Days | Times of | | |
of the| observation | Place | Wind | Weather
month| | | |
------+--------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------
APRIL |_Fahrenh._ deg.| | |
6 |VI. A.M. 34 |Carlisle in | N.W. |
| | Pennsylvania. | |
|II. P.M. 64 |127 miles from | S.W. | Fair all day.
| | Philad. | |
| | | |
7 |X. A.M. 52 |Strasburg, at | N. |
| | the foot of the | |
| | mountain. | |
|XI. A.M. 58 |Top of the | W.N.W. |
| | mountain. | |
|XII. M. 67 |Valley below. | |
|I-½. P.M. 57 |Top of the | |
| | second ridge. | |
|III. P.M. 69 |Fannetsburg; | W. |
| | 2d valley. | |
|V. P.M. 72 |Top of third | |
| | mountain. | |
|VII. P.M. 60 |Burnt Cabins; | S.W. | Fair all day.
| | 3d valley. | |
| | | |
8 |VI. A.M. 48 |Same place. | W.S.W. | Hazy.
|X. A.M. 62 |Foot of Sideling | | Fair, except
| | mountain. | | while enveloped
| | | | with clouds on
| | | | the side of the
| | | | mountain.
| | | |
9 |XII. M. 56 |}Borders of the }| N.W. | Fair.
|II. P.M. 65 |} Juniata. }| |
|V. P.M. 58 |} | |
| | | |
10 |VIII. A.M 39 |} same place | | Fair.
|I. A.M. 62 |} | |
|II. P.M. 68 |} | |
| | | |
11 |VII. A.M. 54 |Bedford | |}
|II. P.M. 78 |Foot of the | |} Fair.
| | Alleghany | |}
|VII. P.M. 52 |Top of the | |
| | mountain. | |
12 |I. A.M. 55 |Top of the | |
| | mountain | E. | Smoky.
|XII. M. 74 |Somerset | W. |
|V. P.M. 77 |Foot of Laurel | W. |
| | mountain. | |
|VII. P.M. 60 |Top of the mountain.| W. |Smoky all day.
13 |VI. A.M. 57 | same place | |
|X. A.M. 63 |Bottom of Laurel | | Hazy.
| | Hill | |
|XII. M. 84 |265 miles from | S.W. | Fair.
| | Philad. | |
|VII. P.M. 79 |280 same place. | | Smoky.
14 |VI. A.M. 70 |285 same place | | Shower.
| | (Westmoreland | |
| | County.) | |
|II. P.M. 65 Banks of | |
| | Monongahela. | |
|VII. P.M. 68 |Mifflin (Alleghany | |
| | Co.) 312 miles | |
| | from Philad. | |
15 |VI. A.M. 58 |Valley of | N.W. |}
| | Monongahela. | |}
| | | |} Rain.
|X. A.M. 64 |Pittsburg | W. |}
|VII. P.M. 55 |same place. | | Cloudy. Snow
|IX. P.M. 49 |same place. | | in the night.
16 |VII. A.M. 35 |} | | Clear.
|XII. M. 48 |} same place. | |Flurry of snow.
{80} |VI. P.M. 46 |} | | Cloudy.
| | | |
17 |VII. A.M. 44 |} | |
|XII. M. 46 |} Pittsburg. | S.E. | Fair[60]
|VI. P.M. 45 |} | |
| | | |
18 |VII. A.M. 43 |} | |
|XII. M. 63 |} same place. | S.E. by E.|Fair &
|VII. P.M. 60 |} | | pleasant.
19 |VII. A.M. 45 |Pittsburg. |} |
|II. P.M. 72 |Cannonsburg. |} S.S.W. | Fair.
|VII. P.M. 62 |Washington. |} |
20 |X. A.M. 62 |10 miles beyond | |
| | Wash. | |
|III. P.M. 78 |Shepherd’s mills | |}
| | on Wheeling | |} Fair.
| | Creek. | |}
|VI. P.M. 68 |Wheeling. | |}
21 |VII. A.M. 62 |Wheeling. | | Shower early
| | | | in morn.
|II. P.M. 75 |Captinat Island on | |}
| | the Ohio, 101 | |}
| | miles below | |}
| | Pittsburg. | |} Fair.
|VII. P.M. 72 |Fish Creek, 110 | |}
| | miles below | |}
| | Pittsburg. | |}
| | | |
22 |VII. A.M. 64 |Long reach on the | |}
| | Ohio 127 miles | |}
| | below Pittsburg. | |} Fair.
|II. P.M. 73 |Long reach. | |}
|VII. P.M. 65 |Head of Muskingum | |}
| | Isl. | |}
23 |VII. A.M. 58 |} | S.E. and |
|II. P.M. 65 |} Marietta. | by S. | Rainy.
|V. P.M. 63 |} | |
| | | |
24 |VII. A.M. 66 |} | |
|II. P.M. 68 |} same place. | S.S.W. | Rainy.
|V. P.M. 65 |} | |
| | | |
25 |VII. A.M. 55 |} | |
|II. P.M. 66 |} same place. | S.W.&W. | Rainy.
|V. P.M. 64 |} | |
| | | |
26 |VII. A.M. 46 |} | | Cloudy.
|II. P.M. 60 |} same place. | E.N.E. |}
|V. P.M. 58 |} | |} Fair.
| | | |
27 |VII. A.M. 48 |} | |
|XII. M. 61 |} same place. |E.and by S.| Fair.
|V. P.M. 57 |} | |
| | | |
28 |VII. A.M. 55 |} | |
|XII. M. 75 |} same place. | W.S.W. | Fair.
|V. P.M. 64 |} | |
| | | |
29 |VII. A.M. 59 |} | |
|XII. M. 70 |} same place. | S.W. | Fair.
|V. P.M. 68 |} | |
| | | |
30 |VII. A.M. 61 |} | |
|XII. M. 76 |} same place. | S.W. and | Fair.
|V. P.M. 75 |} | by W. | Hazy.
MAY | | | |
1 |VII. A.M. 72 |} | |}
|XII. M. 79 |} same place. }|Fresh wind |} Fair.
{81} |V. P.M. 68 |} }| W.N.W. |}
| | | |
2 |VII. A.M. 63 |} same place. | | Fair. Slight
|XII. M. 61 |} | N.W. | frost in the
|V. P.M. 50 | Marietta. | | night.
| | | |
3 |VII. A.M. 55 |} | |
|XII. M. 58 |} same place. | N.W. | Fair.
|V. P.M. 55 |} | |
| | | |
4 |VII. A.M. 54 |} | |
|XII. M. 62 |} same place. | S.S.W. | Fair.
|V. P.M. 58 |} | |
| | | |
5 |VII. A.M. 56 |} | |
|XII. M. 62 |} same place. | W.N.W. | Fair.
|V. P.M. 59 |} | |
| | | |
6 |VII. A.M. 54 |} | | Remarkably
|XII. M. 58 |} Bellepré. | N. | cold for
|V. P.M. 52 |} | | this region.
| | | | Fall of snow:
7 |VII. A.M. 44 |} | | very unusual
|XII. M. 52 |} same place. | N.N.W. | here, and more
|V. P.M. 39 |} | | than fell at
| | | | any one time
| | | | in the winter.
| | | |
8 |VII. A.M. 38 |} | |
|XII. M. 56 |} same place. | N.N.W. | Fair.
|V. P.M. 55 |} | |
| | | |
9 |VII. A.M. 53 |} | |
|XII. M. 58 |} same place. | | Fair.
|V. P.M. 56 |} | |
| | | |
10 |VII. A.M. 55 |} | |
|XII. M. 69 |} same place. | N.W. | Fair.
|V. P.M 58 |} | |
| | | |
11 |VII. A.M. 55 |} | |
|XII. M. 70 |} Marietta. | W.S.W. | Fair.
|V. P.M. 71 |} | |
| | | |
12 |VII. A.M. 65 |} | |
|XII. M. 80 |} same place. | W. and |
|V. P.M. 77 |} | by N. | Fair.
| | | |
13 |VII. A.M. 68 |} | |
|XII. M. 82 |} same place. | | Fair.
|V. P.M. 79 |} | |
| | | |
14 |VII. A.M. 72 |} Marietta. | |} Fair.
|XII. M. 80 |} | |}
|V. P.M. 79 | 8 miles up the | | Thundershower.
| | Muskingum. | |
| | | |
15 |VII. A.M. 71 |} At Rainbow, a | | Hazy.
|XII. M. 78 |} little village | |
|V. P.M. 75 |} 12 miles up | | Fair.
| |} the Muskingum. | |
| | | |
16 |VII. A.M. 78 |} Up the Muskingum. | | Broken clouds.
|XII. M. 83 |} | |
|V. P.M. 77 | 18 miles from | | Thun. showers.
| | Marietta. | |
| | | |
17 |VII. A.M. 62 |} Waterford, 25 | |
|XII. M. 85 |} miles from | | Fair.
{82} |V. P.M. 80 |} Marietta. | |
| | | |
18 |VII. A.M. 63 |} | |
|XII. M. 80 |} Waterford. | | Fair.
|V. P.M. 77 |} | |
| | | |
19 |VII. AM. 82 |} Returning from | | Showery.
|XII. M. 84 |} Waterford. | | Clouds united
|V. P.M. 86 |} | | from the N.E.
| | | | and S.W. with
| | | | a heavy thunder
| | | | shower.
20 |VII. A.M. 71 |} | |
|XII. M. 76 |} Marietta. | W.N.W. | Cloudy.
|V. P.M. 73 |} | | Fair.
| | | |
21 |VII. A.M. 63 |} | |
|XII. M. 69 |} same place. | W.N.W. | Cloudy.
|V. P.M. 65 |} | |
| | | |
22 |VII. A.M. 64 |} | W.N.W. | Rainy.
|XII. M. 69 |} same place. }| N.N.E. |
|V. P.M. 68 |} | S.S.W. | Fair.
| | | |
23 |VII. A.M. 5 |} | | Cloudy.
|XII. M. 66 |} same place. | |
|V. P.M. 60 |} | S.W. | Rain.
| | | |
24 |VII. A.M. 70 |} | | Cloudy.
|XII. M. 71 |} same place. | | Fair.
|V. P.M. 68 |} | | Thun. showers.
| | | |
25 |VII. A.M. 64 |} | | Fair.
|XII. M. 68 |} same place. | | Cloudy.
|V. P.M. 66 |} | | Thun. shower.
| | | |
26 |VII. A.M. 65 |} | }| Fair.
|XII. M. 68 |} same place. | }|
|V. P.M. 65 |} | |Flying clouds,
| | | | & distant thun.
27 |VII. A.M. 64 |} | |
|XII. M. 75 |} same place. | E.N.E. | Fair.
|V. P.M. 63 |} | |
| | | |
28 |VII. A.M. 62 |} | |
|XII. M. 68 |} Bellepré. | | Fair.
|V. P.M. 64 |} | |
| | | |
29 |VII. A.M. 58 | same place. | | Fair.
|XII. M. 63 |} Bellepré. | | Fair.
|V. P.M. 56 |} | |
| | | |
30 |VII. A.M. 59 |} | |
|XII. M . 72 |} same place. | | Fair.
|V. P.M. 70 |} | |
| | | |
31 |VII. A.M. 58 |}Vienna, a little | |
|XII. M. 72 |} village on the | |
|V. P.M. 60 |} Ohio, in the | | Fair.
| |} State of | |
| |} Virginia. | |
| | | |
JUNE | | | |
1 |VII. A.M. 71 |} | | Fair.
|XII. M. 80 |} Marietta. | | Scattered
|V. P.M. 76 |} | | clouds.
| | | |
2 |VII. A.M. 72 |} | |
|XII. M. 85 |} same place. | | Fair.
{83} |V. P.M. 81 |} | |
| | | |
3 |VII. A.M. 72 |} | |}
|XII. M. 79 |} same place. | S.S.W. |} Rainy.
|V. P.M. 74 |} | | Thunder.
| | | |
4 |VII. A.M. 71 |} | S.W. and |
|XII. M. 74 |} same place. | by W. | Rainy.
|V. P.M. 72 |} | |
| | | |
5 |VII. A.M. 69 |} | |Scatt. clouds.
|XII. M. 77 |} same place. | |} Fair.
|V. P.M. 62 |} | |}
| | | |
6 |VII. A.M. 67 |} Marietta. | |}
|XII. M. 75 | 25 miles up the | |} Fair.
| | river. | |}
|V. P.M. 63 | 48 do. | |}
| | | |
7 |VII. A.M. 66 | same place. | |}
|XII. M. 77 | 63 miles up the | |} Fair.
| | river. | |}
|V. P.M. 62 | Grave Creek. | |}
| | | |
8 |VII. A.M. 59 |} do. | |} Fair.
|XII. M. 76 |} | |}
|V. P.M. 70 | Wheeling. | | Shower.
| | | |
9 |VII. A.M. 64 |} | |
|XII. M. 73 |} Wheeling. | | Fair.
|V. P.M. 72 |} | |
| | | |
10 |VII. A.M. 68 | Wheeling. | |}
|XII. M. 84 | 12 miles from | |} Fair.
| | Wheeling. | |}
|V. P.M. 78 | Donegala, a small | |}
| | town in | |} Fair.
| | Pennsylvania. | |}
| | | |
11 |VII. A.M. 74 | Washington, in | |
|XII. M. 84 | Washington | |
|V. P.M. 82 | County, | |
| | Pennsylvania. | |
| | | |
12 |VII. A.M. 72 | same place. | |} Fair.
|XII. M. 84 |} | |}
|V. P.M. 83 |} Brownsville.[61] | |Thundershower
| | | | in the
| | | | evening.
{84} METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS
MADE AT GRENVILLE COLLEGE IN THE STATE OF TENNESSEE
_By_ WILLIAM CHANDLER, A.M. _one of the Tutors_
--------------------------------+-------------------------------------
_March, 1803_ | Observations
--------------------------------+-------------------------------------
Thermometer | The greatest degree of cold was on
-----------+-------+------+-----+ the 2d in the morning: the greatest
Times of |Highest|Lowest|Mean | degree of heat on the 26th P.M.
observation| | | | Prevalent winds from S. to W. A
-----------+-------+------+-----+ very little snow on the9th. From
Morning. | 65 | 63 | 44 | the 1st to 7th fair; on the 7th
Noon. | 73 | 20 | 58 | and 8th much rain, and some thunder;
P.M. | 75 | 20 | 63 | on the 13th, 14th, 15th, 19th, and
-----------+-------+------+-----+ 27th rain, much wind, and thunder.
Barometer |
+-------+------+-----+ The remaining days sunshine and
A.M. |28,80 |28,14 |28,50| pleasant. Peach trees bloom the
M. |28,82 |28,18 |28,56| latter end of this month.
P.M. |28,78 |28,33 |28,55|
-----------+-------+------+-----+-------------------------------------
_April_ | The greatest degree of cold was on
--------------------------------+ the 17th; the greatest degree of
Thermometer | heat was on the 29th. Prevalent
-----------+-------+------+-----+ winds from S. to N.W. Rain on the
Times of |Highest|Lowest|Mean | 4th, 15th, 20th, 22d, 23d, and 25th.
observation| | | | The atmosphere was very smoky a the
-----------+-------+------+-----+ considerable part of remaining days.
A.M. | 70 | 32 | 55 | On the 17th, 18th, and 19th were
M. | 78 | 50 | 69 | frosts which destroyed the young
P.M. | 82 | 54 | 70 | fruit, and the principal part of
-----------+-------+------+-----+ the mast.
Barometer |
+-------+------+-----+ Not much thunder this month.
A.M. |28,79 |28,21 |28,57|
M. |28,79 |28,21 |28,58|
P.M. |28,79 |28,43 |28,57|
-----------+-------+------+-----+-------------------------------------
_May_ |
--------------------------------+
Thermometer | The greatest degree of heat was on
-----------+-------+------+-----+ the 17th; the least on the 9th, when
Times of |Highest|Lowest|Mean | there was frost. Rain on the 1st,
observation| | | | 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 17th, 18th,
-----------+-------+------+-----+ 20th, 22d, 24th, and 26th; the other
A.M. | 70 | 44 | 61 | days were fair; but 25th, few of
M. | 82 | 58 | 73 | them smoky.
P.M. | 86 | 60 | 75 |
-----------+-------+------+-----+ Not much thunder this month.
Barometer |
+-------+------+-----+
A.M. |28,90 |28,26 |28,52|
M. |28,91 |28,26 |28,52|
P.M. |28,89 |28,27 |28,54|
--------------------------------+-------------------------------------
_June_ |
--------------------------------+-------------------------------------
Thermometer |
-----------+-------+------+-----+ Greatest degree of heat on the 17th
Times of |Highest|Lowest|Mean | and 27th, least on the 6th. Rain on
observation| | | | the 4th, 5th, 12th, 15th, 16th,
-----------+-------+------+-----+ 18th, and 19th. The remainder of
A.M. | 76 | 61 | 69 | the month pleasant. No days smoky.
M. | 83 | 72 | 78 |
P.M. | 87 | 72 | 83 | The meazles have prevailed this, and
-----------+-------+------+-----+ the preceding months, with greater
Barometer | severity than had been known before.
+-------+------+-----+ In many instances they proved fatal.
A.M. | 28,80 |28,33 |28,54|
M. | 28,81 |28,32 |28,56|
P.M. |28,77 |28,29 |28,54|
-----------+-------+------+-----+-------------------------------------
{85} _July_ |
--------------------------------+ The greatest degree of heat was on
Thermometer | the 12th and 13th; the least on the
-----------+-------+------+-----+ 6th and7th. The termometer has
Times of |Highest|Lowest|Mean | stood at 90 two or three times at
observation| | | | between III. and IV. P.M. We had
-----------+-------+------+-----+ rain on the 2d, 4th, 16th, 17th,
A.M. | 77 | 64 | 71 | and 24th.
M. | 86 | 72 | 79 |
P.M. | 89 | 75 | 73 | For the two last months the
-----------+-------+------+-----+ prevalent winds were from S.W. to
Barometer | W. We have very few winds from the
+-------+------+-----+ east. Storms are heard to roar in
A.M. | 28,79 |28,39 |28,58| the mountains, fifteen miles south
M. | 28,80 |28,35 |28,59| of this place, for one or more days
P.M. | 28,78 |28,34 |28,57| before they come.
-----------+-------+------+-----+
Note. _The time of P.M. |
observation is a little past |
the greatest heat of the day._ |
FOOTNOTES:
[1] General Rufus Putnam (born in Massachusetts, 1738)
served in the French and Indian War, and later
with distinction in the Revolution. He is best
known to history as the superintendent of the Ohio
Company and the founder of the soldier-colony at
Marietta. Self-educated, and rising to prominence
by force of will and character, his accomplishments
in engineering and surveying, and his services to
Western development, were valuable. Washington
appointed him surveyor-general for the United States
(1793), which position he held for ten years, when
removed as a Federalist by Jefferson. His interests
during all the later years of his life were bound
up with those of Ohio and the Marietta settlement.
At his death (1824) he was (with the exception of
Lafayette) the last surviving general officer of the
Revolutionary army.--ED.
[2] BECKFORD. History of Jamaica, vol. i. p.
191.--HARRIS.
[3] Harris travelled westward by the Pennsylvania
State Road, the great thoroughfare to the Western
country. It was completed about 1785, and passed
west from Carlisle through Shippensburg, Strasburg,
and Bedford. Beyond Bedford the road forked, and
Harris took the lower, or Glade Road. Michaux had
gone out the preceding year by the northern branch,
also reaching Carlisle by a different route. For a
more detailed description than Michaux gives, see
Cuming, _Sketches of a Tour of the Western Country_
(Pittsburg, 1810), which will be republished as vol.
iv of the present series.--ED.
[4] Harris is mistaken in his derivation of the term
“Burnt Cabins.” Little Meadows is nearly a hundred
miles west of this place. Burnt Cabins took its
name from the dispossession of the settlers by the
Pennsylvania authorities in 1750. About ten years
previous, groups of Scotch-Irish had begun to push
over the Susquehanna into the attractive basin of
the Juniata, which was still unpurchased Indian
territory. The aborigines were so incensed that a
deputation went to Philadelphia to protest, and
an Indian war appeared imminent. The government
sent out a commission headed by Secretary Peters,
and including George Croghan and Conrad Weiser
as members, to drive off the intruders and burn
their cabins. The official report is found in
_Pennsylvania Colonial Records_, v, pp. 440-449.
The settlers themselves aided in the work, and
Peters remarked, “It may be proper to add, that the
Cabbins or Log Houses which were burnt were of no
considerable Value, being such as the Country People
erect in a Day or two, and cost only the Charge of
an Entertainment [_i.e._, a log-rolling].” An Indian
war was thus averted. The locality has retained its
name of Burnt Cabins to the present day.--ED.
[5] This is a misprint for Bedford County, in which East
and West Providence townships are situated.--ED.
[6] See Gen. Braddock’s letter to Sir T. Robinson, June
5th, 1755.--HARRIS.
[7] Harris’s allusions to the various roads are
confusing and misleading. The road (Pennsylvania
State) which he left to the north, passing through
Ligonier and Greensburg, followed in the main the
route cut (1758) for Forbes’s army. Braddock’s Road
lay much to the south of this, going out from Fort
Cumberland, Maryland, on the Potomac. The question
of the availability of these two roads was a point
at issue during Forbes’s campaign. See Hulbert,
_Historic Highways of America_ (Cleveland, 1903),
vols. iv, v. Harris took neither Forbes’s Road,
nor Braddock’s (later the line of the Cumberland
National Road), but what was locally known as the
“Old Glade Road,” a branch of Forbes’s Road, leaving
the latter four miles beyond Bedford, and crossing
to the Youghiogheny through Somerset and Mount
Pleasant.--ED.
[8] The Old Glade Road, also locally known as
the Jones’s Mill Road, received legislative
appropriations during the early part of the
nineteenth century, and was quite as popular as
its northern rival, the State Road. It crossed the
Youghiogheny at what is now known as West Newton,
Westmoreland County. The term Budd’s Ferry is found
upon a map of 1792; but in the early part of the
century it was usually spoken of as Robbstown,
from the name of the first proprietor. The road
is now known as the “Wellersburg and West Newton
plank.”--ED.
[9] Letter to Sir T. Robinson, June 5, 1755.--HARRIS.
[10] The Youghiogheny is said to owe its name to the
Kanawha Indians, and to signify “four streams;”
that is, the three branches--Laurel Hill Creek,
the northern; Castleman’s River, the middle, or
southeast fork; and the South fork--unite to form
the fourth or main stream of the river. The point of
intersection was appropriately named Turkey’s Foot,
and at the site is the present town of Confluence,
Somerset County.--ED.
[11] The name of these falls in the Youghiogheny River
probably signifies “beautiful cascade.” At present
the total descent is thirty-six feet, and the
direct fall sixteen. The cascade is utilized for
water-power at the present Falls City, Fayette
County. For sketch of Rittenhouse, see Michaux’s
_Travels_, _ante_, p. 51.--ED.
[12] For note on Elizabethtown, see F. A. Michaux’s
_Travels_, _ante_, p. 162.--ED.
[13] Partly from a little pamphlet, published at
Pittsburg, called “The Ohio Navigator,” with such
other remarks as my own observation and inquiries
could supply.--HARRIS.
[14] For the early history of Morgantown, see F. A.
Michaux’s _Travels_, _ante_, p. 162.--ED.
[15] Jefferson’s Notes on Virginia.--HARRIS.
[16] The citation from Jefferson’s _Notes on Virginia_
ends with the word “seasons.” Jefferson does,
however, discuss the portage from the Cheat to the
Potomac, which he says “will be from 15 to 40 miles,
according to the trouble which shall be taken to
approach the two navigations.” A canal connecting
these two water-systems was a favorite project of
both Jefferson and Washington; the latter at one
time estimated that it would not need to exceed
twenty miles in length.--ED.
[17] New Geneva was originally laid out by Albert
Gallatin, who came to America in 1780, and four
years later bought a farm at the junction of
George’s Creek with the Monongahela. The name
of the town was given in honor of its founder’s
birthplace, and through his influence a number
of Swiss emigrants settled at this place. The
glass works were established by Gallatin (1795)
in conjunction with two German partners, the
Kramers brothers. Gallatin’s country house near New
Geneva was entitled “Friendship Hill,” and thereat
he entertained Lafayette on his last visit to
America.--ED.
[18] This is not to be confused with Greensburg, the
county-seat for Westmoreland. Greensburg (now
Greensboro), here mentioned, is on the Monongahela
in Greene County, nearly opposite New Geneva, and
was laid out by Gallatin’s friend and compatriot,
Badollet.--ED.
[19] For the early history of Brownsville, and the
erection of Fort Burd, see F. A. Michaux’s
_Travels_, _ante_, p. 159; also, Thwaites, _On the
Storied Ohio_.--ED.
[20] Many sailing vessels were built upon the Monongahela
from 1810-11. In the latter year the first steamboat
was launched at Pittsburg, and sailing vessels were
soon superseded.--ED.
[21] The site of Braddock’s field is now occupied by the
manufacturing town which takes its name from the
unfortunate British general. See Thwaites, _On the
Storied Ohio_.--ED.
[22] Loskiel’s History of Moravian missions in
America.--HARRIS.
[23] For the early history of Presqu’ Isle, and the road
built thence by the French expedition of 1753, see
Croghan’s _Journals_, vol. i of this series, p. 101,
note 62.--ED.
[24] For the history of Fort Le Boeuf, see Croghan’s
_Journals_, vol. i of this series, p. 102, note
65.--ED.
[25] Meadville was the earliest settlement in northwest
Pennsylvania, west of the Allegheny River. About
1788 a party came out from Wyoming Valley, led
by David Mead, who afterwards was judge and
major-general of militia for the district. The
settlement was almost exterminated during the Indian
wars, and its inhabitants obliged to take refuge
at Fort Franklin. Nevertheless, Meadville was laid
out as a town in 1793. It is the seat of Allegheny
College, founded in 1815.--ED.
[26] The word _freshet_, says the late Dr. Belknap,
means a river swollen by rain or melted snow, in
the interior country, rising above its usual level,
spreading over the adjacent low lands, and rushing
with an accelerated current to the sea.--Hist. of
New Hampshire, v. 3. preface.--HARRIS.
[27] For a brief notice of Fort Duquesne, see F. A.
Michaux’s _Travels_, _ante_, p. 156, note 20.--ED.
[28] For the two Pittsburg newspapers, see F. A.
Michaux’s _Travels_, _ante_ p. 157, note 21. The
glass works were built by General James O’Hara.--ED.
[29] For a sketch of Fort Fayette, see Michaux’s
_Travels_, _ante_, p. 32.--ED.
[30] Grant’s Hill is so named from the defeat (Sept. 11,
1758) of a detachment of Highlanders under Major
Grant by a party of French and Indians from Fort
Duquesne. Grant, who had been sent out by Bouquet,
commanding the van of Forbes’s army, to reconnoitre,
incautiously approached too near the enemies’
stronghold, was surrounded, and driven back with
many losses.--ED.
[31] Canonsburg was named for its first settler, Colonel
John Canon, who took up the land under a Virginia
warrant in 1773. Colonel Canon was a man of note
in Western Pennsylvania--justice of the peace,
commander of the militia, and representative in the
assembly.
Jefferson College, to which Harris refers, owes its
beginnings to Colonel Canon, who in 1791 donated
the lot and advanced money for building the first
structure. After long years of rivalry, Jefferson
College was finally consolidated (1869) with that
of Washington, at the town of that name, under the
joint title of Washington and Jefferson College.
Canonsburgh Academy occupies the former college
buildings.--ED.
[32] The town of Washington, when laid out in 1780, was
entitled Bassett Town. The name was changed when it
was chosen as the seat of Washington County.--ED.
[33] Alexandria, or West Alexander, was laid out by
Robert Humphreys in 1796. Humphreys, who had been a
Revolutionary soldier, serving under Lafayette, took
up the land on a Virginia military certificate, and
named the town in honor of his wife, whose maiden
name was Martha Alexander.--ED.
[34] Little Wheeling Creek.--HARRIS.
[35] This was the house of Moses Shepherd, son of Colonel
David Shepherd, one of the most prominent of the
pioneer officers of Western Virginia. The latter
came West in 1773, and built a blockhouse and fort
at the junction of Big and Little Wheeling Creeks,
where the village of Elm Grove is now situated.
Colonel Shepherd was county-lieutenant during the
Indian wars, assisted at both sieges of Wheeling,
joined Brodhead’s expedition, and was of great use
in protecting the frontier. The house mentioned by
Harris is said to be still standing.--ED.
[36] For the early history of Wheeling, see Michaux’s
_Travels_, _ante_, p. 33, note 15. There were two
routes from Pittsburg to Wheeling; one more direct,
but rougher, passing through West Liberty, was taken
by the younger Michaux (_q. v._) the year previous;
the stage route, by way of Canonsburg, Washington,
and Alexandria was that chosen by Harris.--ED.
[37] Fish Creek was on the “Warrior Branch,” a great
Indian highway leading from the Ohio into Tennessee.
The locality is interesting for its connection with
the early life of George Rogers Clark, who explored
the neighborhood as early as 1772, and passed the
succeeding winter in a log cabin about a mile above
Fish Creek. Clark was a leader among the young men
on the frontier, and held a school for them at the
cabin of his friend Yates Conwell, built directly
at the mouth of Fish Creek. The two years passed
here were valuable in the experience thus gained of
frontier life, which made his later career so marked
a success.--ED.
[38] Michaux says (_ante_, p. 177) that the inhabitants
of Marietta were the first to conduct an exchange
with the West Indies by means of vessels built at
their own docks.--ED.
[39] Judge Joseph Gilman was a native of New Hampshire,
where he had served as chairman of the committee of
safety during the troubled times of the Revolution.
He was one of the Ohio associates and removed to
Marietta in 1789. Governor St. Clair appointed him
probate judge, judge of the court of common pleas,
etc., until (1796) he was chosen one of the three
judges of the territory, an office which he filled
acceptably until the organization of the state of
Ohio (1803), when he again became a local justice.
Judge Gilman died at Marietta in 1806 at the age of
seventy.
His collaborator, Judge Dudley Woodbridge, was a
Connecticut man, graduate of Yale College, and
educated for the bar. The Revolution interrupted his
legal studies, which he later resumed, and after
removal to Ohio he was one of the first justices of
the new state. His son, William, became prominent in
politics, and was governor of Michigan.--ED.
[40] Joseph Tomlinson was the son of a Scotch-Irish
emigrant who had settled in Maryland, where the
former was born in 1745. He explored this region
as early as 1770, but made a permanent location
in 1772. The first town that Tomlinson attempted
to establish (1795), he named Elizabethtown for
his wife. It was later merged in Moundsville, West
Virginia, of which Tomlinson was also proprietor and
founder.--ED.
[41] The Biggs family was an important one in the pioneer
annals of Western Virginia. The father migrated from
Maryland, and about 1770 settled on Short Creek
above Wheeling. There were six sons noted as Indian
fighters of whom General Benjamin Biggs was best
known, having served in Lord Dunmore’s War and that
of the Revolution, and acting as brigadier-general
of Ohio County militia during the later Indian wars.
His papers form part of the Draper Manuscripts
Collection, belonging to the Wisconsin Historical
Society. Probably the Colonel Biggs mentioned by
Harris was Joseph, he having bought one of the first
lots in Elizabeth (now Moundsville).
Joseph Biggs took part as a boy in the siege of Fort
Henry, at Wheeling; defended a besieged blockhouse
in Ohio, opposite Wheeling, in 1791; and finally
died in Ohio about 1833. He claimed to have been
in seventeen Indian fights in and about the
neighborhood of Wheeling.--ED.
[42] This singular marking-stone is now deposited in Mr.
Turell’s Cabinet of Curiosities in Boston.--HARRIS.
[43] George Millar had one of the first potteries of this
region at Wheeling, and served as mayor of the town
(1806-7).--ED.
[44] For recent study of Indian mounds, consult
Smithsonian Institution _Report_, 1891 (Washington,
1893); also American Bureau of Ethnology, _Twelfth
Annual Report_ (Washington, 1894).--ED.
[45] Harris returned from Wheeling by a road which
followed the route later taken by the National
or Cumberland Road from Wheeling to Uniontown,
in Fayette County. See Searight, _The Old Pike:
A History of the National Road_ (Uniontown,
Pennsylvania, 1894) for the building and
continuation of this road, as well as the
Congressional debates thereon.
The town of Donegala has vanished from the map; it
was probably at or near the present Claysville, in
Donegal Township, Washington County.--ED.