[Illustration: Oil Valve]
The long experimental use of petroleum or natural oil as a combustible
has developed but one serious objection to its wide spread and popular
adoption; that objection arises from its liability to ignite and cause
destruction by fire; but
THE HAZARDS OF FUEL OIL may be remedied by the observance of the
following rules adopted by a certain fire underwriters’ association:
“Vault to be located so that the oil it contains can burn without
endangering property and have a capacity sufficient to hold twice the
entire quantity of oil the tanks within can contain.
Location of vault to be left to the approval of the Superintendent of
Surveys. Distance from any property to be regulated by size of tank.
Vaults to be underground, built of brick, sides and ends to be at
least 16 inches thick and to be made water tight with hydraulic
cement; bottom to be water tight, concrete, dished toward centre, and
inclined to one end so as to drain all overflow or seepage to that
end, said incline to be to the end opposite to that from which the
tank is to be tapped; top to be supported with heavy iron I-beams,
with arches of solid brick sprung from one beam to its neighbors, and
to have at least twelve inches of dirt over the masonry.
Vault to be accessible by one or more large man-holes, which, when
not in use, are to be kept locked by a large padlock of three or more
tumblers, key to be held by some responsible party.
A trough must run from one end of the vault to the other, directly
under each tank, and in the same direction as the tank or tanks.
Tank to be of boiler iron or steel, at least 3/16 inch in thickness,
to be cold riveted, rivets to be not less than 3/8 inch in
diameter and not over 1 inch apart between centres; the entire outer
surface of tank to have two good coats of coal tar or mineral paint
before the tank is placed in position.
No tank shall be over 8 feet in diameter by 25 in length, nor shall
any vault have over two tanks.
When tank is set, the bottom of the tank must be 3 inches above the
concrete floor of the vault, and must be in saddles of masonry not
less than twelve inches in thickness, built from the concrete floor
of the vault, said saddles not to be more than 3 feet apart between
centres, and laid in hydraulic cement, with an opening through centre
for drainage.
Tank must incline 1 inch per 10 feet in length toward the end from
which it is to be tapped, said incline of the tank to be opposite to
the incline at the bottom of the vault.
The filling pipe, man-hole, telltale or indicator, pump supply
connection, steam connection, overflow pipe and ventilating pipes,
where they connect with tank, must be made petroleum tight by the use
of litharge and glycerine cement.
Flanges to make tank 3/4 inch in thickness to be riveted on the
inside so as to furnish a satisfactory joint where connections are
made, must be used.
Filling pipe connection must have gas-tight valve between the tank
and hose coupling, which must be kept closed and locked unless the
tank is being filled. Each tank must have ventilating pipes at least
1-1/2 inches in diameter, one of which must connect with one end
of the top of the tank and must be in the form of an inverted J, a
union to be placed in pipe just below the bend, within which shall
be placed a diaphragm of fine wire gauze; the other ventilating pipe
must be at the other end of the top of the tank and must be conducted
to the inside of the smoke stack or into the open air at least 10
feet above the surface, so that all the gases that form in the tank
will be constantly changed.
Tank must have indicator to show height of oil in tank at all times,
said indicator to be so arranged as to allow no escapement of gases
from tank. All pipes leading from the tank to the pump or place of
burning, must incline toward the tank, and have a fall of at least 2
feet from bottom of stand pipe to top of storage tank, and must be so
constructed that the feed pipe from stand pipe to burners shall be
entirely above burners, so that no pockets of oil can be formed in
any one of the pipes between the main tank, stand pipe, oil pump or
place of burning.
The vault shall be air tight as near as possible, and must have
two ventilating pipes of iron of 4 inches diameter, both inlet and
outlet pipes to reach within 6 inches of the bottom of the vault, the
outlet ventilating pipe to rise above surface 8 feet, and the inlet
ventilating pipe to rise above surface 6 feet.
Syphon to be arranged so as carry out any seepage or leakage into the
vault, and discharge same upon the ground, where its burning would
not endanger surrounding property.”
_The following are a part of the rules adopted by the German Government
to prevent accidents in mills and factories: they are equally
applicable in all places where steam power is used_:
“All work on transmissions, especially the cleaning and lubricating
of shafts, bearings and pulleys, as well as the binding, lacing,
shipping and unshipping of belts, must be performed only by men
especially instructed in or charged with such labors. Females and
boys are not permitted to do this work.
The lacing, binding or packing of belts, if they lie upon either
shafting or pulleys during the operation, must be strictly
prohibited. During the lacing and connecting of belts, strict
attention is to be paid to their removal from revolving parts, either
by hanging them upon a hook fastened to the ceiling, or in any
other practical manner; the same applies to smaller belts which are
occasionally unshipped and run idle.
While the shafts are in motion they are to be lubricated, or the
lubricating devices examined only when observing the following
rules: (1) The person performing this labor must either do it while
standing upon the floor, or by the use of (2) firmly located
stands on steps, especially constructed for the purpose so as to
afford a good and substantial footing for the workman; (3) firmly
constructed sliding ladders, running on bars; (4) sufficiently high
and strong ladders, especially constructed for this purpose, which
by appropriate safeguards (hooks above or iron points below) afford
security against slipping.
All shaft bearings are to be provided with automatic lubricating
apparatus.
Only after the engineer has given the well-understood signal, plainly
audible in the workrooms, is the engine to be started.
If any work other than lubricating and cleaning of the shafting is to
be performed while the engine is standing idle, the engineer is to
be notified of it, and in what room or place such work is going on,
and he must then allow the engine to remain idle until he has been
informed by proper parties that the work is finished.
Plainly visible and easy accessible alarm apparatus shall be located
at proper places in the workrooms, to be used in case of accident to
signal to the engineer to stop the engine at once.
_All projecting wedges, keys, set-screws, nuts, grooves or other
parts of machinery, having sharp edges, shall be substantially
covered._
All belts or ropes which pass from the shafting of one story to that
of another shall be guarded by fencing or casing of wood, sheet-iron
or wire netting four feet, 6 inches high.
The belts passing from shafting in the story underneath and actuating
machinery in the room overhead, thereby passing through the ceiling
must be enclosed with proper casing or netting corresponding in
height from the floor to the construction of the machine. When the
construction of the machine does not admit of the introduction of
casing, then, at least, the opening in the floor through which the
belt or rope passes should be inclosed with a low casing at least
four inches high.
Fixed shafts, as well as ordinary shafts, pulleys and fly-wheels,
running at a little height above the floor, and being within the
locality where work is performed, shall be securely covered.”
The most simple and efficient of all substances for fire extinguishment
is sulphur. This, by heat, absorbs oxygen and forms sulphurous acid,
the fumes of which are much heavier than the air. The quantity required
would be small. Besides sulphur, which gives every satisfaction, both
in its effects and from its low cost, we find a similar property in
another active and cheap substance, ammonia. An automatic sulphur
extinguishing apparatus can be made of various forms.
If night repairs, Sunday, or any other work which requires the use
of artificial light (especially portable lights of any kind) becomes
necessary, more than one man should be employed, one of whom should be
capable of starting the engine or pump instantly in case of fire.
In guarding against explosion it is conceded that the main reliance is
to have the boiler made strong enough to stand both the regular load
or any unexpected strain caused by the stoppage of the engine; it is
also the tendency of the times to proceed towards higher and higher
figures in steam pressure, until now it is not unfrequent to see 150
lbs. to the square inch indicated by the gauge; the larger the boiler,
also, the more economically it can be run and this, as in the two cases
before cited, requires extra precautions in building the boiler with
great regard to strength in every part.
The following rules posted in a certain factory are most excellent for
their directness:
“Wear close-fitting clothes; have a blouse or jacket to button close
around the waist and body; have sleeves to fit arms closely as far
up as the elbow; never wear a coat around machinery; never approach
a pair of gears or pulleys from the driving side; never attempt to
save time by potting, or trying to pot on any fast-moving belts
without slacking up or stopping entirely to do it. Never allow an
inexperienced person to go through the mills without an attendant;
never allow a woman to go through a mill, no matter how many
attendants, while in motion; never attempt to go through the mill in
the dark, you may forget the exact location of some dangerous object
and seek to avoid it, but it is still there, noiselessly waiting a
chance to wreck you; never allow any dangerous place to go unguarded;
keep your eye open while oiling; never relax your vigilance for an
instant, it may cost you your life. If you feel a gentle tug on your
clothes, grab, and grab quick, anything you can cling to, and don’t
let go till after the clothes do.”