Provisionally; organization of a national militia.
11. _Suppression of hereditary offices, and establishment of a
Republic._
II.--ECONOMIC PROGRAM
A.--_General Measures_
1. _Organization of statistics._
(_a_) Creation of a Ministry of Labor.
(_b_) Pecuniary aid from the public authorities for the organization
of labor secretariates by workmen and employers.
2. _Legal recognition of associations, especially--_
(_a_) Legal recognition of trade-unions.
(_b_) Reform of the law on friendly societies and co-operative
societies and subsidy from the public authorities.
(_c_) Repression of infringements of the right of combination.
3. _Legal regulation of the contract of employment._
Extension of laws protecting labor to all industries, and especially
to agriculture, shipping, and fishing. Fixing of a minimum wage and
maximum of hours of labor for workers, industrial or agricultural,
employed by the State, the Communes, the Provinces, or the contractors
for public works.
Intervention of workers, and especially of workers' unions, in the
framing of rules. Suppression of fines. Suppression of savings-banks
and benefit clubs in workshops. Fixing of a maximum of 6,000 francs
for public servants and managers.
4. _Transformation of public charity into a general insurance of all
citizens--_
(_a_) against unemployment;
(_b_) against disablement (sickness, accident, old age);
(_c_) against death (widows and orphans).
5. _Reorganization of public finances._
(_a_) Abolition of indirect taxes, especially taxes on food and
customs tariffs.
(_b_) Monopoly of alcohol and tobacco.
(_c_) Progressive income-tax. Taxes on legacies and gifts between the
living (excepting gifts to works of public utility).
(_d_) Suppression of intestate succession, except in the direct line
and within limits to be determined by law.
6. _Progressive extension of public property._
The State to take over the National Bank. Social organization of
loans, at interest to cover costs only, to individuals and to
associations of workers.
i. _Industrial property._
Abolition, on grounds of public utility, of private ownership
in mines, quarries, the subsoil generally, and of the great
means of production and transport.
ii. _Agricultural property._
(_a_) Nationalization of forests.
(_b_) Reconstruction or development of common lands.
(_c_) Progressive taking over of the land by the State or the
communes.
7. _Autonomy of public services._
(_a_) Administration of the public services by special autonomous
commissions, under the control of the State.
(_b_) Creation of committees elected by the workmen and employees of
the public services to debate with the central administration the
conditions of the remuneration and organization of labor.
B.--_Particular Measures for Industrial Workers_
1. _Abolition of all laws restricting the right of combination._
2. _Regulation of industrial labor._
(_a_) Prohibition of employment of children under fourteen.
(_b_) Half-time system between the ages of fourteen and eighteen.
(_c_) Prohibition of employment of women in all industries where it is
incompatible with morals or health.
(_d_) Reduction of working-day to a maximum of eight hours for adults
of both sexes, and minimum wage.
(_e_) Prohibition of night-work for all categories of workers and in
all industries, where this mode of working is not absolutely
necessary.
(_f_) One day's rest per week, so far as possible on Sunday.
(_g_) Responsibility of employers in case of accidents, and
appointment of doctors to attend persons wounded.
(_h_) Workmen's memorandum-books and certificates to be abolished, and
their use prohibited.
3. _Inspection of work._
(_a_) Employment of paid medical authorities, in the interests of
labor hygiene.
(_b_) Appointment of inspectors by the Councils of Industry and Labor.
4. _Reorganization of the Industrial Tribunals_ (Conseils de
Prud'hommes) _and the Councils of Industry and Labor_.
(_a_) Working women to have votes and be eligible.
(_b_) Submission to the Courts to be compulsory.
5. _Regulation of work in prisons and convents._
C.--_Particular Measures for Agricultural Workers_
1. _Reorganization of the Agricultural Courts._
(_a_) Nomination of delegates in equal numbers by the landowners,
farmers, and laborers.
(_b_) Intervention of the Chambers in individual or collective
disputes between landowners, farmers, and agricultural workers.
(_c_) Fixing of a minimum wage by the public authorities on the
proposition of the Agricultural Courts.
2. _Regulation of contracts to pay farm-rents._
(_a_) Fixing of the rate of farm-rents by Committees of Arbitration or
by the reformed Agricultural Courts.
(_b_) Compensation to the outgoing farmer for enhanced value of
property.
(_c_) Participation of landowners, to a wider extent than that fixed
by the Civil Code, in losses incurred by farmers.
(_d_) Suppression of the landowner's privilege.
3. _Insurance by the provinces, and reinsurance by the State, against
epizootic diseases, diseases of plants, hail, floods, and other
agricultural risks._
4. _Organization by the public authorities of a free agricultural
education._
Creation or development of experimental fields, model farms,
agricultural laboratories.
5. _Purchase by the communes of agricultural implements to be at the
disposal of their inhabitants._
Assignment of common lands to groups of laborers engaging not to
employ wage labor.
6. _Organization of a free medical service in the country._
7. _Reform of the Game Laws._
(_a_) Suppression of gun licenses.
(_b_) Suppression of game preserves.
(_c_) Right of cultivators to destroy all the year round animals which
injure crops.
8. _Intervention of public authorities in the creation of agricultural
co-operative societies--_
(_a_) For buying seed and manure.
(_b_) For making butter.
(_c_) For the purchase and use in common of agricultural machines.
(_d_) For the sale of produce.
(_e_) For the working of land by groups.
9. _Organization of agricultural credit._
III.--COMMUNAL PROGRAM
1. _Educational reforms._
(_a_) Free scientific instruction for children up to fourteen. Special
courses for older children and adults.
(_b_) Organization of education in trades and industries, in
co-operation with workmen's organizations.
(_c_) Maintenance of children; except where the public authorities
intervene to do so.
(_d_) Institution of school refreshment-rooms. Periodical distribution
of boots and clothing.
(_e_) Orphanages. Establishments for children abandoned or cruelly
ill-treated.
2. _Judicial reforms._
Office for consultations free of charge in cases coming before the
law-courts, the industrial courts, etc.
3. _Regulation of work._
(_a_) Minimum wage and maximum working-day to be made a clause in
contracts for communal works.
(_b_) Intervention of trade associations in the fixing of rates of
wages, and general regulation of industry. The Echevin of Public Works
to supervise the execution of these clauses in contracts.
(_c_) Appointment by the workmen's associations of inspectors to
supervise the clauses in contracts.
(_d_) Rigorous application of the principle of tenders open to all,
for all services which, during a transition-period, are not managed
directly.
(_e_) Permission to trade-unions to tender, and abolition of
security-deposit.
(_f_) Creation of _Bourses du Travail_, or at least offices for the
demand and supply of employment, whose administration shall be
entrusted to trade-unions or labor associations.
(_g_) Fixing of a minimum wage for the workmen and employees of a
commune.
4. _Public charity._
(_a_) Admission of workmen to the administration of the councils of
hospitals and of public charity.
(_b_) Transformation of public charity and the hospitals into a system
of insurance against old age. Organization of a medical service and
drug supply. Establishment of public free baths and wash-houses.
(_c_) Establishment of refuges for the aged and disabled.
Night-shelter and food-distribution for workmen wandering in search of
work.
5. _Complete neutrality of all communal services from the
philosophical point of view._
6. _Finance._
(_a_) Saving to be effected on present cost of administration. Maximum
allowance of 6,000 francs for mayors and other officials. Costs of
entertainment for mayors who must incur certain private expenses.
(_b_) Income tax.
(_c_) Special tax on sites not built over and houses not let.
7. _Public services._
(_a_) The commune, or a federation of communes composing one
agglomeration, is to work the means of transport--tramways, omnibuses,
cabs, district railways, etc.
(_b_) The commune, or federation of communes, is to work directly the
services of general interest at present conceded to companies--lighting,
water-supply, markets, highways, heating, security, health.
(_c_) Compulsory insurance of the inhabitants against fire; except
where the State intervenes to do so.
(_d_) Construction of cheap dwellings by the commune, the hospices,
and the charity offices.
V. ENGLAND
GROWTH OF SOCIALISTIC SENTIMENT IN ENGLAND
In 1885 the Earl of Wemyss made a speech in the House of Lords
deploring the advancement of state interference in business and giving
a resume of the Acts of Parliament that showed how "Socialism" invaded
St. Stephens from 1870 to 1885.
His speech is interesting, not because it voices the
ultra-Conservative's apprehensions but because the Earl had really
discovered the legal basis of the new Social Democratic advance, which
had come unheralded. The Earl reviewed the bills that Parliament had
sanctioned, which dealt with state "interference." Twelve bills
referred to lands and houses. "All of these measures assume the right
of the state to regulate the management of, or to confiscate real
property"--steps in the direction of substituting "land
nationalization" for individual ownership. Five laws dealt with
corporations, "confiscating property of water companies," etc.; nine
dealt with ships: "all of them assertions by the Board of Trade of its
right to regulate private enterprise and individual management in the
mercantile marine;" six with mines, "prompting a fallacious confidence
in government inspection;" six with railways, "all encroachments upon
self-government of private enterprise in railways--successive steps in
the direction of state railways." Nine had to do with manufactures and
trades, "invasions by the state of the self-government of the various
interests of the country, and curtailment of the freedom of contract
between employers and employed." "The Pawnbrokers' Act of 1872 was the
thin edge of the wedge for reducing the business of the 'poor man's
banks' to a state monopoly." Twenty laws dealt with liquor, "all
attempts on the part of the state to regulate the dealings and habits
of buyers and sellers of alcoholic drinks." Sixteen dealt with
dwellings of the working class, "all embodying the principle that it
is the duty of the state to provide dwellings, private gardens, and
other conveniences for the working classes, and assume its right to
appropriate land for these purposes." There were nine education acts,
"all based on the assumption that it is the duty of the state to act
_in loco parentis_." Four laws dealt with recreation, "whereby the
state, having educated the people in common school rooms, proceeds to
provide them with common reading-rooms, and afterwards turns them out
at stated times into the streets for common holidays."
Of local government and improvement acts, there were passed "a vast
mass of local legislation ... containing interferences in every
conceivable particular with liberty and property."
The Earl quotes Lord Palmerston as saying in 1865, "Tenant right is
landlord wrong," and Lord Sherbrooke, in 1866, "Happily there is an
oasis upon which all men, without distinction of party, can take
common stand, and that is the good ground of political economy." And
the noble lord concludes by predicting, "The general social results of
such Socialistic legislation may be summed up in 'dynamite,'
'detectives,' and 'general demoralization.'"[1]
In 1887 the Earl again turned his guns upon the radical advance, but
only seven peers were on the benches to listen. In 1890 he made a
third resume under a more liberal patronage of listeners; this time
the factory laws and inspection measures came in for his especial
criticism. He said: "Now, my lords, what is the character of all this
legislation? It is to substitute state help for self help, to regulate
and control men in their dealings with one another with regard to land
or anything else. The state now forbids contracts, breaks contracts,
makes contracts. The whole tendency is to substitute the state or the
municipality for the free action of the individual."[2]
AN EARLY POLITICAL BROADSIDE BY THE MARXIANS.
The earlier attitude of the Marxian Socialists of London toward
participating in elections is shown in the following broadside, dated
July, 1895:
"We, revolutionary Social Democrats, disdain to conceal our
principles. We proclaim the class war. We hold that the lot of the
worker cannot to any appreciable extent be improved except by a
complete overthrow of this present capitalist system of society. The
time for social tinkering has gone past. Government statistics show
that the number of unemployed is slowly but surely increasing, and
that the decreases in wages greatly preponderate over the increases,
and everything points to the fact that the condition of your class is
getting worse and worse.
"Refuse once for all to allow your backs to be made the stepping
stones to obtain that power which they (the politicians) know only too
well how to use against you.
"Scoff at their patronizing airs and claim your rights like men.
Refuse to give them that which they want, i.e., your vote. Give them
no opportunity of saying that they are _your_ representatives. Refuse
to be a party to the fraud of present-day politics, and
"ABSTAIN FROM VOTING."
THRIFT INSTITUTIONS IN ENGLAND FOR SAVINGS, INSURANCE, ETC., 1907
(FROM CHIOZZA MONEY--"RICHES AND POVERTY," p. 56)
----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------
_Name of Institution_ | _Number of | _Funds_--L
| Members_ |
----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------
Building Societies | 623,047 | 73,289,229
========================================+==============+==============
Ordinary Friendly Societies | 3,418,869 | 19,346,567
Friendly Societies having branches | 2,710,437 | 25,610,365
Collecting Friendly Societies | 9,010,574 | 9,946,447
Benevolent Societies | 29,716 | 337,393
Workingmen's Clubs | 272,847 | 381,463
Specially Authorized Societies | 70,980 | 532,717
Specially Authorized Loan Societies | 141,850 | 897,784
Medical Societies | 313,755 | 65,513
Cattle Insurance Settlers | 4,029 | 8,570
Shop Clubs | 12,207 | 1,349
----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------
Total | 15,983,264 | 57,128,168
========================================+==============+==============
Co-operative Societies, industry and | |
trade | 2,461,028 | 53,788,917
Business Co-operative Societies | 108,550 | 984,680
Land Co-operative Societies | 18,631 | 1,619,716
----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------
Total | 2,588,209 | 56,393,313
========================================+==============+==============
Trade Unions | 1,973,560 | 6,424,176
Workmen's Compensation Schemes | 99,371 | 164,560
Friends of Labor Loan Societies | 33,576 | 260,905
----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------
Grand Total of Registered Provident | |
Societies | 21,301,027 | 193,660,351
========================================+==============+==============
Railway Savings Banks | 64,126* | 5,865,351@
Trustee Savings Banks | 1,780,214* | 61,729,588@
Post Office Savings Banks | 10,692,555* | 178,033,974@
----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------
Bank Total | 12,536,895 | 245,628,634
----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------
Grand Total | 33,837,922 | 439,388,985
----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------
| * Depositions| @ Deposits
----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------
In this table allowance must be made for those belonging to more
than one society, and, of course, not all the depositors or
members are workingmen, especially in the savings banks and
building-societies.
CONSTITUTION AND STANDING ORDERS OF THE INDEPENDENT LABOR PARTY OF
ENGLAND
STANDING ORDERS (1911)
_Contributions_
Affiliation Fees and Parliamentary Fund Contributions must be paid by
December 31st each year.
_Annual Conference_
1. The Annual Conference shall meet during the month of January.
2. Affiliated Societies may send one delegate for every thousand or
part of a thousand members paid for.
3. Affiliated Trades Councils and Local Labor Parties may send one
delegate if their affiliation fee has been 15s., and two delegates if
the fee has been 30s.
4. Persons eligible as delegates must be paying bona fide members or
paid permanent officials of the organizations sending them.
5. A fee of 5s. per delegate will be charged.
6. The National Executive will ballot for the places to be allotted to
the delegates.
7. Voting at the Conference shall be by show of hands, but on a
division being challenged, delegates shall vote by cards, which shall
be issued on the basis of one card for each thousand members, or
fraction of a thousand, paid for by the Society represented.
_Conference Agenda_
1. Resolutions for the Agenda and Amendments to the Constitution must
be sent in by November 1st each year.
2. Amendments to Resolutions must be sent in by December 15th each
year.
_Nominations for National Executive and Secretaryship_
1. Nominations for the National Executive and the Secretaryship must
be sent in by December 15th.
2. No member of the Parliamentary Committee of the Trade Union
Congress or of the Management Committee of the General Federation of
Trade Unions is eligible for nomination to the National Executive.
CONSTITUTION
(As revised under the authority of the Newport Conference, 1910)
ORGANIZATION
I. _Affiliation._
1. The Labor Party is a Federation consisting of Trade Unions, Trades
Councils, Socialist Societies, and Local Labor Parties.
2. A Local Labor Party in any constituency is eligible for
affiliation, provided it accepts the Constitution and policy of the
Party, and that there is no affiliated Trades Council covering the
constituency, or that, if there be such Council, it has been consulted
in the first instance.
3. Co-operative Societies are also eligible.
4. A National Organization of Women, accepting the basis of this
Constitution, and the policy of the Party, and formed for the purpose
of assisting the Party, shall be eligible for affiliation as though it
were a Trades Council.
II. _Object._
To secure the election of Candidates to Parliament and organize and
maintain a Parliamentary Labor Party, with its own whips and policy.
III. _Candidates and Members._
1. Candidates and Members must accept this Constitution; agree to
abide by the decisions of the Parliamentary Party in carrying out the
aims of this Constitution; appear before their constituencies under
the title of Labor Candidates only; abstain strictly from identifying
themselves with or promoting the interests of any Parliamentary Party
not affiliated, or its Candidates; and they must not oppose any
Candidate recognized by the National Executive of the Party.
2. Candidates must undertake to join the Parliamentary Labor Party, if
elected.
IV. _Candidatures._
1. A Candidate must be promoted by an affiliated Society which makes
itself responsible for his election expenses.
2. A Candidate must be selected for a constituency by a regularly
convened Labor Party Conference in the constituency. [The Hull
Conference accepted the following as the interpretation of what a
"Regularly Convened Labor Party Conference" is:--All branches of
affiliated organizations within a constituency or divided borough
covered by a proposal to run a Labor Candidate must be invited to send
delegates to the Conference, and the local organization responsible
for calling the Conference may, if it thinks fit, invite
representatives from branches of organizations not affiliated but
eligible for affiliation.]
3. Before a Candidate can be regarded as adopted for a constituency,
his candidature must be sanctioned by the National Executive; and
where at the time of a by-election no Candidate has been so
sanctioned, the National Executive shall have power to withhold its
sanction.
V. _The National Executive._
The National Executive shall consist of fifteen members, eleven
representing the Trade Unions, one the Trades Councils, Women's
Organizations, and Local Labor Parties, and three the Socialist
Societies, and shall be elected by ballot at the Annual Conference by
their respective sections.
VI. _Duties of the National Executive._
The National Executive Committee shall
1. Appoint a Chairman, Vice-Chairman, and Treasurer, and shall
transact the general business of the Party;
2. Issue a list of its Candidates from time to time, and recommend
them for the support of the electors;
3. Report to the affiliated organization concerned any Labor Member,
Candidate, or Chief Official who opposes a Candidate of the Party, or
who acts contrary to the spirit of the Constitution;
4. And its members shall strictly abstain from identifying themselves
with or promoting the interests of any Parliamentary Party not
affiliated, or its Candidates.
VII. _The Secretary._
The Secretary shall be elected by the Annual Conference, and shall be
under the direction of the National Executive.
VIII. _Affiliation Fees and Delegates._
1. Trade Unions and Socialist Societies shall pay 15s. per annum for
every thousand members or fraction thereof, and may send to the Annual
Conference one delegate for each thousand members.
2. Trades Councils and Local Labor Parties with 5,000 members or under
shall be affiliated on an annual payment of 15s.; similar
organizations with a membership of over 5,000 shall pay L1 10s., the
former Councils to be entitled to send one delegate with one vote to
the Annual Conference, the latter to be entitled to send two delegates
and have two votes.
3. In addition to these payments a delegate's fee to the Annual
Conference may be charged.
IX. _Annual Conference._
The National Executive shall convene a Conference of its affiliated
Societies in the month of January each year.
Notice of resolutions for the Conference and all amendments to the
Constitution shall be sent to the Secretary by November 1st, and shall
be forthwith forwarded to all affiliated organizations.
Notice of amendments and nominations for Secretary and National
Executive shall be sent to the Secretary by December 15th, and shall
be printed on the Agenda.
X. _Voting at Annual Conference._
There shall be issued to affiliated Societies represented at the
Annual Conference voting cards as follows:
1. Trade Unions and Socialist Societies shall receive one voting card
for each thousand members, or fraction thereof paid for.
2. Trades Councils and Local Labor Parties shall receive one card for
each delegate they are entitled to send.
Any delegate may claim to have a vote taken by card.
PARLIAMENTARY FUND
I. _Object._
To assist in paying the election expenses of Candidates adopted in
accordance with this Constitution, in maintaining them when elected;
and to provide the salary and expenses of a National Party Agent.
II. _Amount of Contribution._
1. Affiliated Societies, except Trades Councils, and Local Labor
Parties shall pay a contribution to this fund at the rate of 2d. per
member per annum, not later than the last day of each financial year.
2. On all matters affecting the financial side of the Parliamentary
Fund only contributing Societies shall be allowed to vote at the
Annual Conference.
III. _Trustees._
The National Executive of the Party shall, from its number, select
three to act as Trustees, any two of whom, with the Secretary, shall
sign checks.
IV. _Expenditure._
1. _Maintenance._--All Members elected under this Constitution shall
be paid from the Fund equal sums not to exceed L200 per annum,
provided that this payment shall only be made to Members whose
Candidatures have been promoted by one or more Societies which have
contributed to this Fund; provided further that no payment from this
Fund shall be made to a Member or Candidate of any Society which has
not contributed to this Fund for one year, and that any Society over
three months in arrears shall forfeit all claim to the Fund on behalf
of its Members or Candidates, for twelve months from the date of
payment.
2. _Returning Officers' Expenses._--Twenty-five per cent. of the
Returning Officers' net expenses shall be paid to the Candidates,
subject to the provisions of the preceding clause, so long as the
total sum so expended does not exceed twenty-five per cent. of the
Fund.
3. _Administration._--Five per cent. of the Annual Income of the Fund
shall be transferred to the General Funds of the Party, to pay for
administrative expenses of the Fund.
THE INDEPENDENT LABOR PARTY: CONSTITUTION AND RULES, 1910-1911
NAME
_The Independent Labor Party._
MEMBERSHIP
Open to all Socialists who indorse the principles and policy of the
Party, are not members of either the Liberal or Conservative Party,
and whose application for membership is accepted by a Branch.
Any member expelled from membership of a Branch of the I.L.P. shall
not be eligible for membership of any other branch without having
first submitted his or her case for adjudication of the N.A.C.
OBJECT
The Object of the Party is to establish the Socialist State, when land
and capital will be held by the community and used for the well-being
of the community, and when the exchange of commodities will be
organized also by the community, so as to secure the highest possible
standard of life for the individual. In giving effect to this object
it shall work as part of the International Socialist Movement.
METHOD
The Party, to secure its objects, adopts--
1. _Educational Methods_, including the publication of Socialist
literature, the holding of meetings, etc.
2. _Political Methods_, including the election of its members to local
and national administrative and legislative bodies.
PROGRAM
The true object of industry being the production of the requirements
of life, the responsibility should rest with the community
collectively, therefore:--
The land being the storehouse of all the necessaries of life should be
declared and treated as public property.
The capital necessary for the industrial operations should be owned
and used collectively.
Work, and wealth resulting therefrom, should be equitably distributed
over the population.
As a means to this end, we demand the enactment of the following
measures:--
1. A maximum of 48 hours' working week, with the retention of all
existing holidays, and Labor Day, May 1st, secured by law.
2. The provision of work to all capable adult applicants at recognized
Trade Union rates, with a statutory minimum of 6d. per hour.
In order to remuneratively employ the applicants, Parish, District,
Borough, and County Councils to be invested with powers to:--
(_a_) Organize and undertake such industries as they may consider
desirable.
(_b_) Compulsorily acquire land; purchase, erect, or manufacture
buildings, stock, or other articles for carrying on such industries.
(_c_) Levy rates on the rental values of the district, and borrow
money on the security of such rates for any of the above purposes.
3. State pension for every person over 50 years of age, and adequate
provision for all widows, orphans, sick and disabled workers.
4. Free, secular, moral, primary, secondary, and university education,
with free maintenance while at school or university.
5. The raising of the age of child labor, with a view to its ultimate
extinction.
6. Municipalization and public control of the Drink Traffic.
7. Municipalization and public control of all hospitals and
infirmaries.
8. Abolition of indirect taxation and the gradual transference of all
public burdens on to unearned incomes with a view to their ultimate
extinction.
The Independent Labor Party is in favor of adult suffrage, with full
political rights and privileges for women, and the immediate extension
of the franchise to women on the same terms as granted to men; also
triennial Parliaments and second ballot.
ORGANIZATION
I.--OFFICERS
1. Chairman and Treasurer.
2. A _National Administrative Council._--To be composed of fourteen
representatives, in addition to the two officers.
3. No member shall occupy the office of Chairman of the Party for a
longer consecutive period than three years, and he shall not be
eligible for re-election for the same office for at least twelve
months after he has vacated the chair.
4. _Election of N.A.C._--Four members of the N.A.C. shall be elected
by ballot at the Annual Conference, and ten by the votes of members in
ten divisional areas.
5. _Duties of N.A.C._--
(_a_) To meet at least three times a year to transact business
relative to the Party.
(_b_) To exercise a determining voice in the selection of
Parliamentary candidates, and, where no branch exists, to choose such
candidates when necessary.
(_c_) To raise and disburse funds for General and By-Elections, and
for other objects of the Party.
(_d_) To deal with such matters of local dispute between branches and
members which may be referred to its decision by the parties
interested.
(_e_) To appoint General Secretary and Officials, and exercise a
supervising control over their work.
(_f_) To engage organizers and lecturers when convenient, either
permanently or for varying periods, at proper wages, and to direct and
superintend their work.
(_g_) To present to the Annual Conference a report on the previous
year's work and progress of the Party.
(_h_) To appoint when necessary sub-committees to deal with special
branches of its work, and to appoint a committee to deal with each
Conference Agenda. Such Committee to revise and classify the
resolutions sent in by branches and to place resolutions dealing with
important matters on the Agenda.
(_i_) It shall not initiate any new departure or policy between
Conferences without first obtaining the sanction of the majority of
the branches.
(_k_) Matters arising between Conferences not provided for by the
Constitution, shall be dealt with by the N.A.C.
(_l_) A full report of all the meetings of the N.A.C. as held shall be
forwarded to each branch.
6. _Auditor._--A Chartered or Incorporated Accountant shall be
employed to audit the accounts of the Party.
II.--BRANCHES
1. _Branch._--An Association which indorses the objects and policy of
the Party, and affiliates in the prescribed manner.
2. _Local Autonomy._--Subject to the general constitution of the
Party, each Branch shall be perfectly autonomous.
III.--FINANCES
1. Branches shall pay one penny per member per month to the N.A.C.
2. The N.A.C. may strike off the list of branches any branch which is
more than 6 months in arrears with its payments.
3. The N.A.C. may receive donations or subscriptions to the funds of
the Party. It shall not receive moneys which are contributed upon
terms which interfere in any way with its freedom of action as to
their disbursement.
4. The financial year of the Party shall begin on March 1st, and end
on the last day of February next succeeding.
IV.--ANNUAL CONFERENCE
1. The _Annual Conference_ is the ultimate authority of the Party, to
which all final appeals shall be made.
2. _Date._--It shall be held at Easter.
3. _Special Conferences._--A Special Conference shall always be called
prior to a General Election, for the purpose of determining the policy
of the Party during the election. Other Special Conferences may be
called by two-thirds of the whole of the members of the N.A.C, or by
one-third of the branches of the Party.
4. _Conference Fee._--A Conference Fee per delegate (the amount to be
fixed by the N.A.C.) shall be paid by all branches desiring
representation, on or before the last day of February in each year.
5. No branch shall be represented which was not in existence on the
December 31st immediately preceding the date of the Annual Conference.
6. Branches of the Party may send one delegate to Conference for each
fifty members, or part thereof. Branches may appoint one delegate to
represent their full voting strength. Should there be two or more
branches which are unable separately to send delegates to Conference,
they may jointly do so.
7. Delegates must have been members of the branch they represent from
December 31st immediately preceding the date of the Conference.
8. Notices respecting resolutions shall be posted to branches not
later than January 3d. Resolutions for the Agenda, and nominations for
officers and N.A.C. shall be in the hands of the General Secretary
eight weeks before the date of the Annual Conference, and issued to
the branches a fortnight later. Amendments to resolutions on the
Agenda and additional nominations may be sent to the Secretary four
weeks before Conference, and they shall be arranged on the final
Agenda, which shall be issued to branches two weeks before Conference.
A balance sheet shall be issued to branches two weeks before the
Conference, showing the receipts and expenditure of the Party for the
year, also the number of branches affiliated and the amount each
branch has paid in affiliation fees during the year.
9. The Chairman of the Party for the preceding year shall preside over
the Conference.
10. _Conference Officials._--The first business of the Conference
shall be the appointment of tellers. It shall next elect a Standing
Orders Committee, with power to examine the credentials of delegates,
and to deal with special business which may be delegated to it by the
Conference.
11. In case any vacancy occurs on the N.A.C. between Conferences, the
unsuccessful candidate receiving the largest number of votes at the
preceding election shall fill the vacancy. Vacancies in the list of
officers shall be filled up by the vote of the branches.
12. The principle of the second ballot shall be observed in all
elections.
13. The Conference shall choose in which Divisional Area the next
Conference shall be held.
V.--PARLIAMENTARY CANDIDATES
1. The N.A.C. shall keep a list of members of the Party from which
candidates may be selected by branches.
2. Any Branch at any time may nominate any eligible member of the
Party to be placed upon that list.
3. The N.A.C. itself may place names on the list.
4. No person shall be placed upon this list unless he has been a
member of the Party for at least twelve months.
5. Branches desiring to place a candidate in their constituencies must
in the first instance communicate with the N.A.C., and have the
candidate selected at a properly convened conference of
representatives of the local branches of all societies affiliated with
the Labor Party, so that the candidate may be chosen in accordance
with the constitution of the Labor Party. The N.A.C. shall have power
to suspend this clause where local or other circumstances appear to
justify such a course.
6. Before the N.A.C. sanctions any candidature it shall be entitled to
secure guarantees of adequate local financial support.
7. No Branch shall take any action which affects prejudicially the
position or prospects of a Parliamentary candidate, who has received
the credentials of the Labor Party, without first laying the case
before the N.A.C.
8. Each candidate must undertake that he will run his election in
accordance with the principles and policy of the Party, and that if
elected he will support the Party on all questions coming within the
scope of the principles of the I.L.P.
* * * * *
_The Constitution shall not be altered or amended except every third
year, unless upon the requisition of two-thirds of the N.A.C. or
one-third of the branches of the Party, when the proposed alterations
or amendments shall be considered at the following
Conference._--Resolution, Edinburgh, 1909.
BASIS OF THE FABIAN SOCIETY
The Fabian Society consists of Socialists.
It therefore aims at the re-organization of society by the
emancipation of land and industrial capital from individual and class
ownership, and the vesting of them in the community for the general
benefit. In this way only can the natural and acquired advantages of
the country be equitably shared by the whole people.
The Society accordingly works for the extinction of private property
in land and of the consequent individual appropriation, in the form of
rent, of the price paid for permission to use the earth, as well as
for the advantages of superior soils and sites.
The Society, further, works for the transfer to the community of the
administration of such industrial capital as can conveniently be
managed socially. For, owing to the monopoly of the means of
production in the past, industrial inventions and the transformation
of surplus income into capital have mainly enriched the proprietary
class, the worker being now dependent on that class for leave to earn
a living.
If these measures be carried out, without compensation (though not
without such relief to expropriated individuals as may seem fit to the
community), rent and interest will be added to the reward of labor,
the idle class now living on the labor of others will necessarily
disappear, and practical equality of opportunity will be maintained by
the spontaneous action of economic forces with much less interference
with personal liberty than the present system entails.
For the attainment of these ends the Fabian Society looks to the
spread of Socialist opinions, and the social and political changes
consequent thereon. It seeks to promote these by the general
dissemination of knowledge as to the relation between the individual
and society in its economic, ethical, and political aspects.
The following questions are addressed to Parliamentary candidates by
the Fabians:
Will you press at the first opportunity for the following reforms:--
I.--_A Labor Program_
1. The extension of the Workmen's Compensation Act to seamen, and to
all other classes of wage earners?
2. Compulsory arbitration, as in New Zealand, to prevent strikes and
lockouts?
3. A statutory minimum wage, as in Victoria, especially for sweated
trades?
4. The fixing of "an eight-hours' day" as the maximum for all public
servants; and the abolition, wherever possible, of overtime?
5. An Eight-Hours' Bill, without an option clause, for miners; and,
for railway servants, a forty-eight-hours' week?
6. The drastic amendment of the Factory Acts, to secure (_a_) a safe
and healthy work-place for every worker, (_b_) the prevention of
overwork for all women and young persons, (_c_) the abolition of all
wage-labor by children under 14, (_d_) compulsory technical
instruction by extension of the half-time arrangements to all workers
under 18?
7. The direct employment of labor by all public authorities whenever
possible; and, whenever it is not possible, employment only of fair
houses, prohibition of sub-contracting, and payment of trade-union
rates of wages?
8. The amendment of the Merchant Shipping Acts so as (_a_) to secure
healthy sleeping and living accommodation, (_b_) to protect the seaman
against withholding of his wages or return passage, (_c_) to insure
him against loss by shipwreck?
II.--_A Democratic Budget_
9. The further taxation of unearned incomes by means of a graduated
and differentiated income-tax?
10. The abolition of all duties on tea, cocoa, coffee, currants, and
other dried fruits?
11. An increase of the scale of graduation of the death duties, so as
to fall more heavily on large inheritances?
12. The appropriation of the unearned increment by the taxation and
rating of ground values?
13. The nationalization of mining rents and royalties?
14. Transfer of the railways to the State under the Act of 1844?
III.--_Social Reform in Town and Country_
15. The extension of full powers to parish, town, and county councils
for the collective organization of the (_a_) water, (_b_) gas and
(_c_) electric lighting supplies, (_d_) hydraulic power, (_e_)
tramways and light railways, (_f_) public slaughter-houses, (_g_)
pawnshops, (_h_) sale of milk, (_i_) bread, (_j_) coal, and such other
public services as may be desired by the inhabitants?
16. Reform of the drink traffic by (_a_) reduction of the number of
licenses to a proper ratio to the population of each locality, (_b_)
transfer to public purposes of the special value of licenses, created
by the existing monopoly, by means of high license or a license rate,
(_c_) grant of power to local authorities to carry on municipal public
houses, directly or on the Gothenburg system?
17. Amendment of the Housing of the Working Classes Act by (_a_)
extension of period of loans to one hundred years, treatment of land
as an asset, and removal of statutory limitation of borrowing powers
for housing, (_b_) removal of restrictions on rural district councils
in adopting Part III. of the Act, (_c_) grant of power to parish
councils to adopt Part III. of the Act, (_d_) power to all local
authorities to buy land compulsorily under the allotments clauses of
the Local Government Act, 1894, or in any other effective manner?
18. The grant of power to all local bodies to retain the free-hold of
any land that may come into their possession, without obligation to
sell, or to use for particular purposes?
19. The relief of the existing taxpayer by (_a_) imposing, for local
purposes, a municipal death duty on local real estate, collected in
the same way as the existing death duties, (_b_) collecting rates from
the owners of empty houses and vacant land, (_c_) power to assess land
and houses at four per cent. on the capital value, (_d_) securing
special contributions by way of "betterment" from the owners of
property benefited by public improvements?
20. The further equalization of the rates in London?
21. The compulsory provision by every local authority of adequate
hospital accommodation for all diseases and accidents?
IV.--_The Children and the Poor_
22. The prohibition of the industrial or wage-earning employment of
children during school terms prior to the age of 14?
23. The provision of meals, out of public funds, for necessitous
children in public elementary schools?
24. The training of teachers under public control and free from
sectarian influences?
25. The creation of a complete system of public secondary education
genuinely available to the children of the poor?
26. State pensions for the support of the aged or chronically infirm?
V.--_Democratic Political Machinery_
27. An amendment of the registration laws, with the aim of giving
every adult man a vote, and no one more than one vote?
28. A redistribution of seats in accordance with population?
29. The grant of the franchise to women on the same terms as to men?
30. The admission of women to seats in the House of Commons and on
borough and county councils?
31. The second ballot at Parliamentary and other elections?
32. The payment of all members of Parliament and of Parliamentary
election expenses, out of public funds?
33. Triennial Parliaments?
34. All Parliamentary elections to be held on the same day?
THE PROGRAM OF THE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC FEDERATION, 1906
OBJECT
The Socialization of the Means of Production, Distribution, and
Exchange, to be controlled by a Democratic State in the interests of
the entire community, and the complete Emancipation of Labor from the
Domination of Capitalism and Landlordism, with the establishment of
Social and Economic Equality between the Sexes.
The economic development of modern society is characterized by the
more or less complete domination of the capitalistic mode of
production over all branches of human labor.
The capitalistic mode of production, because it has the creation of
profit for its sole object, therefore favors the larger capital, and
is based upon the divorcement of the majority of the people from the
instruments of production and the concentration of these instruments
in the hands of a minority. Society is thus divided into two opposite
classes: one, the capitalists and their sleeping partners, the
landlords and loanmongers, holding in their hands the means of
production, distribution, and exchange, and being, therefore, able to
command the labor of others; the other, the working-class, the
wage-earners, the proletariat, possessing nothing but their
labor-power, and being consequently forced by necessity to work for
the former.
The social division thus produced becomes wider and deeper with every
new advance in the application of labor-saving machinery. It is most
clearly recognizable, however, in the times of industrial and
commercial crises, when, in consequence of the present chaotic
conditions of carrying on national and international industry,
production periodically comes to a standstill, and a number of the few
remaining independent producers are thrown into the ranks of the
proletariat. Thus, while on one hand there is incessantly going on an
accumulation of capital, wealth, and power into a steadily diminishing
number of hands, there is, on the other hand, a constantly growing
insecurity of livelihood for the mass of wage-earners, an increasing
disparity between human wants and the opportunity of acquiring the
means for their satisfaction, and a steady physical and mental
deterioration among the more poverty-stricken of the population.
But the more this social division widens, the stronger grows the
revolt--more conscious abroad than here--of the proletariat against
the capitalist system of society in which this division and all that
accompanies it have originated, and find such fruitful soil. The
capitalist mode of production, by massing the workers in large
factories, and creating an interdependence, not only between various
trades and branches of industries, but even national industries,
prepares the ground and furnishes material for a universal class war.
That class war may at first--as in this country--be directed against
the abuses of the system, and not against the system itself; but
sooner or later the workers must come to recognize that nothing short
of the expropriation of the capitalist class, the ownership by the
community of the means of production, distribution, and exchange, can
put an end to their abject economic condition; and then the class war
will become conscious instead of unconscious on the part of the
working-classes, and they will have for their ultimate object the
overthrow of the capitalist system. At the same time, since the
capitalist class holds and uses the power of the State to safeguard
its position and beat off any attack, the class war must assume a
political character, and become a struggle on the part of the workers
for the possession of the political machinery.
It is this struggle for the conquest of the political power of the
State, in order to effect a social transformation, which International
Social Democracy carries on in the name and on behalf of the
working-class. Social Democracy, therefore, is the only possible
political party of the proletariat. The Social Democratic Federation
is a part of this International Social Democracy. It, therefore, takes
its stand on the above principles, and believes--
1. That the emancipation of the working-class can only be achieved
through the socialization of the means of production, distribution,
and exchange, and their subsequent control by the organized community
in the interests of the whole people.
2. That, as the proletariat is the last class to achieve freedom, its
emancipation will mean the emancipation of the whole of mankind,
without distinction of race, nationality, creed, or sex.
3. That this emancipation can only be the work of the working-class
itself, organized nationally and internationally into a distinct
political party, consciously striving after the realization of its
ideals; and, finally,
4. That, in order to insure greater material and moral facilities for
the working-class to organize itself and to carry on the class war,
the following reforms must immediately be carried through:--
IMMEDIATE REFORMS
_Political_
Abolition of the Monarchy.
Democratization of the Governmental machinery, viz., abolition of the
House of Lords, payment of members of legislative and administrative
bodies, payment of official expenses of elections out of the public
funds, adult suffrage, proportional representation, triennial
parliaments, second ballot, initiative and referendum. Foreigners to
be granted rights of citizenship after two years' residence in the
country, without any fees. Canvassing to be made illegal. All
elections to take place on one day, such day to be made a legal
holiday, and all premises licensed for the sale of intoxicating
liquors to be closed.
Legislation by the people in such wise that no legislative proposal
shall become law until ratified by the majority of the people.
Legislative and administrative independence for all parts of the
Empire.
_Financial and Fiscal_
Repudiation of the National Debt.
Abolition of all indirect taxation and the institution of a cumulative
tax on all incomes and inheritance exceeding L300.
_Administrative_
Extension of the principle of local self-government.
Systematization and co-ordination of the local administrative bodies.
Election of all administrators and administrative bodies by equal
direct adult suffrage.
_Educational_
Elementary education to be free, secular, industrial, and compulsory
for all classes. The age of obligatory school attendance to be raised
to 16.
Unification and systematization of intermediate and higher education,
both general and technical, and all such education to be free.
State maintenance for all attending State schools.
Abolition of school rates; the cost of education in all State schools
to be borne by the National Exchequer.
_Public Monopolies and Services_
Nationalization of the land and the organization of labor in
agriculture and industry under public ownership and control on
co-operative principles.
Nationalization of the trusts.
Nationalization of railways, docks, and canals, and all great means of
transit.
Public ownership and control of gas, electric light, and water
supplies, as well as of tramway, omnibus, and other locomotive
services.
Public ownership and control of the food and coal supply.
The establishment of State and municipal banks and pawnshops and
public restaurants.
Public ownership and control of the lifeboat service.
Public ownership and control of hospitals, dispensaries, cemeteries,
and crematoria.
Public ownership and control of the drink traffic.
_Labor_
A legislative eight-hour working-day, or 48 hours per week, to be the
maximum for all trades and industries. Imprisonment to be indicted on
employers for any infringement of the law.
Absolute freedom of combination for all workers, with legal guarantee
against any action, private or public, which tends to curtail or
infringe it.
No child to be employed in any trade or occupation until 16 years of
age, and imprisonment to be inflicted on employers, parents, and
guardians who infringe this law.
Public provision of useful work at not less than trade-union rates of
wages for the unemployed.
Free State insurance against sickness and accident, and free and
adequate State pensions or provision for aged and disabled workers.
Public assistance not to entail any forfeiture of political rights.
The legislative enactment of a minimum wage of 30s. for all workers.
Equal pay for both sexes for the performance of equal work.
_Social_
Abolition of the present workhouse system, and reformed administration
of the Poor Law on a basis of national co-operation.
Compulsory construction by public bodies of healthy dwellings for the
people; such dwellings to be let at rents to cover the cost of
construction and maintenance alone, and not to cover the cost of the
land.
The administration of justice and legal advice to be free to all;
justice to be administered by judges chosen by the people; appeal in
criminal cases; compensation for those innocently accused, condemned,
and imprisoned; abolition of imprisonment for contempt of court in
relation to non-payment of debt in the case of workers earning less
than L2 per week; abolition of capital punishment.
_Miscellaneous_
The disestablishment and disendowment of all State churches.
The abolition of standing armies, and the establishment of national
citizen forces. The people to decide on peace and war.
The establishment of international courts of arbitration.
The abolition of courts-martial; all offenses against discipline to be
transferred to the jurisdiction of civil courts.
THE LABOR PARTY: SESSION OF PARLIAMENT, 1911-1912
[At the beginning of every session of Parliament, the Labor Party
members agree on a program of procedure to which they adhere for that
session. They stick to the bills, in the order chosen, until they are
either passed or defeated. The following is the list for 1911.]
Bills to be balloted for in order named:
1. Trade Union Amendment Bill.
2. Unemployed Workmen Bill.
3. Education (Administrative Provisions) Bill.
4. Electoral Reform Bill.
5. Eight-Hour Day Bill.
6. Bill to Provide against Eviction of Workmen during Trade
Disputes.
7. Railway Nationalization Bill.
Motions to be balloted for in order named:
1. Militarism and Foreign Policy: (on lines of Resolution passed
by the Special Conference at Leicester).
2. Defect in Sheriffs' Courts Bill (Scotland) relating to power of
Eviction during Trade Disputes.
3. General 30s. Minimum Wage.
Other Motions from which selection may be made after the three
foregoing subjects have been dealt with:
Saturday to Monday Stop.
Eviction of Workmen during Trade Disputes.
Extension of Particulars Clause to Docks, etc.
Nationalization of Hospitals.
Adult Suffrage.
Commission of Inquiry into Older Universities.
Workmen's Compensation Amendment.
Atmosphere and Dust in Textile Factories.
System of Fines in Textile and Other Trades.
Inclusion of Clerks in Factory Acts.
Eight-Hour Day.
Electoral Reform.
Inquiry into Industrial Assurance.
Poor Law Reform.
Truck.
Railway and Mining Accidents.
Labor Exchanges Administration.
Labor Ministry.
Veto Conference.
Day Training Classes.
School Clinics.
Indian Factory Laws.
Hours in Bakehouses.
House-letting in Scotland.
FABIAN ELECTION ADDRESS
[The following is an election broadside issued for the municipal
election of London, soon after the establishment of municipal home
rule for the metropolis, by the organization of the London County
Council. It discloses the practical nature of the earlier Fabian
political activities.]
COUNTY COUNCIL ELECTION: ADDRESS OF MR. SIDNEY WEBB, LL.B.
(LONDON UNIVERSITY), (PROGRESSIVE AND LABOR CANDIDATE)
Central Committee Rooms,
484, New Cross Road, S.E.
ELECTORS OF DEPTFORD,
On the nomination of a Joint Committee of Delegates of the Liberal and
Radical Association, the Women's Liberal Association, the Working
Men's Clubs, and leading Trade Unionists and Social Reformers in
Deptford, I come forward as a Candidate for the County Council
Election. I shall seek to lift the contest above any narrow partisan
lines, and I ask for the support of all who are interested in the
well-being of the people.
_The Point at Issue_
For much is at stake for London at this Election. Notwithstanding the
creation of the County Council, the ratepayers of the Metropolis are
still deprived of the ordinary powers of municipal self-government.
They have to bear needlessly heavy burdens for a very defective
management of their public affairs. The result is seen in the poverty,
the misery, and the intemperance that disgrace our city. A really
Progressive County Council can do much (as the present Council has
shown), both immediately to benefit the people of London, and also to
win for them genuine self-government. Do you wish your County Council
to attempt nothing more for London than the old Metropolitan Board of
Works? This is, in effect, the Reactionary, or so-called "Moderate,"
program. Or shall we make our County Council a mighty instrument of
the people's will for the social regeneration of this great city, and
the "Government of London by London for London?" That is what I stand
for.
_Relief of the Taxpayer_
But the crushing burden of the occupier's rates must be reduced, not
increased. Even with the strictest economy the administration of a
growing city must be a heavy burden. The County Council should have
power to tax the ground landlord, who now pays no rates at all
directly. Moreover, the rates must be equalized throughout London. Why
should the Deptford ratepayer have to pay nearly two shillings in the
pound more than the inhabitant of St. George's, Hanover Square? And we
must get at the unearned increment for the benefit of the people of
London, who create it.
_A Labor Program_
I am in favor of Trade Union wages and an eight-hours day for all
persons employed by the Council. I am dead against sub-contracting,
and would like to see the Council itself the direct employer of all
labor.
_Municipalization_
At present London pays an utterly unnecessary annual tribute, because,
unlike other towns, it leaves its water supply, its gas-works, its
tramways, its markets, and its docks in the hands of private
speculators. I am in favor of replacing private by Democratic public
ownership and management, as soon and as far as safely possible. It is
especially urgent to secure public control of the water supply, the
tramways, and the docks. Moreover, London ought to manage its own
police, and all its open spaces.
_The Condition of the Poor_
But the main object of all our endeavors must be to raise the standard
of life of our poorer fellow-citizens, now crushed by the competitive
struggle. As one of the most urgent social reforms, especially in the
interests of Temperance, I urge the better housing of the people; the
provision, by the Council itself, of improved dwellings and common
lodging-houses of the best possible types, and a strict enforcement of
the sanitary laws against the owners of slum property.
_Local Questions_
I believe in local attention to local grievances, and I should deem it
my duty, if elected, to look closely after Deptford interests,
especially with regard to the need for more open spaces, and the early
completion of the new Thames tunnel.
A more detailed account of my views may be found in my book, "The
London Programme," and other writings. I am a Londoner born and bred,
and have made London questions the chief study of my life. I have had
thirteen years' administrative experience in a Government office, a
position which I have resigned in order to give my whole time to
London's service. With regard to my general opinions, it will be
enough to say that I have long been an active member of the Fabian
Society, and of the Executive Committee of the London Liberal and
Radical Union.
SIDNEY WEBB.
4, Park Village East, Regent's Park, N.W.
The following meetings have already been arranged. Others will be
announced shortly.
February 11.--Lecture Hall, High Street, at 8 P.M.
February 25.--Lecture Hall High Street, at 8 P.M.
March 3.--New Cross Hall, Lewisham High Road, at 8 P.M.
FABIAN ELECTION DODGER
[The Fabians and other Socialists broke into London municipal politics
under the name "Progressives." The following is one of their earliest
election dodgers.]
COUNTY COUNCIL ELECTION
_Saturday, March 5, 1892_
Part of the
PROGRAM OF THE PROGRESSIVES
_Rates._--Reduce the Occupiers' Rates one-half, by charging that
portion upon the great Landlords, whose ground values are increased by
every improvement, and are now untaxed; and by a Municipal Death Duty.
_Gas and Water._--Reduce the cost and improve the quality and quantity
by new sources of supply, if the present Companies will not come to
terms favorable to the Taxpayer.
_City Companies._--Apply their whole Income of, say L500,000 (on leave
obtained from the new Parliament), for the benefit of London. The
Royal Commission of 1884 stated that this income is virtually Public
Property. About L300,000 is now squandered each year among the members
and their friends.
_Homes for the Poor._--The Poor can all be comfortably housed, as in
the Municipal Dwellings of Glasgow and Liverpool, without extra cost
to the Taxpayer, and the "Doss-houses" abolished.
_Cheap Food._--By doing away with the Market Monopolies of the City
Corporation and other private owners, Food can be lowered in price.
Good food, especially fish, is now often destroyed or sold for manure
to keep up the price.
_Poor Man's Vote._--One-third of your Votes are lost. The Registration
Laws must be thoroughly altered.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Debates, House of Lords, July, 31, 1885. The speech was privately
printed.
[2] Debates, May 19, 1890. This speech was also given private
circulation.
VI. GENERAL
1. ORIGIN OF THE WORD "COLLECTIVISM"
"This word, invented by Colins, came into common use toward the end of
the Empire. Bakunin used it in the congress at Berne in 1868, to
oppose it to the communistic regime of Cabet. An economist in 1869
designated, under this name, the system under which production will be
confined to communes or parishes. The Socialists who opposed
authority, disciples of Bakunin, used the word for a long time to
designate their doctrine. The section of Locle was one of the first to
employ it. But by and by, about 1878, the Marxists, partisans of the
proletarian reign, used the word 'collectivism' to distinguish their
'scientific Socialism,' of which term they were fond, from the
communistic utopias of the older school, which they discovered. And
they gave to Bakunins the name Anarchists. These accepted the name,
taking care to write it with a hyphen, _an-archie_, as their master
Proudhon had done. They soon dropped the hyphen and accepted the word
anarchy as a declaration of war against all things as they are."[1]
2. TABLE SHOWING RESULTS OF PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS
(COMPILED FROM REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERNATIONAL, 1910)
====================+===========+===========+===========+==============
| _No. | _Total No.|_No. Seats |_Per cent. of
_Country_ | Socialist | Seats in |Held by |Socialists
| Votes_ |Parliament_|Socialists_| Seats_
--------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+--------------
Great Britain (1910)| 505,690 | 670 | 40 | 5.97
Germany (1912) | 4,250,000 | 397 | 110 | 38.81
Luxemburg (1909) | | 48 | 10 | 20.8
Austria (1907) | 1,041,948 | 516 | 88 | 17.06
France (1910) | 1,106,047 | 584 | 76 | 13.01
Italy (1909) | 338,885 | 508 | 42 | 8.26
Spain (1910) | 40,000 | 404 | 1 | 0.25
Russia | | 442 | 17 | 3.82
Finland (1910) | 316,951 | 200 | 86 | 43.00
Norway (1907) | 90,000 | 123 | 11 | 8.94
Sweden (1909) | 75,000 | 165 | 36 | 21.81
Denmark (1910) | 98,721 | 114 | 24 | 21.06
Holland (1909) | 82,494 | 100 | 7 | 7.00
Belgium (1910) | 483,241 | 166 | 35 | 21.08
Switzerland (1908) | 100,000 | 170 | 7 | 4.11
Turkey (1908) | | 196 | 6 | 3.06
Servia (1908) | 3,056 | 160 | 1 | 0.62
U.S.A. (1910) | | | 1 |
--------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+--------------
IN 1910 THE SOCIALISTS HELD THE FOLLOWING NUMBER OF LOCAL OFFICERS,
ACCORDING TO THE REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL SECRETARY
============================+============================
Great Britain 1126 | Finland 351
Germany 7729 | Norway 873
Austria-Bohemia 2896 | Sweden 125
Hungary 96 | Denmark 1000
France 3800 | Belgium 850
Bulgaria 7 | Servia 22
----------------------------+----------------------------
3. TABLE SHOWING THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE SOCIALIST PARTY, IN VARIOUS
COUNTRIES
(COMPILED FROM REPORTS OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERNATIONAL, 1909-10)
=========================+===================+===================
| 1907 | 1908
-------------------------+-------+-----------+-------+-----------
|_Local | |_Local |
_Country_ |Groups_| _Members_ |Groups_| _Members_
-------------------------+-------+-----------+-------+-----------
Great Britain, L.P. | 275 | 1,072,412 | 307 | 1,152,786
| | | |
Great Britain, J.L.P. | 600 | 35,000 | 765 | 50,000
Great Britain, S.D.F. | 202 | 14,500 | 250 | 16,000
Great Britain, Fabians | 10 | 1,207 | 27 | 2,015
Germany | 2704 | 530,466 | 3120 | 587,336
| | (10,943)| | (29,458)
Austria | | | |
Bohemia | | | |
| | | |
Hungary | | 130,000 | | 102,054
France | | 48,237 | | 49,328
Italy | | | | 43,000
Russia* | 8 | 16,000 | 8 | 5,000
Spain | | | |
Poland-Prussian | | | 10 | 400
Poland-Russian | | 22,700 | |
Finland | 1156 | 80,328 | 1127 | 71,266
| | (18,873)| | (16,826)
Norway | 499 | 23,000 | 602 | 27,500
| | (1,800)| | (2,000)
Sweden | | | 296 | 112,693
Denmark | | | |
Holland | 167 | 7,471 | 176 | 8,411
Belgium | 803 | 161,239 | | 183,997
Switzerland | | | |
Servia | | 615 | |
Bulgaria | 71 | 2,658 | 80 | 2,886
U.S.A. | 1900 | 26,784 | |
-------------------------+-------+-----------+-------+-----------
=========================+====================
| 1909
-------------------------+-------+------------
|_Local |
_Country_ |Groups_| _Members_
-------------------------+-------+------------
Great Britain, L.P. | 318 | 1,481,368
| | (4,000)
Great Britain, J.L.P. | 900 | 60,000
Great Britain, S.D.F. | | 17,000
Great Britain, Fabians | 39 | 2,462
Germany | 3281 | 633,309
| | (62,259)
Austria | | 126,000
Bohemia | 2462 | 156,000
| | (6,000)
Hungary | 769 | 85,266
France | 2500 | 51,692
Italy | | 30,000
Russia* | 8 | 3,000
Spain | |
Poland-Prussian | 40 | 1,500
Poland-Russian | | 3,500
Finland | |
| |
Norway | 637 | 26,500
| | (2,500)
Sweden | 338 | 60,183
Denmark | 360 | 47,000
Holland | 211 | 9,289
Belgium | 906 | 185,318
Switzerland | 23 | 21,132
Servia | | 1,950
Bulgaria | 109 | 4,287
U.S.A. | 3200 | 53,375
-------------------------+-------+-----------
* Province of Lettland.
Figures in parenthesis indicate number of women members.
4. AMERICAN SOCIALIST PARTY PLATFORM
[Adopted by National Convention May, 1908, and by Membership
Referendum August 8th, 1908. Amended by Referendum September 7th,
1909.]
PRINCIPLES
Human life depends upon food, clothing, and shelter. Only with these
assured are freedom, culture, and higher human development possible.
To produce food, clothing, or shelter, land and machinery are needed.
Land alone does not satisfy human needs. Human labor creates machinery
and applies it to the land for the production of raw materials and
food. Whoever has control of land and machinery controls human labor,
and with it human life and liberty.
To-day the machinery and the land used for industrial purposes are
owned by a rapidly decreasing minority. So long as machinery is simple
and easily handled by one man, its owner cannot dominate the sources
of life of others. But when machinery becomes more complex and
expensive, and requires for its effective operation the organized
effort of many workers, its influence reaches over wide circles of
life. The owners of such machinery become the dominant class.
In proportion as the number of such machine owners compared to all
other classes decreases, their power in the nation and in the world
increases. They bring ever larger masses of working people under their
control, reducing them to the point where muscle and brain are their
only productive property. Millions of formerly self-employing workers
thus become the helpless wage slaves of the industrial masters.
As the economic power of the ruling class grows it becomes less useful
in the life of the nation. All the useful work of the nation falls
upon the shoulders of the class whose only property is its manual and
mental labor power--the wage worker--or of the class who have but
little land and little effective machinery outside of their labor
power--the small traders and small farmers. The ruling minority is
steadily becoming useless and parasitic.
A bitter struggle over the division of the products of labor is waged
between the exploiting propertied classes on the one hand and the
exploited propertyless class on the other. In this struggle the
wage-working class cannot expect adequate relief from any reform of
the present order at the hands of the dominant class.
The wage workers are therefore the most determined and irreconcilable
antagonists of the ruling class. They suffer most from the curse of
class rule. The fact that a few capitalists are permitted to control
all the country's industrial resources and social tools for their
individual profit, and to make the production of the necessaries of
life the object of competitive private enterprise and speculation is
at the bottom of all the social evils of our time.
In spite of the organization of trusts, pools, and combinations, the
capitalists are powerless to regulate production for social ends.
Industries are largely conducted in a planless manner. Through periods
of feverish activity the strength and health of the workers are
mercilessly used up, and during periods of enforced idleness the
workers are frequently reduced to starvation.
The climaxes of this system of production are the regularly recurring
industrial depressions and crises which paralyze the nation every
fifteen or twenty years.
The capitalist class, in its mad race for profits, is bound to exploit
the workers to the very limit of their endurance and to sacrifice
their physical, moral, and mental welfare to its own insatiable greed.
Capitalism keeps the masses of workingmen in poverty, destitution,
physical exhaustion, and ignorance. It drags their wives from their
homes to the mill and factory. It snatches their children from the
playgrounds and schools and grinds their slender bodies and unformed
minds into cold dollars. It disfigures, maims, and kills hundreds of
thousands of workingmen annually in mines, on railroads, and in
factories. It drives millions of workers into the ranks of the
unemployed and forces large numbers of them into beggary, vagrancy,
and all forms of crime and vice.
To maintain their rule over their fellow-men, the capitalists must
keep in their pay all organs of the public powers, public mind, and
public conscience. They control the dominant parties and, through
them, the elected public officials. They select the executives, bribe
the legislatures, and corrupt the courts of justice. They own and
censor the press. They dominate the educational institutions. They own
the nation politically and intellectually just as they own it
industrially.
The struggle between wage workers and capitalists grows ever fiercer,
and has now become the only vital issue before the American people.
The wage-working class, therefore, has the most direct interest in
abolishing the capitalist system. But in abolishing the present
system, the workingmen will free not only their own class, but also
all other classes of modern society. The small farmer, who is to-day
exploited by large capital more indirectly but not less effectively
than is the wage laborer; the small manufacturer and trader, who is
engaged in a desperate and losing struggle for economic independence
in the face of the all-conquering power of concentrated capital; and
even the capitalist himself, who is the slave of his wealth rather
than its master. The struggle of the working class against the
capitalist class, while it is a class struggle, is thus at the same
time a struggle for the abolition of all classes and class privileges.
The private ownership of the land and means of production used for
exploitation, is the rock upon which class rule is built; political
government is its indispensable instrument. The wage-workers cannot be
freed from exploitation without conquering the political power and
substituting collective for private ownership of the land and means of
production used for exploitation.
The basis for such transformation is rapidly developing within present
capitalist society. The factory system, with its complex machinery and
minute division of labor, is rapidly destroying all vestiges of
individual production in manufacture. Modern production is already
very largely a collective and social process. The great trusts and
monopolies which have sprung up in recent years have organized the
work and management of the principal industries on a national scale,
and have fitted them for collective use and operation.
There can be no absolute private title to land. All private titles,
whether called fee simple or otherwise, are and must be subordinate to
the public title. The Socialist Party strives to prevent land from
being used for the purpose of exploitation and speculation. It demands
the collective possession, control, or management of land to whatever
extent may be necessary to attain that end. It is not opposed to the
occupation and possession of land by those using it in a useful and
bona fide manner without exploitation.
The Socialist Party is primarily an economic and political movement.
It is not concerned with matters of religious belief.
In the struggle for freedom the interests of all modern workers are
identical. The struggle is not only national but international. It
embraces the world and will be carried to ultimate victory by the
united workers of the world.
To unite the workers of the nation and their allies and sympathizers
of all other classes to this end, is the mission of the Socialist
Party. In this battle for freedom the Socialist Party does not strive
to substitute working class rule for capitalist class rule, but by
working class victory, to free all humanity from class rule and to
realize the international brotherhood of man.
PROGRAM
As measures calculated to strengthen the working class in its fight
for the realization of this ultimate aim, and to increase its power of
resistance against capitalist oppression, we advocate and pledge
ourselves and our elected officers to the following program:
_General Demands_
1. The immediate government relief for the unemployed workers by
building schools, by reforesting of cut-over and waste lands, by
reclamation of arid tracts, and the building of canals, and by
extending all other useful public works. All persons employed on such
works shall be employed directly by the government under an eight-hour
work-day and at the prevailing union wages. The government shall also
loan money to states and municipalities without interest for the
purpose of carrying on public works. It shall contribute to the funds
of labor organizations for the purpose of assisting their unemployed
members, and shall take such other measures within its power as will
lessen the widespread misery of the workers caused by the misrule of
the capitalist class.
2. The collective ownership of railroads, telegraphs, telephones,
steamboat lines, and all other means of social transportation and
communication.
3. The collective ownership of all industries which are organized on a
national scale and in which competition has virtually ceased to exist.
4. The extension of the public domain to include mines, quarries, oil
wells, forests, and water power.
5. The scientific reforestation of timber lands, and the reclamation
of swamp lands. The land so reforested or reclaimed to be permanently
retained as a part of the public domain.
6. The absolute freedom of press, speech, and assemblage.
_Industrial Demands_
7. The improvement of the industrial condition of the workers.
(_a_) By shortening the workday in keeping with the increased
productiveness of machinery.
(_b_) By securing to every worker a rest period of not less than a day
and a half in each week.
(_c_) By securing a more effective inspection of workshops and
factories.
(_d_) By forbidding the employment of children under sixteen years of
age.
(_e_) By forbidding the interstate transportation of the products of
child labor, of convict labor, and of all uninspected factories.
(_f_) By abolishing official charity and substituting in its place
compulsory insurance against unemployment, illness, accidents,
invalidism, old age, and death.
_Political Demands_
8. The extension of inheritance taxes, graduated in proportion to the
amount of the bequests and to the nearness of kin.
9. A graduated income tax.
10. Unrestricted and equal suffrage for men and women, and we pledge
ourselves to engage in an active campaign in that direction.
11. The initiative and referendum, proportional representation, and
the right of recall.
12. The abolition of the senate.
13. The abolition of the power usurped by the supreme court of the
United States to pass upon the constitutionality of legislation
enacted by Congress. National laws to be repealed or abrogated only
by act of Congress or by a referendum of the whole people.
14. That the Constitution be made amendable by majority vote.
15. The enactment of further measures for general education and for
the conservation of health. The bureau of education to be made a
department. The creation of a department of public health.
16. The separation of the present bureau of labor from the department
of commerce and labor, and the establishment of a department of labor.
17. That all judges be elected by the people for short terms, and that
the power to issue injunctions shall be curbed by immediate
legislation.
18. The free administration of justice.
Such measures of relief as we may be able to force from capitalism are
but a preparation of the workers to seize the whole power of
government, in order that they may thereby lay hold of the whole
system of industry and thus come to their rightful inheritance.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] GEORGES WEIL, _Histoire du Mouvement Social en France_, p. 208.
INDEX
Allemane, 77
American Socialist Party platform, 341
Amsterdam Congress, 228
Anarchy, 29, 65, 127
Anselee, 122
Anti-militarism, in France, 110-112;
in Belgium, 129;
in Germany, 201-202
Anti-Socialist Law (German), 160-167
Asquith, Premier, and the Parliament Bill, 238-240
Austria, revolution in, 47
Bakunin, 65, 71
Barthou, on French post-office strike, 97;
on railway strike, 101
Bebel, August, 155, 158;
on Anti-Socialist Law, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166;
arrest of, 167;
candidate for President of Reichstag, 190;
on defeat of Socialism, 1907, 194;
on inheritance tax, 188;
as a party leader, 264;
on new Alsatian Constitution, 198;
on militarism, 202-203;
on participation in legislation, 188, 189;
on party discipline, 177, 193, 195, 196;
on Socialism in United States, 268
Belgium, 118-145;
government of, 121-122;
co-operative movement in, 140-145;
agrarian movement in, 142;
nature of Belgian Socialism, 143-144;
labor organizations in, 122-125;
Labor Party in Parliament, 133-135;
political parties in, 121;
poverty and illiteracy in, 118-120, 125, 128
Bernstein, Ed., 192
Bibliography, 273-279
Bismarck and Lassalle, 154;
and Reichstag suffrage, 158;
and repression of Socialism, 159-161;
Anti-Socialist Law, 160-168;
and State Insurance, 168-169
Blanc, Louis, 13, 26-28, 62;
Lassalle adopts plan of, 152
Bourgeoisie, defined, 2
Bourse du Travail, 77, 80;
federation of, 77;
organization of, 105-106
Brentano, Prof., on Socialism in U.S., 269
Briand, Aristide, 78, 81, 91, 97;
became Prime Minister, 97;
program of legislation, 98;
and the railway strike, 99-104
Brousse, 76, 105
Brussels, city of refuge, 122;
demonstrations in, 127, 128, 139-140;
Maison du Peuple of, 144
Burns, John, 215;
in cabinet, 228, 234;
on right to work, 244;
on Socialism in U.S., 268
Cabet, 23
Carlyle, on Chartist movement, 52
"C.G.T." _See_ Syndicalists and Syndicalism
Chartist movement, 51-54, 208
Christian Socialism, 9, 221-222
Christian Social Union, 221
Church Socialist League, 222
Class basis of Socialism, 1-6, 15, 35.
_See also_ Marx
Class interests, illusion of, 253-254
Class War, Guesdists on the, 85
Class War and Syndicalists, 106-107
Clemenceau, debate with Jaures, 92, 94;
on post-office strike, 96-97
Clerical Party in Belgium, 129, 134, 135, 136, 308;
in Germany, 200.
_See also_ political parties
Colin, co-operative movement started by, 122
"Collectivism," origin of word, 339
Communal Program of Bavarian Socialists, 301;
of Belgian Socialists, 314
Communist League, the, 56
Communist Manifesto, 13, 56-61
Compere-Morel, 115-116
Competition and the Socialist theory, 11, 35
Co-operation, 11;
in Belgium, _see_ Belgium;
in England, 217-218;
_see also_ England;
statistics of, 308, 309
Davidson, Thomas, 220
Democracy and Socialism, 42, 43;
spread of, by Socialists, 257
Democratic revolutions, 26-55;
in Germany, 146-148
Dennis, Prof. Hector, 142
Development Act (Eng.), 233
Dicey, Prof., on the Liberal and Socialist parties, 230
Dockers' strike, 215
Dreyfus affair, 84-90
Eisenach Program, 157-158
Election laws, German, 293-294
Electoral reform. _See_ Saxony, Prussia, "Free Cities," Chartist Movement
Ely, Prof. R.T., conservation in U.S., 269
Emperor William's life attempted, 159-160
Engels, Frederick, 50, 52, 56-61;
on English police, 245;
on changes in revolutionary ideals, 255
England, growth of Socialism in, 315;
thrift institutions in, 318;
Socialism in, 207-249;
character of Socialism in, 211-212.
_See also_ Chartist movement; Engels; Industrial Revolution;
Insurance Bill; Labor Party; Labor Exchange Act; Land System;
Liberal Party; Lords, House of
English, characteristics of the, 209-211;
income of the, 213-214
Erfurt Program, 191;
dissatisfaction with, 192-194
Fabian Society, origin, 220-221;
famous members, 220-221;
attitude toward constitutionalism, 248;
basis of, 327;
an election address of, 335;
an election dodger of, 337
Feudalism, class ideals of, 43, 44, 45;
in Germany, 147
Feuerbach, 31-32
Fourier, 19-22, 24
France, Revolution of 1848, 47;
commune of 1871, 49, 61;
Socialist Party of, 75-117;
factions in Socialist Party, 76-78;
"United Socialists," 77, 78;
Socialist Radicals, 78;
the "Bloc," 84, 85;
labor unions in, 77;
post-office strike in, 94-97;
railway strike in, 98-99;
local Socialism in, 112-113;
government of, 280-281
France, Anatole, 117
Frank, Dr., on the Baden budget, 196-198;
on the intellectual classes and Socialism, 254
"Free Cities," election laws in, 183
French Revolution, 42
Gambetta, 79
General strike, 256;
in Belgium, 126, 131, 138, 143
George, Henry, 220
George, Lloyd, 232;
budget of, 236-238;
Insurance Bill of, 240-241;
flays Keir Hardie, 245
Germany, Social Democracy in, 146-170;
revolution in, 46;
character of government in, 147;
the new Empire, 158;
most "socialized" country, 169-190;
labor unions in, 171-175;
party representation in Reichstag, 297;
vote of all parties in, 296;
political parties in, 292-293.
_See also_ "Free Cities;" Suffrage; Progressists; Labor
Organizations; Liberal Party
Gneist, Prof., and Anti-Socialist law, 162
Godin, J., 21
Godwin, 24
Guesde, Jules, 75, 76, 81, 85, 87, 105, 106
Guise, community at, 21
Hardie, Keir, 222,
and Development Act, 234, 243;
on using military during strike, 245;
on goal of Socialism, 247
Hasselman, 158;
expelled from Social Democratic Party, 166
Hegel, 23, 31
Hegelians, Young, 31, 50
Herve, Gustave, 110, 112
Hobhouse, Prof., 247
Hyndman, H.M., 219
I.L.P., organization of, 222, 243;
on Liberal coalition, 243-244;
attitude on Insurance Bill, 244;
constitution and by-laws, 322
Industrial revolution, 43;
change in social ideals, 44, 45;
violence of first days, 45;
in England, 207-209
Insurance Bill (Eng.), 240-241
International, the, 56;
"Old International," 56-69;
"New International," 69-74;
Amsterdam Congress of, 228
International Socialist Bureau, 72, 74
International Socialist Statistics, 339, 340
International Workingmen's Association, 71
Jaures, Jean, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 87, 100;
leader of "Bloc," 90-91;
debate with Clemenceau, 92-93;
in Amsterdam Congress, 228;
on difference between Socialism and Democracy, 265;
on Socialism in U.S., 268
Kaiser, the, and German Social Democrats, 180, 181
Kautsky, K., 50, 85;
on Revisionism, 192-193;
on Amsterdam Congress, 228
Kingsley, 212
Labor Exchange Act (England), 233
Labor Organization in France, 104;
in Germany, 150-151, 171-175
Labor Party, English, 74, 274, 223-225, 226, 227-232, 228, 231, 241, 242;
Program of, 318, 334
Labor Party, the first, 75;
in Belgium, _see_ Belgium;
Program of, 309
Labor Questions and Socialism, 258
Labor unions in Belgium, political activity of, 308.
_See also_ Belgium
Labor unions in England. _See_ Trades Unions
Labor unions in France. _See_ Bourse du Travail, and Syndicats
Labor unions in Germany, 295.
_See also_ Germany
Land system of England, 236-237
Lassalle, 147-155, 185;
Leipzig address, 152;
General Workingman's Association, 152-154;
influence on German Social Democracy, 154
League of the Just, 56-57, 69
Ledebour, on ministerial responsibility, 189
Legislation, advocated by Socialists, in Germany, _see_ Social
Democratic Party;
in England, 231-241
Liberal Party, in Germany, 146-148, 150, 151;
in England, 226, 227, 228, 230-231, 242-245
Liebknecht, 70, 155, 156, 157, 158, 163;
in Reichstag, 166;
arrested, 167;
on party tactics, 186;
on Erfurt Program, 191
London, progress in, 235
Lords, House of, an issue, 237-239, 240
MacDonald, J. Ramsay, on I.L.P., 245-247;
on Democracy, 254-255
Mazzini, 54, 61, 62
McCarthy, Justin, on Chartism, 52
Marx, Karl, 9, 32, 38, 39;
theories of 32-36;
formulae of, "capital," 37-38;
influence on Socialist movement, 39-40;
criticism of, 40, 41;
theory of Revolution, 43;
on German revolution, 47, 48, 49;
on the Commune, 49, 69;
the Communist Manifesto, 56-61;
"address" and "statutes" of the "Old International," 62, 63, 67, 68;
at The Hague, 64;
present influence in Germany, 194
Marxian influence in the International, 69-71
Marxians and the Possibilists, 85, 91
Marxians in England, 219, 317
Maurice, 212
Menger, Adolph, critique of Marxianism, 40-41
Mill, John Stuart, 10
Millerand, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 91;
at St. Mande, 82;
Program of, 88-90;
expelled from Socialist Party, 87;
on railway strike, 101, 102;
on ideals of Socialism, 6.
Militarism, and the International, 72-74;
and the Syndicalists, 108-109
Money, Chiozza, 213, 214, 215, 236
Morley, Lord, on new Liberalism, 230
Morris, Wm., 9, 219;
on Whigs, 229
Most, Herr, in Reichstag, 158;
expelled from Socialist Party, 166
Munich, Socialist activity in, 204-206
Municipal Socialism in France, 112-115;
in Germany, 204-206
Old Age Pensions, 101
Osborne Judgment, the, 217
Owen, Robert, 6, 8, 21-23, 25;
Rochdale, 27
Paepe, Caesar de, 122
Paris, Commune. _See_ Commune. First meeting of "New International," 69-71
Parliament Bill, 238-240
Peasantry, French, 115-116;
Belgian, 142-143
Possibilists, 70
Poverty and Socialism, 10-11;
in England, 213-215;
in Belgium, _see_ Belgium
Progressists, in Belgium, 128, 129;
in Germany, 151, 162, 190
Proudhon, 28-31, 62
Proudhonism in England, 106
Prussia, election laws, 183
Reformistes, in France, _see_ Millerand, Briand;
in Germany, 192-193
Revisionist controversy in Germany, 192-193
Revolution, social, 12, 13, 255, 256;
modern idea, 53
Revolutionary era, 26-55
Rodbertus, 150, 153, 155
Rosebery, Lord, 229
Rousseau, 42
Ruskin, 212
Sabotage, 96, 100, 101, 102, 104, 108
Sachsen-Altenburg, election law, 294
Saint-Simon, 17-19, 23
Saxe-Weimar, election law, 294
Saxony, new election law, 182, 293
Schultze-Delitsch, 150
Shaw, G.B., 220, 240, 247
Simiyan, on French post-office strike, 95
Small Holdings Act, 234, 235
Social Democratic Federation, (English), 219, 220, 317, 330
Social Democratic Party (German), 175-190;
discipline, 177-179;
attitude of government towards, 179-181;
change in temper, 186-204;
attitude towards legislation, 186-191;
first bill in Reichstag, 187;
attitude on state insurance, 188;
present temper, 191;
program of, 191, 198, 199, 297;
attitude towards other parties, 194, 199;
election address of, 303
Socialism, ideals of, 6-10;
theories, 11;
development of, 17;
political awakening of, 42;
modern conception of revolution, 51;
what is, 62, 63;
changes in, 250;
illusions of, 253;
in different countries, 257;
limits of, 262;
characteristics of present, 262-266;
in Parliaments, 251;
what it has accomplished, 257-260;
nature of its demands, 261-262;
difference between Socialism and Democracy, 265-266;
when the word was first used, 23
Socialist officers, list of, 340
Socialist Party, membership of, 340
Socialist vote in leading countries, 339
Sorel, Georges, 107
South Germany budget controversy, 159-199
State, increased functions of, 259-260
State Insurance, opposed by Socialists, 167;
attitude of present-day Socialists, 188;
in Germany, 169, 170;
statistics, 295;
_see also_ Bismarck
Suedekum, Dr., on nature of Social Democratic Party, 199
Suffrage, struggle for, in Belgium, 124-133;
electoral laws of Belgium, 132-136;
struggle for, in Germany, 146, 182-185
Syndicalism, 94, 107-110, 96-98, 99-102, 105-106, 256
Taff Vale decision, 216-217, 232
Thiers, President, 75
Town Planning Act, 234, 235
Trades Disputes Act, 232
Trades Unions, English, and the International, 62, 67, 69;
characteristics, 215, 216, 217, 218;
and Socialism, 69, 72;
and Syndicalism, 108
Transportation strike, England, 244, 245
United Socialist Party of France, Basis of Union, 289;
U.S., Socialism in, 266-270;
Socialist vote in, 268;
platform of Socialists in U.S., 341
Vaillant, 81, 82, 100
Vandervelde, 118, 134, 137, 138, 142, 143
Villiers, Brougham, 247-248
Viviani, 78, 91, 101
Von Kettler, Baron, Bishop of Mayence, 153, 172
Von Vollmar, 181, 193, 195, 200, 203, 204
Waldeck-Rousseau, 79, 84, 85
Webb, Sidney, 220, 221, 234, 242
Weitling, Wm., 7
Wells, H.C., 10
Wescott, Dr., Bishop of Durham, 221
Workingmen's Association of Lassalle, 154, 156, 157, 158
Workingmen's Compensation Act (England), 233
Yvetot on Syndicalism, 108, 109
MEN VS. THE MAN
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| Typographical errors corrected in text: |
| |
| Page 32: (FN 14) Deutscher replaced with Deutschen |
| Page 32: (FN 16) Duerung replaced with Duehring |
| Page 103: "will within the next few decades he compelled" |
| replaced with |
| "will within the next few decades be compelled" |
| Page 147: beaureaucratic replaced with bureaucratic |
| Page 171: (FN 1) "Die Sozial-Demokratische Gewerkschaften |
| in Deutschland, seit dem Erlasse des |
| Sozialistischen Gesets" replaced with |
| "Die Sozial-Demokratische Gewerkschaften |
| in Deutschland, seit dem Erlasse des |
| Sozialistischen Gesetzes" |
| Page 194: compaigning replaced with campaigning |
| Page 255: (FN 3) Classenkampf replaced with Klassenkampf |
| Page 267: fullfilled replaced with fulfilled |
| Page 274: Schaeffle replaced with Schaeffle |
| Page 276: Jaeger replaced with Jaeger |
| Page 295: (table note) sevice replaced with service |
| Page 347: Brousse replaced with Brousse |
| |
| The reader should note that on page 216, in referring to |
| damages assessed (in England) at $100,000, one assumes |
| L is meant rather than $, yet the image does have $. |
| |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
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