generally stand at the beginning of treatises on Æsthetic; the most
important occur in the volumes of Solger, Hegel and Schleiermacher. A
general history of Æsthetic, from the rigorous point of view of the
principle of Expression, has not been attempted before the present work.
For the bibliography down to the end of the eighteenth century,
Sulzer's _Allgemeine Theorie der schönen Künste,_ 2nd ed., with
additions by von Blankenburg, Leipzig, 1792, in four volumes, is
practically complete and is an inexhaustible mine of information.
For the nineteenth century much material is collected by C. Mills
Gayley and Fred Newton Scott in _An Introduction to the Methods and
Materials of Literary Criticism. The Bases in Æsthetics and Poetics,_
Boston, 1899. Besides Sulzer, we may mention æsthetic dictionaries
by Gruber, _Wörterbuch z. Behuf d. Ästh. d. schönen Künste,_ Weimar,
1810: Jeithles, _Ästhetisches Lexikon,_ vol. i. A-K, Vienna, 1835:
Hebenstreit, _Encyklopädie d. Ästhetik,_ 2nd ed., Vienna, 1848.
The following notes contain for the convenience of the student several
books which the author has not been able to see.
I. Concerning ancient Æsthetic no better or more comprehensive work can
be found than the _Geschichte der Theorie der Kunst bei den Alten,_
by Ed. Müller, Breslau, 1831-1837, 2 vols. For inquiries concerning
the Beautiful special reference should be made to Julius Walter, _Die
Geschichte der Ästhetik im Alterthum ihren begrifflichen Entwicklung
nach,_ Leipzig, 1893. See also Em. Egger, _Essai sur l'histoire de la
critique chez les Grecs,_ 2nd ed., Paris, 1886: Zimmermann, Bk. I.:
Bosanquet, ch. ii.-v. and Saintsbury, vol. i.
Of the innumerable special monographs: for Plato's Æsthetic see Arn.
Ruge, _Die platonische Ästhetik,_ Halle, 1832: for Aristotle's, Döring,
_Die Kunstlehre des Aristoteles,_ Jena, 1876: C. Bénard, _L'Esthétique
d'Aristote et de ses successeurs,_ Paris, 1890: S. H. Butcher,
_Aristotle's Theory of Poetry and Fine Art,_ 3rd ed., London, 1902. For
Plotinus, E. Vacherot, _Histoire critique de l'école d'Alexandrie,_
Paris, 1846: E. Brenning, _Die Lehre vom Schönen bei Plotin im
Zusammenhang seines Systems dargestellt,_ Göttingen, 1864. On the _Ars
Poetica_ of Horace, A. Viola, _L' arte poetica di Orazio nella critica
italiana e straniera,_ 2 vols. Naples, 1901-1907.
For the history of ancient Psychology see H. Siebeck, _Geschichte der
Psychologie,_ 1880; A. E. Chaignet, _Histoire de la psychologie des
Grecs,_ Paris, 1887; L. Ambrosi, _La psicologia dell' immaginazione
nella storia della filosofia,_ Rome, 1898. For the history of
the philosophy of language see H. Steinthal, _Geschichte der
Sprachwissenschaft bei den Griechen und Römern mit besonderer Rücksicht
auf die Logik,_ 2nd ed. Berlin, 1890-1891, 2 vols.
II. For the æsthetic ideas of St. Augustine and early Christian authors
see Menendez y Pelayo, _op. cit._ pp. 193-266. For Thomas Aquinas, L.
Taparelli, _Delle ragioni del bello seconde la dottrina di san Tommaso
d'Aquino_ (in _Civiltà cattolica_ for 1859-1860): P. Vallet, _L'Idée
du beau dans la philosophie de St. Thomas d'Aquin,_ 1883: M. de Wulf,
_Études historiques sur l'esthétique de St. Thomas,_ Louvain, 1896.
For the literary doctrines of the Middle Ages see D. Comparetti,
_Virgilio nel medio evo,_ 2nd ed. Florence, 1893, vol. i., and G.
Saintsbury, _op. cit.,_ vol. i. pp. 369-486. For the early Renaissance
see K. Vossler, _Poetische Theorien in d. italien. Frührenaissance,_
Berlin, 1900. For the Poetics of the high Renaissance see J. E.
Spingarn, _History of Literary Criticism in the Renaissance, with
special reference to the influence of Italy,_ New York, 1899 (Italian
trans. with corrections and additions, Bari, 1905). See also F. de
Sanctis, _Storia della letteratura italiana,_ Naples, 1870, _passim._
For the traditions of Platonic and neo-Platonic ideas in the Middle
Ages and Renaissance, for best and fullest information see Menendez y
Pelayo, _op. cit.,_ vol. i. part ii. and vol. ii. For Italian treatises
on beauty and love see Michele Rosi, _Saggi sui trattati d' amore
del cinquecento,_ Recanati, 1899, and F. Flamini, _Il cinquecento,_
Milan, Vallardi, N.D., ch. iv. pp. 378-381. For Tasso see Alfredo
Giannini, _Il "Minturno" di T. Tasso,_ Ariano, 1899: see also E. Proto
in _Rass. crit. lett. ital._ vi. (Naples, 1901) pp. 127-145. For Leone
Ebreo see Edm. Solmi, _Benedetto Spinoza e L. E., studio su una fonte
italiana dimenticata dello spinozismo,_ Modena, 1903: cf. G. Gentile in
_Critica,_ ii. pp. 313-319.
On J. C. Scaliger see Eug. Lintilhac, _Un Coup d'État dans la
république des lettres: Jules César Scaliger, fondateur du classicisme
cent ans avant Boileau_ (in the _Nouv. Revue,_ 1890, vol. lxiv.
pp. 333-346, 528-547). On Fracastoro, Giuseppe Rossi, _Girolamo_
_Fracastoro in relazione all' aristotelismo e alla scienza nel
Rinascimento,_ Pisa, 1893. On Castelvetro, Ant. Fusco, _La poetica di
Ludovico Castelvetro,_ Naples, 1904. On Patrizzi, Oddone Zenatti, _Fr.
Patrizzi, Orazio Ariosto, e Torquato Tasso,_ etc. (Verona, per le nozze
Morpurgo-Franchetti, N.D.).
III. For this period of ferment see H. von Stein, _Die Entstehung
der neueren Ästhetik,_ Stuttgart, 1886: K. Borinski, _Die Poetik der
Renaissance und die Anfänge der litterarischen Kritik in Deutschland,_
Berlin, 1886 (esp. the last chapter): also same author's _Baltasar
Gracian und die Hofliteratur in Deutschland,_ Halle a. S., 1894, B.
Croce, _I trattatisti italiani del Concettismo e B. Gracian,_ Naples,
1899 (in _Atti dell' Acc. Pont._ vol. xxix., reprinted in _Problemi di
estetica,_ pp. 309-345), _Elizabethan Critical Essays,_ edited with
an introduction by G. Gregory Smith, Oxford, 1904, 2 vols.: _Critical
Essays of the Seventeenth Century,_ edited by J. E. Spingam, Oxford,
1908, 2 vols.: Leone Donati, _J. J. Bodmer und die italienische
Litteratur_ (in the vol. _J. J. Bodmer, Denkschrift z. C. C.
Geburtstag,_ Zürich, 1900, pp. 241-312): see also _Probl. di estetica,_
pp. 371-380.
On Bacon see K. Fischer, _Franz Baco von Verulam,_ Leipzig, 1856 (2nd
ed. 1875), cf. P. Jacquinet, _Fr. Baconis in re litteraria iudicia,_
Paris, 1863. On Gravina, Em. Reich, _G. V. Gravina als Ästhetiker_ (in
the Trans, of the Viennese Academy, vol. cxx. 1890): B. Croce, _Di
alcuni giudizi sul Gravina considerate come estetico,_ Florence, 1901
(in _Miscellanea d' Ancona,_ pp. 456-464), reprinted in _Probl. di
est._ pp. 360-370. On Du Bos, Morel,_Étude sur l'abbé du Bos,_ Paris,
1849: P. Petent, _J. B. Dubos,_ Tramelan, 1902. On Bouhours, Doncieux,
_Un jésuite homme de lettres au XVIIe siècle,_ Paris, 1886. On the
Bouhours-Orsi controversy, F. Fottano, _Una polemica nel settecento,_
in _Ricerche letterarie,_ Leghorn, 1897, pp. 313-332: A. Boeri, _Una
contesa letteraria franco-italiana nel secolo XVIII,_ Palermo, 1900
(cf. _Giorn. stor. lett. ital._ xxxvi. pp. 255-256): B. Croce, _Varietà
di storia dell' estetica,_ §§ 1-2, in _Rass. crit. lett. ital._ cit.,
vi. 1901, pp. 115-126, reprinted in _Probl. di est._ pp. 346-359.
IV. On Cartesianism in literature see É. Krantz, _L'Esthétique de
Descartes étudiée dans les rapports de la doctrine cartésienne avec
la littérature classique française au XVIIIe siècle,_ Paris, 1882;
see also the chapter on André, pp. 311-341, and the introduction by
V. Cousin to the _œuvres philosophiques du p. André,_ Paris, 1843:
on Boileau, Borinski, _Poetik d. Renaissance,_ c. 6, pp. 314-329; J.
Brunetière, _L'Esthétique de B._ in _Revue des Deux Mondes,_ June 1,
1899.
On the English intellectualist æstheticians see Zimmermann, _op. cit._
pp. 273-301; also von Stein, _op. cit._ pp. 185-216. On Shaftesbury
and Hutcheson see esp. Gid. Spicker, _Die Philosophie d. Grafen v.
Shaftesbury,_ Freiburg i. B., 1872, part iv. on art and literature, pp.
196-233: T. Fowler, S. _and Hutcheson,_ London, 1882: William Robert
Scott, _Francis Hutcheson, his life, teaching and position in the
history of philosophy_, Cambridge, 1900.
On Leibniz, Baumgarten and contemporary German writers see Th. W.
Danzel, _Gottsched und seine Zeit,_ 2nd ed., Leipzig, 1855: H. G.
Meyer, _Leibnitz und Baumgarten als Begründer der deutschen Ästhetik,_
Inaugural Dissertation, Halle, 1874: Joh. Schmidt, _L. und B.,_ Halle,
1875: Ém. Grucker, _Histoire des doctrines littéraires et esthétiques
en Allemagne_ (from Opitz to the Swiss writers), Paris, 1883: Fr.
Braitmaier, _Geschichte der poetischen Theorie und Kritik von den
Diskursen der Maler his auf Lessing,_ Frauenfeld, 1888-1889. In the
last-named book the first part treats of the beginning of Poetics and
criticism in Germany, considered in their relation to the doctrines
of classical, French and English writers: the second part treats of
an attempt to found an æsthetic philosophy and theory of poetry upon
a basis of Leibnitian-Wolffian psychology: which includes a long
discussion of Baumgarten and quotations from two dissertations, Raabe's
_A. G. Baumgarten, æstheticæ in disciplinæ formam parens et auctor,_
and Prieger's _Anregung u. metaphysische Grundlage d. Ästh. von A. G.
Baumgarten,_ 1875 (cf. vol. ii. p. 2).
V. On Vico as æsthetician see B. Zumbini, _Sopra alcuni principî
di critica letteraria di G. B. V._ (reprinted in _Studî di letter.
italiana,_ Florence, 1894, pp. 257-268): B. Croce, _G. B. V. primo
scopritore della scienza estetica,_ Naples, 1901 (reprinted from
_Flegrea._ April 1901), incorporated in the present volume as has been
mentioned already: see also G. Gentile in _Rass. crit. della lett.
ital.,_ cit., vi. pp. 254-265: E. Bertana, in _Giorn. stor. lett.
ital._ xxxviii. pp. 449-451: A. Martinazzoli, _Intorno alle dottrine
vichiane di ragion poetica,_ in _Riv. di filos. e sc. aff._ of Bologna,
July 1902: also the reply of B. Croce, _ibid.,_ August 1902: Giovanni
Rossi, _Il pensiero di G. B. V. intorno alla natura della lingua e all'
ufficio dette lettere,_ Salerno, 1901. The important position occupied
by Vico in respect to Æsthetic had been remarked earlier by C. Marini,
_G. B. V. al cospetto del secolo XIX,_ Naples, 1852, c. 7, § 10. For
the influence exercised by Vico, B. Croce, _Per la storia della critica
e storiografia letteraria,_ Naples, 1903 (in _Atti d. Acc. Pont.,_ vol.
xxxiii.), pp. 7-8, 26-28 (reprinted in _Probl. di est._ pp. 423-425),
and G. A. Borgese, _Storia della critica romantica in Italia,_ Naples,
1905, _passim._
On Vico's thought in general, as well as on his Æsthetic, see B. Croce,
_La filosofia di Giambattista Vico,_ Bari, 1911: English translation
by R. G. Collingwood, 1913. The copious literature concerning Vico is
given by B. Croce in _Bibliografia vichiana,_ Naples, 1904 (reprinted
from _Atti dell' Acad. Pont._ vol. xxxiv.), and _Supplemento, ibid._
1907, and _Secondo Supplemento,_ 1910 (_Atti_ cit., vols, xxxvii. and
xli.).
VI. On the literary doctrines of Conti see G. Brognoligo, _L' opera
letteraria di A. Conti,_ in _Arch. veneto,_ 1894, vol. i. pp. 152-209:
on Cesarotti, Vitt. Alemanni, _Un filosofo delle lettere,_ vol. i.
Turin, 1894: on Pagano, B. Croce, _Varietà di storia dell' estetica,_ §
3; _Di alcuni estetici italiani della seconda metà del secolo XVIII,_
in _Rass. crit._ cit. vii. 1902, pp. 1-17 (reprinted in _Probl. di
est._ pp. 381-450).
On the German æstheticians, in addition to the various general
histories already quoted, see R. Sommer, _Grundzüge einer Geschichte
der deutschen Psychologie u. Ästhetik von Wolff-Baumgarten his
Kant-Schiller,_ Würzburg, 1892. Greatly inferior is M. Dessoir,
_Geschichte d. neueren deutschen Psychologie,_ 2nd ed., Berlin, 1897
(the first half only is published, down to Kant exclusive).
On Sulzer, Braitmaier, _op. cit._ ii. pp. 55-71: on Mendelssohn,
_ibid._ pp. 72-279: for Elias Schlegel, _op. cit._ i. p. 249 _seqq._;
on Mendelssohn see also Th. Wilh. Danzel, _Gesammelte Aufsätze,_
Leipzig, Jahn, 1855, pp. 85-98: Kannegiesser, _Stellung Mendelssohns
in d. Gesch. d. Ästh.,_ 1868. On Riedel, K. F. Wize, _F. J. Riedel u.
seine Ästhetik,_ Diss., Berlin, 1907. On Herder, Ch. Joiet, _H. et la
renaissance littéraire en Allemagne au XVIIIe siècle,_ Paris, 1875:
R. Haym, _H. nach seinem Leben u. seinen Werken,_ 2 vols., Berlin,
1880: G. Jacobi, _H.'s und Kant's Ästh.,_ Leipzig, 1907. For the ideas
of Hamann and Herder concerning the origins of poetry see Croce in
_Critica,_ ix. (1911), pp. 469-472. On the history of Linguistic, see
Th. Benfey, _Geschichte d. Sprachwissenschaft in Deutschland,_ Munich,
1869, introd.: H. Steinthal, _Der Ursprung der Sprache im Zusammenhange
mit d. letzen Fragen alles Wissens, eine Darstellung, Kritik und
Fortentwicklung der vorzüglichsten Ansichten,_ 4th ed., Berlin, 1888.
VII. On Batteux see E. v. Danckelmann, _Charles Batteux, sein Leben u.
sein ästhetisches Lehrgebäude,_ Rostock, 1902. On Hogarth, Burke and
Home, Zimmermann, _op. cit._ pp. 223-273; Bosanquet, _op. cit._ pp.
202-210. On Home esp. J. Wohlgemüth, _H. Home's Ästhetik,_ Rostock,
1894: W. Neumann, _Die Bedeutung Homes für d. Ästhetik, u. sein
Einflüss auf d. deutschen Ästhetik,_ Halle, 1894. On Hemsterhuis, Ém.
Grucker, _François H., sa vie et ses oeuvres,_ Paris, 1866.
On Winckelmann, Goethe, _W. u. sein Jahrhundert,_ 1805 (in _Werke,_
ed. Goedecke, vol. xxxi.): C. Justi, _W. u. seine Zeitgenossen,_ 2nd
ed., Leipzig, 1898. A criticism of Winckelmann's theory, by H. Hettner,
appeared in the _Revue Moderne,_ 1866. On Mengs, Zimmermann, _op. cit._
pp. 338-355. On Lessing, Th. Wilh. Danzel, _G. E. Lessing, sein Leben
und seine Werke,_ Leipzig, 1849-1853: Kuno Fischer, _L. als Reformater
d. deutschen Litteratur,_ Stuttgart, 1881: Ém. Grucker, _Lessing,_
Paris, 1891: Erich Schmidt, _Lessing,_ 2nd ed., Berlin, 1899: K.
Borinski, _Lessing,_ Berlin, 1900.
On Spalletti see B. Croce, _Var.,_ cit., § 3 (_Probl. d. est._
pp. 392-398). On Meier, Hirth and Goethe, Danzel, _Goethe und die
Weimarsche Kunstfreunde in ihrem Verhältniss z. Winckelmann,_ in
_Gesamm. Aufs._ pp. 118-145. On Goethe's Æsthetic esp. see Wilh. Bode,
_Goethes Ästhetik,_ Berlin, 1901.
VIII. Critical expositions of Kant's Æsthetic are very numerous even
in Italy: for example, O. Colecchi, _Questioni filosofiche,_ Naples,
1843, vol. iii.; C. Cantoni, _E. Kant,_ Milan, 1884, vol. iii. In
German, esp. H. Cohen, _Kants Begründung der Ästhetik,_ Berlin,
1889; also an important chapter in Sommer, _op. cit._ pp. 337-352; a
sufficient representative of a host of others is the elaborate work of
Victor Basch, _Essai critique sur l'esthétique de Kant,_ Paris, 1896.
See also, on an Italian trans. of the _Kr. d. Urth.,_ B. Croce in
_Critica,_ v. (1907), pp. 160-164.
For Kant's lectures and the historical antecedents of his _Critique of
Judgment_ (besides the dissertations of H. Falkenheim, _Die Entstehung
der kantischen Ästhetik,_ Heidelberg, 1890, and Rich. Grundmann, _Die
Entwickel d. Ästh. Kants,_ Leipzig, 1893) see the exhaustive work of
Otto Schlapp, _Kant's Lehre vom Genie und die Entstehung d. Kritik d.
Urtheilskraft,_ Göttingen, 1901.
IX. For the whole of this period, beside the general histories already
quoted which treat of it in great detail, see Th. Wilh. Danzel, _Über
den gegenwärtigen Zustand d. Philosophie d. Kunst u. ihre nächste
Aufgabe_ (in the _Zeitschr. f. Phil,_ of Fichte, 1844-1845, and
reprinted in _Gesammelte Aufsätze,_ pp. 1-84): this treats of Kant,
Schiller, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel and, more particularly, of Solger,
pp. 51-84: Herm. Lotze, _Geschichte der Ästhetik in Deutschland,_
Munich, 1868 (in the coll. "History of the Sciences in Germany,"
published by the Royal Academy of Sciences of Munich in Bavaria):
first book, history of general points of view from Baumgarten to the
Herbartian school: second book, history of individual fundamental
æsthetic concepts: third book, contributions to the history of the
theory of the arts: Ed. v. Hartmann, _Die deutsche Ästhetik s. Kant_
(first part, historico-critical), Berlin, 1886, divided into two books.
The first book discusses the doctrine of the chief æstheticians and,
after an introduction on the foundation of philosophical æsthetic by
Kant, treats of the Æsthetic of the content, divided into that of
abstract idealism (Schelling, Schopenhauer, Solger, Krause, Weisse,
Lotze); of concrete idealism (Hegel, Trahndorff, Schleiermacher,
Deutinger, Oersted, Vischer, Zeising, Carrière, Schasler); of the
Æsthetic of feeling (Kirchmann, Wiener, Horwicz); the Æsthetic of form,
subdivided into abstract formalism (Herbart, Zimmermann), and concrete
formalism (Köstlin, Siebeck). The second book is concerned with the
more important special problems.
On the Æsthetic of Schiller specially see, amongst numerous monographs,
Danzel, _Schillers Briefwechsel mit Körner,_ in _Ges. Aufs._ pp.
227-244: G. Zimmermann, _Versuch einer schillerschen Ästhetik,_
Leipzig, 1889: F. Montargis, _L'Esthétique de Schiller,_ Paris, 1890:
the chapter in Sommer, _op. cit._ pp. 365-432: V. Basch, _La Poétique
de Schiller,_ Paris, 1901.
On the Æsthetic of Romanticism, R. Haym, _Die romantische Schule:
ein Beitrag z. Geschichte d. deutschen Geistes,_ Berlin, 1870 (cf.
on Tieck, book i.; on Novalis, book iii.: for criticism of the two
Schlegels, bk. ii. and bk. iii. ch. 5): N. M. Pichtos, _Die Ästhetik
Aug. W. v. Schlegel in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwickelung,_ Berlin,
1893. On the Æsthetic of Fichte, G. Tempel, _Fichtes Stellung z.
Kunst,_ Metz, 1901.
On the Æsthetic of Hegel, Danzel, _Über d. Ästhetik der hegelschen
Philosophie,_ Hamburg, 1844: R. Haym, _Hegel u. seine Zeit,_ Berlin,
1857, pp. 433-443: J. S. Kedney, _Hegel's Æsthetics: a critical
exposition,_ Chicago, 1885: Kuno Fischer, _Hegels Leben u. Werke,_
Heidelberg, 1898-1901, chs. 38-42, pp. 811-947: J. Kohn, _Hegels
Ästhetik_ in _Zeitschrift für Philosophie,_ 1902, vol. 120, fasc. ii.:
see also B. Croce, _Cio che è vivo e cio che è morto della filosofia di
Hegel,_ Bari, 1907, ch. 6; Engl. tr. by D. Ainslie, 1915.
X. For the Æsthetic of Schopenhauer, Fr. Sommerlad, _Darstellung u.
Kritik d. ästh. Grundanschauungen Schopenhauers,_ Diss., Giessen, 1895:
Ed. v. Mayer, _Schopenhauers Ästhetik u. ihr Verhältniss z. d. ästh.
Lehren Kants u. Schellings,_ Halle, 1897: Ett. Zoccoli, _L' estetica
di A. Sch.: propedeutica all' estetica Wagneriana,_ Milan, 1901: G.
Chialvo, _L' estetica di A. Sch., saggio esplicativo-critico,_ Rome,
1905.
For the Æsthetic of Herbart, beside Zimmermann, _op. cit._ pp. 754-804,
see O. Hostinsky, _Herbarts Ästhetik in ihrer grundlegenden Theilen
quellenmässig dargestellt u. erläutert,_ Hamburg-Leipzig, 1891.
XI. Of the Æsthetic of Schleiermacher, the fullest treatment is given
by Zimmermann, pp. 609-634, and von Hartmann, pp. 156-169.
XII. For the history of the theory of Language, beside Benfey, _op.
cit._ introd., see Max. Leop. Loewe, _Historiæ criticæ grammatices
universalis seu philosophicæ lineamenta,_ Dresden, 1839: A. F. Pott,
_W. v. Humboldt und die Sprachwissenschaft,_ introd. to the reprint of
Humboldt's _Verschiedenheit d. menschl. Sprachbaues_ (2nd ed., Berlin,
1880, vol. i.).
On Humboldt see esp. Steinthal, _Der Ursprung der Sprache,_ pp. 59-81,
and Pott's introd. cit., _Wilh. v. Humboldt u. die Sprachwissenschaft._
XIII. For this period, treated with unnecessary fulness, see von
Hartmann, _op. cit._ bk. i.: more concisely by Menendez y Pelayo, vol.
iv. (1st ed.), part i. chs. 6-8.
For the doctrine of the modifications of beauty see Zimmermann, _op.
cit._ pp. 715-744: Schasler, _op. cit._ §§ 517-546: Bosanquet, _op.
cit._ ch. 14, pp. 393-440: in greater detail, v. Hartmann, bk. ii. part
i. pp. 363-461.
For the history of the Sublime see also F. Unruh, _Der Begriff des
Erhabenen seit Kant,_ Königsberg, 1898. For Humour see B. Croce, _Dei
varî significanti della parola umorismo e del suo uso nella critica
letteraria,_ in the _Journal of Comparative Literature_ of New York,
1903, fasc. iii. (reprinted in _Probl. di est._ pp. 275-286) F.
Baldensperger, _Les Définitions de l'humour,_ in _Études; d'hist.
litt._ Paris, 1907. For the history of the concept of the Graceful, F.
Torraca, _La grazia secondo il Castiglione e secondo lo Spencer_ (in
Morandi, _Antol. della critica lett. ital._ 2nd ed., Città di Castello,
1885, pp. 440-444): F. Braitmaier, _op. cit._ ii. pp. 166-167.
XIV. For the history of Æsthetic in France during the nineteenth
century there is nothing so good as Menendez y Pelayo, vol. iii.
part ii. chs. 3-9; _ibid._ chs. 1-2 give full information concerning
Æsthetic in England.
For Æsthetic in Italy in the first half of the nineteenth century,
Karl Werner, _Idealistische Theorien des Schönen in d. italienischen
Philosophie des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts,_ Vienna, 1884 (from Trans,
of the Imperial and Royal Viennese Academy). On Rosmini see esp. P.
Bellezza, _Antonio Rosmini e la grande questione letteraria del secolo
XIX_ (in the collection _Per Antonio Rosmini nel primo centenario,_
Milan, 1897, vol. i. pp. 364-385). On Gioberti, Ad. Faggi, _Vinc.
Gioberti esteta e letterato,_ Palermo, 1901 (from the _Atti della R.
Accad. di Palermo,_ s. iii. vol. vi.). On Delfico, G. Gentile, _Dal
Gcnovesi al Galluppi,_ Naples, 1903, ch. ii. On Leopardi, E. Bertana
in _Giorn. stor. lett. ital._ xli. pp. 193-283; R. Giani, _L'estetica
nei pensieri di G. Leopardi,_ Turin, 1904 (cf. G. Gentile in _Critica,_
ii. pp. 144-147). See also a book quoted by A. Rolla and B. Croce,
_loc. cit.,_ containing a catalogue of Italian books on Æsthetic of the
nineteenth century (_Probl. di est._ pp. 401-415).
On the theories of the Italian Romanticists, F. De Sanctis, _La poetica
del Manzoni,_ in _Scritti varî,_ ed. Croce, i. pp. 23-45; and the same
author's _La letteratura italiana nel secolo XIX,_ ed. Croce, Naples,
1897, on Tommaseo, pp. 233-243: on Cantù, pp. 244-273: on Berchet,
pp. 479-493: on Mazzini, pp. 424-441. On Mazzini esp. F. Ricitari,
_Concetto dell' arte e della critica letteraria nella mente di G.
Mazzini,_ Catania, 1896. For all these see G. A. Borgese, _Storia della
critica romantica in Italia,_ cit.
XV. For the life of De Sanctis and the bibliography of his works see
_Scritti varî,_ ed. Croce, ii. pp. 267-308, also the volume _In memoria
di Fr. de S._ edited by M. Mandalari, Naples, 1884.
On De Sanctis as literary critic, P. Villari, _Commemorazione_: A. C.
de Meis, _Commem.,_ in the above-mentioned vol. _In memoria_: Marc
Monnier in _Revue des Deux Mondes,_ April I, 1884: Pio Ferrieri,
_Fr. de S. e la critica letteraria,_ Milan, 1888: B. Croce, _La
critica letteraria,_ Rome, 1896, ch. 5; _Fr. de S. e i suoi critici
recenti_ (in _Atti dell' Accad. Pontan._ vol. xxviii. reprinted in
_Scritti varî,_ append, ii. 309-352), and prefs. to vols, already
quoted, _La lett. ital. nel sec. XIX,_ and _Scritti varî; De Sanctis e
Schopenhauer,_ in _Atti della Pontaniana,_ xxxii. 1902: Enr. Cocchia,
_II pensiero critico di Fr. de S. nell' arte e nella politica,_
Naples, 1899: G. A. Borgese, _op. cit._ last chapter and _passim._