PEKING.
Exciting times—A chat with Sir John Walsham—The Chinese
city—Horrible scenes—Social life at the Legations in
Peking—Lady Walsham’s “At homes”—The hardest-worked man in the
East—Interesting evening with Sir Robert Hart—His account of
his life.
Peking, though perhaps from its general appearance the last place in the
world where one would expect to find a good European hotel, can boast
of a really fair _hostellerie_—fortunately for such travellers as find
their way to this out-of-the-way city; and after the long and dusty
ride through the crowded streets, it may be imagined what a relief it
is to find one’s self in this welcome oasis. The Hotel de Pékin, as it
is somewhat humorously called, is part of a large general store kept by
a genial Frenchman, M. Taillieu, who many years ago came out to the Far
East to make his fortune, and has ended by settling down in the Celestial
capital as a sort of purveyor to the different Legations. Travellers are
not numerous here, so the hotel is but a sort of _annexe_ of the store;
still, the accommodation was all that could be desired, and the living,
which was a kind of family _table-d’hôte_, was excellent, and fairly
cheap considering.
I happened to arrive in the city at a particularly exciting time, just
after the anti-European riots and murders on the Yangste, and the air
was full of disquieting rumours of approaching troubles. In fact, on the
very day I reached Peking the walls of the various European compounds
had been covered with placards calling on the people to rise that night
and exterminate the “foreign devils.” Nothing, however, came of it,
fortunately, and the night passed without the slightest indication of
any hostile feeling on the part of the inhabitants. As a matter of fact,
had anything occurred I should probably not now be writing this, for the
Europeans in Peking are in the unenviable position of the proverbial “rat
in a hole;” as, whatever resistance they might offer were they attacked
after nightfall, the result would be absolutely inevitable, as no outer
help could reach them. At eight every night the city gates are closed,
and as the telegraph wires are outside the walls, all communication with
civilization is thus completely severed.
Of course my first duty was to call at the British Legation and pay my
respects to Sir John Walsham, our Minister to the Court of Peking. I had
already heard a lot about the magnificence of the palace which represents
Great Britain in the capital of the Celestial Empire, but I was
unprepared for the gorgeous temple-like structure standing in a spacious
compound into which I was ushered. It was like a big work of art, and in
no way spoilt by the evidences of female taste and handiwork I saw on all
sides in the luxurious reception-rooms.
Although, beyond my credentials as correspondent of the _Illustrated
London News_, I was unprovided with any letter of introduction, I was
immediately received in a most friendly and informal manner by courteous
Sir John Walsham, and we had quite a long chat together. Sir John seemed
somewhat surprised at my having been permitted to come through China
from Kalgan, and still more so when I informed him I had accompanied
the Russian mail. The reason of his surprise I could only conjecture.
One subject led to another, and I gradually learnt a lot of interesting
particulars about the position of European Ministers in Peking. Although
I was already somewhat _au courant_ with the state of affairs, I must
confess I was fairly astounded when I was informed that beyond being,
as it were, tolerated, they never have any communication with Celestial
officials except on business matters, and there was absolutely no
friendship lost between them; that their position was always, as it were,
on a volcano, and often almost insupportable. This remarkable _status
quo_, Sir John added, would doubtless have to be rectified one day, for
China is an important country from many points of view. For the moment,
however, Europe had her hands full. I could not help mentioning that
I had already heard of all this, and that it was always a source of
wonderment to me that the great Powers had so long stood this sort of
arrogant insolence on the part of a semi-barbaric nation.
[Illustration: STREET SCENE, TARTAR CITY, PEKING.]
It is only my intention to attempt to describe Peking in a very
superficial manner; for, although I spent a month in it, I felt that
it would require a much longer stay in the place, and a much abler
pen than mine, to do even scanty justice to its many curiosities and
the historical souvenirs it recalls, or to give even a slight idea of
the many horrible and strange sights to be witnessed in its crowded,
evil-smelling streets, where one cannot take a step without having one’s
eyes or nostrils shocked by some abomination or other. I have heard
Canton described as the most hideous city in the Far East, but I fancy
Peking runs it pretty closely. It will give some idea of its horrors
when I state that I don’t think I ever went through the Chinese city
without seeing the dead body of a beggar lying about somewhere. I well
remember my astonishment on the first of these occasions. Accompanied by
a friend and a guide, I was passing along a very crowded thoroughfare
called the “Beggars’ Bridge,” when I espied a poor emaciated wretch in a
state of absolute nudity, lying in the centre of the pathway right out in
the broiling sun. He was in such a twisted, contorted position, that I
remarked to my boy—
“That’s a queer place for a man to sleep, Joe.”
“He no belong sleep, sir; he belong dead man,” replied Joe in his quaint
“pigeon English.”
It might have been a dead dog for all the notice the body attracted. The
busy crowds passed to and fro, evidently so used to such sights that they
never even thought of moving it on one side, or even of covering it up.
It is to live in the midst of such barbaric surroundings that civilized
nations have sent their representative ministers with their families.
Still, in spite of the many inevitable discomforts, social life amongst
the Europeans in Peking seemed to me pleasant enough in its way, for
there was always plenty to do; and when I was not working, the time never
hung heavily on my hands, for the hospitality I was shown whilst there
was quite equal to anything I had experienced in Siberia, and that is
saying a good deal.
With such a charming and hospitable an ambassadress, it may be imagined
that the life of the little colony centred itself, so to speak, round the
British Legation, and Lady Walsham’s “At home” days were events to be
looked forward to; and the _coup d’œil_ during the afternoon, when tennis
and tea were in full swing and the gardens crowded, was as pretty as it
was unique, the temple-like buildings in the background forming a telling
contrast to the white-clad figures under the trees or on the lawn.
I was particularly fortunate in arriving in Peking during the “season,”
for towards the end of June, when the heat and dust become insupportable,
its European residents betake themselves up into the hills, where many
disused temples are annually converted into temporary country-houses,
and, from all accounts, very charming places they make.
No description of European life in Peking would be complete without some
reference to that most striking personality of the East, Sir Robert
Hart, the Inspector-General of the Chinese Imperial Customs, so a brief
_résume_ of an extremely interesting evening I had the pleasure of
spending with the great man will doubtless be of interest.
It was Sir Robert’s “At home” day, for every Wednesday afternoon he
receives his numerous friends in the beautiful grounds surrounding
his house, and from six till eight there is tennis and dancing on the
spacious lawns. A delightful sense of calm prevailed in this snug and
cool retreat, which was a great relief after the continual turmoil and
dust outside, a sense of relief in no way marred by the distant strains
of the excellent band playing on the lawn—not a Chinese band, thank
goodness, but thoroughly European in all but its musicians, who are
Chinese boys in the Customs service, and who look strikingly quaint in
their national costumes, with their pigtails rolled round their heads
like chignons under their straw hats.
The entertainment was concluded, and I was about to take my leave, when
Sir Robert whispered in my ear, “Don’t run away, but stay and have a bit
of dinner with me _en tête-à-tête_.” I naturally jumped at the chance of
a quiet and informal chat with the great man, so accepted the invitation
without hesitation. By-and-by the company gradually left, and we had the
beautiful gardens to ourselves. It was such a calm and lovely evening
that I could not help remarking to Sir Robert as we strolled up and down,
that life in Peking would not be so bad after all if every European had
such a beautiful place to live in, so entirely isolated from the foul
smells and sights of the native city outside.
“Yes,” replied Sir Robert, “it certainly is a very pleasant retreat, and
it is very seldom indeed that I ever leave it to go into the city. My
work occupies so much of my time that I have little inclination after it
is over of a day to go out visiting, so I live here almost like a hermit.
My Wednesday garden-parties are my sole relaxation, and I have only
had eighteen months’ holiday in all since I joined the Chinese Customs
Service in 1859. Lady Hart left China for England some ten years ago,
and I had arranged to join her there in a few months, but every time I
commenced making arrangements to leave Peking something turned up to
prevent me, and I am even now uncertain when I shall be able to get away,
but when I do, it will certainly be for good, for I have had enough of
it.”
At this moment dinner was announced, so we adjourned to the house, which
is a very large bungalow-built structure, which reminded me very much of
the houses to be seen in the newer suburbs of London. Everything inside
was about as English-looking as it could well have been. They were huge
bachelor quarters, such as, barring their size, could be found anywhere
in England, and the resemblance was heightened by the fact of all the
rooms being lighted by gas—made on the premises, I learnt.
The dinner was excellent, and would not have disgraced a Parisian
_chef_, and although the _menu_ was written in Chinese, and I therefore
did not always know what I was eating, I appreciated it none the less.
We dined positively in Oriental magnificence, no less than eight
men-servants waiting on us; for the high position which Sir Robert holds
in China forces him to keep up a style on a footing with his rank, and he
told me that even when he is alone the same ceremony has to be observed.
It was one of the penalties of greatness, I remarked. To me, however,
unused to such splendour, there was something particularly jarring in
feeling myself thus surrounded, and every mouthful I took watched by
the many and observant eyes, so I felt quite a sense of relief when the
banquet was concluded, and we were left alone with our cigars and coffee,
and could talk unrestrained.
Reverting to the length of time he had been in China, I remarked to Sir
Robert that he must have come out as a mere youth, for he does not look a
very old man now.
“Why, how old do you think I am?” he asked.
As I hesitated to give a direct answer to this question, he proceeded to
inform me, to my surprise, that he joined her Majesty’s Consular service
in Hong Kong in 1854, just one year before reaching his majority. (He was
born in Belfast in 1834.)
“Well, you have had a wonderful time of it since then, Sir Robert,” said
I, “and could doubtless write a book of reminiscences which would be of
thrilling interest.”
“Yes,” replied my genial host; “but although it has often been suggested
to me to publish such a book, I shall probably never carry it into
effect, for once I commenced there would be no end to my souvenirs.”
“But how did you come to attain the wonderfully influential position you
now hold?”
“Oh, it was simple enough,” replied Sir Robert. “It came about somewhat
in this fashion. After I had been in the Consular service five years,
I was invited to join the Chinese Customs. This was shortly after Lord
Elgin’s treaty, when certain ports were to be opened to Europeans.
Something inspired me to accept the offer; one thing led to another, and
in 1861 I was made Acting Inspector-General, in the place of Mr. Lay, who
was going home on leave for two years. A few months after his return to
China he was compelled to resign, and I was appointed Inspector-General
in his stead. So in four years I had risen to the highest post in the
service. In those days the position was not nearly so important as it is
now, for the Chinese Customs Service was in its infancy. It has since
grown to such huge dimensions that the work it entails is something
incredible. In 1861 there were only three ports open to Europeans,
whereas there are now thirty; the ramifications of the system extend
as far south as Tonkin, and in the north to Corea. Over seven hundred
Europeans and three thousand Chinamen, of all classes, are employed
in the land service alone. The entire coast-line is guarded by twenty
armed cruisers of the very latest types, built in England, most of them
by Armstrong. These cruisers are commanded by Europeans and manned by
Chinese. There is, besides, quite a flotilla of armed steam-launches
used in the various harbours. The lighthouses along the coast are also
under my jurisdiction. Each port has its European commissioner, who has
acting under him a Chinese official and staff of assistants, European and
otherwise.”
[Illustration: CHINESE REVENUE CRUISERS IN HONG KONG ROADSTEAD.
(_From a Photograph given by Sir Robert Hart._)
[_To face p. 363._]
“How do you admit Europeans into the service?” I asked. “Have you a
competitive examination, or are special qualifications necessary?”
“Well, it is very seldom there is a vacancy,” replied Sir Robert, “but
when there is, there are so many candidates on the waiting list that my
agent in London has a sort of examination held; but, of course, a man
with some knowledge, however slight, of Chinese has the best chance of
getting the berth.”
“But how is all this supported?” I naturally asked, though aware that the
Chinese Government got a splendid revenue out of the Customs service.
“The Chinese Government,” replied Sir Robert, “allows about £400,000 a
year for the support of the service. This is absolutely under my control;
also the appointment or dismissal of all officials. The Chinese Customs
are assuming bigger proportions every year, and are an ever-increasing
source of revenue to the State. The great mistake that foreigners make
with regard to China is to imagine that she is in want of extraneous
pecuniary assistance—that she is bordering on a state of insolvency.
Nothing could be more erroneous; it is rather the other way. If the
Chinese monied men only trusted their own Government a little more, China
would undoubtedly soon be in the position of being able to lend money to
other countries. Putting this aside, China is not trying, nor has she
ever been trying, to borrow money, though many German, French, and other
syndicates have been doing their utmost to lend her some.”
I could not help remarking that this was a very enviable position for a
country to be in.
“Besides,” continued Sir Robert, “the system of such loans is contrary
to Chinese ideas; for a Chinaman prefers a short loan at a high rate of
interest to a long one at a low rate. I have been much amused, knowing
what I do, to hear of agents of syndicates stopping in Peking for months
at a time on the chance of floating a loan. In several cases, in their
anxiety to do business, they were on the point of doing so with the
wrong people. After all, the Chinamen are no better than they ought to
be; and as it takes so little to make the average European believe that
every well-dressed Celestial is an official mandarin, they often took
advantage of this simplicity of the Western barbarian. There were some
extraordinary cases, a few years ago, of people being introduced to
these agents as the Grand Chamberlain of the Court, or some other high
dignitary, empowered to negotiate a loan. They were absolutely nothing
of the sort, but were perhaps connected with officialism in the remotest
and obscurest way. In some instances, however, though not what they
pretended to be, they were actually connected with the big officials.
This was proved by the fact of the Government, though not officially
recognizing the loan thus obtained, still assuming to a certain extent
the responsibility of it, as it had been used partially for official
purposes. Very little, however, has transpired of these curious
transactions.
“As it has been with loans, so it is with railways. Undoubtedly China
will one day have her railways, but though she has for years past been
pestered with offers by foreign capitalists to help her start them, so
far the reply has always been that when the time comes the engineers,
the capital, all, in fact, that is needful, will be found by China—a
strong hint, which has not, however, been taken, that no foreigners
need apply. Of one thing I feel convinced,” continued Sir Robert, “that
China, though certainly very many years behindhand, is undoubtedly going
ahead—advancing slowly, it is true, but still advancing, and every step
she takes forward is a certain one. In spite of sarcasm and adverse
criticism, she adheres to her slow, steady pace, and, so far, has never
receded a single step. As compared with Japan, she reminds me always of
the old adage of the hare and the tortoise.”
Having finished our coffee, we rose from the table and had a stroll
through the suite of rooms in which Sir Robert dwells in solitary
grandeur. There was a striking absence of the curios which one would
have expected to find in the quarters of a man who had passed so many
years in the Far East. Beyond his work Sir Robert had evidently but few
hobbies. In one corner of the drawing-room was a large table covered
with the Christmas cards which my host received last year from his many
friends all over the world, whilst on the walls were a few very ordinary
pictures. The whole place, even to the large bare-looking ball-room
with two pianos in it, was very comfortless in appearance, and I could
not help thinking that it must be very trying to one’s nerves to have
such a big bare place all to one’s self. However, _chacun à son goût_!
Sir Robert’s office, or rather his “den,” as he called it, was very
characteristic of the man, and showed evident signs of being more used
than any other room in the house, for here Sir Robert spends the greater
part of his day. His writing-table particularly struck me as being very
unusual, for he informed me he never sits down to his work, but always
stands and does his writing at the tall desk in the centre of the room.
[Illustration: SIR ROBERT HART, G.C.M.G., IN HIS “DEN” AT PEKING.
[_To face p. 366._]
“The air of Peking,” said Sir Robert laughingly, “has a very somniferous
effect, and I feel I should instantly fall asleep if I were to sit down
of an afternoon to do my work.”
A quotation written on a small discoloured piece of paper stuck over the
desk attracted my attention.
“That,” said my host, “is a verse I copied very many years ago out of
Dickens’s _Household Words_. It appealed to me very strangely, so I stuck
it up over my desk, and it has been there ever since.”
The lines were the following, and may be of interest:—
“If thou hast yesterday thy duty done,
And thereby found firm footing for to-day,
Whatever clouds may dark to-morrow’s sun
Thou shalt not miss thy solitary way.”
“By the way, Sir Robert,” said I, “before dinner you were speaking of
going home for good. Have you any immediate prospect of seeing the old
country? For I am sure you must be anxious to do so after so many years’
absence.”
“Well, there’s nothing definite fixed at present, anyhow,” he replied.
“And your successor—have you any idea who he will be?” I hinted.
“No. No suggestion has yet been made of even my probable successor, but
so far as I can judge, seeing the way Chinese views are tending, my idea
is that it will be a Chinaman who will take up my work, for the Chinese
seem particularly anxious to take the foreign customs under their own
control.”
I could not help remarking on the immense collection of books and papers
which encumbered the room, and added that doubtless Sir Robert felt quite
in his element amongst this accumulation of statistical matter.
“Well, curiously enough,” replied the inspector-general laughingly,
“although I have been mixed up with it for so many years, there is no
work I have disliked more all my life than statistics; but, forming as it
does part of my daily routine, I have become so accustomed to it that,
though I can never like it, it has ceased to be irksome to me.”
Leading out of the “den” was a room which Sir Robert told me he uses
as his audience chamber, and where he receives all Chinese officials.
The place was furnished in a sort of semi-Chinese fashion, with the
indispensable raised platform for sitting on, and the usual small table
in the centre. There was nothing particularly striking about it except
a huge Chinese inscription stuck over the door, which, in reply to my
inquiry, Sir Robert informed me was a proverb, and meant, “Like a bird on
a twig,” which simile, he further added, is, according to the Chinese,
supposed to convey the idea of how insecure one’s footing is in this
weary world of ours. I did not like to ask whether this motto had been
given to Sir Robert by his Chinese friends to stick up over the door,
or whether it was a pet proverb of his, for I was not very certain as to
what it really meant.
We then strolled out into the verandah, and as I was lighting another
cheroot preparatory to taking my ease in one of the two long chairs which
lay so invitingly handy, with a small table between with the materials on
it for whiskey and seltzer, I turned to my host and remarked that I had
often heard how difficult foreigners usually found it to get on with the
Chinese officials owing to the contempt in which the latter hold any rank
but their own, and asked him how he managed, having to deal with such a
high class of mandarin.
“Well,” replied Sir Robert, “owing to the favour of the emperor, there
are but few with whom I am brought into contact who hold a higher rank
than mine; for I am the happy possessor of almost all the distinctions—a
Red Button of the First Class, a Peacock’s Feather, and the First Class
of the Second Division of the Double Dragon. But the honour recently
bestowed upon me is the highest that it is possible to confer on even a
most distinguished Chinese subject: my family was ennobled by imperial
decree, to three generations back; that is to say, ‘Ancestral rank of
the first class of the first order for three generations, with letters
patent.’ The value of this decree may be estimated from the fact that at
the same time the emperor ennobled his own grandmother in like fashion,
she having been an inferior wife of the Emperor Taou Kwang, in whose
reign took place the first opium war.”
Although Sir Robert was too modest to refer to them, most people are
aware that he holds also many of the most coveted of European decorations
also, such as the Knight Grand Cross of St. Michael and St. George, and
Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, etc.
I was on the point of asking further questions, when I noticed my host
glancing surreptitiously at his watch. Mechanically I followed suit, and
found that, absorbed in such an interesting conversation, the hours had
flown by, and it was already past midnight, an unprecedented hour for
Peking; so without delay and with hearty thanks to my kind entertainer I
took my leave.
While returning to my hotel I could not help pondering on the wonderful
career of the man, and his devotion to the nation which has done so
much for him, as is shown by his refusal in 1885 of the post of British
minister to China, which was offered him. Nevertheless, he still keeps a
warm corner in his heart for the country of his birth, as is shown by the
fact, according to what one generally hears in China, that an Irishman
in his service has better chance of quick advancement than any other
nationality.