z. Geschichte d. deutschen Ästhetik s. Kant,_ Würzburg, 1878, which
discusses and criticises more particularly Vischer (self-criticism),
Zimmermann, Lotze, Köstlin, Siebeck, Fechner and Deutinger. On
Zimmermann, von Hartmann, _op. cit._ pp. 267-304: Bonatelli, in _Nuova
Antologia,_ October 1867. On Lotze, Fritz Kogel, _Lotzes Ästhetik,_
Göttingen, 1886: A. Matragrin, _Essai sur l'esthétique de Lotze,_
Paris, 1901. On Köstlin, von Hartmann, pp. 304-317. On Schasler, see
the same, pp. 248-252, also Bosanquet, pp. 414-424. On Hartmann, Ad.
Faggi, _Ed. H. e l' estetica tedesca,_ Florence, 1895. On Vischer see
M. Diez, _Fried. Vischer u. d. ästh. Formalismus,_ Stuttgart, 1889.
For French and English æstheticians, besides Menendez y Pelayo, _op.
cit.,_ on Ruskin, see J. Milsand, _L'Esthétique anglaise, étude sur J.
Ruskin,_ Paris, 1864: R. de la Sizeranne, _Ruskin et la religion de la
beauté,_ 3rd ed., Paris, 1898; cf. part iii. On Fornari, V. Imbriani,
_Vito Fornari estetico_ (reprinted in _Studî letterarî e bizzarri e
satiriche,_ ed. Croce, Bari, 1907). On Tari see Nic. Gallo, _Antonio
Tari, studio critico,_ Palermo, 1884: Croce, in _Critica,_ v. (1907),
pp. 357-361; also in pref. to vol.: _A. Tari, saggi di estetica e
metafisica,_ Bari, 1910.
XVII. For positivist Æsthetic see Menendez y Pelayo, _op. cit._ iv.
(1st ed.) vol. ii. pp. 120-136, 326-369: N. Gallo, _La scienza dell'
arte,_ Turin, 1887, chs. 6-8, pp. 162-216.
XVIII. On Kirchmann, von Hartmann, pp. 253-265. For various recent
German æstheticians, Hugo Spitzer, _Kritische Studien z. Ästhet. der
Gegenwart,_ Leipzig, 1897. On Nietzsche, Ettore G. Zoccoli, _Fred.
Nietzsche,_ Modena, 1898, pp. 268-344: Jul. Zeitler, _Nietzsches
Ästhetik,_ Leipzig, 1900. On Flaubert, A. Fusco, _La teoria dell' arte
in G. F.,_ Naples, 1907: cf. _Critica,_ vi. (1908), pp. 125-134. For
books on Æsthetic published during the last decade of the nineteenth
century see Luc. Arréat, _Dix années de philosophie,_ 1891-1900, Paris,
1901, pp. 74-116. A few remarks on contemporary Æsthetic are made by
K. Groos in _Die Philosophie im Beginn. des XXen Jahrh.,_ ed. by W.
Windelband, Heidelberg, 1904-1905. For latest books on Æsthetic see
_Critica,_ ed. B. Croce (Naples), from 1903 onward, which publishes
reviews of them. There is also a review, started in 1906, published
at Stuttgart (ed. F. Enke), _Zeitschrift für Ästhetik und allgemeine
Kunstwissenschaft,_ edited by Max Dessoir.
XIX. The history of particular problems is usually omitted, or, at
best, erroneously treated in histories of Æsthetic: for example, see
the difficulty experienced by Ed. Müller, _Gesch.,_ cit., ii. pref. pp.
vi-vii, in connecting his treatment of the history of Rhetoric with
that of Poetics. Some writers attach Rhetoric to the individual arts or
to artistic technique; others treat the doctrines of the modification
of beauty and of natural beauty (in the metaphysical sense) as special
problems; others, again, discuss the kinds or classifications in art
in an incidental manner, without seeking to incorporate them in the
principal æsthetic problem.
§ 1. On the history of Rhetoric in the ancient sense see Rich.
Volkmann, _Die Rhetorik der Griechen und Römer in systematischer
Übersicht dargestellt,_ 2nd ed., Leipzig, 1885, of capital importance:
A. Ed. Chaignet, _La Rhétorique et son histoire,_ Paris, 1888; rich in
material, but ill-arranged and with the preconception that Rhetoric
is still a defensible body of science. For special treatment see
Ch. Benoist, _Essai historique sur les premiers manuels d'invention
oratoire, jusqu'à Aristote,_ Paris, 1846: Georg Thiele, _Hermagoras,
ein Beitrag z. Geschichte d. Rhetorik,_ Strasburg, 1893. There is no
history of rhetoric in modern times. For criticism of Vives and other
Spaniards see Menendez y Pelayo, _op. cit._ iii. pp. 211-300 (2nd ed.).
For Patrizzi see B. Croce, _F. Patrizzi e la critica della rettorica
antica,_ in the vol. of _Studî_ in honour of A. Graf, Bergamo, 1903
(_Probl. d. est._ pp. 297-308).
For Rhetoric as theory of literary form in antiquity see Volkmann,
_op. cit._ pp. 393-566: Chaignet, _op. cit._ pp. 413-539: also Egger,
_passim,_ and Saintsbury, bks. i. ii. For purposes of comparison see
Paul Reynaud, _La Rhétorique sanskrite exposée dans son développement
historique et ses rapports avec la rhétorique classique,_ Paris, 1884.
For the Middle Ages, Comparetti, _Virgilio nel medio evo,_ vol. i.,
and Saintsbury, bk. iii. There is need for a work on modern Rhetoric
in this sense also. For the form it assumed ultimately according to
the theory of Gröber see B. Croce, _Di alcuni principî di sintassi e
stilistica psicologiche del Gröber,_ in _Atti dell' Accad. Pontan._
vol. xxix. 1899: K. Vossler, _Literaturblatt für germ. u. roman.
Philologie,_ 1900, N.I.: B. Croce, _Le categorie rettoriche e il prof.
Gröber,_ in _Flegrea,_ April 1900: K. Vossler, _Positivismo e idealismo
nella scienza del linguaggio,_ Ital. trans. Bari, 1908, pp. 48-61 (cf.
_Probl. d. est._ pp. 143-171). Very incomplete observations on the
history of the concept of metaphor are made by A. Biese, _Philosophie
d. Metaphorischen,_ Hamburg-Leipzig, 1893, pp. 1-16; but this book
has the merit of calling attention to the importance of the views and
influence of Vico.
§ 2. For the history of the literary kinds in antiquity see the works
above quoted by Müller, Egger, Saintsbury, and the vast literature on
Aristotle's _Poetics._ For comparison with Sanskrit poetics, Sylvain
Levi, _Le Théâtre indien,_ Paris, 1890, esp. pp. 11, 152. For mediæval
poetry see esp. Gio. Mari, _I trattati medievali di ritmica latina,_
Milan, 1899; and his recent edition of _Poetica magistri Iohannis
anglici,_ 1901.
For the history of the kinds under the Renaissance see principally
Spingarn, _op. cit._ i. chs. 3-4; ii. ch. 2; iii. ch. 3. Also Menendez
y Pelayo, Borinski, Saintsbury, _passim._
Special works: on Pietro Aretino, De Sanctis, _Storia della letteratura
italiana,_ ii. pp. 122-144: A. Graf, _Attraverso il cinquecento,_
Turin, 1888, pp. 87-167: K. Vossler, _P. A.'s künstlerisches
Bekenntniss,_ Heidelberg, 1901. On Guarini, V. Rossi, _G. B. Guarini
e il Pastor Fido,_ Turin, 1886, pp. 238-250. On Scaliger, Lintilhac,
_Un Coup d'État,_ cit. For the three unities, L. Morandi, _Baretti
contro Voltaire,_ 2nd ed., Città di Castello, 1884: Breitinger, _Les
Unités d'Aristote avant le Cid de Corneille,_ 2nd ed., Geneva-Basle,
1895: J. Ebner, _Beitrag z. einer Geschichte d. dramatischen Einheiten
in Italien,_ Munich, 1898. On the Spanish polemic concerning comedy
see A. Morel Fatio on the defenders of comedy and of the _Arte
nuevo,_ in the _Bulletin Hispanique_ of Bordeaux, vols. iii. and iv.:
on the dramatic theories see Arnaud, _Les Théories dramatiques au
XVIIe siècle, étude sur la vie et les œuvres de l'abbé D'Aubignac,_
Paris, 1888: Paul Dupont, _Un Poète philosophe au commencement du_
_XVIII<sup>e</sup> siècle, Houdar de la Motte,_ Paris, 1898: Alfredo
Galletti, _Le teorie drammatiche e la tragedia in Italia nel secolo
XVIII,_ part i. 1700-1750, Cremona, 1901. On the history of French
Poetics, F. Brunetière, _L'Évolution des genres dans l'histoire de
la littérature,_ Paris, 1890, vol. i. introd.: "_L'évolution de la
critique depuis la Renaissance jusqu'à nos jours._" On that of English
Poetics, Paul Hamelius, _Die Kritik in d. engl. Literatur des XVII en
u. XVIII<sup>en</sup> Jahrh.,_ Leipzig, 1897: also the well-filled
chapter in Gayley-Scott, _op. cit._ pp. 382-422, the sketch of a book
on the subject. For the romantic period see Alfred Michiels, _Histoire
des idées littéraires en France au XIXe siècle, et de leurs origines
dans les siècles antérieures,_ 4th ed., Paris, 1863. For Italy see G.
A. Borgese, _op. cit._
§ 3. For the early history of the distinction and classification of the
arts see the literature quoted above in relation to Lessing, and his
_Laokoon,_ with notes by Blümner. For subsequent history, H. Lotze,
_Geschichte,_ cit., bk. iii.: Max Schasler, _Das System der Künste
auf einem neuen, im Wesen der Kunst begründeten Gliederungsprincip,_
2nd ed., Leipzig-Berlin, 1881, introd.: Ed. v. Hartmann, _Deutsche
Ästh. s. Kant,_ bk. ii. part ii. especially pp. 524-580: V. Basch,
_Essai sur l'esth. de Kant,_ pp. 483-496.
§ 4. For the doctrine of styles in antiquity see Volkmann, _op. cit._
pp. 532-566. The history of grammar and parts of speech is treated
fully so far as Græco-Roman antiquity is concerned in Laur. Lersch,
_Die Sprachphilosophie der Alten,_ Bonn, 1838-1841: better still by
Steinthal, _Geschichte,_ cit. vol. ii. For Apollonius Dyscolus see
Egger, _Apollon Dyscole,_ Paris, 1854. For the history of grammar in
the Middle Ages see Ch. Thurot, _Extraits de divers manuscrits latins
pour servir à l'histoire des doctrines grammaticales au moyen âge,_
Paris, 1869. For modern times, C. Trabalza, _Storia della grammatica
italiana,_ Milan, 1908. For the history of Criticism several books
mentioned under § 2 may be consulted: in addition to these, B. Croce,
_Per la storia della critica e storiografia letteraria,_ containing
Italian examples (_Probl. d. est._ pp. 419-448): for the theories of
recent French criticism see Ém. Hennequin, _La Critique scientifique,_
Paris, 1888, and Ernest Tissot, _Les évolutions de la critique
française,_ Paris, 1890. On the concept of "romanticism" see G. Muoni,
_Note per una poetica storica del romanticismo,_ Milan, 1906: cf. B.
Croce, _Le definizioni del romanticismo,_ in _Critica,_ iv. pp. 241-245
(reprinted in _Probl. di estetica,_ pp. 285-294).