterior
diameter, than that observed in any feline. Moreover, the pit for the
tendon of the popliteus muscle below the external condyle is unusually
deep. In both these respects the bone closely resembles the distal end
of the femur of a Bear. I have been therefore led to compare it with
the corresponding part of the extinct Bear of the Pampean formation,
_Arctotherium_.
Fortunately, the fine and nearly complete skeleton of _Arctotherium
bonaerense_ in the Bravard Collection in the British Museum comprises
the right femur and enables direct comparison to be made. The fragment
lacks the inner condyle; but enough of the trochlea remains to show
its broad and gently-rounded form, with a wide and deep intertrochlear
notch, precisely as in _Arctotherium_. It has the same development of
the external condyle as in the latter, while the fossa for the
popliteal tendon is equally deep, only slightly differing in shape. In
fact, there is very little discrepancy, except in its smaller size;
and species of _Arctotherium_ smaller than _A. bonaerense_ are already
known both from the Pampa formation of Argentina[58] and the caverns
of Brazil.[59]
The fragment just described has evidently been severed from the rest
of the bone by a sharp, clean cut made by man; and Dr. Hauthal is
quite certain that this was not done by one of his workmen during
excavation (_op. cit._ p. 59). At least one medium-sized species of
_Arctotherium_ must therefore have survived until the human period in
Southern Patagonia.[60]
_Onohippidium saldiasi._
A horse is represented in the collection by an upper molar, a fragment
of premaxilla with two incisors, an imperfect atlas and two
well-preserved hoofs apparently of a fœtus or perhaps of a
newly-born animal. Of these remains only the upper molar is capable of
satisfactory determination.
This tooth is the second upper molar of the left side, and has been
exhaustively compared with corresponding teeth by Dr. Roth, who gives
a good series of figures. It is readily distinguished from the
homologous molar in the genus _Equus_ by the peculiar form of its two
inner columns--a fact which I have been able to verify by the
examination of an extensive series of specimens, both recent and
fossil, in the British Museum. Further comparison, indeed, shows that
it must be referred to the extinct Pampean genus _Onohippidium_.[61]
Roth assigns it, apparently quite rightly, to the same species as a
maxilla from the Pampean formation of the Province of Buenos Aires,
for which he proposes the name of _Onohippidium saldiasi_.
_Large Extinct Rodent._
The proximal end of the femur of a large rodent has already been
recognised by Roth, and compared with the extinct _Megamys_. It cannot
be more exactly determined.
_Existing Species._
One imperfect fragment of pelvis and sacrum seems to belong to a puma
(_Felis concolor_) of rather large size; but it is not sufficient for
precise determination.
The small mandibular ramus of a musteline referred by Dr. Roth to
_Mephitis suffocans_, does not pertain to this genus and species. Mr.
Oldfield Thomas determines it to belong to the rare _Lyncodon
patagonicus_, which still lives in Patagonia and has not hitherto been
found fossil. A slightly larger extinct species of the same genus has
been described by Ameghino on the evidence of a skull from the Pampean
formation near Lujan, in the Province of Buenos Aires.[62]
A cranium, some vertebræ, and a tibia and fibula appear to represent
the existing _Ctenomys magellanicus_, as noted by Roth.
The remains of the Guanaco (_Lama huanacos_) do not present any
features worthy of special remark.
Man is represented by a diseased scapula and by two bone awls, which
are clearly made from the tibia of a species of _Canis_ intermediate
in size between _C. jubatus_ and _C. magellanicus_.
3. RELATIVE AGE OF THE REMAINS.
As the result of Dr. Roth's researches, supplemented by the additional
observations now recorded, it is evident that the majority of the
mammalian remains from the cavern near Last Hope Inlet belong to the
extinct fauna which occurs in the Pampean formation of more northern
regions. To this category are referable the genera _Grypotherium_,
_Onohippidium_, _Megamys_, and _Arctotherium_; also _Macrauchenia_,
which is said to have been discovered in the same deposit on the floor
of the cave by Dr. E. Nordenskjöld. The large _Felis_ likewise
probably belongs to the same series. Remains of mammals of the
existing fauna, on the other hand, are comparatively few and
insignificant, referable to the genera _Ctenomys_, _Cervus_, _Lama_,
_Lyncodon_, and _Felis_.
Although Dr. Hauthal's explorations were rather hurried and Dr.
Nordenskjöld's results have only been published hitherto in
abstract,[63] their account of the deposits on the floor of the cavern
seem to confirm the suspicion that the remains of these two faunas
were introduced at two successive periods. According to Hauthal, the
remains of the Guanaco were found along with fragmentary bones of
Deer, shells of _Mytilus chorus_, branches of trees, and dried leaves,
in the superficial dust of the cavern near the outer wall. The skin of
_Grypotherium_ and all the other remains of this and the associated
Pampean genera were discovered in the deeper layer of excrement and
cut hay between the mound and the inner wall of the cavern. According
to Nordenskjöld, three distinct strata can be recognised on the floor
of the cavern as follows:
A. A thin surface layer, containing ashes, shells, and
bones of recent animals broken by man.
B. A middle layer, containing numerous branches of trees
and dried leaves, with remains of _Lama_ and the extinct
horse, _Onohippidium_. Said to be probably the stratum in
which the original piece of skin was found.
C. A bottom layer, usually about a metre in thickness,
without any traces of branches or leaves, but only dried
herbs. Remains of _Grypotherium_ numerous and confined to
this stratum, associated with its excrement and hair, also
with remains of a large variety of _Felis onca_,
_Macrauchenia_, and _Onohippidium_.
It is unfortunate that the question of the contemporaneity of the
various bones cannot be tested by the ingenious method of chemical
analysis which has been applied with success to similar problems by M.
Adolphe Carnot in France. The French chemist has shown that when bones
are buried in ordinary sediments they undergo changes which gradually
cause the percentage of contained fluorine to increase. According to
him, the longer a bone has been buried, the greater is the percentage
of fluorine found in it on analysis. In one case[64] he examined the
scapula of a deer and a human tibia, discovered together in fluviatile
sand near Billancourt (Seine); he found that the former had seven or
eight times its usual percentage of fluorine, while the human bone did
not differ in any respect from the normal in this constituent. He
therefore concluded that the latter bone was not of the same age as
the former, but had been introduced comparatively recently by burial.
In this and the other recorded cases, however, it is to be observed
that the sediment was of a uniform character and admitted of free
percolation of water. In the Patagonian cavern, on the contrary, the
bones occur partly in dust, partly in dried herbage, partly in dried
excrement, and partly in the burnt residue of the same. Moreover, they
must always have been subjected to intense dryness, and the usual
process of chemical alteration cannot have taken place.
Considering all circumstances, I think that, even without chemical
evidence, zoologists and geologists cannot fail now to agree with Dr.
Moreno and his colleagues of the La Plata Museum, that the remarkably
preserved _Grypotherium_ from the Patagonian cavern belongs to the
extinct Pampean fauna of South America, and need not be searched for
in the unexplored wilds of that continent. If we accept the
confirmatory evidence afforded by Mr. Spencer Moore, we can also
hardly refuse to believe that this great Ground-Sloth was actually
kept and fed by an early race of man.
IV. NOTE CONCERNING TEHUELCHE LEGENDS.
By HESKETH PRICHARD.
I now proceed to give the testimony of Dr. F. Ameghino, whose brother
Carlos was well acquainted with the country and who early gave it as
his opinion that the animal, which is named the _Neomylodon listai_,
was still living in Patagonia. In support of his opinion he adduced
tales which Carlos Ameghino had gathered from the Indians, who roam
the pampas, of a vast mysterious beast said by them to haunt the
distant lagoons and forests of the unexplored regions near the Andes.
These stories had, moreover, been confirmed in Dr. Ameghino's opinion
by the experience of the late well-known geographer and traveller,
Señor Ramon Lista, who verbally told both Dr. Ameghino and his brother
that he had seen and fired at a mysterious creature, which, however,
disappeared in the brushwood and could not afterwards be traced. He
described it as being covered with reddish-grey hair, and he believed
it to be a pangolin or scaly-anteater.[65] Taking all things into
consideration, Dr. Ameghino announced his conviction that the
mysterious animal referred to was the last representative of a group,
long believed extinct, related to the Mylodon.
According to Dr. Ameghino the Indians had bestowed upon the mysterious
animal the name of Iemisch. Nothing would induce them to penetrate
into the supposed haunts of this monster. It was described as
amphibious, equally at home on land or in the water; in remote
mountain recesses it lurked in caves, or had its lairs by the shores
of lonely lagoons and rivers, or at times lay in wait among the lower
passes of the Cordillera. In habits it was nocturnal, and its strength
so great that it could seize a horse in its claws, and hold itself
down to the bottoms of the lakes! The head was supposed to be short
and without external ears, but showing enormous dog-teeth: the feet
short and bear-like, armed with formidable claws united by a swimming
membrane; the long tail, tapering and prehensile, the hair hard and of
a uniform yellowish-brown. In size it far exceeded any creature they
knew of, its legs, though short, being almost as great in girth as its
body. It followed, naturally that narratives of personal experiences
and encounters with this terrific animal were varied.
These data, it must be confessed, were bewildering. In fact, as
described by the Indians the Iemisch was scientifically absurd; but
the Indian is like a child in many ways and would naturally endow a
creature he feared with extraordinary attributes.
I will quote here an extract from Winwood Reade's "Savage Africa," one
of the finest books of travel ever written.
"It must be laid down as a general principle that man can originate
nothing; that lies are always truths embellished, distorted, or turned
inside out. There are other facts beside those which lie on the
surface, and it is the duty of the traveller and the historian to sift
and wash the gold-grains of truth from the dirt of fable.... It is
true that some of the ancient myths have been sobered down to natural
beings. The men with dogs' heads of whom Herodotus speaks are the
barking baboons which I saw in Senegal: the men with their head under
their shoulders, their eyes in their breast, are the ill-formed
negroes, whose shoulders are shrugged up, and whose heads drop on
their breasts: the mermaids of the Arab tales are the sea-cows of the
African rivers, which have feminine dugs and a face almost human in
expression: the huge serpent which opposed the army of Regulus is now
well known as the python: the burning mountains which Hanno saw, and
the sounds of the lutes which were believed to proceed from the strife
of the elements, are only caused by the poor negroes burning the grass
of their hill-tops: the music being that of their flutes, as I have
heard it often in those long and silent African nights far away.
"Incredulity has now become so vulgar a folly, that one is almost
tempted, out of simple hatred for a fashion, to run into the opposite
extreme. However, I shall content myself with citing evidence
respecting certain unknown, fabulous and monstrous animals of Africa,
without committing myself to an opinion one way or the other;
preserving only my conviction that there is always a basis of truth to
the most fantastic fables, and that, by rejecting without inquiry that
which appears incredible, one throws away ore in which others might
have found a jewel. A traveller should believe nothing, for he will
find himself so often deceived: and he should disbelieve nothing, for
he will see so many wonderful things; he should doubt, he should
investigate, and then, perhaps, he may discover."
It was in this spirit that I set out for the interior of Patagonia.
Although the legends of the Indians were manifestly to a large extent
the result of imaginative exaggeration, yet I hoped to find a
substratum of fact below these fancies. After thorough examination,
however, I am obliged to say that I found none. The Indians not only
never enter the Cordillera but avoid the very neighbourhood of the
mountains. The rumours of the Iemisch and the stories concerning it,
which, in print, had assumed a fairly definite form, I found nebulous
in the extreme when investigated on the spot.
Finally, after much investigation I came to the conclusion that the
Indian legends in all probability refer to some large species of
otter. Musters, in his book "At Home with the Patagonians," makes
mention of an animal much feared by the tribe with whom he travelled,
which they called "water-tiger," and which they said lived in a rapid
and deep river near to Nahuel-huapi, a lake the name of which lends
colour to the tale, for it means Tigers' Island. Musters says he
himself saw two ostriches, that, being considered in too poor a
condition to be worth taking to camp for food, were left on the bank
of the river referred to, torn and partly devoured when on the
following day he and his party revisited the spot. Tracks of an animal
were also plainly visible leading down into the water.
Compare this with a story told me by Mr. Von Plaaten Hallermund. He
described the case of a mule which had fallen over a precipice in the
vicinity of the River Deseado. When on the following day the _peones_
climbed down to salve its cargo, they found the animal on the edge of
the water half eaten, and in its neighbourhood were tracks strange to
them. "Like those of a puma, yet not those of a puma," as they said.
The manager of Messrs. Braun and Blanchard's store at Santa Cruz gave
me a description of a skin brought in by Indians which, though not a
puma-skin, was quite as large as the skin of the common silver-grey
puma generally is. I myself saw a very large otter in the River
Senguerr, but unluckily had not my rifle with me, and although I
returned as quickly with it as I could, all trace of the otter had
vanished.
Taking into consideration the amphibious nature attributed by the
Indians to the Iemisch, there seems to be little reason to doubt that
the real animal underlying the rumours of a mysterious monster is a
sub-species of the large Brazilian otter (_Lutra brasiliensis_).
To return to the possible survival of the Mylodon, as far as our
travels led us both north and south on the eastern side of the
Cordillera, we could discover no trace whatever either by hearsay or
from the evidence of our own experience to warrant the supposition
that it continues to exist to the present day. But there are hundreds
of square miles of dense forest still unexplored along the whole
length of the Patagonian Andes, and I do not undertake to declare
positively that no such animal exists in some unknown and hidden spot
among their recesses. Roughly speaking, there are many thousand square
miles of snowy summits, ravines, high plateaus and valleys in this
region. The task of finding a final answer to the Mylodon problem on
the drag-net principle of passing to and fro throughout the whole
district would be so gigantic and prolonged where the natural
difficulties are great, as to be practically impossible. Such an
answer must be left to time and the slow process of things. In the
meanwhile I can merely state my own conviction that the odds are very
heavily against the chances of such a survival. The probable habitat
of the Mylodon would naturally be the forests. I penetrated these in
more than one direction, and one of the most striking characteristics
of the forests was the absence of animal life, evidence of which grew
less and less the farther we forced our way into their depths. It is a
matter of common knowledge that, where the larger forms of life are to
be found, there also a liberal catalogue of lesser creatures co-exist.
The conditions which favour the life of the greater favour also the
existence of the less. This is presumptive evidence only, and though
it has certainly influenced my own conclusions, I do not wish to force
it upon others. I have stated the case as fairly as I can, and I leave
my readers to form their own opinions.
FOOTNOTES:
[33] F. Ameghino, "Première Notice sur le _Neomylodon listai_, un
Représentant vivant des anciens Edentés Gravigrades fossiles de
l'Argentina" (La Plata, August 1898); translated under the title "An
Existing Ground-Sloth in Patagonia," in "Natural Science," vol. xiii
(1898), pp. 324-326.
[34] A. Milne-Edwards, "Note sur une nouvelle Espèce de Tatou à
cuirasse incomplète (_Scleropleura bruneti_)," Nouv. Arch. Mus., vol.
vii. (1871), pp. 177-179, pl. xii.
[35] P. W. Lund, K. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Afhandl., vol. viii.
(1841), p. 85 (footnote).
[36] H. Burmeister, Anales Mus. Publico Buenos Aires, vol. i.
(1864-69), p. 173, pl. v. Fig. 8.
[37] Flower and Lydekker, "Introduction to the Study of Mammals," p.
183.
[38] E. Lönnberg, "On some Remains of '_Neomylodon listai_," Ameghino,
brought home by the Swedish Expedition to Tierra del Fuego, 1895-1897,
Wissensch. Ergebn. schwedisch. Exped. Magellansländ, unter Leitung v.
Otto Nordenskjöld, vol. ii. pp. 149-170, pls. xii.-xiv. (1899).
[39] "On some Remains of _Grypotherium (Neomylodon) listai_ and
associated Mammals from a Cavern near Consuelo Cove, Last Hope Inlet,
Patagonia." _Proc. Zool. Soc._, 1900, pp. 64-79, pls. v.-ix.
[40] R. Hauthal, S. Roth, and R. Lehmann-Nitsche, "El Mamifero
Misterioso de la Patagonia, _Grypotherium domesticum_," Revista Mus.
La Plata, vol. ix. pp. 409-474, pls. i.-v. (1899).--F. P. Moreno,
"Note on the Discovery of _Miolania_ and of _Glossotherium
(Neomylodon)_ in Patagonia," Geol. Mag. [4] vol. vi. pp. 385-388
(1899).
[41] J. Reinhardt, "Beskrivelse af Hovedskallen af et Kæmpedovendyr,
_Grypotherium darwinii_, fra La Plata-Landenes plejstocene-Dannelser,"
K. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk Skr. [5] vol. xii. (1879), pp. 353-380, pls.
i. ii.--H. Burmeister, "Atlas de la Description physique de la
République Argentine," sect. ii. (1881), p. 119, woodc. (_Mylodon
darwinii_),--R. Lydekker, "The Extinct Edentates of Argentina," Anales
Mus. La Plata--Paleont. Argentina, vol. iii. pt. 2 (1894), p. 85, pl.
liv.
[42] R. Hauthal, _op. cit._ p. 4.
[43] See S. Roth, _op. cit._ pl. ii. Fig. 1.
[44] R. Lydekker, Anales Mus. La Plata--Paleont. Argentina, vol. iii.
pt. 2 (1894), p. 73, pl. xlv. Fig. 1.
[45] R. Owen, "Description of the Skeleton of an Extinct Gigantic
Sloth, _Mylodon robustus_, Owen" (1842), p. 18.
[46] P. Gervais, "Mémoire sur les Formes Cérébrales propres aux
Édentés vivants et fossiles," _Nouv. Arch. Mus._, vol. xv. (1869), p.
39, pl. iv. Figs. 1, 2.
[47] P. Gervais, _loc. cit._ p. 39, pl. v.
[48] _Ibid._ p. 38, pl. iv. Figs. 3, 4.
[49] J. Hyrtl, "Vergleichendanatomische Untersuchungen über das innere
Gehörorgan des Menschen und der Säugethiere" (1845), p. 135, pl. v.
Fig. 6.
[50] _P. Z. S._ 1899. pl. xv. Figs. 4-6.
[51] R. Owen, "The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. _Beagle_.--Part I.
Fossil Mammalia" (1840), p. 57, pl. xvi.
[52] R. Owen, "Description of the Skeleton of an Extinct Gigantic
Sloth, _Mylodon robustus_, Owen" (1842), p. 154, foot-note.
[53] Described respectively by Reinhardt, Burmeister, and Lydekker,
_loc. cit._
[54] F. Ameghino, "Contribucion al Conocimiento de los Mamiferos de la
Republica Argentina" (1889), p. 738, pl. xliv. Fig. 8.
[55] E. Nordenskjöld, "La Grotte du _Glossotherium_ (_Neomylodon_) en
Patagonie," Comptes Rendus, vol. cxxix. (1899), p. 1217.
[56] Dawkins and Sanford, "The British Pleistocene Mammalia" (Palæont.
Soc., 1869), p. 150.
[57] F. Ameghino, "Contribucion al Conocimiento de los Mamiferos de la
Republica Argentina" (1889), p. 342.
[58] F. Ameghino, _op. cit._ (1889), p. 317.
[59] H. Winge, "Jordfundne og nulevende Rovdyr (Carnivora) fra Lagoa
Santa, Minas Geraes, Brasilien" (E. Museo Lundii, 1895), p. 31.
[60] Dr. Moreno has lately received reports of bear-like tracks in
remote parts of the Cordillera, which he thinks may imply that a
species of _Arctotherium_ still lives in Patagonia.
[61] F. P. Moreno, "Revista Mus. La Plata," vol. ii. (1891). p. 56, R.
Lydekker, "Anales Mus. La Plata--Paleont. Argentina," vol. ii. pt. 3
(1893), p. 77. pl. xxix.
[62] F. Ameghino, _op. cit._ (1889), p. 324.
[63] E. Nordenskjöld, "La Grotte du _Glossotherium_ (_Neomylodon_ )en
Patagonie" Comptes Rendus, vol. cxxix. (1899), pp. 1216, 1217.
[64] A. Carnot, "Sur une Application de l'Analyse chimique pour fixer
l'Age d'Ossements humains préhistoriques," Comptes Rendus, vol. cxv.
(1892), pp. 337-339.
[65] Pangolins, armadillos, and sloths are more or less related.
APPENDIX B
_On a new Form of Puma from Patagonia._
By OLDFIELD THOMAS, F.R.S.
The National Collection owes to the generosity of Mr. C. Arthur
Pearson the skin of a fine puma, obtained by Mr. Hesketh Prichard
during the recent _Daily Express_ expedition to Patagonia. The skin is
remarkably unlike any known form of puma, and appears certainly to
represent a new sub-species.
Dr. Matschie has already shown[66] that the red puma of the tropics to
which he restricts the name _Felis concolor_, is replaced south of 25°
S. lat. by the silver-grey form for which Molina's name, _F. puma_, is
used.
Now, again, south of about 44° S. lat., there proves to be another
form, represented in the British Museum not only by Mr. Prichard's
skin from Santa Cruz, but by a second much younger specimen from the
Rio Senguerr. Both show the same characteristics, and are equally
different from the Argentine silver-grey form.
In commemoration of Mr. Pearson's scientific spirit in sending out the
expedition, and in presenting the specimen to the National Museum, I
would propose to call it
_Felis concolor Pearsoni_, sub-sp. n.
General build thick and sturdy, with comparatively short limbs and
tail. Fur thick and woolly, the specimens evidently in winter pelage.
General colour nearest to Ridgway's "clay-colour," therefore
exceedingly different from the nearly "drab-grey" of _F. c. puma_.
This colour is most vivid along the back, paler laterally on the
sides, but there is nothing that can be called a distinct dorsal dark
line. Undersurface whitish-fawn, the hairs sandy at their bases,
whiter terminally. Face very much like back, darker markings
practically obsolete; the usual lighter markings near the eye present
but not conspicuous. Ears of normal length, their backs uniformly
whitish-fawn, without darker markings. Outer sides of limbs like back,
inner sides like belly; ends of fingers and toes whitish, without any
darker markings round the pads. Tail proportionally very short,
brownish clay-colour above, whitish below, the tip not or scarcely
darker.
Dimensions of the typical skin, which has been tanned and stretched,
so that the measurements are merely approximate:--Head and body 1370
millim., tail 530, ear 80.
_Hab._ Santa Cruz, Patagonia; about 70 miles inland.
_Type._ Female. B.M. No. 1. 8. 12. 1. Brought home by Mr. H. Prichard
and presented by Mr. C. Arthur Pearson.
The skin was bought by Mr. Prichard from Indians in the region
mentioned, so that neither flesh-measurements nor skull were obtained.
The second skin is that of a young male, killed on the Senguerr River,
in March 1897, by one of the collectors from the La Plata Museum, by
whom it was presented to the British Museum. Owing to its youth, its
peculiarities had not been previously noticed.
_F. c. Pearsoni_ is distinguished from _F. c. puma_ not only by its
very different general colour, but also by its shorter tail,
light-coloured ear-backs, and the absence of the dark markings round
the digital pads.
FOOTNOTE:
[66] SB. Ges. nat. Fr. Berlin, 1892, p. 220; 1894, p. 58.
APPENDIX C
LIST OF PLANTS.[67] BY JAMES BRITTEN, F.L.S., AND A. B. RENDLE, M.A.,
D.SC.
Hamadryas Kingii, Hook. fil. Top of mountains.
Ranunculus peduncularis, Sm. Low slopes of mountains.
Anemone, _cf._ lanigera, Gay. Low slopes and pampa.
Berberis buxifolia, Lam.
Berberis empetrifolia, Lam. Slopes of mountains.
Senebiera pinnatifida, DC. Low slopes of mountains.
Thlaspi gracile, Phil. Swamp.
Draba Gilliesii, Hook. High slopes and top of
mountains.
Cardamine pratensis, L. var. Swamp.
Nasturtium, _aff._ palustre, L. Sheltered slopes of
mountains.
Viola maculata, Cav. Sheltered slopes and
forests.
Polygala Salasiana, Gay. North slope of Mount
Frias.
Lychnis magellanica, Lam. High slopes of mountains.
Stellaria debilis, D'Urv. Low slopes of mountains.
Cerastium arvense, L. Low slopes of mountains.
" " var. Low slopes of mountains.
Arenaria serpens, H.B.K., several forms Low slopes of mountains,
beach, lake and
sheltered pampa.
Calandrinia cæspitosa, Gill. Top of hills among stones.
Geranium magellanicum, Hook. fil. Low slopes of mountains.
Erodium cicutarium, L'Herit. Low slopes of mountains.
Oxalis enneaphylla, Cav., var. pumila,
Hook, fil. High slopes and top of
Mount Frias.
Oxalis sp. Bare sandy ground.
Colletia discolor, Hook. Low slopes of mountains.
Adesmia boronoides, Hook. fil. Low sandy ground.
Astragalus _cf._ alpinus, L. High slopes of mountains.
Lathyrus nervosus, Lam. Low slopes of mountains.
" _cf._ pubescens, Hook. & Arn. Low slopes of mountains.
Vicia, _aff._ bijuga Low slopes of mountains.
" sp. Low slopes of mountains.
Anarthrophyllum desideratum, Benth. Top of Mount Frias.
Potentilla anserina, L. Swamps in open places of
forests.
Geum magellanicum, Comm. Slopes of Punta Bandera.
Acæna adscendens, Vahl. By springs and streams.
" cuneata, Hook. & Arn. Low sandy soil.
" sp. _aff._ multifida, Hook. fil. Pampa slopes and low
slopes.
Saxifraga Pavonii, D. Don. On rocks, low slopes
overhanging lake.
Donatia fascicularis, Forst. Top of mountain.
Escallonia macrantha, Hook. & Arn. Low slopes, Mount Buenos
Aires.
" _cf._ alpina, Poepp. Low slopes, Mount Buenos
Aires.
Ribes cuneifolium, Ruiz & Pav. Valleys and low hillsides.
Hippuris vulgaris, L. Standing water.
Œnothera odorata, Jacq. Mountain slope and low
slopes.
Fuchsia coccinea, Ruiz & Pav. Low slopes and Punta
Bandera.
Epilobium, _cf._, densifolium, Haussk Bed of dried up stream.
" sp. Punta Bandera.
Grammatocarpus volubilis, Presl. Low slopes, Mount Buenos
Aires.
Azorella trifurcata, Hook. fil. Top of mountain.
" sp. _aff._ bryoides, Phil. Mountain tops.
" _cf._ trifoliolata, Hook. fil. Shingle on beach.
Mulinum spinosum, Pers. Pampa under Mount Buenos
Aires and low slopes.
Osmorrhiza chilensis, DC. Forests of Mount Buenos
Aires.
Bowlesia, sp. Low slopes of mountains.
Sanicula macrorrhiza, Colla. Top of Mount Buenos Aires.
Oreopolus glacialis, Schlecht. Tops of mountains.
Galium Aparine, L. Forest, Mount Buenos
Aires.
" sp. Mountain slopes and low
slopes, shingle banks
of stream.
Valeriana carnosa, Sm. Low slopes, Mount Buenos
Aires.
Boopis sp. Nitrate pampa.
" " Top of mountains and
shingle beach.
Nardophyllum Kingii, A. Gray. Mountain tops.
Chiliotrichum amelloides, Cass. Springs in slopes of
mountains.
Erigeron alpinus, L. Low slopes of mountains.
Erigeron sp. Mountain slopes, Mount
Buenos Aires.
Baccharis sp. Beach, Punta Bandera.
Antennaria sp. Pampas.
Gnaphalium spicatum, Lam. Low slopes of mountains.
Madia, _cf._ viscosa, Cav. Slopes of mountains.
Matricaria Chamomilla, L. Low slopes of mountains.
Senecio magellanicus, Hook. & Arn. Among stones, top of Mount
Buenos Aires.
" albicaulis, Hook. & Arn. Mountain slopes.
" Kingii, Hook. fil. High slopes of mountains.
Chabræa purpurea, DC. Pampa and high slopes of
mountains.
" multifida, DC. Low slopes of mountains.
" sp. East slope of Mount Frias.
Perezia linearis, Less. High slopes of mountains.
Panargyrum Darwinii, Hook. & Arn. Tops of mountains.
Nassauvia, sp. Tops of mountains.
" " Beaches and mud flats.
" pygmæa, Hook. fil. Top of mountains.
Hieracium patagonicum, Hook. fil. Low slopes of mountains.
Achyrophorus tenuifolius, DC. Low slopes of mountains.
Taraxacum officinale, Wigg., var. Low slopes of mountains.
Sonchus asper, Vill., var. Punta Bandera.
Pernettya pumila, Hook. Mountain tops.
" mucronata, Gaud., two forms Low slopes of mountains, high
and wooded slopes of Mount
Buenos Aires.
Primula magellanica, Lehm. Swamp.
Samolus spathulatus, Duby. Swamp on pampa.
Armeria chilensis, Poepp. Low slopes of mountains.
Phacelia circinata, Jacq., two forms North slope Mount Frias.
Collomia coccinea, Lehm. Low shingly ground.
" gracilis, Dougl. Low slopes of mountains.
Amsinckia angustifolia, Lehm. Forest on mountain slope
and low ground.
Calceolaria Darwinii, Benth. High slopes of mountains.
" sp. aff. lanceolata Low slopes of mountains and
banks of streams, low
ground.
Veronica peregrina, L. Sheltered pampa.
Verbena _aff._ microphylla, Phil. Mount Buenos Aires.
Micromeria _cfr._ Darwinii, Benth. Pampa.
Scutellaria nummulariæfolia, Hook. fil. Shingle beach.
Plantago uniglumis, Wallr. Stony top of mountains.
" maritima, L. Nitrate pampa.
Rumex crispus, L. By water slopes of pampa.
" magellanicus, Griseb. Shingle beach.
Embothrium coccineum, Forst. Low slopes of mountains.
Myzodendron punctulatum, Soland. Forests on mountains;
parasitic on _Fagus
antarctica_.
" quadriflorum, DC. Forests, parasitic on
_Fagus antarctica_.
Arjona patagonica, Hombr. & Jacquem. Low slopes and pampas.
Quinchamalium procumbens, Ruiz &
Pav. Pampa.
Euphorbia portulacoides, Spreng. Pampa.
Urtica magellanica, Poir. Low slopes of mountains.
Fagus antarctica, Forst. Forests and mountains.
Empetrum nigrum var. andinum, DC. Grassy top of mountain.
Chloræa magellanica, Hook. fil. Slopes of Mount Buenos Aires.
Asarca araucana, Phil. Slopes of Mount Buenos Aires.
" _cf._ cardioglossa, Phil. Slopes of Mount Buenos Aires.
Stipa sp. Sandy slopes of foothills.
Phleum alpinum, L. Mountain slopes.
Alopecurus alpinus, Sm. Springs.
Arundo pilosa, D'Urv. Low slopes of mountains.
Poa pratensis, L. Sheltered pampa.
Festuca sp. Pampa.
Bromus sp. Pampa.
Hordeum jubatum, L. Slopes of mountains.
Carex Banksii, Boott. Swampy springs in forest on
mountain slope.
Sisyrinchium filifolium, Gaud. Pampa.
Aspidium mohrioides, Bory. Low slopes.
" coriaceum, Sw. Punta Bandera; mountain
slope; bush slope.
Lomaria alpina, Spreng. Swamp.
Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh. Forest.
Bryum sp. (immature) Wet forest.
Marchantia polymorpha, L. Forest swamp.
Usnea barbata, Ach. Growing on _Fagus
antarctica_.
" melaxantha. Ach. On rocks.
FOOTNOTE:
[67] Owing to the very short time allowed before going to press we are
unable to furnish a complete list. We hope, however, to give in a
future number of the _Journal of Botany_ a full list with notes on
critical or otherwise interesting species.
GLOSSARY
_Alazan_, a chestnut horse.
_Alpargatas_, shoes made of canvas with jute or hemp soles.
_Asado_, roast meat. In the camp cooked on a spit over the fire.
_Asador_, the spit on which meat is roasted.
_Asulejo_, a blue-eyed, grey and white horse.
_Bandurria_, an ibis.
_Barranca_, cliff-like banks of river or lagoon.
_Bayo_, a cream-coloured dun horse.
_Blanco_, white; a white horse or cow.
_Bocado_, a thong of raw hide passed twice round the lower
jaw of a young horse as a bit.
_Bolas_, _Boleadores_, three balls of stone covered with
raw hide and attached to one another by twisted thongs of
raw hide; used for catching wild animals.
_Boliche_, a small drinking-store.
_Bombilla_, a metal tube for sucking the tea from the
_maté_ cup.
_Bozal_, a halter.
_Cabresto_, a leading rein always attached to the _bozal_
for tying up the horse; from the Spanish word _cabestro_.
_Cacique_, an Indian chief or leader.
_Cañadon_, a dale or dip of low land between stretches of
high land.
_Capa_, a cape or cloak.
_Carancho_, the large, eagle-like carrion hawk (_Polyborus
tharus_).
_Carguero_, a pack-horse or mule.
_Carpa_, a tent, or shelter of a movable kind.
_Casa_, a house, even if only a mud hut.
_Cebruno_, a dark mouse-coloured horse with a reddish
tinge.
_Chico_, little.
_Chimango_, a harrier-like carrion hawk (_Milvago
Chimango_).
_China_, Indian woman; also a native Criska woman.
_Chiripá_, a loin-cloth the size of a _poncho_, and worn so
as to form loose, baggy trousers.
_Cinch_, English spelling of "Cincha," the raw-hide girth
used with native saddles.
_Colorado_, red; a bay horse.
_Cordillera_, the chain of mountains called the Andes.
_Cruzado_, a horse having crossed white feet--_i.e._, one
fore-foot white and one hind-foot of opposite sides; always
expected to be good horses.
_Estancia_, a farm in Argentina.
_Estanciero_, a stock-farmer in Argentina.
_Gateado_, a yellow dun horse with a black stripe down the
back.
_Gaucho_, the Argentine cowboy.
_Horqueta_, a fork; the separation of two streams forming a
fork; name of a horse with a forked cutting in the ear.
_Macho_, a male animal; especially a mule.
_Madrina_, the bell-mare followed by all the horses or
mules of a _tropilla_.
_Manada_, a herd of mares.
_Manea_, hobbles for a horse made of raw hide generally.
_Mañero_, a cunning, tricky horse or person.
_Martineta_, the "large partridge" (_Calo dromas elegans_).
_Maté_, the small gourd in which the _Yerba_ tea is made;
also the tea itself.
_Moro_, a dark blue roan horse.
_Mula_, female mule.
_Muy limpio_, literally "very clean."
_Oscuro_, a dark or black horse.
_Overo_, a spotted or splashed horse.
_Palenque_, posts or rails put up for tying-up horses.
_Pampa_, the great plains of South America.
_Pampero_, the south-west wind, often a hurricane in South
America, blowing across the Pampas.
_Pangaré_, a bay horse, with the peculiar mule-like
colouring of the nozzle.
_Pantano_, a mud hole; a sticky muddy place.
_Peon_, a working man or porter.
_Picaso_, a black horse with white feet and face.
_Plaza_, open square in a town.
_Poncho_, the rug or shawl, with a hole in middle, to slip
over the head.
_Potro_, a colt or wild horse.
_Puchero_, mutton or beef boiled with rice, and vegetables
when there are any.
_Rincon_, a corner.
_Rosado_, a light strawberry roan horse.
_Rosillo_, a red-roan horse.
_Soga_, a cord or strip of hide.
_Toldo_, an awning; the Indian tent of raw hides.
_Tordillo_, a grey horse.
_Tostado_, a dark chestnut horse.
_Travesia_, a desert.
_Tropilla_, the troop of horses or mules driven in front of
travellers in South America.
_Vaqueano_, a guide.
_Vega_, a valley.
_Yerba_, the Paraguayan tea, universal in Argentina.
_Zaino_, a brown horse.
INDEX
Alazan, 59, 139
Alpargatas, 231
Andes, _see_ Cordillera
Antiguos, Rio de los, 144-155
Arctotherium, 326-327
Ariel, _see_ launch
Argentino, Lake, 181, 188, 214
description, 190, 262, 263, 284
fish, 269
forests, 224, 272, 273, 274-276
glaciers, 266-268, 272-275
Lake Rica or South Fjord, 193, 271-74
North Fjord, 262-270, 278-279
storms, 215-219, 267-269
Armadillo, 40, 67, 248
Ascensio's Bay, 214-215
Asulejo, 53, 54, 167
Banduria, 135, 187, 189
Barckhausen, F., 31, 148-153
Basecamp, Horsham, 123, 124, 168
Beech, antarctic, 126, 149, 233, 275
Belgrano, River, 174
Bernardo, _see_ Hähansen
Bernicla poliocephala, _see_ ashy-headed goose
Boat, canvas, 266, 282
oleadores, 32, 52, 62, 81, 90, 234
Brunel, Ascensio, 194-195
Buenos Aires, Lake, 120, 121, 126, 130-143, 159
Burbury, T. R. D., 20, 26, 37, 47, 109, 181, 201, 242, 264, 268,
277
Califate-bush, 78, 99, 100, 203, 218, 265, 269
Calodromas elegans, _see_ martineta
Canis griseus, _see_ pampa-fox
Canis magellanicus, _see_ red-fox
Canis montanus, 260
Camera, 266
Carancho, 191
Cat, wild, 151
Cattle, E., 86, 193, 197, 206-219, 244, 249, 253, 255, 264, 266,
268, 282
Cattle, wild, 79-81, 140, 224-234
Cavy, 27, 46, 60, 67, 248, 257-258
Chico, River, 43, 46, 47, 58, 59
Chimango, 191
Chloephaga magellanica, _see_ upland goose
Christmas Day, 167-168
Colohuapi, 61, 63-65, 257
Colhué, Lake, 61
Columba maculosa, _see_ pigeon
Como No, 117, 118
Condor, 45, 147, 161, 164, 187, 191
Conepatus patagonicus, _see_ skunk
Cordillera, 2, 8, 121, 188, 215, 296
Corelli, M., 266
Coyly, River, 76, 289
Cruzado, 59, 137
Cygnus nigricollis, _see_ black-headed swan
Cypress, 275
Dafila spinicauda, _see_ brown pintail
Darwin, 2, 9, 27, 163, 181, 185, 187, 192, 252, 255, 257
Dasypus minutus, _see_ armadillo
Deseado, River, 136
Dogs, 46, 60, 245
Indian, 92, 111, 117-119
Dolichotis patagonica, _see_ cavy
Drake, Francis, 7-8
Duck, rosy-billed, 136
Farina, 269
Felis concolor puma, _see_ puma
Felis concolor pearsoni, 155, 253, 334-335
Felis onca, _see_ jaguar
Fenix, River, 127, 133
Fires, pampa, 140, 142, 143, 154, 220-222
FitzRoy, 254
Flamingo, 136, 187, 189
Forests, 224, 233, 265, 272-276, 296
Fox, pampa or grey, 26, 120, 231, 245-246, 258-259
red or Cordillera wolf, 132, 134, 142, 244-246, 259-265, 269,
274, 280
(Canis montanus), 260
Fuchsia, 228, 272
Gallegos, 2, 287, 289-291
Gateado, 51, 55, 61
Gaucho, 1, 12, 13, 32, 35-36, 38, 141
Genguel, River, 75, 120
Glaciers, 266-268, 272-275
Glaucidium nanum, _see_ pigmy owl
Gleditzsch, Fritz, 36-37, 68-69
Goose, ashy-headed, 37
upland, 73, 76, 79, 107, 123, 136
Grebe, 126, 209
Greenshields, 17, 30
Guanaco,
description, 27, 31, 81, 83, 105, 156, 256
habitat, 68, 107, 236, 254, 269, 280
habits, 43, 147, 236-239, 246, 255, 256
hunting with bolas, 105-107
with dogs, 106, 169, 237, 257
with rifle, 31, 49, 59-60, 138-140
mortality, 189, 203, 254
numbers, 27, 169, 189, 231, 254
skins, 83, 95
Gun, shot, 78
Hæmatopus palliatus, _see_ American oyster catcher
Hähansen, Bernardo, 183, 205-207, 213, 217, 264-265, 283, 286,
291
Hardy, Mrs., 185
Hawk, 275
Hell Gate, 220, 261-263, 277, 278
Hollesen, 68
Horqueta, 56
Horses, branding, 66
buying, 22
cargoing, 50-51, 55-56, 74
crossing river, 199, 211
friendships, 52
Indian, 110
names, 35
number, 26, 33
shoeing, 183
shooting with, 160
size, 110
straying, 37, 39
taming, 35, 36, 110
Huemul,
description, 146, 243, 249-250
habitat, 128, 248-249, 269, 280
habits, 163, 240-242, 249-251
Ibis, black-faced, 135
Icebergs, 267, 270, 274, 279
Incensio, 90
Indians, _see_ Tehuelches
Indian trail, 5, 109, 140, 171
Jaguar (felis onca), 68, 248, 325-326
Jeinemeni, River, 159, 161
Jones, H., 23, 76, 77, 139, 158, 166, 178, 242, 248
Katarina, River, 261, 279, 283-285
La Cancha, Laguna, 117
La Gaviota, 177, 179
Lama huanachus, _see_ Guanaco
Lapwings, cayenne, 187
Lasso, 77, 80
Launch,
breakdown, 213, 268, 271
description, 197, 200-201
passage of Leona, 204-212
North Fjord, 262-270, 278-280
South Fjord, 271-274
Leña dura, 228, 263, 265, 269, 286
Leona, River, 198, 201-212
Lion, _see_ puma
Madrina, 34
Magellan, 5, 87
Mareca sibilatrix, _see_ widgeon
Martineta, 49
Maté, 28, _passim_
Mauser, 49, 151, 157, 164, 233
Metopiana peposaca, _see_ rosy-billed duck
Mirage, 4, 29, 47
Moreno, Dr. F. P., 10, 242, 248, 261-262, 301-304
Moro, 290
Musters, Capt. G. C., 79, 88, 93, 99, 101, 247, 251, 332
Musters, Lake, 61
Mylodon, antiquity, 312-313, 315, 317, 329, 330
description of auditory ossicles, 321
brain cavity, 320
excrement, 323-324
skin, 305-309, 322-323
skull and mandible, 317-320
vertebræ and limb-bones, 321
discovery of remains, 302-304, 315-316
identification, 309-315, 324-325
number, 316
Tehuelche Legends, 330-333
Olin, River, 172
Onas,
hunting, 107
ill-treatment of, 109
physique, 108
weapons, 7
women, 108
Onohippidium saldiasi, 327
Orchids, 276
Ostrich, 26, 42, 43, 106, 231, 239
eggs, 45, 63, 146, 163
feathers, 119
habits, 136, 163, 239
hunting, 136, 137
Otter, 260
Overo, 41, 52
Owl, 275
pigmy, 269
Oyster-catchers, 117
Pampas, 1, 2, 4, 29, 30, 192
Paradox, 233
Parrot, 275
Patagonia,
climate, 5, 294
exploration, 5, 6-10
physical features, 2-4, 13
settlements, 11, 21-23
Pearson, Lake, 283-286, 334-335
Pearson's puma, 155, 253
Phœnicopterus ignipalliatus, _see_ flamingo
Picnics, 278
Pigafetta, 6
Pigeon, 158
Pintails, brown, 58, 74-78, 136
Plover, cayenne, 27
Primero de Mayo, 15-19
Puerto Belgrano, 17
Puerto Madryn, 19
Puma,
description, 45, 251
destructiveness, 30, 252
habitat, 44, 68, 212, 251
habits, 62, 242-244, 252
hunting, 62, 251
number, 251
size, 251
Punta Arenas, 2, 292
Querquedula cyanoptera, _see_ blue-winged teal
Querquedula versicolor, _see_ grey teal
Redwood, 275
Rhea Darwini, _see_ ostrich
Rica Lake, _see_ Lake Argentino
Roblé-wood, 265, 269
Rosada, 34, 52, 53
Santa Cruz, 178-180, 182, 192
Santa Cruz River, 181, 184, 198-199
Sarcorhamphus gryphus, _see_ condor
Scorpion, 127
Scrivenor, J. B., 17, 39, 49, 170, 181
Senguerr, River, 71, 72
Sheep farming, 17, 29, 62, 177, 294-295
Shoveller, red, 136
Skunk, 260
Snipe, 76, 189
Spatula platalea, _see_ red shoveller
Swan, black-necked, 78, 136
Teal, grey, 61
blue-winged, 77, 136
yellow-billed, 169
Tehuelches, 82-115
cacique, 7, 101
ceremonies at birth, 96
at marriage, 93
at burial, 97
character, 87, 90, 91, 92, 101-103
comparison with Esquimaux, 100
Tehuelches, comparison with Onas, 107-108
dance, 92
dress, 87, 94
drink, 88-89, 96, 102, 111-114
food, 87, 100
half-bloods, 91, 93, 94
horses, 99, 106, 110
hunting, 104-117
language, 101
marriage, 93
numbers, 88, 101, 109
occupation, 88, 94-95
physique, 6, 8, 9, 87-88, 90, 99, 101
religion, 97-99
skull-deformation, 92
smoking, 100-101
superstition, 86, 96-98
toldos, 82, 83, 85
weapons, 7, 89-90
women, 90-94, 288
Temperature, 58, 67, 120
Tent, 127, 173
Theristicus caudatus, _see_ black-faced ibis
Traders, 111-113, 295
Trelew, 20-22
Trelew, Mrs., 52, 170, 182
Vanellus cayennensis, _see_ cayenne plover
Ventana, Sierra, 175
Viedma, Lake, 9, 197, 203
Waag, H. P., 10, 62, 129, 174, 242, 291
Waggon, 42, 44, 47-49
Waldron, 11
Welsh colonies, 11, 21-23
colonists, 12, 22, 23, 64
Widgeon, 49, 58, 61, 133, 136, 269, 282
Wind, 116, 127
Wolf, Cordillera, 132, 134, 142, 244-246, 259-265, 269, 274, 280
Woodpecker, red-crested, 279
Xenelaphus bisulcus, _see_ huemul
Zaino, Little, 160, 167
old, 55, 71