RESULTS: The peace of Paris (1763) gives England Canada, the
supremacy in India and certain islands, especially in the West
Indies. Prussia retains Silesia. This war really founded the British
empire which is based on sea power and colonial dominion.
=WARS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION=--1792-1802.
(1) =Revolutionary France= vs. (2) Coalitions of England, Austria,
Prussia, Holland and Spain. The Empire, Russia.
a. First Coalition--1792-1797.
CAUSES: Intrigues of emigrés; horror of Europe at the execution of
the king; French offer of aid to revolutionists in other countries.
LEADERS: (1) =Dumouriez=, =Kellermann=, =Jourdan=, =Hoche=,
=Pichegru=, =Napoleon Bonaparte=, =Moreau=; (2) Duke of Brunswick,
Coburg, Charles of Austria.
CHIEF ACTIONS: (1) =Valmy=, =Occupation of Nice and Savoy=,
=Jemmapes=, =Execution of king= (=1793=), =Annexation of Belgium=,
=Fleurus=, =Lodi=, =Siege of Mantua=; (2) Mainz, Neerwinden,
Kaiserslautern, Wurzburg.
RESULTS: By peace of Campo Formio (1797) the French frontier is
advanced to the Rhine, Venice is given to Austria and the Cisalpine
and Ligurian republics founded in Italy under French control.
b. Bonaparte’s Egyptian Expedition--1798-1799.
CAUSES: Bonaparte aims to prepare the way to attack Great Britain’s
power in India and dreams of rivaling early conquerors of the east.
LEADERS: (1) =Napoleon Bonaparte=; (2) Nelson (England).
CHIEF ACTIONS: (1) =Battle of the Pyramids=; (2) Battle of the Nile
at Aboukir, Acre.
RESULTS: Nelson’s victory removes a serious menace to British power
in India, cuts off the French in Egypt and deprives France of
communication with its best troops and ablest general.
c. Second Coalition--1799-1802.
CAUSES: The mistakes of the government of the Directory and the
prestige of Nelson’s victory enable Great Britain to form the Second
Coalition.
LEADERS: (1) =Napoleon=, =Joubert=, =Moreau=; (2) Suvaroff, Melas,
Archduke John.
CHIEF ACTIONS: (1) =Marengo=, =Hohenlinden=; Napoleon’s passage of
the Alps (Great St. Bernard); (2) Novi.
RESULTS: The Peace of Presburg ends the contest between France and
Austria. Much harsher terms are imposed on Austria. Peace of
Luneville with Austria (1801); Peace of Amiens with England (1802);
Surrender of England’s conquests except Trinidad and Ceylon; Malta
to be restored to Knights of Malta.
=NAPOLEONIC WARS=--1802-1815.
(1) =France under Napoleon= vs. (2) European Powers led by England.
a. Third Coalition--1805.
CAUSES: Neither England nor France regarded the peace of Amiens as
more than a truce. Among the many causes of friction leading to
renewal of war, chief place was given to England’s refusal to
restore Malta.
LEADERS: (1) =Napoleon=; (2) Nelson, Mack, Alexander I. (Russia),
Kutusoff.
CHIEF ACTIONS: (1) =Ulm=, =Austerlitz=; (2) Trafalgar.
RESULTS: As a result of his brilliant successes, Napoleon, in 1802
becomes consul for life and in 1804 took the title emperor of the
French. Confirmation of treaty of Campo Formio, with the recognition
of Batavian, Helvetian, Cisalpine and Ligurian republics.
b. (Fourth) War with Prussia and Russia--1806-1807.
CHIEF ACTIONS: (1) =Double battle of Jena and Auerstädt=, =Berlin
decree=, =Eylau= (=indecisive=), =Friedland.=
RESULTS: By the treaties of Tilsit (1807) Russia recognizes
Napoleon’s relatives as kings of Naples, Holland and Westphalia and
consents to the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine and the
grand duchy of Warsaw under Napoleon’s control. Alexander and
Napoleon combine to dominate Europe. Prussia cedes territories
containing half her population.
c. Peninsular War--1808-1814.
CAUSES: Rebellion of Spain against Joseph Bonaparte, whom Napoleon
had placed on the throne.
LEADERS: (1) =Soult=, =Massena=; (2) Duke of Wellington.
CHIEF ACTIONS: (1) =Corunna=; (2) Talavera, Lines of Torres Vedras,
Albuera, Salamanca, Vittoria, Toulouse.
RESULTS: French expelled from the peninsula.
d. Fifth War with Austria--1809.
LEADERS: (1) =Napoleon=; (2) Archduke Charles.