[1] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Kumhar.
[2] Gods and demons.
[3] _Hath_, hand and _garhna_ to make or mould.
[4] _Gora_, white or red, applied to Europeans.
[5] _History of the Marathas_, edition 1878, vol. i. p. 26.
[6] The above description is taken from the Central Provinces
_Monograph on Pottery and Glassware_ by Mr. Jowers, p. 4.
[7] _Golden Bough,_ ii. pp. 299, 301.
[8] _Rajasthan_, ii. p. 524.
[9] _Orphèus_, p. 152.
[10] The sacrifice is now falling into abeyance, as landowners refuse
to supply the buffalo.
[11] Dr. Jevons, _Introduction to the History of Religion_, p. 368.
[12] _Vide_ article on Lakhera.
[13] _Rasmala_, i. p. 100.
[14] _Ibidem_, p. 241.
[15] _Khandesh Gazetteer_, p. 62.
[16] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. i. part ii. p. 34.
[17] From _jihar_, a tree or shrub.
[18] _Acacia catechu_.
[19] _Dhan_ properly means wealth, _cf._ the two meanings of the word
stock in English.
[20] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), para. 180.
[21] _Ibidem_.
[22] _Bawan_ = fifty-two.
[23] _Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat_ p. 490, App. B, Gujar.
[24] _Eugenia jambolana_.
[25] _Ficus glomerata_.
[26] See the article entitled 'An Anthropoid.'
[27] _Bombay Gazetteer; Nasik_ p. 26.
[28] This is the rule in the Nagpur District.
[29] From a note by Mr. A. K. Smith, C.S.
[30] Circle Inspector Ganesh Prasad.
[31] _Semicarpus anacardium_.
[32] 'Oh, Lord Mahabir, give me a child, only one child.'
[33] _Beast and Man in India_, p. 44. But, according to the same
writer, the Hindus do say, 'Drunk as an owl' and also 'Stupid as
an owl.'
[34] _Crotalaria juncea_.
[35] The 3rd Baisakh (May) Sudi, the commencement of the agricultural
year. The name means, 'The day of immortality.'
[36] Furnished by Inspector Ganesh Prasad.
[37] _Dam_: breath or life.
[38] These paragraphs are largely based on a description of a Wardha
village by Mr. A.K. Smith, C.S.
[39] _Nagpur Settlement Report_, para. 45.
[40] The references to English farming in this paragraph are taken
from an article in the _Saturday Review_ of 22nd August 1908.
[41] _Report on the Territories of the Raja of Nagpur_.
[42] _Rasmala_, ii. 242.
[43] A freebooting tribe who gave their name to Kathiawar.
[44] This article is partly based on papers by Nanhe Khan,
Sub-Inspector of Police, Khurai, Saugor, and Kesho Rao, Headmaster,
Middle School, Seoni-Chhapara.
[45] Literally 'The Month of Separatica.' It is the eighth month
of the Muhammadan year and is said to be so called because in this
month the Arabs broke up their encampments and scattered in search of
water. On the night of Shab-i-Barat God registers all the actions of
men which they are to perform during the year; and all the children
of men who are to be born and die in the year are recorded. Though
properly a fast, it is generally observed with rejoicings and a
display of fireworks. Hughes' _Dictionary of Islam_, p. 570.
[46] _Tribes and Castes of the N.W.P.,_ art. Kunjra.
[47] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, _ibidem_.
[48] This article is compiled from notes taken by Mr. Hira Lal and
by Pyare Lal Misra, Ethnographic clerk.
[49] _North Arcot Manual_, vol. i. p. 220.
[50] Vol. i. p. 224.
[51] _Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies_.
[52] In this article some account of the houses, clothes and food
of the Hindus generally of the northern Districts has been inserted,
being mainly reproduced from the District Gazetteers.
[53] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Kurmi.
[54] _Indian Folk Tales_, p. 8.
[55] _Crotalaria juncea_. See article on Lorha for a discussion of
the Hindus' prejudice against this crop.
[56] There are several Chaurasis, a grant of an estate of this special
size being common under native rule.
[57] _Boswellia serrata_.
[58] _Eugenia Jambolana_.
[59] 2 lbs.
[60] Elliot, _Hoshangabad Settlement Report_, p. 115.
[61] The custom is pointed out by Mr. A. K. Smith, C.S.
[62] _Central Provinces Census Report_ (1911), p. 153.
[63] _C.P. Census Report_ (1911), p. 153.
[64] Or his big toe.
[65] _C.P. Census Report_ (1911), p. 158.
[66] In _Indian Folk Tales_.
[67] _Ficus R_.
[68] He is also known as Katia or Kattaha Brahman and as Mahapatra.
[69] _Indian Folk Tales_, p. 54.
[70] _Sorghum vulgare_, a large millet.
[71] Dr. Jevons, _Introduction to the History of Religion_, p. 365.
[72] A measure of 400 lbs.
[73] _Butea frondosa_.
[74] A measure containing 9 lb. 2 oz. of rice.
[75] _Ficus glomerata_.
[76] From Ganga, or the Ganges, and _ala_ a pot.
[77] _Cajanus indicus_.
[78] _Phaseolus mungo_.
[79] _Phaseolus radiatus_.
[80] _Bombax malabaricum_.
[81] _Acacia arabica_.
[82] _Cassia tora_.
[83] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), p. 340.
[84] _Schleichera trijuga_.
[85] _Hindus of Gujarat_, App., art. Vaghri, footnote.
[86] _Religion of the Semites_.
[87] Mackintosh, _Report on the Manbhaos._.
[88] See articles on Khairwar and Kewat.
[89] Colonel Ward's _Mandia Settlement Report_ p. 29.
[90] _Brief View of the Caste System_, p. 14.
[91] _Symplocos racemosa_.
[92] Raja Lachman Singh's _Bulandshahr Memo,_ p. 182, quoted in
Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Lodha.
[93] _Narsinghpur Settlement Report_ (1866), p. 28.
[94] _Nagpur Settlement Report_, p. 24.
[95] A small millet.
[96] Every twelfth year when the planet Jupiter is in conjunction
with the constellation Sinh (Leo).
[97] _Butea Frondosa_.
[98] This is known as _lodha_.
[99] The Rajjhars are a low caste of farmservants and labourers,
probably an offshoot of the Bhar tribe.
[100] _Tribes and Castes of the N.W.P. and Oudh_, art. Lohar.
[101] Dowson, _Classical Dictionary, s.v._
[102] In Uriya the term, _Ghantrabela_ means a person who has illicit
intercourse with another. The Ghantra Lohars are thus probably of
bastard origin, like the groups known as half-castes and others which
are frequently found.
[103] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 624. (Ibbetson.)
[104] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal,_ art. Lohar
[105] About 15 acres.
[106] _Berar Census Report_, 1881 (Kitts).
[107] _Punjab Ethnography_, para. 624.
[108] _Bombay Gazetteer_, xvi. 82.
[109] This article is partly based on papers by Mr. P.B. Telang,
Munsiff Seoni-Malwa, and Mr. Waman Rao Mandloi, naib-tahsildar, Harda.
[110] This derivation is also negatived by the fact that the name
Maharatta was known in the third century B.C., or long before the
Rastrakutas became prominent.
[111] _Bombay Gazetteer; Gujarat Hindus_, p. 338.
[112] Ibbetson, _Punjab Census Report_ (1881).
[113] _Bombay Gazetteer, l.c._ text and footnote by R. v. J. S. Taylor.
[114] Kitts' _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 143.
[115] See article on Panwar Rajput.
[116] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 144.
[117] Kitts' _Berar Census Report_ p. 144.
[118] Described in the articles on Kurmi and Kunbi.
[119] _Loc. cit_.
[120] _Bombay Gazetteer, Gujarat Hindus, loc. cit._
[121] In Berar for ten days--Kitts' _Berar Census Report, l.c._
[122] 3rd Baisakh (April) Sudi, commencement of agricultural year.
[123] _Berar Census Report, l.c._
[124] _Berar Census Report, l.c._
[125] _Bombay Gazetteer, Gujarat Hindus_.
[126] It was formerly suggested that the fact of the Mahars being
the chief worshippers at the shrines of Sheikh Farid indicated that
the places themselves had been previously held sacred, and had been
annexed by the Muhammadan priests; and the legend of the giant, who
might represent the demonolatry of the aboriginal faith, being slain by
the saint might be a parable, so to say, expressing this process. But
in view of the way in which the Mehtars worship Musalman saints, it
seems quite likely that the Mahars might do so for the same reason,
that is, because Islam partly frees them from the utter degradation
imposed by Hinduism. Both views may have some truth. As regards the
legends themselves, it is highly improbable that Sheikh Farid, a
well-known saint of northern India, can ever have been within several
hundred miles of either of the places with which they connect him.
[127] From Mr. C. Brown's notes.
[128] _C.P. Police Gazette_.
[129] Kitts, _l.c._
[130] _Ibidem_.
[131] Stated by Mr. C. Brown.
[132] Vol. ii. p. 237.
[133] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xii. p. 175.
[134] Rev. A. Taylor in _Bombay Gazetteer, Gujarat Hindus_, p. 341 f.
[135] The following passage is taken from Forbes, _Rasmala_, i. p. 112.
[136] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xi p. 73.
[137] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xi. p. 73.
[138] Grant Duff; _History of the Marathas_, vol. i. p. 24.
[139] _Nagpur Settlement Report_ (1899), p. 29.
[140] This article consists of extracts from Sir H. Risley's account
of the caste in the _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_.
[141] See lists of exogamous septs of Mahli, Sandal, Munda and Puri
in Appendix to _Tribes and Castes cf Bengal_.
[142] _Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 326.
[143] This article is based on papers by Mr. Hira Lal and Suraj Baksh
Singh, Assistant Superintendent, Udaipur State, with references
to Mr. Crooke's exhaustive article on the Majhwars in his _Tribes
and Castes_.
[144] Crooke, art Majhwar, para. 1.
[145] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Manjhi.
[146] Crooke, _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Manjhi, para. 4.
[147] Crooke, _Tribes and Castes of Bengal,_ art. Manjhi, para. 63.
[148] _Ibidem,_ para. 54.
[149] _Ficus glomerata_.
[150] Based entirely on Colonel Dalton's account in the _Ethnology
of Bengal_, and Sir H. Risley's in the _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_.
[151] See _The Khandesh Bhil Corps_, by Mr. A. H. A. Simcox, p. 62.
[152] _Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies_, ed. 1897, pp. 25, 26.
[153] Page 130.
[154] _Hinduism_, in 'Religions Ancient and Modern' Series, p. 26.
[155] This article is based principally on Mr. Low's description of
the Marars in the _Balaghat District Gazetteer_ and on a paper by
Major Sutherland, I.M.S.
[156] _C.P. Census Report_ (1891), para. 180.
[157] Schröder, _Prehistoric Antiquities_, 121, quoted in Crooke's
_Tribes and Castes_, art. Mali.
[158] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 483.
[159] _Ibidem_, para. 484.
[160] _Balaghat District Gazetteer_, para. 59.
[161] Mr. Napier's _Bhandara Settlement Report_, quoted in article
on Kohli.
[162] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Mali.
[163] _Brief View of the Caste System_, p. 15.
[164] _La Cité antique_, 21st ed., p. 181.
[165] _The Antiquity of Oriental Carpets_, Sir G. Birdwood (Society
of Arts, 6th November 1908).
[166] The derivations of chaplet and rosary are taken from Ogilvy's
_Dictionary_.
[167] _Balaghat District Gazetteer_ (C.E. Low), para. 59.
[168] _Ibidem, loc. cit._
[169] _Balaghat District Gazetteer_, para. 59.
[170] _Hindu Castes_, vol. i. p. 327.
[171] _Balaghat District Gazetteer, loc. cit._
[172] This article is based on papers by Mr. Shyamacharan, B.A.,
B.L., Pleader, Narsinghpur, and Pyare Lal Misra, Ethnographic clerk.
[173] Crooke's _Tribes and Castes of the N. W. P. and Oudh_,
art. Mallah.
[174] This article is based on papers by Mr. Hira Lal and G. Padaya
Naidu of the Gazetteer Office.
[175] _Papers on the Aboriginal Tribes of the Central Provinces_, p. 6.
[176] Rev. A. Wood in _Chanda District Gazetteer_, para. 96.
[177] This article is compiled from notes on the caste drawn up
by Colonel Mackenzie and contributed to the _Pioneer_ newspaper by
Mrs. Horsburgh; Captain Mackintosh's _Account of the Manbhaos_ (India
Office Tracts); and a paper by Pyare Lal Misra, Ethnographic clerk.
[178] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 62.
[179] Dattatreya was a celebrated Sivite devotee who has been deified
as an incarnation of Siva.
[180] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 62.
[181] This article is based partly on a paper by Mr. Achyut Sitaram
Sathe, Extra Assistant Commissioner.
[182] P. 389.
[183] See also separate article Mang-Garori.
[184] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 147.
[185] _Lectures on the Criminal Tribes of the Central Provinces_,
p. 79.
[186] _Cynodon dactylon_.
[187] Dr, Murray Mitchell's _Great Religions of India_, p. 63.
[188] From a note by Mr. Hira Lal.
[189] Times Press, Bombay, 1882.
[190] Kennedy, _Criminal Classes of the Bombay Presidency_, p. 122.
[191] _Lectures on some Criminal Tribes of India_.
[192] This passage is quoted by Mr. Gayer from the Supplement to the
Central Provinces Police Gazette of 24th January 1905.
[193] Hutton's _Thugs, Dacoits and Gang-robbers of India_ (1857),
pp. 164-168, quoting an account by Captain Barr.
[194] This article is based on papers by Rai Sahib Nanakchand, B.A.,
Headmaster, Saugor High School, and Munshi Pyare Lal Misra of the
Gazetteer office.
[195] _Brief View_, p. 30.
[196] The _tazias_ are ornamental representations of the tomb of
Hussain, which the Muhammadans make at the Muharram festival.
[197] This article is based on a note furnished by Mr. M. Aziz,
Officiating Naib-Tahsildar, Sironcha.
[198] From a glossary published by Mr. Gupta, Assistant Director of
Ethnology for India.
[199] Generally the paternal aunt's son.
[200] _Bassia latifolia_.
[201] Sir H. Risley's _India Census Report_ (1901), Ethnographic
Appendices, p. 93.
[202] P. 48, footnote.
[203] _Nasik Gazetteer_, _ibidem_. Elphinstone's _History_, p. 246.
[204] The proper spelling is Bhosle, but Bhonsla is adopted in
deference to established usage.
[205] _Bombay Census Report_ (1901), pp. 184-185.
[206] _Rajasthan_, i. 269.
[207] _Ibidem_, ii. 420.
[208] _Sholapur Gazetteer_, p. 87.
[209] _Satara Gazetteer_, p. 64.
[210] _Ibidem_, p. 75.
[211] _Bombay Census Report_ (1907), _ibidem_.
[212] _Letter on the Marathas_ (India Office Tracts).
[213] _Satara Gazetteer_, p. 75.
[214] Grant-Duff, 4th edition (1878), vol. i. pp. 70-72.
[215] Forsyth, _Nimar Settlement Report_.
[216] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xviii. part i. pp. 413-414.
[217] Elliott, _Hoshangabad Settlement Report_.
[218] The following description is taken from the Ethnographic
Appendices to Sir H.H. Risley's _India Census Report_ of 1901.
[219] Irvine's _Army of the Mughals_, p. 82.
[220] _Ibidem_, p. 232. Gopal is a name of Krishna.
[221] Lit. armour-bearers. Colonel Tone writes: "I apprehend from the
meaning of this term that it was formerly the custom of this nation,
as was the case in Europe, to appear in armour. I have frequently
seen a kind of coat-of-mail worn by the Maratha horsemen, known as a
_beuta_, which resembles our ancient hauberk; it is made of chain work,
interlinked throughout, fits close to the body and adapts itself to
all its motions."
[222] In order to obtain redress by Dharna the creditor or injured
person would sit starving himself outside his debtor's door, and if
he died the latter would be held to have committed a mortal sin and
would be haunted by his ghost; see also article on Bhat. The account
here given must be exaggerated.
[223] Elphinstone's _History_, 7th ed. p. 748.
[224] _Ibidem_, p. 753.
[225] Some information has been obtained from a paper by Mr. Harbans
Rai, Clerk of Court, Damoh.
[226] Rajendra Lal Mitra, quoted in art. on Beria.
[227] Greeven, op. cit. pp. 29, 33.
[228] Op. cit p. 334.
[229] Greeven, p. 66, quoting from _Echoes of Old Calcutta_.
[230] Crooke, _op. cit._
[231] Crooke, _op. cit._ para. 52.
[232] Ibbetson, _op. cit._ para. 227.
[233] Greeven, _op. cit._ p. 21.
[234] The fruit of the _achar_ (_Buchanamia latifolia_).
[235] _Acacia arabica_.
[236] _Acacia catechu_.
[237] Some writers consider that Balmik, the sweeper-saint, and
Valmiki, the author of the Ramayana, are not identical.
[238] Page 38.
[239] Page 8.
[240] Page 54.
[241] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 599.
[242] Sir H. Risley, _l.c._, art. Dom.
[243] _Institutes_, x. 12-29-30.
[244] _Ibidem_, iv. 239, quoted by Mr. Crooke, art. Dom.
[245] Probably not within the house but in the veranda or courtyard.
[246] _Ibidem_.
[247] Crooke, _Tribes and Castes_, art. Dom, para. 34.
[248] _Bombay Gazetteer_, _l.c._
[249] _Ibidem_.
[250] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), and _Bombay Gazetteer_, _l.c._
[251] _Hindu Tribes and Castes_, quoted by Sir H. Risley, art. Dom.
[252] _Bombay Gazetteer_, _l.c._
[253] Ibbetson, _l.c._ para. 596.
[254] _Ibidem_, para. 601.
[255] _L.c._ pp. 25, 26.
[256] _Rajputana Gazetteer_, vol. i. p. 165.
[257] A Muhammadan form of marriage.
[258] Elliott's _Hoshangabad Settlement Report_, p. 63.
[259] Cunningham's _Archaeological Survey Reports_, xx. p. 24.
[260] _Ibidem_.
[261] General Cunningham's enumeration of the _pals_ is as follows:
Five Jadon clans--Chhirkilta, Dalat, Dermot, Nai, Pundelot; five
Tuar clans--Balot, Darwar, Kalesa, Lundavat, Rattawat; one Kachhwaha
clan--Dingal; one Bargjuar clan--Singal. Besides these there is one
miscellaneous or half-blood clan, Palakra, making up the common total
of 12 1/2 clans.
[262] Ibbetson's _Punjab Census Report_, para. 582. Sir D. Ibbetson
considered it doubtful, however, whether the expression referred to
the Mina caste.
[263] Major Powlett, _Gazetteer of Alwar_.
[264] _Asiatic Studies_, vol. i. p. 162.
[265] Quoted in Dowson's _Elliott's History of India_, iii. p. 103.
[266] Dowson's _Elliott_, iv. pp. 60, 75, 283, quoted in Crooke's
_Tribes and Castes_.
[267] _Census Report_ (1881), para. 582.
[268] _Tribes and Castes of the N.W.P._ art. Meo.
[269] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 589.
[270] _Archaeological Reports_. vol. xx. p. 26.
[271] _Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces_,
vol. iii. p. 496.
[272] Baden Powell's _Land Systems of British India_, vol. iii. p. 116.
[273] _Punjab Ethnography_, p. 289.
[274] _Brief View_, p. 43.
[275] Crooke, _loc. cit._
[276] This article is partly based on papers by Mr. Gopal Parmanand,
Deputy Inspector of Schools, Saugor, and Mr. Shamsuddin, Sub-Inspector,
City Police, Saugor.
[277] _Brief View_.
[278] _Bombay Ethnographic Survey Draft Monograph on Jingar_.
[279] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Mochi.
[280] _Eastern India_, vol. iii. p. 105.
[281] Rajendra Lal Mitra, _Indo-Aryans_, vol. i. pp. 222, 223.
[282] _Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 326.
[283] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Bind.
[284] Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Bind.
[285] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, _loc. cit._
[286] The clever writer referred to in the preceding line.
[287] Breast-cloth.
[288] This article is mainly compiled from papers by Mr. Hira Lal
and Babu Gulab Singh, Superintendent of Land Records, Betul.
[289] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 158.
[290] _Butea frondosa_.
[291] _Phyllanthus emiblica_.
[292] This article is compiled from papers by Mr. Chatterji, retired
E.A.C., Jubbulpore; Professor Sadashiva Jairam, M.A., Hislop College,
Nagpur; and Mr. C. Shrinivas Naidu, First Assistant Master, Sironcha,
Chanda; and from the Central Provinces District Gazetteers.
[293] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes,_ art. Nai.
[294] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Nai, para. 5.
[295] The following account is largely taken from Mr. Nesfield's
_Brief View of the Caste System_, pp. 42, 43.
[296] _Eighteenth Century Middle-Class Life_, by C.S. Torres, in the
_Nineteenth Century and After_, Sept. 1910.
[297] _Private Life of an Eastern King_, p. 17.
[298] _Ibidem_, p. 107.
[299] _Private Life of an Eastern King_, p. 330.
[300] In the _Balaghat District Gazetteer_.
[301] D.B. Pandian, _Indian Village Life_, under Barber.
[302] Quoted in Malcolm's _Sketch of the Sikhs, Asiatic Researches_,
vol. xi., 1810, p. 289.
[303] Quoted in Sir D. Ibbetson's account of the Sikhs in _Punjab
Census Report_ (1881).
[304] _Sketch of the Sikhs_, _ibidem_, pp. 284, 285.
[305] Professor Blümners, _Home Life of the Ancient Greeks_,
translation, p. 455.
[306] _Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. vol. iii. p. 370.
[307] Hendley, _Account of the Bhils_, _J.A.S.B._ vol. xxxiv., 1875,
p. 360.
[308] _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Hindus of Gujarat_, p. 528.
[309] S.C. Roy, _The Mundas and their Country_, p. 369.
[310] W. Kirkpatrick in _J.A.S.B._, July 1911, p. 438.
[311] _Golden Bough_, 3rd ed. vol. viii. p. 153.
[312] _G.B._, 3rd ed., _Balder the Beautiful_, vol. ii. p. 103.
[313] Dr. Jevons, _Introduction to the History of Religion_, p. 45.
[314] _Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 234.
[315] _Ibidem_, vol. i. p. 242.
[316] _Ibidem_, vol. i. pp. 368, 369.
[317] Dalton, _Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 270.
[318] _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Parsis of Gujarat_, p. 226.
[319] _Religion of the Semites_, note i. pp. 483, 484.
[320] _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Muhammadans of Gujarat_, p. 52.
[321] _Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 368.
[322] Yule's ed. i. 50, quoted in _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Hindus of
Gujarat_, p. 470.
[323] Mr. V.A. Smith, _Early History of India_, 2nd ed. p. 128.
[324] _Religion of the Semites_, p. 33.
[325] Lev. xiv. 9 and Deut. xxi. 12.
[326] _Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 371.
[327] _Ibidem_, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 370.
[328] _Ibidem_, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 371.
[329] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Sarwaria.
[330] _Occult Review_, October 1909.
[331] _Orpheus_, p. 99, and _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Parsis of Gujarat_;
p. 220.
[332] Hanuman is worshipped on this day in order to counteract the
evil influence of the planet Saturn, whose day it really is.
[333] Pots in which wheat-stalks are sown and tended for nine days,
corresponding to the Gardens of Adonis.
[334] _Religion of the Semites_ p. 324.
[335] _Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 203.
[336] In 1911 the Naodas numbered 700 persons in the Central
Provinces. About 1000 were returned in Central India in 1891, but in
1901 they were amalgamated with the Mallahs or Kewats. This article
is based on a paper by Mr. P.R. Kaipitia, Forest Ranger.
[337] This article is partly compiled from notes furnished by
Mr. Aduram Chaudhri and Mr. Jagannath Prasad, Naib-Tahsildars.
[338] See art. Kanjar.
[339] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 588.
[340] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Beria.
[341] _Asiatic Researches_, vol. vii., 1803, by Captain Richardson.
[342] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Nat.
[343] Crooke, _l.c._, art. Nat.
[344] _Ibidem._
[345] Ibbetson, _Punjab Census Report_ (1886), para. 588.
[346] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xx. p. 186, quoted in Mr. Crooke's
article.
[347] Temple and Fallon's _Hindustani Proverbs_, p. 171.
[348] _As. Res._ vol. xvi., 1828, p. 213.
[349] _Melia indica_.
[350] _Bengali Festivals and Holidays_, by the Rev. Bihari Lal De,
_Calcutta Review_, vol. v. pp. 59, 60.
[351] Based on papers by Munshi Kanhya Lal of the Gazetteer Office,
and Mr. Mir Patcha, Tahsildar, Bilaspur.
[352] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Lunia.
[353] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Lunia.
[354] _Papers relating to the Aboriginal Tribes of the C.P._, p. 6.
[355] Note by Mr. Tawney as Deputy Commissioner of Chhindwara, quoted
in _Central Provinces Census Report_ of 1881 (Mr. Drysdale).
[356] Sir C.A. Elliott's _Hoshangabad Settlement Report_, p. 70.
[357] _Linguistic Survey_, vol. iv. p. 406.
[358] _Bengal Census Report_ (1901).
[359] _Ethnography_, p. 248.
[360] _Tribes and Castes_, vol. ii. p. 141.
[361] Panna Lal, Revenue Inspector.
[362] _Sorghum halepense_.
[363] _Shorea robusta_.
[364] In Bilaspur the men have an iron comb in the hair with a circular
end and two prongs like a fork. Women do not wear this.
[365] _Jungle Life in India_, p. 134.
[366] This article is compiled from papers by Pyare Lal Misra,
Ethnographic clerk, and Hazari Lal, Manager, Court of Wards, Chanda.
[367] The basil plant.
[368] _Bilaspur Settlement Report_ (1868), p. 49.
[369] From a note by Mr. Gauri Shankar, Manager, Court of Wards, Drug.
[370] With the exception of the historical notice, this article
is principally based on a paper by Mr. Muhammad Yusuf, reader to
Mr. C.E. Low, Deputy Commissioner of Balaghat.
[371] Tod's _Rajasthan_, ii. p. 407.
[372] Foreign elements in the Hindu population, _Ind. Ant._ (January
1911), vol. xl.
[373] _Early History of India_ (Oxford, Clarendon Press), 3rd ed.,
p. 303.
[374] _Ibidem_, 2nd ed., p. 288.
[375] _Ibidem_, p. 316.
[376] _Early History of India_ (Oxford, Clarendon Press), 3rd ed.,
p. 319.
[377] _Garret's Classical Dictionary of Hinduism_, _s.v._ Jamadagni
and Rama.
[378] The following extract is taken from Mr. V.A. Smith's _Early
History of India_, 3rd ed. pp. 395, 396. The passage has been somewhat
abridged in reproduction.
[379] Malcolm, i. p. 26.
[380] _Rajasthan_, ii. p. 215.
[381] A similar instance in Europe is related by Colonel Tod,
concerning the origin of the Madrid Restaurant in the Bois de Boulogne
at Paris. After Francis I had been captured by the Spaniards he was
allowed to return to his capital, on pledging his parole that he would
go back to Madrid. But the delights of liberty and Paris were too
much for honour; and while he wavered a hint was thrown out similar
to that of destroying the clay city. A mock Madrid arose in the Bois
de Boulogne, to which Francis retired. (_Rajasthan_, ii. p. 428.)
[382] _Rajasthan_, ii. pp. 264, 265.
[383] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Panwar.
[384] _Memoir of Central India_, i. 96.
[385] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Panwar.
[386] Blockmann, i. 252, quoted by Crooke.
[387] Ibbetson, P.C.R., para. 448.
[388] His name, Lakshma Deva, is given in a stone inscription dated
A.D. 1104-1105.
[389] The inscription is said to be in one of the temples in Winj
Basini, near Bhandak, in the Devanagri character in Marathi, and
to run as follows: "Consecration of Jagnarayan (the serpent of the
world). Dajíanashnaku, the son of Chogneka, he it was who consecrated
the god. The Panwar, the ruler of Dhar, was the third repairer of
the statue. The image was carved by Gopinath Pandit, inhabitant of
Lonar Mehkar. Let this shrine be the pride of all the citizens, and
let this religious act be notified to the chief and other officers."
[390] A few Panwar Rajputs are found in the Saugor District, but they
are quite distinct from those of the Maratha country, and marry with
the Bundelas. They are mentioned in the article on that clan.
[391] March.
[392] Rice boiled with milk and sugar.
[393] Village headman.
[394] Patwari or village accountant.
[395] _Introduction to the History of Religion_, p. 59.
[396] _Diospyros tomentosa_.
[397] Gamble, _Manual of Indian Timbers_, p. 461.
[398] _Balaghat District Gazetteer_.
[399] P. 62, quoting from Bringand, _Les Karens de la Birmanie,
Les Missions Catholiques_, xx. (1888), p. 208.
[400] _Tod's Rajasthan_, i. p. 165. But Johar is a common term of
salutation among the Hindus.
[401] _Seoni Settlement Report_ (1867), p. 43.
[402] From a collection of notes on Patharis by various police
officers. The passage is somewhat abridged in reproduction.
[403] _Ficus R._
[404] _Bassia latifolia_.
[405] _Ficus glomerata_.
[406] Note already quoted.
[407] This article is partly compiled from papers by Mr. Aduram
Chaudhri and Pandit Pyare Lal Misra of the Gazetteer Office,
and extracts from Mr. Kitts' _Berar Census Report_ (1881), and
Mr. Sewell's note on the caste quoted in Mr. Gayer's _Lectures on
the Criminal Tribes of the Central Provinces_.
[408] _Lectures on Criminal Tribes of the C.P._, p. 19.
[409] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 135.
[410] _Bombay Ethnographic Survey_, art. Pardhi.
[411] _Jungle Life in India_, pp. 586-587.
[412] _Peasant Life in Bihar_, p. 80.
[413] See Jerdon's _Mammals of India_, p, 97. The account there given
is quoted in the _Chhindwara District Gazetteer_, pp. 16-17.
[414] _Private Life of an Eastern King_, p. 75.
[415] _Private Life of an Eastern King_, pp. 69, 71.
[416] _Private Life of an Eastern King_, pp. 39-40.
[417] _Bombay Ethnographic Survey_, _ibidem_.
[418] This article is based on papers by Mr. Panda Baijnath and other
officers of the Bastar State.
[419] By Dr. Cornish.
[420] _Linguistic Survey_; vol. ix, p. 554; vol. ii. part ii. pp. 434
ff.
[421] In the article on Gond it is suggested that the Gonds and
Khonds were originally one tribe, and the fact that the Parjas have
affinities with both of them appears to support this view.
[422] _Eugenia jambolana_.
[423] Hareli, _lit._ 'the season of greenness.'
[424] Nawakhani, _lit._ 'the new eating.'
[425] _Folklore as a Historical Science_ (G.L. Gomme), pp. 191, 192.
[426] Based principally on Mr. Crooke's article on the caste in his
_Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh_.
[427] Quoted in Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Bhar.
[428] Art. Pasi, para. 3.
[429] Art. Bhar, para. 4.
[430] A pulse of a black colour (_Phaseolus radiatus_).
[431] These sentences are taken from Dr. Grierson's _Peasant Life in
Behar_, p. 79.
[432] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Pasi.
[433] The following passage is taken from Mr. Crooke's article
on Pasi, and includes quotations from the _Sitapur_ and _Hardoi
Settlement Reports_.
[434] _Lectures on Criminal Tribes of the Central Provinces_.
[435] The word Rakshabandhan is said to mean literally, 'the bond
of protection.' Another suggested derivation, 'binding the devil,'
is perhaps incorrect.
[436] The historical account of the Pindaris is compiled from Malcolm's
_Memoir of Central India_, Grant-Duff's _History of the Marathas_,
and Prinsep's _Transactions in India_ (1825). Some notes on the modern
Pindaris have been furnished by Mr. Hira Lal, and Mr. Waman Rustom
Mandloi, Naib-Tahsildar, Harda.
[437] _Memoir of Central India_, i, p. 433.
[438] _Indian Antiquary_, 1900.
[439] _Transactions in India_, 1813-23, by H.T. Prinsep.
[440] _Maratha and Pindari Campaigns_.
[441] The above is compiled from the accounts given by Prinsep and
Malcolm.
[442] That is when Malcolm wrote his _Memoir_.
[443] This account is copied from Prinsep's _Transactions_.
[444] _Memoir_, ii. p. 177.
[445] _Rajasthan_, ii. p. 674.
[446] Malcolm, ii. p. 177.
[447] The Pindari's childhood is recalled here, _vide_ poem.
[448] Pamphlet published in connection with the Ethnographic Survey.
[449] _A Prabhu Marriage_, p. 3 _et seq._
[450] _A Prabhu Marriage_, pp. 26-27.
[451] _Bombay Ethnographic Survey_, art. Prabhu.
[452] _Bombay Gazetteer_, ix. p. 68, footnotes.
[453] _Hoshangabad Settlement Report_ (1807), p. 60.
[454] _Nagpur Settlement Report_.
[455] _Settlement Report_.
[456] Preserved butter.
[457] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Raghuvansi.
[458] Kitts' _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 157.
[459] About 400 lbs.
[460] _Early History of India_ (Oxford, Clarendon Press), 3rd edition,
p. 414.
[461] _Early History of India_, pp. 252, 254.
[462] _Ibidem_, p. 210.
[463] _Ibidem_, p. 227.
[464] Colonel Tod states that, the proper name of the caste was Jit
or Jat, and was changed to Jat by a section of them who also adopted
Muhammadanism. Colonel Tod also identifies the Jats or Jits with the
Yueh-chi as suggested in the text (_Rajasthan_, i. p. 97).
[465] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 42. Mr. Crooke points out that the Buddha
here referred to is probably the planet Mercury. But it is possible
that he may have been identified with the religious reformer as the
names seem to have a common origin.
[466] See also separate articles on Panwar, Rajput and Gujar.
[467] _J.A.S.B._, 1909, p. 167, _Guhilots_. See also annexed article
on Rajput Sesodia.
[468] _Ibidem_, i. p. 105.
[469] See also article Bhat.
[470] _Rajasthan_, i. pp. 231, 232.
[471] _Butea frondosa_. This powder is also used at the Holi festival
and has some sexual significance.
[472] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 159.
[473] _Melia indica_.
[474] _Ficus R._
[475] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 123.
[476] _Rajasthan_, i. pp. 267, 268.
[477] _Rasmala_, ii. p. 261.
[478] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 553.
[479] _Reminiscences of Lady Dorothy Nevill_, Nelson's edition, p. 367.
[480] _Rajasthan_, ii. p. 3.
[481] Mrs. Postans, _Cutch_, p. 35.
[482] Mrs. Postans, _Cutch_, p. 138.
[483] _Rajasthan_, i. pp. 543, 544.
[484] _Ibidem_, i. p. 125.
[485] _Ibidem_, ii. p. 52.
[486] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 552.
[487] Vol. ii. p. 227.
[488] A ceremony of smearing vermilion on the bride before a wedding,
which is believed to bring good fortune.
[489] The basil plant, sacred to Vishnu.
[490] A round black stone, considered to be a form of Vishnu.
[491] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 555.
[492] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_. art. Rajput.
[493] Quoted in Sir D. Ibbetson's _Punjab Census Report_ (1881),
para. 456.
[494] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Baghel.
[495] Vol. i. part i. p. 198.
[496] See also a history of the Baghels, called _Pratap Vinod_,
written by Khan Bahadur Rahmat Ali Khan, and translated by Thakur
Pratap Singh, Revenue Commissioner of Rewah.
[497] Article Baghel, quoting Forsyth's _Highlands of Central India_.
[498] _Memoir of Central India_, vol. ii. p. 479.
[499] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 445.
[500] This article consists entirely of extracts from Mr. Crooke's
article on the Bais Rajputs.
[501] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Banaphar.
[502] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 88, and _Supplementary Glossary_, _s.v._
[503] _Tribes and Castes_, _s.v._
[504] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Bundela.
[505] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 106.
[506] _Imperial Gazetteer_, articles Bundelkhand and Panna.
[507] _Early History of India_, 3rd edition, pp. 390-394.
[508] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Chandel.
[509] Sherring's _Castes and Tribes_, i. pp. 359, 360.
[510] _Supplemental Glossary_, art. Bhar.
[511] See art. Pasi.
[512] Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Chandel.
[513] _Ibidem_.
[514] _J.A.S.B._ vol. xlvi. (1877), p. 232.
[515] _Ibidem_, p. 233.
[516] _J.A.S.B._ vol. xlvi. (1877), p. 233.
[517] _Rajasthan_, i. pp. 86, 87.
[518] _Archaeological Reports_, ii. 255, quoted in Mr. Crooke's
art. Chauhan.
[519] _Imperial Gazetteer, India_, vol. ii, p. 312.
[520] _Early History of India_ and _Imperial Gazetteer, loc. cit._
[521] _Rajasthan_, ii. p. 419.
[522] The above particulars are taken from Mr. Crooke's article
Dhakara in his _Tribes and Castes_.
[523] _Early History of India_, 3rd edition, p. 391.
[524] _Early History of India_, 3rd edition, p. 385.
[525] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Gaharwar.
[526] _Tribes and Castes_, i. p. 75.
[527] _Supplementary Glossary_, p. 33.
[528] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 105.
[529] Quoted in Mr. Crooke's article on Gaharwar.
[530] See art. Rajput, Bundela.
[531] Quoted in Mr. Crooke's article Gaur Brahman.
[532] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 105.
[533] _Supplemental Glossary, s.v._
[534] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 36.
[535] The above notice of the Kalachuri or Haihaya dynasty of Tripura
is taken from the detailed account in the _Jubbulpore District
Gazetteer_, pp. 42-47, compiled by Mr. A.E. Nelson, C.S., and Rai
Bahadur Hira Lal.
[536] _Early History of India_, 3rd edition, p. 390. This, however,
does not only refer to the Jubbulpore branch, whose territories
did not probably include the south and east of the present Central
Provinces, but includes also the country over which the Ratanpur
kings subsequently extended their separate jurisdiction.
[537] _Bilaspur District Gazetteer_, chap. ii., in which a full and
interesting account of the Ratanpur kingdom is given by Mr. C.U. Wills,
C.S.
[538] _Ibidem_, p. 49.
[539] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Hayobans.
[540] The date is too early, as is usual in these traditions. Though
the Haihaivansis only founded Ratanpur about A.D. 1050, their own
legends put it ten centuries earlier.
[541] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 36.
[542] _Rajasthan_, ii. p. 319.
[543] _Early History of India_, 3rd edition, p. 381.
[544] The above information is taken from the new _Imperial Gazetteer_,
articles Jaipur and Alwar States.
[545] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Kachhwaha.
[546] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 94; Elliot's _Supplemental Glossary_,
art. Gaur Taga.
[547] See article on Kol.
[548] _Eastern India_, ii. 461, quoted in Mr. Crooke's art. Nagvansi.
[549] _Tribes and Castes_, vol. i. art. Nikumbh.
[550] _Rajasthan_, ii. p. 417.
[551] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Nikumbh.
[552] _Eastern India_, ii. p. 919.
[553] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 86.
[554] _Early History of India_, 3rd edition, p. 390.
[555] Ibidem, pp. 378, 379.
[556] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 91.
[557] Ibidem.
[558] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Parihar.
[559] _Early History of India_, 3rd edition, p. 389.
[560] _Ibidem_, p. 413.
[561] _Imperial Gazetteer_, art. Bali.
[562] _Rajasthan_, ii. pp. 16, 17.
[563] _Ibidem_, i. p. 81.
[564] _Ibidem_, ii. p. 37.
[565] _Ibidem_, ii. p. 35.
[566] _J.A.S.B._ (1909), vol. v. p. 167.
[567] _Imperial Gazetteer, loc. cit_.
[568] Bhandarkar, _loc. cit._ p. 180.
[569] The following extracts from the history of the clan are mainly
taken from the article on Udaipur State in the _Imperial Gazetteer_.
[570] _Rajasthan_, pp. 222, 223.
[571] Forbes, _Rasmala_ i. p. 400.
[572] _Rajasthan_ i. pp, 398, 399. The death of the young princess
was mainly the work of Amir Khan Pindari who brought pressure on the
Rana to consent to it in order to save his state.
[573] If the Chalukyas were in the Deccan in the fourth century they
could not have originated from the Hun and Gujar invaders of the
fifth and sixth centuries, but must have belonged to an earlier horde.
[574] _Some Problems of Ancient Indian History_, by Dr. Rudolf Hoernle,
_J.R.A.S._ (1905) pp. 1-14.
[575] _Tribes and Castes, s.v._
[576] _Ibidem_, art. Soiri.
[577] Mr Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Tomara.
[578] _Early History of India_, 3rd edition, p. 386.
[579] Elliot, _Supplemental Glossary, s.v._
[580] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes, and Castes,_ art. Tomara.
[581] See also article Jadum for a separate account of the local
caste in the Central Provinces.
[582] _Early History of India_, 3rd edition, p. 434.
[583] Based on the accounts of Sir H. Risley and Colonel Dalton and
a paper by Pandit G.L. Pathak, Superintendent, Korea State.
[584] _B. G. Poona_, Part I., p. 409.
[585] _An Account of the Origin and Present Condition of the Tribe
of Ramosis_ (Bombay, 1833; India Office Tracts. Also published in
the _Madras Journal of Literature and Science_.)
[586] This paragraph is mainly compiled from the _Nasik_ and _Poona_
volumes of the _Bombay Gazetteer_.
[587] _Ficus glomerata_.
[588] _Eugenia jambolana_.
[589] _Calotropis gigantea_.
[590] _Bauhinia racemosa_.
[591] _Poona Gazetteer_, part i. p. 425.
[592] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Rangrez.
[593] _Peasant Life in Bihar_, p. 101, footnote.
[594] Temple and Fallon's _Hindustani Proverbs_.
[595] Based on Sir H. Risley's account of the tribe in the _Tribes
and Castes of Bengal_, and on notes taken by Mr. Hira Lal at Raigarh.
[596] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, vol. ii. App. I.
[597] _Saccharum spontaneum_.
[598] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Rautia.
[599] This article is based principally on an account of the Sanaurhias
written by Mr. C.M. Seagrim, Inspector-General of Police, Indore,
and included in Mr. Kennedy's _Criminal Classes of Bombay_ (1908).
[600] Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Sanaurhia.
[601] _Criminal Classes of Bombay Presidency_, pp. 296, 297.
[602] Sleeman's _Reports on the Badhaks_, p. 327.
[603] Mr. Gayer's _Lectures on some Criminal Tribes_.
[604] _Report on the Badhak or Bagri Dacoits_ (1849), p. 328.
[605] J. Hutton, _A Popular Account of the Thugs and Dacoits and
Gang-robbers of India_ (London, 1857).
[606] This article is based almost entirely on a description of the
Sansias contained in Colonel Sleeman's _Report on the Badhak or Bagri
Dacoits_ (1849). Most of the material belongs to a report drawn up
at Nagpur by Mr. C. Ramsay, Assistant Resident, in 1845.
[607] Sleeman's _Report on the Badhaks_, p. 253.
[608] _Ibidem_, p. 254.
[609] Sir D. Ibbetson, _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 577.
[610] P. 259.
[611] The description of a dacoity is combined from two accounts
given at pp. 257, 273 of Colonel Sleeman's _Report_.
[612] _Sorghum vulgare_.
[613] Made of the bark of the date-palm tied with strips of cloth
round some inflammable wood.
[614] Sleeman, p. 263.
[615] But it is unlucky for a snake to cross one's path in front.
[616] Sleeman, pp. 261, 262.
[617] Committee of five persons.
[618] _Ficus religiosa_.
[619] The seer = 2 lbs.
[620] _Criminal Classes in the Bombay Presidency_; Sansias and Berias.
[621] Mr. Gayer, _Central Provinces Police Lectures_; p. 68.
[622] This article is mainly based on a paper by Mr. Rama Prasad
Bohidar, Assistant Master, Sambalpur High School.
[623] See article Beldar for a notice of the different groups of
earth-workers.
[624] Said to be derived from their name Waddar.
[625] Story of Jasma Odni in Sati Charita Sangrah.
[626] This article is principally based on papers by Munshi
Gopinath, Naib-Tahsildar, Sonpur, Mr. Kaluram Pachore, Assistant
Settlement Officer, Sambalpur, and Mr. Hira Lal, Assistant Gazetteer
Superintendent.
[627] _Archaeological Reports_, vol. xvii. pp. 120, 122.
[628] _India Census Report_ (1901), p. 283.
[629] _Archaeological Reports_, vol. xvii. p. 113.
[630] Crooke's _Tribes and Castes of N.W.P._, art Savara.
[631] _Tribes and Castes of N.W.P._, art. Savara.
[632] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Savar.
[633] _F. glomerata_.
[634] _Balaghat Gazetteer_, C.E. Low, p. 207.
[635] _Bhandara Settlement Report_ (A.J. Lawrence), p. 49.
[636] Major Lucie Smith's _Chanda Settlement Report_ (1869), p. 105.
[637] The following account of the process of gold-washing is taken
from Mr. Low's _Balaghat Gazetteer_, p. 201.
[638] This article is compiled from a paper by Mr. Bhagirath Patnaik,
Diwan of Rairakhol, and from notes taken by Mr. Hira Lal at Rairakhol.
[639] This article is partly based on an article by Mr. Raghunath
Prasad, E.A.C., formerly Deputy Superintendent of Census, with extracts
from the late Mr. Nunn's Monograph on the Gold and Silver Industries,
and on information furnished by Krishna Rao, Revenue Inspector, Mandla.
[640] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Sunar.
[641] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xvii. p. 134.
[642] See articles on Kunbi and Kurmi.
[643] Monograph on the Gold and Silverware of the Central Provinces
(Mr. H. Nunn, I.C.S.), 1904. The tola is a rupee's weight, or
two-fifths of an ounce.
[644] _Journal of Indian Art_, July 1909, p. 172.
[645] From a monograph on rural customs in Saugor, by Major
W.D. Sutherland, I.M.S.
[646] Lang, _Myth, Ritual and Religion_, i. p. 98.
[647] _2 King Henry IV._ Act IV. Sc. 4.
[648] _Religion of the Semites_, note B., p. 453.
[649] _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Poona_, App. D., Ornaments.
[650] _Religion of the Semites_, Lecture III.
[651] 2 lbs.
[652] From a paper on Caste Panchayats, by the Rev. Failbus,
C.M.S. Mission, Mandla.
[653] Rajendra Lal Mitra, _Indo-Aryans_ vol. i. p. 231.
[654] _Introduction to the History of Religion_, 3rd ed. p. 172.
[655] Monograph, _loc. cit._
[656] This account is taken from Buchanan's _Eastern India_,
vol. ii. p. 100.
[657] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xii. p. 71.
[658] Temple and Fallon's _Hindustani Proverbs._
[659] _Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat,_ pp. 199, 200.
[660] Pandian's _Indian Village Folk_, p. 41.
[661] This article is compiled from a paper by Mr. D. Mitra, pleader,
Sambalpur.
[662] _Madras Census Report_, 1891, p. 301.
[663] This article is based on information: contributed by
Nand Kishore, Nazir of the Deputy Commissioner's Office, Damoh;
Mr. Tarachand Dube, Municipal Member, Bilaspur; and Mr. Aduram Chaudhri
of the Gazetteer Office.
[664] This article is based on papers by Mr. Prem Narayan, Extra
Assistant Commissioner, Chanda; Mr. Mir Pacha, Tahsildar, Seoni;
Mr. Chintaman Rao, Tahsildar, Chanda; and Mr. K.G. Vaidya, Chanda.
[665] _C.P. Census Report_ (1911), p. 147, referring to Professor
Karl Pearson's _Chances of Death_.
[666] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Teli.
[667] _Bassia latifolia._
[668] _Hindus of Gujarat_, p. 72.
[669] Weighing. 2 oz. each.
[670] _Phaseolus radiatas._
[671] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Teli.
[672] _Acacia arabica_.
[673] _Melia indica_.
[674] _Indian Folk Tales_, p. 10.
[675] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Teli.
[676] _Rajasthan_, vol. ii. pp. 678, 679.
[677] Thevenot's _Travels_, Part III. p. 41, quoted in Dr. Sherwood's
account, _Ramaseeana_, p. 359.
[678] Sleeman, p. 11.
[679] P. 144.
[680] P. 162.
[681] P. 147.
[682] P. 205.
[683] Hutton's _Thugs and Dacoits_.
[684] Sleeman, p. 170.
[685] Sleeman, p. 168.
[686] He was called Feringia because he was born while his mother
was fleeing from an attack on her village by troops under European
officers (Feringis).
[687] Sleeman, p. 205.
[688] Hutton, p. 70.
[689] _Ibidem_, p. 71.
[690] Pp. 34, 35.
[691] See _Cults, Customs and Superstitions of India_, p. 249.
[692] Pp. 32, 33.
[693] Kandeli adjoins the headquarters station of Narsinghpur, the
two towns being divided only by a stream.
[694] P. 23.
[695] Near Bilehri in Jubbulpore.
[696] Captain Lowis in Sleeman's _Report on the Thug Gangs_ (1840).
[697] Pp. 15, 16.
[698] P. 7.
[699] P. 150.
[700] Sleeman's _Report on the Thug Gangs_, Introduction, p. vi.
[701] P. 142.
[702] P. 216.
[703] 'Oh Kali, Eater of Men, Oh great Kali of Calcutta.' The name
Calcutta signifies Kali-ghat or Kali-kota, that is Kali's ferry or
house. The story is that Job Charnock was exploring on the banks of
the Hoogly, when he found a widow about to be burnt as a sacrifice
to Kali. He rescued her, married her, and founded a settlement on
the site, which grew into the town of Calcutta.
[704] P. 133.
[705] P. 173.
[706] _Orphéus_, p. 170.
[707] Dhamoni is an old ruined fort and town in the north of Saugor
District, still a favourite haunt of tigers; and the Thugs may often
have lain there in concealment and heard the tigers quarrelling in
the jungle.
[708] Sleeman, p. 196.
[709] P. 91.
[710] P. 67.
[711] P. 100.
[712] _Orphéus_ (M. Salomon Reinach), p. 316.
[713] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Turi.
[714] _North Arcot Manual_, i. p. 216.
[715] _Indian Antiquary_ (1879), p. 216.
[716] This article is compiled from papers by Mr. W.A. Tucker,
Extra Assistant Commissioner, Bhandara, and Mr. B.M. Deshmukh,
Pleader, Chanda.
[717] Buchanan, _Eastern India_, i. p. 186.
[718] Rand = widow or prostitute.
[719] The term Kunwar is a title applied to the eldest son of a chief.
[720] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xviii. p. 185.
[721] _Nagpur Settlement Report_, p. 27.
[722] This article is partly based on a paper by Pandit Pyare Lal
Misra, ethnographic clerk.
[723] Vol. xx. pp. 189-190.
[724] _Bombay Gazetteer_; vol. xxii. p. 212.
[725] _Madras Census Report_ (1891).
[726] _Madras Census Report_ (1901).
[727] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xxi. pp. 170, 171.
[728] _Tribes and Castes of Southern India_, art. Korava.
[729] _North Arcot Manual_, p. 247.
[730] _Ind. Ant._ vol. iii., 1874, p. 157.