PRODUCTION OF TOBACCO IN THE UNITED STATES
TOTAL PRODUCTION. AMOUNT PRODUCED BY THE DIFFERENT STATES. VARIETIES
RAISED. DESCRIPTION OF THE DIFFERENT VARIETIES.
PRODUCTION OF TOBACCO LEAF IN THE UNITED STATES
The amount of tobacco leaf raised annually in the United States varies
from 700 million lbs. to 1,000 million lbs. Thus, according to the
Government Statistical Reports, the production in 1909 was 1,055,764,806
lbs., being an unusually high figure. The production in 1913 was
953,734,000 lbs. and in 1914, 1,034,679,000 lbs. The average crop may be
taken as about 800 million lbs., about half of which is exported as leaf,
and the other half manufactured in the U. S. into cigars, smoking and
chewing tobaccos, etc., and consumed in the U. S. To produce this immense
crop over one million acres of rich, fertile land is under culture, the
actual government figures for 1913 being 1,216,000 acres, and for 1914,
1,224,000, and the value of the raw crop is from 80 to 100 million
dollars, which works out to an average value of from 10 to 12 cents per
lb. The cost of producing the best grades of cigar leaf in the Eastern
States is from 8 to 10 cents per lb.; in Wisconsin from 5 to 10 cents. The
price paid to the growers is from 5 to 15 cents, except for the highest
grades (cigar wrapper leaf) for which special prices, up to 40 or 50
cents, may be paid. Smoking and chewing leaf of average grade fetches from
6 to 7 cents per lb.
From these figures it will be seen that the agricultural industry of
tobacco growing is a most important one, and it is constantly increasing
both in the quantity produced and in value. About 45 of the states in the
Union are engaged in tobacco culture, the principal states and the
quantities produced being as follows (for 1914):
Kentucky 364 million lbs.
North Carolina 172 " "
Virginia 114 " "
Tennessee 63 " "
Ohio 78 " "
Wisconsin 54 " "
Pennsylvania 48 " "
Connecticut 35 " "
South Carolina 36 " "
Maryland 17 " "
Indiana 12 " "
Massachusetts 11 " "
Other states 30 " "
----
Total 1034 " "
Virginia was, until recently, the premier tobacco state. Tobacco was first
raised in Virginia about 1619 when the quantity produced was about 20,000
lbs. By 1753 the records show that over 50 million lbs. were raised
annually, all of which was exported. At this time and until about the
period of the Civil War, Europe was dependant more than now on America for
her tobacco supply, as at present a considerable part of her needs is
supplied by her own production. Tobacco was not grown in Kentucky till
about 1785 and a little later in Tennessee and Ohio. The cigar leaf
industry of the New England States did not come into activity till about
1830. Cigar leaf was raised in Florida about the same time but was
discontinued and was not resumed till fifty years later.
Virginia, Maryland and Tennessee have shown a declining annual production
since the Civil War. Thus Virginia in 1860 produced nearly 30 per cent of
the total U. S. crop, whereas at present it produces about 12 per cent
only. The causes which have contributed to the decline in tobacco culture
in the Southern States are the loss of slave labor as well as the loss of
capital during the war; more particularly it is due to the impoverishing
of the soil without adequate fertilization. Thus with superior
fertilization and intensive methods, Massachusetts and Connecticut give
1,750 lbs. to the acre, as against 870 and 580 lbs. for Kentucky and
Tennessee. In Massachusetts and Connecticut the cost for fertilizer _per
farm_ is $227 as against $17 and $4 respectively in Tennessee and
Kentucky. Moreover, the Northern farms are smaller than the Southern.
VARIETIES OF TOBACCO RAISED
The varieties of tobacco raised are mainly of the native American species;
but in some states (in Florida particularly) plants are raised from
imported Cuban and Sumatran seed, in an endeavor to produce cigar leaf
equal in quality to the leaf now imported from these places which commands
a high price in the trade. The raising of cigar leaf tobacco from foreign
seed began in Florida about 1902; and, although on the whole, the
cultivation has been very successful, yet it cannot be said that the hoped
for results have been fully realized. It was claimed for the Florida grown
Sumatran leaf that in many ways it surpassed the native Sumatran leaf.
Certainly the experimental samples of this Florida leaf exhibited by the
U. S. at the Paris Exposition of 1900 were judged to be superior both in
appearance and style and other matters. However, this superiority does not
appear to have been upheld, for in the trade the native grown Sumatran
leaf still holds its rank.
Similarly in the case of Florida grown Cuban leaf which at the same
Exposition was voted as equal to the native. The native leaf, however,
whether due to the soil or not, has a finer flavor and aroma, and the best
grades of native grown Cuban tobacco still hold the palm as the premier
cigar tobacco of the world.
The leaf raised in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Florida,
Massachusetts, and New York State, is generally used for the cigar trade
(see the chapters on cigars). Ohio and Florida (Cuban seed) leaf mostly
used as cigar fillers; Connecticut and Florida (Sumatran seed),
Pennsylvania and New York leaf mostly as wrapper leaf, the inferior leaves
being used as fillers. Wisconsin leaf is used principally as cigar binder
leaf. The total amount of cigar tobacco raised is roughly about one-fifth
of the entire tobacco crop.
The southern states produce the bulk of the export dark, heavy leaf. West
Kentucky and Tennessee particularly, as well as Virginia, the Carolinas
and Maryland, export considerable quantities. This tobacco is fire-cured.
For the domestic trade, however, (pipe-smoking, chewing and cigarettes)
the tobacco grown in these states is flue-cured, the principal product
being of a bright yellow color, characteristic of this region.
This "yellow tobacco belt" extends from the coast across to the North
Carolina Mountains, through Tennessee and South Carolina, Southern
Virginia, Southern Ohio, a few parts of Kentucky, some of Eastern Missouri
and Arkansas. The best soils are those which are of a light sandy or sandy
clay nature and they need not be deep or rich. In this region the very
finest pipe-smoking tobaccos are raised. Whilst the U. S. has not been
able to produce a cigar wrapper tobacco equal in quality to the Cuban or
Sumatran, in pipe-smoking and cigarette tobaccos she stands without a
rival.
There are about 100 different varieties of tobacco grown in the U. S.,
many of these being approximately the same and are synonymous.
Subvarieties are easily obtained by crossing. Cross-fertilization easily
takes place where different strains are produced in the same locality. On
this account when it is desired to keep a variety pure, care must be
exerted to see that seed is collected from pure strains. On the other
hand, the ease of producing new varieties gives opportunity to the various
State Agricultural Experimental Stations to try out new strains for
desirable qualities. The enumeration of the differences between the
various varieties would be tiresome for the reader, yet it will be well
for the user of tobacco to know some of these varieties, their
characteristics and other particulars concerning them. These are given
here:
LEADING VARIETIES OF AMERICAN TOBACCOS
BURLEY. The variety known as _White Burley_ has a long broad leaf, whitish
in appearance when growing. The points of the leaf hang down towards the
ground when growing, often even touching the ground. The leaf is thin in
texture, has a mild flavor, low nicotine content and good absorbing
qualities. It is one of the most popular tobaccos in the U. S. and is used
for pipe-smoking and chewing tobaccos and cigarettes. It cures to a bright
yellow brown color.
There is a variety known as _Red Burley_ which has a thin leaf narrowing
from center to top. The leaves are of a characteristic cinnamon color and
are more elastic than those of _White Burley_. Burley tobacco is raised
principally in Ohio, Kentucky, Virginia, Maryland, Missouri and Indiana.
CONNECTICUT SEEDLEAF. Large, strong leaves, thin and elastic, silky in
texture, small fibers, sweetish taste and light in color.
Used in the cigar trade as fillers and wrappers and grown in New England,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, and to a smaller extent in Wisconsin, Minnesota,
Indiana, Illinois and Florida.
CONNECTICUT BROADLEAF. A modification of the above, the leaves being
broader in proportion to their length. They are up to 35 inches long and
22 inches wide. Largely used in the cigar trade as filler and wrappers.
Both the Connecticut Seedleaf and Broadleaf are superior to the imported
Sumatran leaf in flavor and aroma, but are inferior in elasticity and
covering qualities.
Grown principally in Connecticut and New York States.
ORINOCO. There are 3 varieties of this name: (1) _Short Orinoco._ Broad
leaf, upright growth and open habit, light colored, much ruffled. Grown in
Virginia and Missouri. (2) _Big Orinoco._ Short, broad leaf. Grown in
Virginia, Missouri, North Carolina, Tennessee and West Virginia. (3)
_Yellow Orinoco._ Long, narrow, tapering leaf with fine texture. The
sweetest variety grown. Grown in Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina,
Tennessee, West Virginia and Missouri.
Orinoco tobacco leaf is used largely for plug and smoking tobaccos and for
the export trade.
VIRGINIAN. Sun and air-cured tobacco. Leaf is medium in size. Very bright
brown color. Is rich in gums and oils which makes it sweet and fragrant
and gives it a pleasant taste. Hence it is a favorite chewing tobacco.
PRYOR. There are several varieties under this name: (1) _Medley_ or _White
Pryor_ has a very broad leaf with silky texture and tough fiber. (2) _Blue
Pryor._ Large, long fine leaf and good color. (3) _Silky Pryor._ A long
sharp-pointed leaf; grows thin on the stalk; very tough and pliant. (4)
_Yellow Pryor._ Heavy, wide leaf, fine bright color, tough and weighs
well.
Pryor is used principally for the export trade and to some extent also in
the home trade both for cigar and plug and smoking tobaccos. It is grown
generally throughout Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee,
Missouri and Indiana, the White variety being extensively grown in
Virginia.
LITTLE DUTCH. A very favorite pipe-smoking tobacco. It has a small
nicotine content (less than 1%). The leaf is small; narrow, thick and
short; dark brown in color, glossy surface and sweet in taste. It is grown
extensively in the Miami Valley of Ohio.
SUMATRA SEED. Grown principally in Florida from imported Sumatran seed.
The leaf is light in weight and color, not long compared with other
seedleaf varieties. Very narrow and with fine ribs. Used in cigar trade
and grown extensively also in the New England states.
CUBAN SEED. This has the usual qualities of Cuban tobacco but with
inferior fragrance and aroma to the native grown. Principally raised in
Pennsylvania, New York, Wisconsin, Connecticut and Florida for the cigar
trade.
PERIQUE. A special variety of tobacco grown only in a small area of
Louisiana. The leaf is medium in size, has a fine fiber with small stems.
Tough, gummy and glossy. It is grown in a deep, rich soil and grows very
rapidly. Its special characteristics are acquired in the curing, which is
a special process peculiar to itself, and which will be described in the
chapter on Manufactured Tobaccos.
REFERENCES
_Yearbooks of the United States Department of Agriculture._ 1914 and
previous.
HOAGLAND, I. G. _The Tobacco Industry._ In _Quarterly of the National Fire
Protection Association_. 1907. Vol. I, Nos. 2 and 4.
JACOBSTEIN, M. _The Tobacco Industry in the United States._ New York,
1907.
BILLINGS, E. R. _Tobacco; its history, varieties, culture, manufacture and
commerce._ Hartford Conn., 1875.