THE MOTIVE QUALITIES
The second group is known as the Selfish Qualities, and is composed of
the following particular Qualities: _Combativeness_; _Destructiveness_;
_Cunning_; _Cautiousness_; _Acquisitiveness_ and _Constructiveness_.
This group manifests in outer form extending along the sides of the
lower head from the back toward the temples. (See Fig. 3.)
[Illustration: FIG. 3 THE MOTIVE QUALITIES]
COMBATIVENESS. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to oppose,
resist, combat, defy, defend. Those in whom it is developed enjoy a
"scrap," and, in the words of the familiar saying, would "rather fight
than eat." When combined with Vitativeness it manifests in the tendency
to fight hard for life. When combined with Acquisitiveness it manifests
in the tendency to fight for money or property. When combined with
Amativeness it manifests in the tendency to fight for mates. When
combined with the family-loving Qualities it manifests in a tendency to
fight for the family. In fact, its particular direction is indicated
by the development and combination of the other Qualities. It manifests
in outer form at the sides of the lower-back part of the head, a little
back of the top part of the ear (see group figure), giving, when
developed, enlargement of that part of the head--a "broad back-head."
The "broad-headed" animals, birds, and fish have this propensity well
developed, while the "narrow-heads" have it in but a small degree. It is
also indicated by the strong jaw, and by the mouth indicating a "strong
bite."
DESTRUCTIVENESS. This Quality, manifests in a strong desire to break
precedents, doing things in new ways, asserting authority,
extermination, severity, sternness, breaking down, crushing, "walking
over," etc. Its direction is largely governed by the other Qualities, as
for instance in combination with Acquisitiveness, it manifests in
breaking down opposition and precedents in business; while with large
conscientiousness it manifests in tearing down evil conditions, etc.,
and in doing the work of "reform." It generally is accompanied with
large Combativeness, as the two go hand-in-hand. It manifests outer
form directly above, and back of the top-part of the ear (see group
figure).
CUNNING. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to be cunning, sly,
close-mouthed, diplomatic, deceitful, and generally "foxy." It is best
illustrated by the example of the fox, which animal combines in itself
many of its qualities. The coyote also shows signs of having this
Quality well developed, as do birds of the crow and blackbird family,
and certain fishes. With strong Caution it renders one very secretive
and "close-mouthed." With strong Acquisitiveness it renders one sly and
tricky in business. With strong Approbativeness it renders one apt to
tell lying stories which magnify his importance and gratify his vanity.
With a vivid Imagination it inclines one to draw on that quality and lie
for the very love of romancing. It manifests outer form a little
distance above the top of the ear, immediately above Destructiveness,
and back of Acquisitiveness (see group figure).
CAUTIOUSNESS. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to avoid danger
or trouble; carefulness, prudence, watchfulness, anxiety,
self-protection, etc. In excess it is apt to render one fearful,
over-anxious, and even cowardly, but in combination with other Qualities
it tends to give to one a balance and to restrain him from rashness and
unnecessary risk. Its direction is also largely influenced by the
development of other Qualities. Thus with large Acquisitiveness it makes
one very cautious about money matters; with large family qualities it
renders one very careful about the family; with large Approbativeness it
renders one bashful, self conscious, and fearful of adverse criticism.
It manifests outer form toward the upper-back part of the head, directly
over Secretiveness (see group figure), and when developed is apparent by
the enlargement of the comparatively large area covered by it. An old
phrenological authority says of it: "This is the easiest found of all
the organs.... Starting at the middle of the back part of the ears, draw
a perpendicular line, when the head is erect, straight up to where the
head begins to slope back in forming the top, and Caution is located
just at the first turn."
ACQUISITIVENESS. This Quality manifests in a strong desire either to
acquire, or else to hold property, money, or general objects of
possession. In some cases it contents itself with merely "getting,"
while in others it also "holds on" to what is secured, the difference
arising from the combinations of the other Qualities. In itself, it may
be said to be merely the tendency toward "hoarding up," but the
combination with large Combativeness and Destructiveness enlarges its
scope and tends to make its possessor rapacious and grasping. It is the
instinct of the squirrel and the bee, and even the dog manifests it when
he buries a bone for future gnawing purposes. Those in whom it is
developed in connection with large Caution, manifest a strict economy
and even miserliness, while in others it expends itself in merely the
getting for the sake of the getting, the possessions often being
scattered prodigally afterward, the element of Approbativeness entering
largely into the latter action. It manifests outer form in the
lowest-middle section of the head, directly over Alimentiveness (see
group figure).
CONSTRUCTIVENESS. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to invent,
construct, build, create, put together, improve upon, add to, readjust,
etc. It manifests along three general lines, namely (1) Invention; (2)
Construction; and (3) Materialization, by which is meant the "making
real" of _ideals_ previously entertained--the "making come true" of the
dreams previously experienced--the _materialization_ of the ideas,
plans, and projects previously _visualized_. This Quality causes the
person to improve, alter, tinker with, build up, invent, and create
along the lines of his vocation or avocation. These people find it
difficult to refrain from tinkering with, altering, or "improving"
anything and everything with which they have to do. With large Logic,
Analysis, and Perceptives they manifest inventive ability; with large
Imitation they are fond of copying and constructing after models; with
large Ideality they work toward making their dreams come true. This
Quality is not confined to mechanical construction, as the old
phrenologists taught, but manifests itself in business literature, art,
and in fact in every vocation or occupation. With large Destructiveness,
it builds up new structures upon the ruins created by that Quality. In
persons of the Motive temperament it inclines toward mechanical
invention, creation and construction; while in persons of the Mental
temperament it manifests in creating and constructing ideas, thoughts,
theories, scientific classification, literary productions, etc., and in
persons of the Vital temperament it manifests in creating and improving
upon things calculated to appeal to persons of that class. It manifests
outer form in the lower and frontal part of the temples, backward and
upward from the outer corner of the eye-brow (see group figure). Prof.
O. S. Fowler says. "In broad-built and stocky persons it causes this
part of the temples to widen and bulge out, but in tall, long-headed
persons it _spreads_ out upon them, and hence shows to be less than it
really is." It is directly below Ideality and in front of
Acquisitiveness.