παραινεῖ· κοινὰ δὲ ἀνέωκται ἀνδράσιν ὁμοῦ καὶ γυναιξὶ τὰ βαλανεῖα·

κἀντεῦθεν ἐπὶ ἀκρασίαν ἀποδύονται· ἐκ τοῦ γὰρ εἰσορᾶν, γίνεται

ἀνθρώποις ἐρᾶν· ὥσπερ ἀποκλυζομένης τῆς αἰδοῦς αὐτοῖς κατὰ τὰ λουτρὰ·

αἱ δὲ μὴ εἰς τοσοῦτον ἀπερυθριῶσαι, τοὺς μὲν ὀθνείους ἀποκλείουσιν,

ἰδίοις δὲ οἰκέταις συλλούονται, καὶ δούλοις ἀποδύονται γυμναὶ, καὶ

ἀνατρίβονται ὑπ’ αὐτῶν, ἐξουσίαν δοῦσαι τῷ κατεπτηχότι τῆς ἐπιθυμίας,

τὸ ἀδεὲς τῆς ψηλαφήσεως· οἱ γὰρ παρεισαγόμενοι παρὰ τὰ λουτρὰ ταῖς

δεσποίναις γυμναῖς, μελέτην ἴσχουσιν ἀποδύσασθαι πρὸς τόλμαν ἐπιθυμίας

ἔθει πονηρῷ παραγράφοντες τὸν φόβον. (And of a truth they would not

strip before their own husbands, feigning a pretended plausibility of

mock-modesty; but for other men, whosoever will, may readily see the

women that are so close shut up at home, naked at the Baths. For there

they are nowise ashamed to strip before the spectators, looking on

like dealers in human flesh; whereas Hesiod (Works and Days, bk. II.

371.) advises “But do not, for the earning of a woman’s price, let her

wash her skin bright and clean.” Now the Baths are open for men and

women alike. And hence their stripping leads to incontinence; for from

seeing, men come to desire, as though their modesty were washed away

in the Baths. Other women that have not attained such effrontery, shut

out strangers indeed, but wash along with their own house-slaves, and

are stripped naked before their servants and are rubbed by them, giving

opportunity to the man a-tremble with longing, the free right to handle

without fear; for the men that are admitted into the Baths with their

naked mistresses take care to strip in such a way as to correspond to

the daring audacity of their longing, putting down fear to the count of

evil habit).—_Cyprian_, De Virginum habitu: Quid vero, quae promiscuas

balneas adeunt, quae oculis ad libidinem curiosis, pudori ac pudicitae

dicata corpora prostituunt, quae cum viros ac a viris nudae vident

turpiter ac videntur, nonne ipsae illecebram vitiis praestant. (But in

truth, those women that frequent indiscrimate Baths, that expose to

prying and lustful eyes their bodies that should be dedicate to modest

shamefacedness, that along with men see what is disgraceful to see and

in nakedness are seen by men, do not such women offer an enticement to

sinfulness?) Comp. _Mercurialis_, De arte Gymnast. bk. I. ch. 10.—It

is true we read in _Julius Caesar_, De bello Gallico bk. VI. ch. 21.,

of the ancient Germans: Intra annum vero vicessimum feminae notitiam

habuisse, in turpissimis habent rebus; cuius rei nulla est occultatio,

quod et _promiscue in fluminibus perluuntur_, (But to have known a

woman under the twentieth year is held by them most disgraceful; and

there is no concealment of it, as _they bathe indiscriminately in the

rivers_); but here the antecedent clause bars any suspicion of sexual

excesses having been invited by the practice.

[267] _Seneca_, Epist. 86. says, speaking of the bath of Scipio:

Balneolum angustum, tenebricosum ex consuetudine antiqua; non videbatur

maioribus nostris caldum nisi obscurum. (A little narrow bath-chamber,

dim and gloomy after the antique fashion; our fathers could not believe

a bath warm unless it was dark too).—Next he describes explicitly the

luxury of the Roman Baths, and then goes on,—In hoc balneo Scipionis

minimae sunt rimae magis quam fenestrae, muro lapideo exsectae, ut

sine iniuria munimenti lumen admitterent. At nunc _blattaria_ vocant

_balnea_, si qua non ita aptata sunt, ut totius diei solem fenestris

amplissimis recipiant; nisi et lavantur et colorantur; nisi ex solio

agros et maria prospiciant.... Imo si scias, non quotidie lavabatur.

Nam ut aiunt, qui priscos mores urbis tradiderunt, brachia et crura

quotidie abluebant, quae scilicit sordes opere collegerant: ceterum

toti nundinis lavabantur. Hoc loco dicet aliquis, liquet mihi

immundissimos fuisse. Quid putas illos oluisse? militiam, laborem,

virum. Postquam munda balnea inventa sunt, spurciores sunt. (In this

bath of Scipio there are tiny chinks rather than windows, cut through

the stone wall, so as to admit light without detriment to the shelter

afforded. But nowadays men call them _Baths for night-moths_, any

that are not disposed in such a way as to let the sunlight enter all

day long by immense windows; if they are not washed and sun-burned at

once; if they cannot look out on fields and sea from the pavement....

If you must know the truth, he did not bathe every day. For we are

told by those who have handed down accounts of the primitive manners

of the City, our ancestors would wash daily arms and legs, for these

had grown soiled with the dust of toil: but they washed all over only

on market-days. Hearing this, it will be said, “It appears to me they

must have very filthy people.” Well! what think you it was they smelt

of? Of fighting, and honest work, and manly vigour. Sweet, clean Baths

have been introduced; but the population is only more foul). Comp.

_Plutarch_, Quaest. convival. VIII. 9. _Sidonius Apollinaris_ bk. II.

Epist. 11. _Pliny_, Hist. nat. XXX. 54.

[268] _Ammianus Marcellinus_, XXVIII., Tales, ubi comitantibus

singulos quadraginta ministris, tholos introierint balnearum, ubi

sunt, minaciter clamantes, si apparuisse subito ignotam compererint

meretricem, aut oppidanae quondam prostibulum plebis, vel meritorii

corporis veterem lupam, certatim concurrunt, palpantesque ad venam

deformitate magna blanditarum ita extollunt, ut Semiramin. (Such men,

when with forty servants attending each master they have entered the

rotundas of the Baths, where they remain with loud threatening shouts,

if they should note an unknown courtesan to have put in an appearance,

or some prostitute once popular with the common herd, or some old

harlot who has sold her person for years, they strive who shall be

first on the spot, and wheedling her to the top of her bent, with

mighty exaggeration of flattery, praise her beauty as though she were

a Semiramis). _Lampridius_, Life of Heliogabalus ch. 26., Omnes de

circo, de theatro, de stadio, de omnibus locis et _balneis_, meretrices

collegit in aedes publicam. (All the prostitutes from circus, from

theatre, from race-course, from all places and from _the Baths_, he

brought together into public establishments). Comp. _Suetonius_,

Caligula ch. 37.

[269] Martial, bk. I. Epigr. 24.,

Invitae nullum, nisi cum quo, Cotta, lavaris,

Et dant convivam balnea sola tibi.

Mirabar, quare nunquam me, Cotta, vocasses.

Iam scio, me nudum displicuisse tibi.

(You invite no man, Cotta, but your bathing companion; the Baths only

supply a guest for you. I used to wonder, why you had never asked me;

now I know that you did not like the look of me when naked). Comp.

_Martial_, Bk. I. 97. bk. VII. 33. bk. IX. 34. _Juvenal_, Sat. VI. 373.

[270] It must be left to future investigation to decide, whether the

great number of _phalli_ found in so many places where Temples formerly

existed, is not in part to be explained by supposing these figures to

have formed thank-offerings for the happy recovery of the corresponding

parts from sickness.

[271] _Oppenheim_, Ueber den Zustand der Heilkunde in der Türkei, (On

the Condition of of Medical Knowledge in Turkey), p. 81., “Without the

very great cleanliness of the Turks, who after every occasion of sexual

intercourse not only wash carefully, but also wherever it is possible

go to the bath likewise, the disease would undoubtedly be yet more

widely spread than it is.... Yet the Turk will never admit, or rather

he simply cannot bring himself to conceive, that he has contracted

an infection through unclean cohabitation, but will be found always

to give some other cause as occasioning his sickness. In fact the

language itself shows this; the Turkish expression for gonorrhœa is

“_Belzouk_”, literally: chill of the back (from _bel_, back and _zouk_,

cold), and chill or overheating will always be represented as having

brought it on.”—Moreover _Zeller von Zellenberg_, Abh. über die ersten

Erscheinungen venerischer Lokal-Krankheitsformen und deren Behandlung,

(Dissertation on the earliest Appearances of Forms of Local Venereal

Disease, and their Treatment), Vienna 1810., p. 7., is of the opinion,

that the reason of the imperfect knowledge possessed by the Ancients of

gonorrhœa, chancre and buboes is to be found in this delayed appearance

of the symptoms of disease after coition.

[272] We see this in the clearest possible way from the passage of

_Herodotus_, bk. I. ch. 9, 10., where Candaules wishes to induce Gyges

to see his wife naked, in order to convince him of her beauty, but the

latter objects: ἅμα δὲ κιθῶνι ἐκδυομένῳ συνεκδύεται καὶ τὴν αἰδῶ γυνή·

πάλαι δὲ τὰ καλὰ ἀνθρώποισι ἐξεύρηται, ἐκ τῶν μανθάνειν δεῖ·

(but when she strips off her tunic, a woman strips off therewith

her modesty likewise; now mankind have long ago ascertained what is

honourable, and from this we must learn how to act). Then Herodotus

adds to this further (ch. 10.), παρὰ γὰρ τοῖσι Λυδοῖσι, σχεδὸν δὲ

παρὰ τοῖσι ἄλλοισι βαρβάροισι, καὶ ἄνδρα ὀφθῆναι γυμνὸν, ἐς αἰσχύνην

μεγάλην φέρει· (for among the Lydians, as indeed among pretty nearly

all Barbarians, for a person to be seen naked is counted for the

greatest disgrace). Comp. _Plutarch_, De audiend. rat. p. 37. _Diogenes

Laertius_, VIII. 43. _Plato_, Politics V. 6. p. 457. A., V. 3. p. 452.,

Οὐ πολὺς χρόνος, ἐξ οὗ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἐδόκει αἰσχρὰ εἶναι καὶ γέλοια,

ἅπερ νῦν τοῖς πολλοῖς τῶν βαρβάρων, γυμνοὺς ἄνδρας ὁρᾶσθαι. (It is

no long time since it appeared to the Greeks, as it does still to most

of the Barbarian peoples, shameful and ridiculous for men to be seen

naked). In reference to the genital organs _Hesiod_ says (Works and

Days 733.):

μηδ’ αἰδοῖα γονῇ πεπαλαγμένος ἔνδοθι οἴκου

ἑστίῃ ἐμπελαδὸν παραφαινέμεν, ἀλλ’ ἀλέασθαι·

(Nor yet when done with generation, within the house hard by the hearth

expose the privates, but retire aside). St. Augustine, De civit. dei

bk. XIV., Omnes gentes adeo tenent in usu pudenda velare, ut quidam

barbari illas corporis partes nec in balneis undas habeant. (All

nations in fact make it a habit to cover the privates, so much so that

some Barbarians do not expose the parts of the body naked even in the

Baths). _St. Ambrose_, Offic. I. 18., Licet plerique se et in lavacro,

quantum possunt, tegant, ut vel illic, ubi nudum totum est corpus,

huius modi intecta portio sit. (Most men may also cover themselves,

as much as they can, even in the Bath, so that even there, where the

whole body is naked, a part may so be hidden). _Arnobius_, bk. V.,

Propudiosa corporum monstratur obscoenitas, obiectanturque partes

illae, quas pudor communis abscondere, quas naturalis verecundiae lex

iubet, quas inter aures castas sine venia nefas est ac sine honoribus

apellare praefatis. (The foulest abomination of men’s bodies is

exhibited, and those parts exposed, which common modesty, the natural

law of shamefacedness, bids us conceal, which among ears polite it

is forbidden to name without asking pardon and making a preface of

apologies).—bk. III., Insignire his partibus, quas enumerare, quas

persequi probus audeat nemo, nec sine summae foeditatis horrore mentis

imaginatione concipere. (To parade those parts, which no honourable man

dare name or describe, nor even without a shudder at such a height of

foulness conceive a mental picture of). Comp. p. 42. and _Oppenheim_,

loco citato p. 128., who undoubtedly ranks the importance of the vice

of paederastia too high, when he finds in it the main reason for the

feeling of shame prevalent among the Turks.

[273] _Aristophanes_, Wasps 578., παίδων τοίνυν δοκιμαζομένων αἰδοῖα

πάρεστι θεᾶσθαι. (Yet when boys are under test, men may see their

privates). Comp. _Athenaeus_, Deipnos. bk. XII. p. 550. Petit, Ad

legg. Attic. p. 227. At Rome likewise in cases of marriage disputes

the men were obliged to offer their genital organs for examination

(_Quintilian_, Declam. 279.), a Law which was only revoked by

Justinian. Comp. _Gundlingiana_ No. 23. pp. 342 sqq. We learn from

_Plato_, Theaetet. 151., ποίαν χρῆ ποίῳ ἀνδρὶ συνοῦσαν ὡς ἀρίστους

παῖδας τίκτειν, (what sort of maid must mate with what sort of man

to produce as fine children as may be), that the marriageable girls

were examined by the midwives,—a procedure that Plato wished to see

universally introduced in his ideal State (De legg. bk. XII.). But

against this _Theodoretus_, Contra Graecos bk. IX., declaims vigorously.

[274] In any case it is an error to suppose that by this it is implied

that the maidens and young men were absolutely naked. They were merely

μονόπεπλοι (single-frocked), clothed in a single short frock, slit

up at the hips, for which reason they were also known by the name

φαινομηρίδες (showing the thighs) (_Pollux_, Onomastic. VII. 55.), a

costume which was pretty much the general Doric one; thus _Moeris_ says

δωριάζειν τὸ παραγυμνοῦσθαί τινα μέρη, (to follow Dorian fashions,

to expose certain parts). Comp. _Meursius_, Laconic. bk. I. end.

_K. O. Müller_, The Dorians, IInd. Part pp. 263, 265. _Josephus_,

De special. legg., Works, Vol. II. p. 328. The meaning of γυμνὸς is

nothing more than “lightly clad”, in mere underclothing, without outer

cloak. So _Eubulus_, (Athenaeus bk. XIII. p. 568.) says, speaking of

the brothel-girls, γυμνάς—ἐν λεπτονήτοις ὑμέσιν ἑστωτας (standing

“naked”—in light-spun garments). _Aelian_, Var. hist. XIII. 37., ἐν

χιτωνίσκῳ γυμνὸς, (“naked” in a tunic). Similarly _nudus_ (naked) in

Latin, as _Cuper_ (Observat. bk. I. ch. 7.) long ago pointed out,

often has no other meaning, but merely stands for _tunicatus_ (clad

in the tunic), in tunic only, without cloak or toga. We see this very

clearly in _Petronius_, Satir. 55., Aequum est induere nuptam ventum

textilem,—Palam prostare nudam in nebula linea. (’Tis right a bride

should put on woven wind,—that she should stand openly for sale,

“naked” in a linen cloud!) In precisely the same way the Jews use their

word עָרֹם (arôm), Isaiah Ch. XX. 2., Job Ch. XXIV. 7. 10. I Samuel

ch. XIX. 24., and the Arabs مسلوخ (mesluch).

[275] _Plato_, Republic, bk. II. p. 405. The Speech of _Lysias_ Ὑπὲρ

Φανίου contains a passage, preserved for us by _Athenaeus_, bk. XII. p.

552., in which these principles are expressed in Court, to induce the

Judges to condemn the dissolute Cinesias: τοῦτον δὲ τὸν ὑπὸ πλείστων

γινωσκόμενον οἱ θεοὶ οὕτως διέθεσαν, ὥστε τοὺς ἐχθροὺς αὐτοῦ βούλεσθαι

ζῆν μᾶλλον ἢ τεθνάναι, παράδειγμα τοῖς ἄλλοις, ἵν’ ἴδωσιν ὅτι τοῖς ἄλλοις

ὑβριστικῶς πρὸς τὰ θεῖα διακειμένοις, οὐκ εἰς τοὺς παῖδας ἀποτίθενται

τὰς τιμωρίας, ἀλλ’ αὐτοὺς κακῶς ἀπολύουσι, μείζους καὶ χαλεπωτέρας,

καὶ τὰς νόσους, ἢ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀνθρώποις, προσβάλλοντες· τὸ μὲν γὰρ

ἀποθανεῖν ἢ καμεῖν νομίμως κοινὸν ἅπασιν ὑμῖν ἐστίν· τὸ δ’ οὕτως ἔχοντα

τοσοῦτον χρόνον διατελεῖν, καὶ καθ’ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν ἀποθνήσκοντα μὴ

δύνασθαι τελευτῆσαι τὸν βίον, τούτοις μόνοις, προσήκει τοῖς τὰ τοιαῦτα,

ἅπερ οὗτος, ἐξημαρτηκόσιν. (But this man, who is known to most of you,

the gods have brought to such a pass that his enemies may well wish him

to live rather than die, to be an example to other men, showing them

that where men’s conduct is too violently overbearing towards the gods,

these do not inflict punishments on their children, but pay them out in

person with misfortunes, bringing down on them calamities and diseases

greater and more severe than fall to the lot of others. For death and

sickness are admittedly common to all of you; but to continue so long

in such a condition, and dying every day, yet not be able to have

done with his life, this is the fate only of men who have committed

such evil deeds as he has). Again, the Taxili, an Indian people,

regarded any bodily sickness as disgraceful, and on its appearance gave

themselves to the fire; αἴσχιστον δ’ αὐτοῖς νομίζεσθαι νόσον σωματικήν·

τὸν δ’ ὑπονοήσαντα καθ’ αὑτοῦ τοῦτο ἐξάγειν ἑαυτὸν διὰ πυρὸς νήσαντα

πυράν, (But they hold a bodily disease to be most disgraceful; and the

man who has formed a suspicion of the existence of such in himself,

goes through the fire, after making a funeral pyre) says _Strabo_,

Geograph. bk. XV. p. 716. 65. We should compare with this the suicide

of Festus spoken of above and of the “Municeps” _Pliny_ tells of.

[276] _Aretaeus_, De caus. et sign. chron. morb. (On the Causes and

Symptoms of Chronic Diseases), bk. II. ch. 5., says indeed explicitly

of gonorrhœa: ἀνώλεθρον μὲν ἡ γονόῤῥοια, _ἀτερπὲς δὲ καὶ ἀηδὲς μέσφι

ἀκοῆς_, (Gonorrhœa is not indeed a dangerous complaint, but it is

one that is hateful and abominable of repute).

[277] _Martial_, bk. VI. Epigr. 31.,

Uxorem, Charideme, tuam scis ipse sinisque

_A medico futui_. Vis sine febre mori!

(Your wife, Charidemus, you know _to be entered by the doctor_ of your

own knowledge, and suffer it. You are fain to die without a fever!)

Similar instances occurred equally in the time of Hippocrates, as we

gather from the oath, in which stands the clause: εἰς οἰκίας δὲ ὁκόσας

ἂν ἐσίω, ἐσελεύσομαι ἐπ’ ὠφελείῃ καμνόντων, ἐκτὸς ἐὼν πάσης ἀδικίης

ἑκουσίης καὶ φθορίης τῆς τε ἄλλης, καὶ _ἀφροδισίων ἔργων, ἐπί τε

γυναικείων σωμάτων καὶ ἀνθρώπων ἐλευθέρων τε καὶ δούλων_. (Also into

whatsoever houses I enter, I will go in there for the succour of sick

persons, devoid of all voluntary offence and all evil-doing, and above

all of all amorous practices, whether on the persons of women or free

men or slaves). At the same time we learn from this document, that even

then paederastia was wide-spread enough already, and that physicians

were actually not ashamed to abuse their patients in this, as in other

vicious ways! Undoubtedly it is from no other reason that the Turk

at this very moment will rather expire than allow a clyster to be

administered to him.

[278] _Martial_, bk. II. Epigr. 40.,

Omnes Tongilium medici iussere lavari,

O stulti! febrem creditis esse? gula est.

(All the doctors ordered Tongilius to bathe; fools! think you it is a

fever? it is gluttony that is the matter). Comp. bk. XI. Epigr. 87.

[279] _Galen_, Method. medendi, bk. VIII. ch. 6., edit. Kühn Vol. X.

p. 580., σχεδὸν εἴρηταί μοι πάντα περὶ τῶν ἐφημέρων πυρετῶν· οἱ γὰρ

ἐπὶ βουβῶσι πυρέξαντες οὐδὲ πυνθάνονται τῶν ἰατρῶν ὅ τι χρὴ ποιεῖν·

ἀλλὰ τοῦθ’ ἕλκους ἐφ’ ᾧπερ ἂν ὁ βουβὼν αὐτοῖς εἴη γεγεννημένος, αὐτοῦ τε

τοῦ βουβῶνος προνοησάμενοι, λούονται κατὰ τὴν παρακμὴν τοῦ γενομένου

κ. τ. λ. (for translation see text above). The _Diatriton_ mentioned

in the next sentence was the fast till the third day, which was

generally prescribed by _Thessalus_ and the _methodic_ school. For this

reason it was called διάτριτον θεσσαλείον (Thessalus’ _diatriton_),

and the physicians who held to it διατριτάριοι ἰατροὶ (doctors of the

_diatriton_), as we gather from the subsequent statement of _Galen_.

Of the ephemera in case of buboes _Galen_ also speaks, ad Glauconem

meth. med. bk. I. ch. 2., edit. Kühn Vol. XI. p. 6., καὶ οἱ ἐπὶ βουβῶσι

δὲ πυρετοὶ τούτου τοῦ γένους εἰσὶ, πλὴν εἰ μὴ χωρὶς ἕλκους φανεροῦ

γένοιντο, (Moreover the fevers that follow on buboes are of this kind,

the exception being if they have not been without open ulceration).

_Celsus_ moreover, De re med. bk. VI. ch. 18., says à propos of

diseases of the genitals, that he means to undertake their description,

quia in vulgus eorum curatio praecipue cognoscenda est, quae

invitissimus quisque alteri ostendit, (because a general acquaintance

is particularly desirable with the means of curing such complaints as

every man is most reluctant to make known to another).

[280] _Galen_, Meth. med., bk. XIII. ch. 5. p. 881., οὕτως οὖν

καὶ δι’ ἕλκος ἐν δακτύλῳ γινόμενον ἤτοι ποδὸς ἢ χειρὸς οἱ κατὰ τὸν

βουβῶνα καὶ τὴν μασχάλην ἀδένες ἐξαίρονταί τε καὶ φλεγμαίνουσι, τοῦ

καταῤῥέοντος ἐπ’ ἄκρον τὸν κῶλον αἵματος ἀπολαβόντες πρῶτοι· καὶ κατὰ

τράχηλον δὲ καὶ παρ’ ὦτα πολλάκις ἐξῄρθησαν ἀδένες, ἑλκῶν γενομένων

ἤτοι κατὰ τὴν κεφαλὴν ἢ τὸν τράχηλον ἤ τι τῶν πλησίων μορίων·

ὀνομάζουσι δὲ τοὺς οὕτως ἐξαρθέντας ἀδένας βουβῶνας. (Thus then in

consequence of an ulcer that has formed in a finger or toe the glands

of the groin and the arm-pit become swollen and inflamed, having been

the first to receive back the blood that flows down to the extremity of

the limb. Moreover on the neck and about the ears glands are frequently

swollen, when ulcers have been set up in the head or neck or any of

the neighbouring parts. And glands swollen up in this way are known as

buboes).

[281] Hippocratic Oath, in _Hippocrates_, Vol. I. p. 2., ἃ δ’ ἂν ἐν

θεραπείῃ ἢ ἴδω ἢ ἀκούσω, ἢ καὶ ἄνευ θεραπείης, κατὰ βίον ἀνθρώπων, ἃ μὴ

χρή ποτε ἐκκαλέεσθαι ἔξω, σιγήσομαι, ἄῤῥητα ἡγεύμενος εἶναι τὰ τοιαῦτα.

(and whatsoever I may see or hear in my practice, or even apart from

practice, connected with men’s life, what ought not in any case to be

revealed, this I will say nought of, holding such secrets inviolable).

[282] _Hippocrates_, De locis in homine, edit. Kühn Vol. II. p. 139.

[283] _Galen_, Method. medendi bk. IV. ch. 2., edit. Kühn Vol. X. p.

238.

[284] _Oppenheim_, loco citato p. 123. The Eastern Christian woman in

question actually assured Niebuhr herself that she would never agree

to the knife being applied to her husband’s genitals, and yet in this

case it was merely a question of dividing an over short _frenulum_.

_Michaelis_, “Mosaisches Recht”, (Mosaic Law), Vol. IV. p. 3.

[285] Examples of such are at any rate plentiful in _Martial_, e. g. bk.

XI. Epigr. 75.,

Curandum penem commisit Bacchara Graecus

Rivali medico: Bacchara Gallus erit.

(Bacchara entrusted the cure of his member to a rival doctor: Bacchara

was a Greek, he will now be a Gaul,—“Gallus”, castrated Priest of

Cybelé).

bk. II. Epigr. 46.,

Quae tibi non stabat, praecisa est mentula, Glypte.

Demens, cum ferro quid tibi? Gallus eras.

(Your member, Glyptus, that you could never get to stand erect, has

been cut. Fool,—why! what had you to do with the knife? You were a

“Gallus” already).

bk. III. Epigr. 81.,

Abscissa est quare Samia tibi mentula testa,

Si tibi tam gratus, Baetice, cunnus erat?

(Why has your member been cut with a Samian potsherd, if the female

organ, Baeticus, was so dear to you)?

[286] _Scribonius Largus_, De compos. medicam. edit. Bernhold,

Strasburg 1786., p. 2., writes in his Introduction to the Callistus:

Siquidem verum est, antiquos herbis ac radicibus eorum corporis vitia

curasse: quia etiam tunc genus mortalium _inter initia non facile

se ferro committebat_. Quod etiam nunc plerique faciunt, ne dicam

omnes; et, nisi magna compulsi necessitate speque ipsius salutis, non

patiunter sibi fieri, quae sane vix sunt toleranda. (If in fact it is

true that the Ancients cured the diseases of their bodies by means of

herbs and roots: for even then the race of mortals _at the beginning

did not readily entrust its cure to the knife_. And this is what even

now the most part do; and, unless constrained by a sore need and by the

hope of actual recovery, do not suffer operations to be performed on

them, which in very deed are hardly to be endured).

[287] _Galen_, Method. medendi bk. IV. ch. 1., edit. Kühn Vol. X. p.

233.

[288] _Hippocrates_, Coact. praenot., edit. Kühn Vol. I. p. 343., τὰ

ἑρπηστικὰ ὑπεράνω βουβῶνος πρὸς κενεῶνα καὶ ἥβην γινόμενα, σημαίνει

κοιλίην πονηρευομένην. (Spreading eruptions that appear above the groin

towards the flank and pubes point to an evil condition of stomach).

[289] _Galen_, Method. medendi bk. IV. ch. 3., edit. Kühn Vol. X. pp.

243 sqq.

[290] Hence _Hensler_ is quite right in saying as he does (History

of Venereal Disease Vol. I. p. 298.): “It is extraordinary that a

precision should have been demanded on the part of the Ancients, which

they could not possibly possess, such indeed as cannot be expected

in any disease during its childhood. As to requiring them to have

announced the cause of the evil with certainty and clearness, this is

always only the result of time and reiterated experience.”

[291] _Galen_, De locis affect. bk. VI. ch. 5., edit. Kühn Vol. VIII.

p. 422., φαινομένου δὲ σαφῶς, ἰσχυροτάτην ἔχειν τὴν δύναμιν ἐνίας

τῶν οὐσιῶν, ὑπόλοιπον ἂν εἴη ζητεῖν, εἰ διαφθορά τις ἐν τοῖς ζώοις

δύναται γενέσθαι τηλικαύτη τὸ μέγεθος, ὡς ἰῷ θηρίου παραπλησίαν ἔχειν

ποιότητά τε καὶ δύναμιν. (But it being plainly evident that there are

some creatures that have the power developed in the highest degree, it

would be superfluous to enquire whether there can exist in animals a

destructive force so great in amount as to possess a quality and power

similar to poison in snakes). In fact he answers this question in the

affirmative so far as regards semen and menstrual blood, appealing to

the poisonous quality of the spittle of dogs in rabies.

[292] _Heyne_, De febribus epidemicis Romae falso in pestium censum

relatis Progr., (On certain Epidemic Fevers at Rome incorrectly

referred to the Category of Plagues,—a Graduation Exercise), Göttingen

1782., p. 4. (Works vol. III.), Hoc enim erat illud, quod antiquitatem

omnino ab subtiliore naturae adeoque et morborum cognitione revocavit

et retraxit, quod ea, quae ad interiorem eius notitiam spectabant,

inprimisque quae ab solenni rerum cursu recedebant, ad religiones

metumque deorum referebantur. (For indeed this was the cause which

withdrew and kept back Antiquity generally from a more precise

acquaintance with nature and so with diseases, viz. that everything

which regarded the more intimate knowledge of it, and above all

everything that was somewhat out of the common course of things, became

a matter of religious scruples and superstition). Comp. _C. F. H.

Marx_, Origines Contagii, (Original Causes of Contagion) Carlrühe and

Baden 1824.

[293] As a rule they ascribed the origin of the contagion to σῆψις

(putrefaction), and from their point of view septic, or putrefactive,

diseases were pretty much the same as infectious (_Galen_, De febr.

diff. I. 4.). Hence it would seem probable the ἕλκεα σηπεδόνα

(putrefying ulcers) were at any rate partly looked at in the same

light,—a circumstance of the highest importance as bearing on ulcers of

the genitals, as in that case these latter are manifestly represented

as being infectious. It is to be hoped that experts will give their

decision as to this. At any rate as early as _Galen’s_ time (De locis

effect. bk. VI. ch. 5., edit. Kühn Vol. VIII. p. 422.) the action of

contagion was regarded as analogous to that of the electric ray-fish

(νάρκη θαλάττιος) and the magnet, and the conclusion was drawn: ταῦτά

τε οὖν ἱκανὰ τεκμήρια τοῦ σμικρὰν οὐσίαν ἀλλοιώσεις μεγίστας ἐργάζεσθαι

μόνῳ τῷ ψαῦσαι. (these then are sufficient evidences of the fact that a

small creature may produce very great variations by contact alone).

[294] These were treated by the female physicians (αἱ ἰατρίναι),

_Galen_, De loc. effect. VI. 5., Vol. VIII. p. 414. and the midwives,

who had to examine the female genitals in cases of disease affecting

them, and report the results to the Physicians. Σκέψασθαι κέλευσον τὴν

μαῖαν ἁψαμένην τοῦ τῆς μήτρας αὐχένος, (bid the midwife examine by

touch the neck of the womb), _Galen_ says, loco citato p. 433.

[295] _Galen_, De morborum causis, ch. 9., edit. Kühn Vol. VII. p. 39.

[296] _Galen_, Methodus medendi bk. II. ch. 2., edit. Kühn Vol. X. p.

84.

[297] _Hensler_, History of Venereal Disease Vol. I. p. 191. He says

explicitly: “However I do not propose to follow up to its original

cause the history either of gonorrhœa, valuable as the results might

be, nor that of any other complaint liable to occur. It is sufficient

for my purpose to elucidate my Authorities for Venereal disease at its

first appearance from the circumstances of their epoch, though no doubt

incidentally the eye must sometimes take a wider sweep and look further

and higher.”

[298] _Galen_, De loc. affect, bk. VI. 6. (VIII. p. 439.), τὸ δὲ τῆς

γονοῤῥοίας ὄνομα προφανῶς ἐστι σύνθετον ἐκ τῆς γονῆς καὶ τοῦ ῥεῖν·

ὀνομάζεται γὰρ τὸ σπέρμα καὶ γονός. (Now the name of gonorrhœa is

evidently compounded from the words γονὴ and ῥεῖν. For the semen

(σπέρμα) is also known as γονός.)

[299] _Galen_, loco cit. p. 441., γονόῤῥοια μὲν οὖν τῶν σπερματικῶν

ὀργάνων ἐστὶ πάθος, οὐ τῶν αἰδοίων, οἷς ὁδῷ χρῆται πρὸς ἔκρουν ἡ

γονή· (Gonorrhœa accordingly is an affection of the seminal organs,

not of the privates, which the seed merely uses as its passage for

excretion).—De usu partium bk. XIV. ch. 10. (IV. p. 188.), κατὰ δὲ τὰς

γονοῤῥοίας αὐτῶν μόνων ἐστὶ τὸ πάθημα τῶν σπερματικῶν ἀγγείων. (But in

gonorrhœas the affection is one solely of the seminal vessels).

[300] _Galen_, De symptom. caus. bk. II. ch. 2. (VII. p. 150.), ὥσπέρ

γε καὶ τῆς γονοῤῥοίας ἡ ἑτέρα διαφορά· εἰ μὲν γὰρ μετὰ ἐντάσεως τοῦ

αἰδοίου γένοιτο, οἷον σπασμός ἐστιν, εἰ δὲ χωρὶς ταύτης, ἀῤῥωστία

τῆς καθεκτικῆς δυνάμεως. (As is the case too with the second variety

of gonorrhœa. For if it be combined with tension of the private, it

is a sort of spasm, but if without this, a weakness of retentive

force).—Bk. III. ch. 11. (p. 267.), καὶ μὴν καὶ αἱ γονόῤῥοιαι, χωρὶς

μὲν τοῦ συνεντείνεσθαι τὸ αἰδοῖον, ἀρρωστία τῆς καθεκτικῆς δυνάμεως τῆς

ἐν τοῖς σπερματικοῖς ἀγγείοις· ἐντεινομένου δέ πως, οἷον σπασμῷ τινι

παραπλήσιον πασχόντων ἐπιτελοῦνται. (Moreover also gonorrhœas, if not

combined with a state of tension of the private, are from a weakness of

retentive power in the seminal vessels; but if there is any tension,

they are marked by a sort of spasm resembling that of spasmodic

patients).

[301] _Galen_, De tumoribus praeternat., ch. 14. (VII. p. 728.),

καθάπερ καὶ τὰς κατὰ φύσιν ἐντάσεις τῶν αἰδοίων μὴ καθισταμένας τινὲς

ὀνομάζουσι σατυριασμὸν, τινὲς δὲ πριαπισμόν. (Precisely as tensions

of the privates not originating in a natural way are called by some

Satyriasis, by others Priapism). The latter, as we gather from _Galen_,

Method. XIV. ch. 7. (X. p. 968.), by the younger physicians.

[302] _Galen_, De usu partium bk. XIV. ch. 10. (IV. p. 187.), πηλίκην

γὰρ ἔχει δύναμιν εἰς τὴν τῶν περιεχομένων ἔκκρισιν ὁ οἷον σπασμὸς τῶν

μορίων τοῖς ἀφροδισίοις ἑπόμενος, ἔνεστί σοι μαθεῖν ἔκ τε τῶν ἐπιληψίων

τῶν μεγάλων κἀκ τοῦ παθήματος, ὃ δὴ καλεῖται γονόῤῥοια· κατὰ μὲν γὰρ

τὰς ἰσχυρὰς ἐπιληψίας, ὅτι τὸ πᾶν σῶμα σπᾶται σφοδρῶς, καὶ σὺν αὐτῷ τὰ

γεννητικὰ μόρια, διὰ τοῦτο ἐκκρίνεται τὸ σπέρμα· κατὰ δὲ τὰς γονοῤῥοίας

αὐτῶν μόνων ἐστὶ τὸ πάθημα τῶν σπερματικῶν ἀγγείων· ὁποίαν οὖν τάσιν

ἐν τοῖς εἰρημένοις νοσήμασι πάσχει, τοιαύτην ἴσχοντα ταῖς συνουσίαις

ἐκκρίνει τὸ σπέρμα. (for how great a force in the way of stimulating

the secretion of the surrounding glands is exerted by the species

of spasm of the parts that follows on amatory action, you may learn

from the seizures in the more serious forms of epilepsy, as also from

the affection which is known as gonorrhœa. For in violent epileptic

seizures, because the whole body is strongly convulsed, and with it the

procreative parts, for this reason the semen is secreted; whereas in

gonorrhœas the affection is one solely of the actual seminal vessels.

Accordingly whatever tension these parts undergo in the diseases

mentioned is the same in degree as they experience on secreting semen

in acts of sexual intercourse). Comp. Note 2.

[303] _Galen_, Method. medendi bk. XIV. ch. 7. (X. p. 967.), αὐτίκα

γέ τοι πάθος ἐστὶ τὸ καλούμενον ὑπὸ τῶν νεωτέρων πριαπισμὸς, ἐπειδὴ

τὸ αἰδοῖον ἀκουσίως ἐξαίρεται, τῶν οὕτω διακειμένων· ὃ θεασάμενός τις

τῶν ἐν τοῖσδε τοῖς ὑπομνήμασι προγεγυμνασμένων ἑτοίμως γνωριεῖ τοῦ

τῶν ἐμφυσημάτων ὑπάρχον γένους· (The immediate complaint is what is

called by the younger school Priapism, when the private part is erected

involuntarily in patients so afflicted; and if any of my readers who

have been prepared beforehand in the present memoranda see this, he

will readily recognize the phænomenon to belong to the class of the

emphysemata, or inflations). De sympt. caus. bk. III. ch. 11. (VII. p.

266).

[304] _Galen_, De causis morb. ch. 6. (VII. p. 22.), καὶ ὡς ἐνίοτε

μὲν εἰλικρινὴς ἐπιῤῥεῖ τούτων ἕκαστος τῶν χυμῶν, ἐνίοτε δ’ ἀλλήλοις

ἐπιμίγνυνται· καὶ ὡς αἱ τῶν οἰδούντων—μορίων διαθέσεις ἐντεῦθεν ἐπὶ

πλεῖστον ποικίλλονται ... καὶ σατυριάσεις ἐκ τούτου τοῦ γένους εἰσὶ.

(And so sometimes each of these humours is secreted pure, while at

other times they are mixed one with the other; and so from this

circumstance the conditions of the parts suffering swelling vary in the

highest degree.... Now cases of satyriasis are of this kind). Comp.

Method. med. bk. XIV. ch. 7.

[305] _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 56., ἡ σατυρίασις ἐστὶ παλμὸς

τοῦ αἰδοίου φλεγμονώδει τινι διαθέσει τῶν σπερματικῶν ἀγγείων ἑπόμενος

μετ’ ἐντάσεως· καὶ εἰ μὴ παύσαιτο ὁ παλμός, κατασκήπτειν εἴωθεν εἰς

πάρεσιν τῶν σπερματικῶν ἀγγείων ἢ σπασμόν, καὶ ἀπόλλυντας ὀξέως οἱ

σπασθέντες· τελευτῶντες δὲ φυσῶνται γαστέρα καὶ ὑδροῦσι ψυχρόν.

(Satyriasis is palpitation of the private part following on an

inflammatory condition of the spermatic vessels and accompanied with

tension. If the palpitation do not cease, it commonly passes into

paresis of the spermatic vessels or spasm, and patients attacked by the

spasm quickly succumb; and in their last moments they have the abdomen

distended and suffer from cold sweats.)

[306] _Actuarius_, Method. med. bk. I ch. 22., Priapismus vero

est permanens constansque colis extensio.—Corripit hic affectus

cum calidus crassusque spiritus in colem decumbit, qui ubi non

facile egredi permittitur, penem vi extendit. Hi exiguum vel nihil

seminis eiaculantur, sentiunt tamen quod spiritus una excludatur

et levari quidem aegri ita quadamtenus videntur: verum denuo eodem

malo corripiuntur, donec intensionis causa fuerit sublata. Coles

resolvitur, aut quod nervi illius aliqua intemperie debilitentur

aut quod spiritus confluens deficiat vel meatus eius obstruantur

dissecenturve. (Now priapism is a permanent and chronic state of

erection of the member.—This complaint attacks a patient, when a hot

and heavy spirit descends into the member, which not being suffered to

readily escape, violently erects the penis. Such patients ejaculate

little or no semen, yet feel that the spirit is voided along with it,

and so far as there _is_ any emission, appear to be relieved thereby;

but they are again attacked afresh by the same evil, until the cause

of the tension has been removed. Then the member is relaxed, either

because its muscles are weakened by some morbid condition, or because

the spirit converging to it fails or its passages are blocked and

become dried up).

[307] _Aretaeus_, Morb. chron. sympt. bk. II. ch. 5., ἀπὸ σατυριήσεως

ἐς γονοῤῥοίης ἀπόσκηψιν ἡ κατάστασις. (The established tendency

after satyriasis is towards a determination of gonorrhœa). _Caelius

Aurelian_, Acut. morb. bk. III. ch. 18., Omnibus tamen in ultimo

conductio nervorum fit, quam Graeci spasmon vocaverunt et voluntarius

seminis iactus. (Yet in all cases eventually a certain action of the

muscles takes place, which the Greeks call spasm, and a voluntary

ejaculation of semen).

[308] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. XIV. ch. 7. (X. p. 970.), γίνεται δὲ

οὐ πολλοῖς μὲν τὸ πάθος τοῦτο, νεανίαις γε μὲν μᾶλλον ἢ κατ’ ἄλλην

ἡλικίαν· (Now this complaint does not attack many, and young men are

more liable than any other age). _Caelius Aurelian_, Acut. morb. bk.

III. ch. 18., Sed antecedentes ipsius passionis causae sunt epota

medicamina—ἐντατικὰ—, item immodicus atque intemporalis usus veneris.

Est autem communis passio viris atque feminis, quae solet accidere

aetatibus mediis atque iuventuti. (But the antecedent causes of the

actual complaint are the taking of drugs, viz. aphrodisiacs, as also

immoderate and unseasonable indulgence in love. And the complaint is

common both to men and women, and regularly attacks persons in middle

life as well as the young).

[309] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. XIV. ch. 7. (X. pp. 969 sqq.). Comp.

De Composit. medicam. secund. locos, bk. IX. ch. 9. (XIII. p. 318.).

_Caelius Aurelian_, Acut. morb. bk. III. 18., Chron. morb. bk. II.

1. V. 9. _Actuarius_, Method. med. I. 15. _Nonnus_, Epitom. ch. 194.

_Priscian_, bk. II. ch. 11.

[310] _Caelius Aurelian_ bk. III. ch. 18., Prohibentes etiam hominum

ingressum et magis iuvenum feminarum atque puerorum. Pulchritudo enim

ingredientium admonitione quadam provocat aegrotantes; quippe cum etiam

sani saepe talibus usi statim in veneream veniant voluptatem, provocati

partium effecta tentigine. (Forbidding the entrance even of men, much

more that of youths, women and boys. For the beauty of those entering

excites the patients by calling up remembered images; for even healthy

subjects frequently enjoying such sights straightway fall in lustful

love, incited by a certain tension of the parts being produced). He

also recommended shaving the hair of the pubis.

[311] _Galen_, De loc affect. VI. 6. (VIII. p. 439.), ἡ μὲν οὖν

γονόῤῥοια σπέρματος ἀπόκρισίς ἐστιν ἀκούσιος, ἔξεστι δὲ καὶ ἀπροαίρετον

ὀνομάζειν, ὥσπερ καὶ σαφέστερον, ἀπόκρισιν σπέρματος συνεχῶς

γιγνομένην, χωρὶς τῆς κατὰ τὸ αἰδοῖον ἐνστάσεως ... ὥσπερ δὲ καὶ τ’ ἄλλα

πάντα τὰ ἐκ τοῦ σώματος ἡμῶν ἐκκενούμενα κατὰ διττὸν τρόπον τοῦτο

πάσχει, ποτὲ μὲν ἐκ τῶν περιεχόντων αὐτὰ σωμάτων ἐκκρινόμενα, ποτὲ δὲ

αὐτομάτως ἐκρέοντα δι’ ἀῤῥωστίαν τῶν αὐτῶν σωμάτων οὐ κατεχόμενα, οὕτως

καὶ τὸ σπέρμα· (Now gonorrhœa is an involuntary discharge of semen, or

we may call it unintentional, if we prefer, as being a clearer term,

the discharge of semen taking place continuously, without erection in

the member.... And just as other parts of our body when evacuated,

suffer this in one of two ways, sometimes being discharged by the

bodies that surround them, at others flowing out automatically, as

failing to be retained through some weakness in the bodies themselves,

so is it also with the semen).—_Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 55., ἡ

γονόῤῥοια σπέρματος ἐστὶν ἀκούσιος ἀπόκρισις σανεχῶς γινομένη χωρὶς τῆς

κατὰ τὸ αἰδοῖον ἐνστάσεως, διὰ τὴν τῆς καθεκτικῆς δυνάμεως ἀσθένειαν

γινομένη. (Gonorrhœa is an involuntary discharge of seed going on

persistently without erection in the member, being due to feebleness of

the retentive power). _Nonnus_, Epitome ch. 193., says the same.

[312] _Galen_, loco citato p. 441., ὥσπερ γε καὶ τὴν τῆς γονοῤῥοίας,

ἀνάλογον οὔρων ἐκκρίσεσιν ἀκουσίοις, ὅταν ἡ κατέχουσα δύναμις αὐτὴ

παραλυθεῖσα τύχῃ. (Similarly too the discharge of gonorrhœa, analogous

to the involuntary discharges of urine, whenever the retentive power

itself has come to be paralysed). _Actuarius_, Method. med. bk. I. ch.

22., Causa autem eius est, seminalium vasorum fluxus facilitas, aut

impotentia aut quod ob enatam intemperiem semen continere nequeant, aut

quod _humor_ quispiam _mordax_ ibi abundans stimulet. (Now the cause

of it is the facility of flow from the seminal vessels, either from

impotence or because they are unable to retain the semen in consequence

of a morbid condition that has arisen, or else because some _acrid_

humour is there in over-abundance, stimulating the flow).

[313] _Galen_, De sanitate tuenda Bk. VI. ch. 14. (VI. p. 443.),

Μοχθηροτάτη δὲ σώματός ἐστι καὶ ἡ τοίαδε· σπέρμα πολὺ καὶ δερμὸν ἔνιοι

γεννῶσιν, ἐπείγει γὰρ αὐτοὺς εἰς ἀπόκρισιν, οὗ μετὰ τὴν ἔκκρισιν

ἔκλυτοί τε γίγνονται τῷ στόματι τῆς κοιλίας, ... ἀσθενεῖς γίγνονται,

καὶ ξηροὶ καὶ λεπτοὶ, καὶ ὠχροὶ, καὶ κοιλοφθαλμιῶντες οἱ οὕτω

διακείμενοι· εἰ δὲ ἐκ τοῦ ταῦτα πάσχειν ἐπὶ ταῖς συνουσίαις ἀπέχοιντο

μίξεως ἀφροδισίων δύσφοροι μὲν τὴν κεφαλὴν, δύσφοροι δὲ καὶ τῷ στομάχῳ,

καὶ ἀσώδεις· οὐδὲν δὲ μέγα διὰ τῆς ἐγκρατείας ὠφελοῦνται· συμβαίνει

γὰρ αὐτοῖς ἐξονειρώττουσι παραπλησίας γίνεσθαι βλάβας, ἃς ἔπασχον ἐπὶ

ταῖς συνουσίαις· _ὡς δέ τις ἐξ αὐτῶν ἔφημοι, δακνώδους τε καὶ θερμοῦ

πάνυ τοῦ σπέρματος αἰσθάνεσθαι κατὰ τὴν ἀπόκρισιν, οὐ μόνον ἑαυτὸν,

ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰς γυναῖκας αἷς ἂν ὁμιλήσῃ_· (However the most troublesome

condition of body is the following: some patients produce copious

and hot semen, and this provokes them to ejaculation, then after its

ejaculation, they grow relaxed at the neck of the belly, ... and become

weak, and dried up, and thin, and pale, and hollow-eyed,—the patients

that find themselves so affected. And if after suffering in these

ways, they then indulge in the intercourse of sexual love, they are

afflicted in head and in stomach, and with nausea. Nor on the other

hand do they get any great benefit from continence; for they come, by

having pollutions in dreams, to undergo similar inconveniences to those

they incurred in sexual intercourse. And as one of them said to me, _he

experienced a biting and exceedingly hot sensation from the semen in

its ejaculation,—and not himself only, but also such women as he had

intercourse with_).

[314] _Aretaeus_, De morbor. chronic. symptom. bk. II. ch. 5.,

Ἀνώλεθρον μὲν ἡ γονόῤῥοια, _ἀτερπὲς δὲ καὶ ἀηδὲς μέσφι ἀκοῆς_· ἣν

γὰρ ἀκρασίη καὶ _πάρεσις_ τὰ ὑγρὰ ἴσχῃ καὶ γόνιμα μέρεα, ὅκως διὰ

ψυχρῶν ῥέει ἡ θορὴ, οὐδὲ ἐπισχεῖν ἐστὶ αὐτὴν οὐδὲ ἐν ὕπνοισι· ἀλλὰ

γὰρ ἤν τε εὕδῃ, ἤν τε ἐγρηγορέῃ, ἀνεπίσχετος ἡ φορὴ, ἀναίσθητος δὲ ἡ

ῥοὴ τοῦ γόνου γίγνεται· _νοσέουσι δὲ καὶ γυναῖκες τήνδε τὴν νοῦσον_,

ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ κνησμοῖσι τῶν μορίων καὶ ἡδονῇ προχέεται τῇσι ἡ θορή· ἀτὰρ

καὶ πρὸς ἄνδρας ὁμιλίῃ ἀναισχύντῳ· ἄνδρες δὲ οὐδ’ ὅλως ὀδάξονται·

τὸ δὲ ῥέον ὑγρὸν λεπτὸν, ψυχρὸν, ἄχρουν, ἄγονον· πῶς γὰρ ζωογόνον

ἐκπέμψαι σπέρμα ψυχρὴ οὖσα ἡ φύσις· ἢν δὲ καὶ νέοι πάσχωσι, γηραλέους

χρὴ γενέσθαι πάντας τὴν ἕξιν, νωθώδεας, ἐκλύτους, ἀψύχους, ὀκνέοντας,

κωφούς, ἀσθενέας, ῥικνούς, ἀπρήκτους, ἐπώχρους, λευκοὺς, γυναικώδεας,

ἀποσίτους, ψυχροὺς, μελέων βάρεα, καὶ νάρκας σκελέων, ἀκρατέας, καὶ ἐς

πάντα παρέτους· ἥδε ἡ νοῦσος ὁδὸς ἐς παράλυσιν πολλοῖσι γίγνεται· πῶς

γὰρ οὐκ ἂν τῶν νεύρων ἥδε ἡ δύναμις πάθοι τῆς ἐς ζωῆς γένεσιν φύσιος

ἀπεψυγμένης. (Gonorrhœa is not indeed a dangerous thing, but it _is_ a

disagreeable one, and one that is _in the highest degree unseemly in

repute_. For if incontinence and _paresis_ attack the soft procreative

parts, the semen flows all the same even though the organs are cold,

nor is it possible to stop it even in sleep; for whether a man sleep,

or wake, the running is continual, and the flow of the seed goes on

unconsciously. _And women also are subject to this complaint_; but in

their case the discharge of the semen is accompanied with itchings and

with pleasurable feeling, as well as with shameless intercourse with

men, whereas men are not in any way excited. And the moisture that

is discharged is thin, cold, colourless, unfruitful; for how should

its nature, that is cold, send forth fertile semen? And if young

men suffer from it, they are bound to grow old in constitution and

condition, sluggish, relaxed, lifeless, hesitating, dull of hearing,

weak, shrunken, ineffectual, pallid, white, womanish, without appetite,

chilly, heavy of limb, and stiff of leg and palsied in every part. This

complaint is the avenue to paralysis for many; for how should this

power of the nerves not suffer when the natural parts pertaining to the

generation of life are chilled).

[315] _Celsus_ De re med. bk. IV. ch. 21., Est etiam circa naturalia

vitium, nimia profusio seminis, quod sine venere, sine nocturnis

imaginibus sic fertur, ut interposito spatio, tabe hominem consumat.

(There is another complaint connected with the private parts, viz.

excessive discharge of semen, which apart altogether from love, and

apart from nocturnal pollutions in dreams, is so persistent that, given

a sufficient interval of time, it destroys a man by wasting).

[316] _Alexander of Tralles_, bk. IV. ch. 9., δέονται γὰρ οὗτοι τῶν

ἐπικιρνώντων καὶ ἐμψυχόντων πάνυ καὶ λουτρῶν εὐκράτων· ὥστε παχυνθεῖσαν

ἠρέμα τὴν γονὴν καὶ εὔκρατον γενομένην, μηκέτι φέρεσθαι. (For these

patients require compound and very cooling drugs, and lukewarm baths;

so that the seed growing quietly thicker and well-conditioned, may no

longer flow away).

[317] _Galen_, Definit. medic. n. 288. (XIX. p. 426.), Γονόῤῥοιά

ἐστιν ἀπόκρισις ἐπιφέρουσα σπέρματος νόσημα μετὰ τοῦ τήκεσθαι τὸ σῶμα

καὶ ἀχρούστερον ἀποτελεῖσθαι· γίνεται δὲ ἀτονησάντων τῶν σπερματικῶν

ἀγγείων, ὥστε τρόπον τινὰ παρειμένων αὐτῶν μὴ κρατεῖσθαι τὸ σπέρμα.

(Gonorrhœa is a discharge producing a diseased state of semen

accompanied by wasting of the body and an unhealthy-looking complexion;

and it arises through the semen vessels having become atonic, so that,

these being in a way paralysed, the semen is not retained).

[318] _Actuarius_, Method. med. bk. I. ch. 22., Et in seminis quidem

profluvio, neque coles intenditur, neque aeger eadem qua sanus

afficitur voluptate, sed perinde ac si superfluum quiddam excerneretur,

sensu privatur. Quod si morbus moram traxerit, necesse est ut aeger

in colliquationem collabatur ac pereat; quod pinguior humoris portio

eiiciatur ac vitalis spiritus non parum una effluat. (Moreover in

this excessive flux of semen, neither is the member erected, nor does

the patient experience the same pleasure as he does in health, but

exactly as though something superfluous were being eliminated, he is

robbed of sensation. But if the malady runs a more protracted course,

the sufferer cannot but fall into collapse and succumb, inasmuch as

the richer portion of the humour is ejaculated, and the vital spirit

must escape along with it). As early as _Hippocrates_, De morbis bk.

II., edit. Kühn Vol. II. p. we read: ἡ νωτιὰς φθίσις ἀπὸ τοῦ μυελοῦ

γίνεται· λαμβάνει δὲ μάλιστα νεογάμους καὶ φιλολάγνους ... καὶ ἐπὴν

οὐρέῃ ἢ ἀποπατέῃ, προέρχεταί οἱ θορὸς πουλὺς καὶ ὑγρὸς, καὶ γενεὴ οὐκ

ἐγγίνεται, καὶ ὀνειρώσσει, κἂν συγκοιμηθῇ γυναικί, κἂν μή. (Spinal

consumption arises from the marrow; and it attacks particularly newly

married men and lascivious subjects.... And every time the patient

makes water or evacuates, semen flows from him copious and wet, and

he does not succeed in generating, and has nocturnal pollutions,

whether he sleep with a woman or no). Ought this not to be referred to

gonorrhœa?

[319] _Aretaeus_, p. 424. loco citato; also De curat. morb. chron. bk.

II. ch. 5., καὶ τοῦ ἀτερπέος τοῦ πάθεος εἵνεκεν καὶ τοῦ κατὰ σύντηξιν

κινδυνώδεος καὶ τῆς ἐς διάδεξιν γένος χρείης λύειν χρὴ μὴ βραδέως

τὴν γονόῤῥοιαν πάντων κακῶν οὖσαν αἰτίην· (Equally on account of the

disagreeable nature of the malady as on account of the risk of _tabes_

or wasting and for the sake of the needful maintenance of posterity,

gonorrhœa should be rapidly cured, being the cause of very many evils).

Truly if not another passage remained to us from the Ancient writers

besides these two of Aretaeus’, they alone would suffice to convince us

of the existence in his time of virulent gonorrhœa brought on by sexual

intercourse; and it is quite inconceivable how _Simon_, Versuch einer

krit. Gesch. (Essay towards a Critical History), Bk. I. p. 24., can

say: “Thus for instance _all_ the symptoms, which Aretaeus mentions in

his Chapter on Gonorrhœa, speak for _true seminal flux_!”

[320] _Theodorus Priscianus_, bk. II. logic, ch. 11., Satyriasis,

gonorrhœa vel priapismus, quibus similis est sub immoderata patratione

molestia, his accidentibus disterminantur. Gonorrhœa sine veretri

extensione vel usus venerii desiderio, spermatis affluentissima sub

effusione corpora debilitat et per chronica tempora producitur.

(Satyriasis, gonorrhœa or priapism, maladies involving similar

inconvenience as in immoderate copulation, are distinguished by the

following particularities. Gonorrhœa without erection of the member

or desire for the enjoyment of love, debilitates the body by a most

copious discharge of semen, and is protracted over chronic periods of

time).

[321] _Julius Firmicus Maternus_, Astronomica bk. III. chs. 7 and 8.,

In loco octavo ♀ ab horoscopo constituto ... si ☿ cum ea fuerit vel

cum ☿ Venerem in hoc loco positam, malevola stella respexerit, vel

per quadratum vel diametrum, vel si cum ipsis, in hoc loco fuerit

inventa, omne eius qui natus fuerit patrimonium dissipatur vel

qualicunque proscriptione nudatur, _mors vero illi per gonorrheam_,

id est _defluxionem seminis_, aut contractionem vel spasmum aut

apoplexin fertur. (In the eighth place determined by the horoscope

stands ♀ Venus.... If ☿ (Mercury) be in conjunction with it, or if

Venus standing in this place with ☿ (Mercury) be faced by an evil

star, whether by quadrate or diameter, or if such star is found in

conjunction with them in this place, all the patrimony of him who has

been born under this conjunction is wasted, or is lost utterly by some

proscription or another, and _his death is brought about by gonorrhœa,

that is to say a flux of the semen_, or cramp or spasm or apoplexy.)

[322] Caelius Aurelianus, Morb. Chron. bk. V. ch. 7., Item antecedens

causa supradictae passionis, quam _seminis_ appellamus _lapsum_,

fuisse probatur, a qua discernitur, si quidem illa passio etiam per

diem vigilantibus aegris fluere facit semen, nulla phantasia in usum

venereum provocante. (Such is proved to have been another antecedent

cause of the above named malady, which we call _discharge of semen_;

but a distinct cause has to be assigned, if it so be that the malady

in question makes the semen flow even by day and when the patients

are awake, and though no dream provokes to the exercise of love).

_Philagrius_ appears to have made this distinction quite correctly,

when as quoted by _Aëtius_ (Tetrab. III. serm. 3. ch. 34.), De seminis

in somno profluvio, Philagrii (On the discharge of semen in sleep,

according to Philagrius), he says: Semen in somnis profundere dicuntur

quicumque dum dormiunt, _naturae genitale semen_ emittunt, quod ipsum

eis ut plurimum ob vitiati humoris materiam, aut materiae multitudinem

aut ob partium seminalium robur contingit. Iam vero quidam et ob

animi moestitiam aut inediam, per somnos praeter consuetudinem semen

excreverunt, atque id materiae acrimonia irritati, non ob partium

seminalium robur, pertulerunt etc. (They are said to discharge semen in

sleep, whoever during slumber, ejaculate _the genital seed of nature_,

because they possess it in the greatest degree of abundance either on

account of the constituting material of the semen being vitiated or

on account of the copiousness of this material, or else on account of

the vigour of the seminal organs. But there are also many cases where

men have emitted semen in sleep contrary to their wont in consequence

of sadness of spirits or fasting, having done so because irritated

by the acridness of the material, and not through any vigour of the

seminal organs, etc.). The only pity is that Aëtius has not preserved

for us his (Philagrius’) opinion as to gonorrhœa, and has not shown

clearly exactly what belongs to Philagrius in the Chapter; for a great

deal, as indeed is stated, is from Galen and referred by the compiler

to gonorrhœa. Philagrius in fact only lived in the latter half of

the Fourth Century,—A.D. 364 according to Sprengel, 300 according to

Lessing.

[323] _Actuarius_, Meth. med. bk. IV. ch. 8., Convenit ad haec reliqua

victus ratio, quae ad siccitatem declinet, sed non sit calidior, verum

frigida. Insuper nutriendus aeger est, viresque modice reficiendae;

namque ob continuam excretionem languet corpus et imbecillum est.

Quies apta est, et balnea quae humectent tamen alioqui non sunt

idonea. Animalia agrestia, quae refrigerantibus exsiccantibusque

condiantur, sunt accommodata et vinum pauculum tenueque. (Consistent

with this are the remaining rules of diet. This should incline towards

dryness, but must not be at all hot, but cold. Further the sufferer

must be adequately nourished, and his strength fairly well kept up;

for owing to the constant ejaculation of semen the body grows languid

and weak. Rest is desirable, and baths, in other circumstances used

for moistening the body, are not here advisable. Game, seasoned with

cooling and desiccating condiments, is appropriate, and a little thin

wine.)

[324] _Celsus_, bk. IV. ch. 21. In hoc affectu salutares sunt

vehementes frictiones, perfusiones natationesque quam frigidissimae.

(In this complaint violent frictions are advantageous, also aspersions

and plunge baths as cold as they can be borne).

[325] _Galen_, De sanitate tuenda bk. VI. ch. 14. (VI. p. 444.),—The

best illustration in reference to the statements made in this

connection by _Aëtius_ (Tetrab. III. serm. 3. ch. 33.), which indeed

is superscribed as Galen’s and draws most of its material from him

and from Aretaeus, showing however in many ways that it was based on

personal observation or that the author had before him some better and

older authority. Unfortunately the passage, previously glanced at, was

subsequently mislaid by us, and so we are able merely to give it in a

Footnote, with the request that the reader will complete from it what

is said in the text. Profluvium igitur seminis, vasorum seminariorum

affectio est, non pudendi, _quae dolorem quidem non ita valde inferre

solet, molestiam autem non vulgarem et_ pollutionem exhibet ob assiduum

et invitis contingentem seminis fluxum. Oboritur autem aliquando

etiam ex seminariorum vasorum fluxione, _quandoque etiam satyriasi

praecedente profluvium seminis succedit_. Contingit autem affectio

maxime pubertatem transgressos citra decimum quartum annum, imo aliis

etiam aetatibus. Est autem semen quod profluit, aquosum, tenue, citra

appetentiam coeundi et ut plurimum quidem citra sensum, quandoque vero

cum voluptate quadam promanans. Corrumpitur affectis sensim universum

corpus ac gracilescit, praesertim circa lumbos. Consequitur et

debilitas multa, non ob multitudinem seminis profluentis sed ob locorum

proprietatem. _Non solum autem viris sed et mulierculis hoc accidit,

et in feminis sane aegre tollitur._ Ceterum cura communis est cum ea

quae in omni fluxione adhibetur. _Primum igitur in quiete et pauco

cibo ac aquae potu affectos asservare oportet_; deinde etiam lumbos

et pubem contegere lanis vino et rosaceo aut oenanthino aut melino

madefactis. Neque vero ineptae sunt spongiae posca imputae. Sequentibus

vero diebus cataplasmatis ex palmis, malis, acacia hypocisthide,

oenanthe, rhoe rubro et similibus. Insessibus item adstringentibus

utendum est, ex lentisci, rubi, myrti et similium in vino austero sive

mero sive diluto decocto. Cibis autem utendum qui aegre corrumpantur

et difficulter permutantur et resiccandi vim habent. Dandum etiam cum

potu et cibis, viticis ac _cannabis_ semen praesertim tostum. Rutae

item semen ac folia, lactucae semen et cauliculi ac nymphaeae radix.

In potu vero quotidie pro communi aqua, _aqua in qua ferrum saepe

extinctum est_ praebeatur. Quidam vero corticem radicis halicacabi ex

aqua eis bibendum praebuerunt, neque ineptum fuerit huius aliquando

periculum facere. _Antidotus_ etiam _haec magnae celebritatis_ tum ad

hoc modo semen profudentes, tum ad assidua in omnis profluvia commode

exhibetur. Seminis salicis ʒvjj calaminthae ʒvj seminis viticis albae

ʒv rutae ʒjv seminis cicutae ʒjj cum aqua in pastillos digerito et

ex eis ad Ponticae nucis magnitudinem cum poscae cyathis tribus

praebeto. _Omnem vero acrium rerum esum et multi vini potum_ et olerum

exhibitionem _vitare oportet_, diaetam vero universam resiccatoriam et

adstringentem constituere. Post prima autem mox tempora ad unctiones et

exercitatricem diaetam transeundum, per quam totum corpus et praesertim

affecta, ad sanitatem perducantur, et plurima quidem tempora circa

unctiones immorandum, paucies vero lavandum, si aut lassitudini aut

cruditati mederi velimus. Bonum fuerit etiam, _si nihil prohibuerit, ad

frigidae lavationem_ defugere, quae omnem morbum ex fluxione obortum

depellere consuevit, maxime si medicamentaria qualitate aqua praedita

sit, velut sunt in Albulis aquae, quae etiam in potu acceptae eis summe

prosunt. Sunt autem sapore subsalso et tactu lactei teporis. Convenit

item per intervalla quaedam illitionibus et epithematis et malagmatis

uti, quae rubefacere et emollire possint, atque ea quae in profundo

haerent ad superficiem transferre. _Decubitus_ porro _frequenter

in latus fiat_, calaminthae foliis et rutae et viticis substratis.

Epithema autem in eis usu venit hocce. Capillum Veneris multum

contundito et terito cum aceto aut apii succo aut seridis aut psyllii

eoque cochlearum carnes coctas excipito et simul in linteolum infarta

coxendicibus imponito. Utendum vero et praescripto ad priapismum

cerato et iis quae paulo mox ad seminis in somno profluvia dicentur.

_Omnem autem de rebus venereis cogitationem excludere oportet._ (Thus

we see excessive discharge of semen is an effection of the seminal

vessels, not of the member. _This complaint does not indeed as a rule

cause any very great pain, but it does occasion no ordinary degree

of inconvenience_ and defilement in consequence of the constant

involuntary discharge of semen. However sometimes it may arise from

a flux in the seminal vessels, and _occasionally on an antecedent

attack of satyriasis profuse discharge of semen supervenes_. The malady

particularly attacks those who have passed the period of puberty but

are under fourteen, but other ages are also liable. And the semen

that is discharged is watery, thin, the discharge being unaccompanied

with any desire for coition, and indeed as a rule without any feeling

whatever, though at times taking place with a certain voluptuous

sensation. The whole body of those attacked suffers and becomes wasted,

especially in the lumbar region. There follows great weakness, not so

much owing to the amount of the semen discharged as to the nature of

the parts affected. _Again, this disease is not peculiar to men, but

assails young women as well, and in the case of females is eliminated

with very great difficulty._ However the treatment is the same as that

applied in all fluxes. First of all therefore patients must observe

rest and a scanty diet both in food and drinking water; then the loins

and pubis should be covered with cloths moistened with wine, and

_rosaceum_ and oenanthinum and melinum (oil of roses, of young vine

buds, of melilot). Sponges soaked in posca (acid drink of vinegar and

water) are also appropriate. Then on the succeeding days cataplasms

of palms, apples, acacia, hypocisthis (parasitic plant growing on

the cisthus), wild vine, red wild-poppy, and the like. Embrocations

moreover should be employed of an astringent character, consisting

of a decoction of the mastic, bramble, myrtle and the like, in hard

wine, whether unmixed or diluted. Diet should embrace such foods as

resist corruption and deterioration, and possess a desiccative quality.

Along with the food and drink should be administered the juice of the

agnus castus and of _hemp_, especially after boiling. Also the juice

and leaves of rue, the juice of lettuce and colewort and the root of

nymphaea (water-lily). As to drink for daily use, instead of ordinary

water, water should be given in which _iron has been repeatedly

tempered_. Some practitioners indeed have administered the bark of the

root of the bladder-wort in water as a beverage for such patients,

and it will not be inappropriate to make trial of this on occasion.

Another _antidote of great renown_ is exhibited with advantage both for

sufferers from this discharge of semen, as well as for constant fluxes

of all kinds. Take of juice of the sallow Ʒvjj, of calamint Ʒvj, of

juice of the white agnus castus Ʒv, of rue Ʒjv, of juice of hemlock

Ʒjj; compound with water into small cakes or lozenges, and administer

one of these of the size of a hazel-nut along with three cups of posca

(vinegar and water). _But the patient must avoid all eating of acrid

things and the drinking of much wine_ and the use of vegetables; the

diet must be generally of a desiccative and astringent type. Moreover

presently after the earlier stages embrocations and an active mode

of life should be adopted, whereby the whole body and particularly

the parts affected are brought into a healthy state; the embrocations

should be persevered in for long periods of time, but washing on the

other hand sparingly employed, if we wish to remedy the lassitude and

acrid habit of body. It will be of advantage moreover, _if there is

nothing to prevent, to have recourse to cold bathing_, which has the

property of expelling all diseases arising from flux, more especially

if the water is endowed with a healing quality, such as the waters of

Albulae, which also are of the greatest use in these cases when taken

as a drink. They are of a slightly salt taste, and of a milky warmth to

the touch. Further, it is suitable to employ at intervals lotions and

poultices and plasters, such as will redden and soften the skin, and

bring to the surface those matters that lie latent underneath. Again,

_rest should frequently be taken lying on the side_, the leaves of

calamint and rue and agnus castus being spread as a couch. A poultice

employed in these cases is as follows. Pound a quantity of Venus-hair

and rub it up with vinegar or parsley juice or that of endive or

fleabane, add to it the cooked meat of snails, pack all together in a

linen cloth and lay upon the hips. Also the wax plaster prescribed for

priapism should be employed, and the remedies to be mentioned presently

for discharges of semen during sleep. Lastly _all thinking about love

ought to be avoided_.)

[326] Similarly _Aretaeus_, Morb. chron. therap. bk. II. ch. 5., says:

εἰ δὲ καὶ σώφρων ἔοι ἐπὶ τοῖσι ἀφροδισίοισι καὶ λούοιτο ψυχρῷ, ἐλπὶς

ὡς ὤκιστα ἀνδρωθῆναι τὸν ἄνθρωπον, (And if he indulge with moderation

in love and bathe in cold water, there is good hope that the man will

rapidly recover manly vigour). This need surprise us the less, if we

remember that the notion of a superfluitas seminis (superfluity of

seed),—this was why Diogenes practised onanism, _Galen_, Vol. VIII. p.

419.,—was all the time in the background, and gonorrhœa according to

Caelius Aurelianus and other authorities actually arose from too great

self-continence. Si igitur Venerem exercere consueverit et crebriore

uti concubitu, nunc autem continentius et purius innocentiusque degat,

sine dubio a copia id sustinet cum partes illam ferre nequeunt. (If

therefore a man is in the habit of practising love and indulging in

fairly frequent cohabitation, well and good; but if on the contrary

he live a too continent, pure and innocent life, without a doubt he

endures this evil from the over-copiousness (of semen), as the parts

cannot tolerate it.) This idea owed its origin partly to the confusion

of gonorrhoea with nocturnal pollutions,—a confusion found even in the

passage from Galen quoted a little above, and in especial was revived

in the XVth. and XVIth. Centuries under the auspices of the monks and

nuns. It at the same time gave occasion to the practice of resorting to

copulation with a maiden as a cure for gonorrhœa. At any rate it was an

opinion already found in Hippocrates, that copulation was a desiccative

measure which in diseases arising from the phlegmatic humour

(_Hippocrates_, Epidem. bk. VI. Vol. III. p. 609., _Galen_, XVII. A. p.

284.) is of advantage to hot and moist constitutions (_Galen_, Vol. VI.

p. 402.)

[327] _Galen_, De sympt. caus. bk. III. ch. 11. (VII. p. 265.), ἀλλὰ

καὶ τὰ μοχθηρὰ διὰ τῶν ὑστερῶν ῥεύματα, καλεῖται δὲ _τὸ σύμπτωμα_ ῥοῦς

γυναικεῖος, ἐκκαθαιρομένου κατὰ τοῦτο τὸ μόριον ἅπαντος τοῦ σώματος

γίγνεται. (Besides there are the troublesome fluxes by way of the womb;

and the _symptom_ of these is known as “female discharge”, and takes

place as the whole body purges itself by this part). _Nonnus_, ch. 204.

_Paulus Aegineta_, bk. II. ch. 63. _Rufus_ of Ephesus, bk. I ch. 44.

[328] _Aretaeus_, De sign, chron. morb. bk. IV. ch. 11., ἄλλος ῥόος

λευκὸς ἡ ἐπιμήνιος κάθαρσις λευκὴ δριμεῖα καὶ ὀδαξώδης ἐς ἡδονήν.

ἐπὶ δὲ τοῖσι καὶ ὑγροῦ λευκοῦ, πάχεος, γονοειδέος πρόκλησις· τόδε τὸ

εἶδος _γονόρῤῥοιαν γυναικείαν ἐλέξαμεν_· ἔστι δὲ τῆς ὑστέρης φύξις,

οὕνεκεν ἀκρατὴς τῶν ὑγρῶν γίγνεται· ἀτὰρ καὶ τὸ αἷμα ἐς χροιὴν λευκὴν

ἀμείβει. (Another white discharge is the menstrual purging, white,

acrid, and provoking a pleasurable itching. But in addition to these

forms there is also a calling out of a moist, white, thick, semen-like

discharge; and this species we have named “_female gonorrhœa_”; and

it is an escape from the womb, because this cannot retain the moist

humours. Further, it actually changes the blood to a white colour.)

Perhaps too what _Galen_, De semine bk. II. ch. 1. (IV. p. 599.), says

is pertinent in this connection: ταῖς δ’ ἄλλαις ἔλαττόν τε καὶ ὑγρὸν

ἐκπίπτον φαίνεται πολλάκις ἔσωθεν ἐξ αὐτῶν τῶν ὑστερῶν, ἵναπερ οὐρεῖ.

(but in other women there appears to be a smaller and moist discharge

very often, inside, coming from the womb itself, in micturition). Again

_Theod. Priscianus_, bk. III. 10., says: Aliquando etiam spermatis

spontanei et importuni fluxu feminae fatigantur, quod Graeci gonorrhœam

appellant. (Sometimes too women are troubled with a discharge of

involuntarily and unexpectedly emitted semen, a complaint the Greeks

call gonorrhœa.) Comp. the passage quoted above from Aëtius.

[329] _Celsus_, De re medica bk. VI. ch. 18., Solet etiam interdum ad

_nervos_ ulcus descendere; profluitque pituita multa sanies tenuis

malique odoris, non coacta at aquae similis, in qua caro recens lota

est; doloresque is locus et punctiones habet. Id genus quamvis inter

purulenta est, tamen lenibus medicamentis curandum est.... Praecipueque

id ulcus multa calida aqua fovendum est, velandumque neque frigori

committendum. (Moreover the ulcer is wont sometimes to descend to the

_cords_; and then there is discharged a quantity of phlegm, a thin

_sanies_ of an ill odour, not congealed but like water in which a

piece of fresh meat has been washed; and the place experiences pain

and a pricking sensation. This sort, though it comes under the head of

purulent complaints, should nevertheless be treated with mild drugs....

And above all this form of ulcer should be fomented with copious

warm water, and should be covered and not exposed to cold). From the

last sentence it may be concluded that it is not the acute form of

blennorrhœa of the urethra that is in question here (bk. IV), but the

chronic. The words _ad nervos_ (to the cords) have given occasion

to some very extraordinary explanations. _Simon_, Krit. Gesch. Vol.

I p. 23., considers it would be most natural to refer this to the

inside of the member, to the urethra in fact, though as a matter of

fact gonorrhœa of the glans penis might just as likely be intended in

the passage. But in the latter case the interpretation is absolutely

impossible, as the glans penis is never called _nervus_. The corpora

cavernosa it is true are described in several places by _Galen_, e. g.

De loc. aff. bk. VI. ch. 6., as “a pipe-like cord, for the body is

cord-like in form, the whole being hollow like a pipe”, but he adds

χωρὶς τῆς καλουμένης βαλάνου (always excepting the glans penis, as it

is called), and indeed that _nervus_ generally signifies the penis is

evident at once from Horace, Epod. XII. 19.; even the plural _nervos_

is found in _Petronius_, Sat. 129., 134.,—so the Greeks similarly

use νεῦρον (nerve, cord) for the penis, sometimes with the addition

σπερματικὸν (spermatic, seminal), as Eustathius points out,—Comm. on

the Iliad, X. 1390. However Celsus had no idea of this in his mind;

everything shows that with him the _ad nervos_ points to nothing but

the _vasa deferentia_ or spermatic cords, as he distinctly declares

himself in bk. VII. ch. 18: Dependent vero (testiculi) ab inguinibus

per _singulos nervos_, quos κρεμαστῆρας Graeci nominant. (But the

testicles hang from the groin by separate cords, which the Greeks call

κρεμαστῆρες,—suspenders). Similarly _Columella_, De re rustic. bk. VI.

ch. 26., Testium nervos, quos Graeci κρεμαστῆρας ab eo appellant, quod

ex illis genitales partes dependent. (The cords of the testicles, which

the Greeks name κρεμαστῆρες,—suspenders, because the genital parts

hang by them); again _Pollux_, Onomast. bk. II. Ch. 4., κρεμαστῆρας δὲ

λέγονται τὰ νεῦρα, τοῦς διδύμους ἀνέχει. (κρεμαστῆρες,—suspenders, is

the name of the cords; and they support the testicles). The possibility

of the suppuration extending to the seed reservoir and the spermatic

cords is proved by the case lately observed and made known by _Ricord_.

[330] _Actuarius_, Method. med. bk. IV. ch. 8., Caeterum non est

ignorandum, nonnunquam in interna penis parte exiguum tuberculum

oboriri, quod dum disrumpitur, sanguinem aut exiguum puris effundit;

quare quidam arbitrantur ex profundo ea prodire, citraque rationem

metuere coeperunt. Verum res ex penis dolore deprehenditur. Venae autem

sectione sola, victuque frigidiusculo aegrum a molestia vindicavimus.

_Quod si vitium moram traxerit et vulnus_ (ἕλκος?) _altius pervenerit_,

enemata morsus expertia, qualibus in lippitudine utimur, infundimus.

Balneo ac omni mordenti evidenterque calefaciente tum cibo tum potione

abstinemus, ita namque promptius aeger valetudinem recipit. (However it

must not be forgotten that sometimes a small tubercle is established in

the internal part of the penis, which on bursting discharges blood and

a small quantity of pus; for which reason some suppose these symptoms

to proceed from a deep-seated evil, and have been unreasonably alarmed.

But the truth may be gathered from the pain in the penis. However by

the mere opening of a vein and a cooling diet we have saved a patient

from all inconvenience. On the other hand if the mischief has followed

a protracted course and the sore (ἕλκος?,—ulcer) has penetrated farther

in, we introduce clysters free from biting acridity, such as we make

use of for blear-eyed patients. We forbid the bath, and everything

acrid and manifestly heating whether in food or drink, for in this way

the sufferer recovers his health more rapidly).

[331] _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 59., εἰ δὲ κατὰ τὸν καυλὸν

ἔνδον τῆς τοῦ αἰδοίου τρήσεως ἀφανὲς ἕλκος γένηται, γινώσκεται ἐκ

τοῦ πύον ἢ αἷμα κενοῦσθαι χωρὶς οὐρησέως. Θεραπεύεται δὲ πρῶτον μὲν

ὑδαρεῖ μελικράτῳ _κλυζόμενον_, ἔπειτα δὲ γάλακτι, κἄπειτα μίξαντες τῷ

γάλακτι τὸ τοῦ ἀστήρος κολλύριον, ἢ τὸν λευκὸν τροχίσκον, ἢ τὸν διὰ

λωταριῶν ἐν μολυβδαίνῃ θυίᾳ παραπέμπειν, ἥγουν καὶ _πτερὸν_ βάψαντες

διαχρίειν, εἶτα _λεπτὸν στρεπτὸν_ χρίσαντες ἐνθῆναι· κάλλιστον δὲ

ἐστί καὶ τὸ λαμβάνων κηκίδος καὶ πομφόλυγος, ἀμύλου τε καὶ ἀλόης ἶσα,

λειωθέντα ῥοδίνῳ καὶ χυλῷ ἀρνογλώσσου. (But if in the canal within the

perforation of the member an invisible ulcer arise, it is recognized

from the fact of matter or blood being discharged without micturition.

And it is treated first by being _rinsed_ with a weak honey-mixture,

and then with milk and afterwards by mixing with the milk the salve of

the _aster atticus_, or the white lozenge, or a preparation of lotus

pounded in a leaden mortar; _a feather_ should be dipped in this and

it should be rubbed on, or else _a piece of thin material made into a

twist_ should be smeared with it and the drug introduced by this means;

but the best of all is by taking equal parts of gall-apple, flowers of

zinc, starch-flour and aloes smeared with rose-sap and plantain-sap).

[332] _Caelius Aurelianus_, Morb. chron. bk. II. ch. 8., In iis enim

qui ulcus habuerint, cum mictum fecerint, sanguis fluet attestante

mordicatione et dolore et aliquando egestione corpusculorum, quae

ἐφελκύδας Graeci vocaverunt. (In patients who have got an ulcer,

whenever they make water, blood will flow and the fact be attested by

accompanying biting sensation and pain and sometimes by the ejection of

small particles which the Greeks have named ἐφελκύδες).

[333] _Galen_, De loc. affect. bk. I. ch. 5., εἰ γοῦν ὑμενώδους χιτῶνος

ἐκκριθείη μόριον, ὅτι μὲν ἕλκωσίς ἐστὶ που, δηλώσει.... εἰ δ’ οὐρηθείη

τῆς οὐρήθρας αὐτῆς. (If for example a small portion of the membranous

coat be shed, this will show there is ulceration somewhere.... And if

in micturition particles of the urethra itself be passed). Comp. Paulus

Aegineta, loco citato.

[334] _Galen_, De symptom. caus. bk. III. ch. 8., ἴσχονται μὲν γὰρ ἢ

ἀδυνατούσης ἐκκρίνειν τῆς κύστεως, ἢ στεγνωθέντος αὐτῆς, τοῦ στομάχου·

ταυτὶ μὲν οὖν ἄμφω τὰ νοσήματα τῆς κύστεως ἓν κοινὸν ἔχει σύμπτωμα,

τὴν ἰσχουρίαν·—αἱ μὲν οὖν _στεγνώσεις_ τοῦ στομάχου δι᾽ ἔμφραξίν τε

καὶ _μύσιν_ ἀποτελοῦνται· καὶ γίνεται ἡ μὲν _ἔμφραξις_ ὑπὸ θρόμβου τε

καὶ πύου παχέος καὶ λίθου καὶ πώρου καὶ διὰ _βλάστημά_ τι κατ’ αὐτὸν

ἐπιτραφὲν τὸν πόρον ὁποῖα κἀν τοῖς ἄλλοις ἅπασιν ἐκτὸς ὁρᾶται γινόμενα

κατά τε τὰ ὦτα καὶ ῥῖνας _αἰδοῖά_ τε καὶ ἕδραν· ἡ δὲ _μύσις_ ἤτοι

δι’ ὄγκον ἐπὶ φλεγμοναῖς ἀποτελεῖται καὶ _σκίῤῥοις_ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις

οἰδήμασιν, ὅσα τε τὸν τράχηλον ἐξαίροντα τῆς κύστεως εἰς τὸν ἐντὸς

πόρον ἀποχεῖ τὸν ὄγκον. (For they suffer either because the bladder is

unable to secrete or because its orifice is stopped; but both these

complaints of the bladder have one symptom in common, viz. retention of

urine.... Now the _stoppages_ of the orifice are produced by _blocking_

or by _closing up_; and stoppages are caused by a clot or dense

matter or a calculus or chalkstone or some growth that has formed in

the actual passage, as is also observed to occur in other, external,

organs, the ears, the nostrils, genitals, or fundament; but closure

is due either to a tumour following on phlegmonous affections or by

indurations or other swellings which dilate the neck of the bladder

and discharge the tumour into the internal passage). Comp. _Caelius

Aurelianus_ bk. V. ch. 4.

[335] _Galen_, De loc. affect. bk. I. ch. 1. (VIII. p. 12.), οὕτω

δὲ εἰ καὶ σάρκα τινὰ δι᾽ ἕλκωσιν ἐπιτραφεῖσαν ἡγούμεθα τὸν τράχηλον

τῆς κύστεως ἐμφράττειν, ἔκ τε τῶν προηγησαμένων τοῦ ἕλκους σημείων

ἔκ τε τοῦ κενωθῆναι τὸ οὖρον ἐπὶ τῷ _καθετηρι_ συλλογιούμεθα· καί

ποτε καὶ γενόμενον οἶδα τοιοῦτόν τι πάθημα· διαβαλλομένου γοῦν τοῦ

καθετῆρος, ἤλγησεν κατ’ ἐκεῖνο τοῦ πόρου τὸ μέρος, ἔνθα καὶ πρότερον

ἐτεκμηράμεθα τὴν ἕλκωσιν εἶναι· _θλασθείσης δὲ τῆς σαρκὸς ὑπὸ τοῦ

καθετῆρος_, ἠκολούθησε μὲν μετὰ τὴν τῶν οὔρων ἔκκρισιν αἵματός τέ τι

καὶ θρύμματα τῆς σαρκός· ... τὸ δ’ εἴτε πάθος εἶναι λεκτέον τοῦ πόρου

τὸ γεγονός, εἶτε αἴτιον ἰσχουρίας ἐν τῷ πόρῳ περιέχεσθαι, τῶν ἀχρήστων

εἰς τὴν τέχνην ἐστίν. (Accordingly if we suspect some accretion of

tissue, the result of ulceration, to be blocking the neck of the

bladder, our diagnosis will depend both on the foregoing signs of

the existence of an ulcer and also on the fact of the urine being

voided on the introduction of a _catheter_. Sometimes moreover I have

noted the following case to occur; on turning the catheter about pain

was experienced at the part of the canal where we had previously

conjectured the ulceration to be situated, and the tissue being broken

down by the catheter, there followed after the evacuation of the urine

some blood and particles of tissue.... Whether in this case we ought to

describe the mischief as something affecting the urethral canal, or say

that the cause is something lying in the same canal, is scientifically

unimportant). For the catheter must always have the shape of the

passage leading to the bladder (Method. med. bk. IV. ch. 7. X. p.

301.); accordingly it must be bent into the shape of the letter

“S” (Introduct. ch. 19. Vol. XIV. p. 788). The inventor of it was

Erasistratus (ibid. p. 751.). The employment of the catheter is well

described by _Paulus Aegineta_ bk. VI. ch. 59., who adds that different

catheters must be used according to age and sex.

[336] _Oribasius_, Bk. L. ch. 8. (Mai’s Classicor. auctor. e Vatican.

codd. edit.—Classical Authors edited from the Vatican MSS.), Vol. IV.

p. 187.

[337] The word ἰποτήριον is also found written ἰπωτήριον in _Galen_, De

comp. medic. sec. gen. bk. IV. ch. 7. (XIII. p. 725.), who gives it as

a φάρμακον (remedy) invented by Heraclides of Tarentum, but which is

not described in detail. The word is missing in our Lexicons, though

Castellus gives it.

[338] _Galen_, In Hippocrat. de diaet. in acut. (XV. p. 759.), γίνεται

δ’ ἔντασις ὄρχεως ἐνίοτε μὲν ὑπὸ τῆς καθ’ ἑαυτὸν φλεγμονῆς, ἐνιοτε

δὲ ὑπό τινος τῶν ἄνω φλεγμαινόντων ἑλκομένου. (Now tension of the

testicles occurs sometimes owing to inflammation in the testicles

itself, at other times owing to one of more inward parts that are

inflamed becoming ulcerated).

[339] _Paulus Aegineta_, Bk. III. ch. 54.

[340] _Galen_, De prognost. ex puls. bk. IV. ch. 10. (IX. p. 416.).

Synops. de puls. ch. 31. (ibid. p. 540).

[341] _Celsus_, Bk. VII. 18. VI. 18.

[342] _Hippocrates_, de Nat. Homin. edit. Kühn. Vol. I. p. 364.

_Galen_, Vol. XV. p. 131.

[343] _Galen_, Vol. XI. p. 877., XII. p. 50.

[344] _Aretaeus_, De sign. chronic. bk. II. ch. 8., θώυμα δὲ τουτέων

μέζων, εἰς ὄρχιας καὶ κρεμαστῆρας ἀδόκητον ἄλγος ἐπιφοιτῇ· πολλοὺς

τῶν ἰητρῶν ἥδε ἡ ξυμπαθείη λήθει· καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἐξέταμόν κοτε τοὺς

κρεμαστῆρας, ὡς ἰδίην ἔχοντας αἰτίην· (And there is another thing

more surprising than this, when the pain suddenly shifts to the

testicles and spermatic cords. Now this sympathy between the different

organs escapes many physicians; and sometimes they actually cut out

the spermatic cords as if these contained the special cause of the

suffering). In the edition due to Kühn’s industry the word κρεμαστῆρες

is translated by _musculos cremasteres dictos_ (the muscles called

cremasteres). The expression is also found in the “De sign. acut.” II.

6., and _Petit_ in his Commentary on the first named passage declares

in all seriousness that the sympathy was sufficiently well known to

anatomists, arising from the connection of the cremasteres muscles with

the peritonaeum and its processes, which statement appears to rest on

the datum of _Galen_, De usu partium bk. XIV. ch. 11. (IV. p. 193.) and

De semine bk. II. ch. 5. (IV. p. 635.), where the cremasteres certainly

are called μυώδη σώματα (muscular bodies) and compared with the round

ligaments of the womb. Still _Galen_ says distinctly in the latter

passage that they contained arteries, veins and the spermatic ducts,

in the Isagoge ch. 11. (XIV. p. 719.) ὃς (γόνος) φέρεται ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς

διὰ τῶν κρεμαστήρων (it,—the seed,—is conveyed to them through the

cremasteres). On the other hand in the “De musc. sect.” Vol. XVIII.

B. p. 997., the musculi cremasteres properly so called are clearly

described, and the statement added: Τὸ δὲ ἔργον αὐτῶν ἀνατείνειν

τὸν ὄρχιν· ὅθεν ἔνιοι κρεμαστῆρας αὐτοὺς ὀνομάζουσι (but their duty

is to hold up the testicles, for which reason some name them the

cremasteres,—suspenders). Neither Blancard-Kühn nor yet Kraus’s Lexicon

give under the word “Cremaster” any meaning but that of the muscles;

the same is true of Schneider. Comp. _Paulus Aegineta_ bk. VI. ch. 61.,

where the spermatic cords are also called παραστάται (supporters), as

also by Galen, Defin. med. XIX. p. 362. and De semine bk. I. Vol. IV.

p. 565., where they are spoken of as κιρσοειδῆς παραστάται (varicose

parastatae). A denomination Herophilus first made use of (Galen IV. p.

582.) and which according to _Athenaeus_ Deipnos. bk. IX. p. 396. was

likewise given to the testicles.

[345] _Hippocrates_, Epidem. bk. V., edit. Kühn Vol. III. p. 548.

Besides Hippocrates mentions almost exclusively the sympathetic

swellings of the testicles that occur in cases of interruptions of

the respiration, particularly in coughs. Sextus Placitus Papyriensis

likewise, ch. 92. 4., ch. 101. 2., speaks of prurigo veretri (itching

of the privates).

[346] _Galen_, De semine ch. 15. (IV. p. 564).

[347] _Galen_, De medic. sec. loc. bk. IX. ch. 8. (XIII. p. 317.).

_Paulus Aegineta_ bk. III. ch. 54. Both authors also make mention in

this connection of _sarcosis testium_ (swelling of the flesh of the

testicles). _Rambach_, Thesaurus Eroticus, a work which now for the

first time is within our reach to consult, quotes under _ova_ pro

coleis (ova,—eggs, put for testicles):

Vel tantus ad ora veniret

Aut aliis causis ita computresceret ovum,

Ne fieri posset quin crudelis medicina

Ova recidisset, medici reprobabilis usus.

(In fact such foulness appeared, or from other causes the testicle was

so rotten, that nought could be done but for cruel surgery to cut out

the testicles,—the horrid habit of doctors), and assigns to it the name

_Ovidius Pseud._ Is this perhaps a specimen of those old lines properly

to be ascribed to some mediaeval monk?

[348] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. V. ch. 4. (X. p. 325.), καὶ κατὰ

τοῦτο ἐπ’ αἰδοίων καὶ ἕδρας εἰς τὴν τοιαύτην ἀνάγκην ἀφικνούμεθα

πολλάκις, ὅτι ῥᾳδίως σήπεται τὰ μόρια διά τε τὴν σύμφυτον ὑγρότητα

καὶ ὅτι περιττωμάτων εἰσὶν ὀχετοί. (And in this respect with regard

to the privates and fundament we constantly come back to the same

conditions of causation, viz. that these parts are readily affected

by putrefaction, as well owing to their natural moistness as because

they are channels for excretions). Commentar. in Hippocrat. De humor.

(XVI. p. 414.), ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡ φύσις τῶν τόπων οὐ μικρὸν πρὸς τὸ δέχεσθαι

σηπεδόνας ποιεῖ· καὶ γὰρ τὸ στόμα καὶ τὰ αἰδοῖα πολλὴν ὑγρότητα τῇ

φύσει κέκτηται· καὶ προσέτι τοὺς ἀδένας ἔχουσιν ἐγγὺς, ἄπερ πάντα τὰ

περιττὰ εἰσδέχεσθαι πεφύκασιν. (Moreover the nature of the localities

has no small influence on their liability to putrefactive changes.

For the mouth and the private parts possess much moisture of their

very nature; and besides this they have the glands close by, all which

circumstances tend naturally to make them the receptacles of excessive

moisture). De usu partium bk. XI. ch. 14. (III. p. 910.), ἤδε δὲ καὶ

περὶ τὴν τῶν αἰδοίων φύσιν αἱ τρίχες ἅμα μὲν ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἐγένοντο, θερμὰ

γὰρ καὶ ὑγρὰ τὰ χωρία. (Now this quality and the fact of the privates

being naturally surrounded with hair would seem to be necessary

consequences, because the localities are hot and damp).—_Cassius_,

Problem. 2., Cur supremae corporis sedes ad nomas sunt opportunae,

similiter et concavae? An quia noma putrefactio est quaedam et sensus

interitus atque extinctio. Supremae autem partes ob alimenti penuriam

calore facile destituuntur, ita ut hac de causa census ablationem

incurrant. Concavae vero ob humidae in ipsis materiae affluentem

copiam, cuius occasione putredine corripiunter. (Why are the extreme

parts of the body liable to nomae (eating ulcers), and likewise the

concave parts? It is because a _noma_ is a form of putrefaction and a

perishing and extinction of sensation? Now the extreme parts owing to

the scantiness of the nourishment they get are easily robbed of heat,

so that for this reason they incur loss of sensation. On the other hand

the concave parts owing to the excess of moist matter that collects in

them, which is the occasion of their being attacked by putrefaction).

Comp. what was said above under the head of “Climate”.

[349] _Hippocrates_, Aphorism. Vol. III. p. 724. _Galen_, Vol. XVI. p.

27.

[350] _Galen_, Comment in Hippocrat. De humor. Vol. XVI. p. 414.

[351] _Hippocrates_, De nat. muliebr. Vol. II. p. 586., ἀφθήσῃ τὰ

αἰδοῖα (the privates affected with aphthae). De morb. muliebr. bk. II.

Vol. II. p. 614.

[352] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. XIII. ch. 11. (X. p. 903.), ἀντισπᾶν

γὰρ χρὴ τῶν ἀρχομένων ῥευματίζεσθαι παρρωτάτω τὸ περιττὸν, οὐχ ἕλκειν

ἐπ’ αὐτὰ· κατὰ τοῦτον οὖν τὸν λόγον οὐδὲ γαστρὸς οὐδ’ ἐντέρων ἀρξαμένων

φλεγμαίνειν ὑπηλάτῳ χρῆσθαι προσήκει· τὴν δ’ αὐτὴν ἔνδειξιν ἔχει

τούτοις μὲν μήτρα τοῖς ὀργάνοις αἰδοῖα· τό γε μὴν ἐμέτοις χρῆσθαι τῶν

αἰδοίων πεπονθότων ἀντισπαστικόν ἐστὶ βούθημα. (For what is necessary

is to reject the excess as far as may be from the parts that are

beginning to be congested, not to draw it towards them. Therefore in

accordance with this reasoning neither in the case of belly nor of

intestines, when these have begun to be inflamed, is it expedient to

employ purging medicine; also the same indication as in the case of

these organs holds good for womb, and private parts. The treatment when

the privates are attacked is revulsory, viz. the use of emetics).

[353] _Galen_, loco citato p. 904., ἐπὶ δὲ νεφρῶν καὶ κύστεος αἰδοίου

τε καὶ μήτρας τὰς ἐν τοῖς σκέλεσι, μάλιστα μὲν τὰς κατὰ τὴν ἰγνύαν, εἰ

δὲ μὴ, τὰς παρὰ σφυρόν (In complaints of the kidneys and bladder, of

the privates and womb, bleedings on the legs, and particularly in the

hollow of the knee, or otherwise at the ankle).

[354] _Oribasius_, Medicin. collect. bk. IX. ch. 24., Pudendis

incommoda sunt pinguia, prosunt autem adstringentia. (Fatty matters

are prejudicial to the privates, astringents on the contrary are of

advantage).

[355] _Galen_, De medicam. sec. loc. compos. bk. IX. ch. 8. (XIII. p.

315.), τὰ δ’ ἐν αἰδοίοις ἕλκη καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἕδραν χωρὶς φλεγμονῆς ὄντα

ξηραινόντων πάνυ δεῖται φαρμάκων. (Now ulcers on the privates and

about the fundament, if free from the phlegmonous condition, require

dessicative drugs above all). Method. med. bk. V. ch. 15. (X. p. 381.).

[356] _Galen_, loco citato pp. 317, 383.—_Oribasius_, Synops. bk. IX.

ch. 38.

[357] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. X. ch. 9. (X. p. 702.).—_Aëtius_,

Tetrab. II. serm. 1. ch. 91.

[358] _Galen_, De compos. medic. sec. loc. bk. IX. ch. 8. (XIII. p.

316.). _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 59. _Oribasius_ De loc. affect.

bk. IV. ch. 102.

[359] _Galen_, loco citato p. 316. _Paulus Aegineta_, loco citato.

Oribasius, loco citato.

[360] _Galen_, loco citato p. 317.

[361] _Galen_, loco citato p. 316. De simplic. medic. temperam.

ac facult. bk. X. (XII. p. 235.). _Paulus Aegineta_, loco cit.

_Oribasius_, loco cit.

[362] _Galen_, De simplic. medic. temperam, ac. facult. bk. X. ch. 2.

(XII. p. 268.).

[363] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. V. ch. 15. (X. p. 382.), De composit.

medic. sec. loc. bk. IX. ch. 8. (XIII. p, 316.). _Paulus Aegineta_,

loco cit. _Aëtius_, Tetrab. I. serm. 1. _Nonnus_, Epit. ch. 195.

[364] _Galen_, De simplic. medic. temperam. ac facult. bk. VI. (XI. p.

822.). _Aëtius_, loco cit.

[365] _Oribasius_, De virtute simplicium bk. II., under word

“Molibdos”,—lead.

[366] _Hippocrates_, De natura muliebri Vol. II. p. 586.

[367] _Galen_, De composit. med. sec. loc. bk. VII. (XIII. p. 36.).

[368] _Galen_, loco cit. p. 316., Method. med. bk. V. ch. 15. (X. p.

382.), De simplic. medicam. temperam. ac facult. bk. VI. (XI. p. 832.).

_Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 59. _Oribasius_, De loc. affect. IV.

102. Collect. IX. 24. _Nonnus_, Epitom. ch. 195.

[369] Orpheus de lapidibus XVIII. 33.,

ἀνδρός τ’ αἰδοίων ἄκος ἔσσεται, ὅς κε πίῃσι.

(And it shall be a cure of the privates of a man, whosoever shall drink

thereof).

[370] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. V. ch. 15. (X. p. 363.).

[371] _Galen_, De simplic. medic. temperam. ac facult. bk. X. (XII. p.

285.).

[372] _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 59. _Oribasius_, Collect. bk. IX.

ch. 24. _Nonnus_, Epitom. ch. 195.

[373] _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. IV. ch. 44. _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2.

ch. 17.

[374] _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch. 24. Collect. L. ch. 9.

[375] _Hippocrates_, Coac. praenot. Vol. I. p. 389., Aphorism. Vol.

III. p. 752. _Galen_, Method. med. bk. III. ch. 1. (X. p. 161.).

[376] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. XIV. ch. 15. (X. p. 1001 sqq.).

[377] _Galen_, loco cit. bk. V. ch. 15. (X. p. 381.), De simplic.

medic. temperam. ac facult. bk. VI. (XI. pp. 832, 806.).

[378] _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. VI. ch. 57.

[379] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. V. ch. 15 (X. p. 381.), _Aëtius_,

Tetrab. III. 2. ch. 15., recommended drawing the prepuce forwards in

micturition, so as to make the urine flow between the foreskin and

glans penis, by which means the ulcers and fissures are readily cured.

[380] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. V. ch. 15. (X. 381.). _Paulus

Aegineta_, bk. III. 59. _Oribasius_, Synops. IX. 37. _Marcellus

Empiricus_, ch. 33.

[381] _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch. 3.

[382] _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch. 17.

[383] _Actuarius_, Method. med. II. ch. 12. _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm.

2. ch. 18. _Sextus Placitus Papyriensis_, ch. V. 2. V. 43. _Theodor.

Priscianus_ I. 25.

[384] _Galen_, Isag. ch. 16. (XIV. p. 777.).

[385] _Galen_, De temperam. 4. (I. p. 532.).

[386] _Pollux_, Onomast. bk. IV. ch. 26. 206., θηρίωμα, γίνεται μὲν

ἕλκος περὶ ἀνδρῶν αἰδοῖα, ἔστι δὲ ὅτε καὶ περὶ δακτ_ύλους_ [read

δακτυ_λιους_], καὶ ἀλλὰχοῦ, αἷμα πολὺ καὶ μέλαν καὶ δυσῶδες ἀφιὲν μετὰ

μελανίας τὴν σάρκα ἀνεσθίον. (θηρίωμα,—malignant sore, is an ulcer

affecting men’s privates, as well as sometimes the fingers (? the

anus), and other parts, discharging much black evil-smelling blood,

accompanied with black colour and eating away the flesh).

[387] _Sextus Placitus Papyriensis_, XV. 3.

[388] _Galen_, Isagog. ch. 11. (XIV. p. 719.), ταῖς δὲ γυναιξὶν ἡ

ὑστέρα ἔοικεν ὀσχῇ ἀνεστραμμένῃ, (but in women the vagina is like a

scrotum inverted), though in accordance with what comes next the uterus

may also by understood to be here intended. Commentar. in Hippocrat.

De Alimento (XV. p. 326.), περὶ δὲ τῆς ὑστέρας ὀλίγα ῥηθήσεται· καὶ

πρῶτον μὲν, πότερον ὑστέρον ἢ μήτραν κλητέον ἐστὶ τὸ μόριον ἐκεῖνο, ὃ

πρὸς τὴν κύησιν ἔδωκε φύσις ταῖς γυναιξὶν, οὐδὲν διαφέρει. (Now about

the vagina we shall not say much. However first of all we may remark as

to the question whether we should name the part which nature has given

to women for connection ὑστέρος or μήτρα, that this is a matter of

indifference). Moreover the Physicians use κόλπος (fold, bosom), e. g.

_Galen_, De tumoribus praeter naturam ch. 4. (VII. p. 717.) for the

vaginal canal, as the Romans did _sinus_ (fold, bosom) in Latin.

[389] _Celsus_, bk. V. ch. 25. _Marcellus_, De medic, ch. 7. 17.

_Sextus Placitus Papyriensis_ II. 7., XV. 2., XXXI. 12. _L. Apuleius_,

De herb. XLIX. 1., LXXIV. 3., CXXI. 2.

[390] _Celsus_, bk. V. 28. 25. _Galen_, Vol. II. p. 150., X. p. 993.

XI. p. 9. 1001., XVI. p. 180., XVII. B. pp. 274, 855., XIX., p. 428,

_Oribasius_, De virt. simpl. bk. II. 1. under word “Leucoion”, De loc.

affect. bk. IV. ch. 112. _Aëtius_, Tetrab. I. serm. 1. under word

“Leucoion”, Tetrab. IV. serm. 4. ch. 83. _Actuarius_, Method. med. bk.

VI. chs. 8, 9.

[391] _Aretaeus_, De sign. chron. bk. II. ch. 11.

[392] _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 4. chs. 88-94.

[393] The uterine speculum is mentioned by _Aëtius_ also chs. 86, 88.

and its use described; as also by _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 65.,

bk. VI. ch. 73., and for the examination of the rectum, bk. VI. ch. 78.

[394] _Galen_, De loc. affect. bk. VI. ch. 5. (VIII. p. 436.). _Paulus

Aegineta_, bk. III. chs. 59, 75. _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch.

15., serm. 4. ch. 107.

[395] _Hippocrates_, De natura muliebri Vol. II. pp. 586, (588), 591.,

De morbis mulier. bk. II. Vol. II. 878.

[396] _Nonnus_, Epitom. ch. 206., distinguishes between ῥυπάρον ἕλκος,

νομὴ μετὰ φλεγμονῆς (foul ulcer, eating sore with inflammation) and

ἄνευ φλεγμονῆς νομή (eating sore without inflammation); as does _Paulus

Aegin._, bk. III. ch. 66.

[397] By means of the uterine syringe, μητρεγχύτης. _Galen_, Synopsis

medic. sec. loc. IX. ch. 8. (XIII. p. 316.). _Oribasius_, Collect.

medic. bk. X. ch. 25.

[398] _Celsus_, bk. VII. ch. 28. _Pliny_, Histor. nat. XXX. 4. _Sextus

Placitus Papyriensis_, XXXII. 2. _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 73.

[399] _Cedrenus_, Σύνοψις ἱστορικὴ (Historical Survey), edit. J.

Goar and H. Fabrot, Paris 1647. fol., p. 266. In Diocletian’s time

when persecutions of the Christians were general, a fair and modest

maiden was charged with having spoken disrespectfully of the gods;

for punishment she was sent to a brothel with the order that she must

reimburse the brothel-keeper three shillings a day. The latter was

to make her serve as a prostitute, and she was to receive all who

wished to go with her. Account however was taken of the fact that she

declared _she had an ulcer on her privates_, and this obliged them to

wait till it was cured (προσφασιζομένη ἕλκος ἔχειν ἐπὶ κρυπτοῦ τόπου

καὶ τούτου ἀπαλλαγὴν ἐκδέξασθαι) (pretexting she had an ulcer in a

secret place, and must wait for its removal). The same story is told by

_Palladius_, Hist. lausiac. ch. 148., as having happened at Corinth,

who calls the ulcer an evil-smelling one, that might easily stir the

repugnance of her visitors against the girl, (λέγουσα, ὅτι ἕλκος ἔχω

τι εἰς κεκρυμμένον τόπον, ὅπερ ἐσχάτως ὄζει, καὶ δέδοικα μὴ εἰς μῖσός

μου ἔηθητε τῷ ἀποτροπαίῳ τοῦ ἕλκους· ἔνδοτε οὖν μοι ὀλίγας ἡμέρας καὶ

ἐξουσίαν μου ἔχετε καὶ δωρεάν με ἔχειν,)—(saying “I have an ulcer in

a secret part, which smells very ill, and I fear you may come to feel

repugnance towards me owing to the foulness of the ulcer; grant me

therefore a few days, then may work your will of me and I undertake to

give myself freely”). The last sentence shows clearly that the ulcer

was easy to cure. Comp. Nicephorus, Hist. eccles. bk. VII. chs. 12, 13.

[400] _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. II. chs. 1, 2, 3, 9, 10. _Galen_,

Synops. med. sec. loc. bk. IX. ch. 7. (XIII. p. 315.). _Oribasius_, De

loc. affect. bk. IV. ch. 93. _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 59.

[401] _Galen_, Euporist. bk. I. ch. 14. (XIV. p. 382.), Synops. med.

sec. loc. bk. IX. ch. 7. (XIII. p. 315.), _Oribasius_, De loc. affect.

bk. IV. ch. 93. _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 59.

[402] _Galen_, Euporist. bk. I. ch. 14. (XIV. p. 382.). _Oribasius_, De

loc. affect, bk. IV. ch. 94.

[403] _Galen_, Synops. med. sec. loc. bk. IV. ch. 6. (XIII. p. 309.),

ch. 7. (p. 314.), Synops. med. sec. gen. bk. V. ch. 12. (XIII. p.

837.). _Oribasius_, De loc. affect. bk. IV. ch. 92. _Paulus Aegineta_,

bk. III. ch. 59. _Nonnus_, Epit. ch. 198.

[404] _Celsus_, bk. VI. ch. 18., bk. VII. 30., bk. V. 20. _Galen_,

Synops. med. sec. loc. bk. IX. ch. 6. (XIII. p. 309.), Synops. med.

sec. gen. bk. V. ch. 13. (XIII. p. 840.), De simplic. med. temp. ac

facult. bk. IX. chs. 3, 23. (XII. p. 231.), bk. XI. ch. 1. (XII.

p. 333.), _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 59., bk. VI. ch. 80.

_Oribasius_, De loc. affect. bk. IV. ch. 95. _Dioscorides_ bk. I. ch.

34., ch. 94. _Scribonius Largus_, De compos. med. ch. 223. _Marcellus_,

ch. 31. _Nonnus_, Epitom. ch. 196. _Isidorus_, Origin. bk. IV. ch. 7.

[405] _Aëtius_, loco citato ch. 9. from Leonidas. _Paulus Aegineta_,

bk. VI. ch. 78.

[406] _Celsus_, VI. 18. _Galen_, (X. p. 381.), Synops. med. sec. loc.

bk. IX. ch. 6. (XIII. p. 307.), De simplic. temperam ac facult. bk. VI.

(XI. p. 821.). _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 59.

[407] _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. VI. ch. 80.

[408] _Galen_, Method. med. ad Glaucon. bk. II. ch. 1. (XI. p. 77.),

De tumor. praet. nat. ch. 15. (VII. p. 729.), Comment. in Hippocrat.

Aphorism. (XVII. B. p. 636.).—_Paulus Aegineta_, bk. IV. ch. 22.

_Actuarius_, bk. II. ch. 12. _Cassius_, Problem. 42. _Nonnus_, Epitom.

247. _Heliodorus_, in Mai’s Class. auctor. e Vatic. codd. edit. Vol.

IV. p. 13. note 3.

[409] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. XIII. ch. 5. (X. pp. 180 sqq.). Comp.

_Celsus_, bk. V. ch. 28. _Oribasius_, Sympos. bk. VII. 31., De morb.

curat. bk. III. ch. 46.

[410] _Hippocrates_, De natura pueri, Vol. I. p. 390.

[411] _Hippocrates_, Epidem. bk. VI. Vol. III. p. 619.

[412] In reference to ανθραξ _Galen_ says, Isagog. ch. 16. (XIX. p.

777.): ἀνθράκωσις δέ ἐστιν ἕλκος ἐσχαρῶδες μετὰ νομῆς καὶ _ῥεύματος_ καὶ

_βουβῶνος_ ἐνίοτε καὶ πυρετῶν γινομένων περὶ τὸ ἄλλο πᾶν σῶμα, ἔστι δὲ

ὅτε καὶ περὶ ὀφθαλμούς. (But ἀνθράκωσις (malignant ulcer) is a scabby

ulcer conjoined with eating ulcer and _discharge_ and _bubo_, as also

with fevers sometimes affecting the whole body and at other times the

eyes in particular).

[413] _Galen_, loco citato p. 887., ἐχούσης δὲ τῆς τοιαύτης τὸ μῆκος

μεῖζον τοῦ πλάτους, ἐγκάρσιον ἔστω τὸ μῆκος ἐπὶ τοῦ βουβῶνος, οὐ

κατ’ εὐθὺ τοῦ κώλου· καὶ γὰρ κατὰ φύσιν οὕτως ἐπιπτύσσεται τὸ δέρμα

ἑαυτῷ, καμπτόντων τὸ κῶλον. (But such an incision having greater length

than breadth, the length should be diagonally to the groin, not in the

line of the direct diameter of the limb. For in this way the skin is

naturally folded over itself, when patients bend the limb).

[414] _Sextus Placitus Papyriensis_, De medicamentis ex animal. ch. 1.

note 14., Cervi pudenda si tecum habueris, inguina tibi non tumebunt,

et si tumor antiquus fuerit, velociter recedet. (If you carry with

you a stag’s genitals, your groin will never swell, and if you have a

long-standing swelling, it will quickly disappear.) We must further

note supplementarily that _Prophylactics against female gonorrhœa_

appear also to have been known and used; at any rate _Galen_, Euporist.

bk. II. ch. 26. note 37. (XIV. p.485.), cites measures against humidity

of the genital organs during coition πρὸς τὸ μὴ καθυγραίνεσθαι τὸ

αἰδοῖον ἐν ταῖς συνουσίαις τῶν γυναικῶν;—(to guard against the humidity

of the genitals in coition amongst women), consisting in fact in unripe

gall-apples, ashes and wine as a lotion, or infusion of gall-apples

with sulphurated wool as a vaginal-plug, honey and nitre as an

embrocation!

[415] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. II. ch. 2. (X. p. 83).

[416] _Hippocrates_, Aphorismor. Vol. III. p. 742., De liquidorum usu

Vol. II. p. 163.

[417] _Galen_, Synops. medic. sec. loc. bk. IX. ch. 8. (XIII. p. 317).

[418] _Celsus_, bk. V. ch. 28. _Oribasius_, De morb. crat. bk. III.

ch. 54. Synops. bk. VII. ch. 37, ch. 42., Collect. bk. XLIV. ch. 11.

Mai loco cit. p. 31. _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch. 61. _Paulus

Aegineta_ bk. IV. ch. 9.

[419] _Hippocrates_, Prorrhet. bk. II. Vol. I. p. 204.

[420] _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch. 15.

[421] _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch. 20.

[422] _Galen_, Definit. medic. Vol. XIX. p. 446.

[423] _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch. 3.

[424] _Oribasius_, Synops. medic. sec. loc. bk. V. ch. 4. (XII. p.

823.). _Aëtius_, Tetrab. II. serm. 4. ch. 14.

[425] _Oribasius_, Synops. bk. VII. ch. 40. _Aëtius_, loco citato.

_Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 3.

[426] _Marcellus_, De medic. ch. 31., gives prescriptions “ad ficos qui

in locis verecundioribus nascuntur,” (for fig-like swellings that occur

in the more private parts). _Nonnus_, Epit. 214.

[427] _Aspasia_, De natura mulier. Vol. II. p. 588., De morb. mulier.

bk. II. Vol. II. p. 879. The Etymologicum Magnum under the word

explains κίων by ἀπὸ τοῦ κίειν καὶ ἀνίεναι εἰς ὕψος (so called from its

going upwards and rising to a height). Comp. _Phil. Ingrassias_, De

tumor. praet. natur. p. 273.

[428] _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 4. ch. 106.

[429] _Celsus_, bk. VI. ch. 18. _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch. 3.

_Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 59., bk. IV. ch. 15., bk. VI. ch. 80.

_Sextus Placitus Papyriensis_, XI. 7. _Apuleius_, De herb. LXXX. 8. A

large number of remedies against them are given by _Galen_: Vol. XIII.

309, 312, 422, 447, 512, 560, 715, 738, 781, 787, 824, 828, 831, 833,

837, 840.

[430] _Celsus_, bk. V. ch. 28. Comp. _Galen_, Defin. med. (XIX. p.

444.). _Oribasius_, Synops. VII. ch. 39., Collect. bk. XLV. ch. 12.,

bk. L. ch. 7. (in Mai loco cit. p. 43, p. 186). _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV.

serm. 2. ch. 3., serm. 4. ch. 105. _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 59.,

bk. VI. chs. 58, 71. _Nonnus_, Epit. ch. 197. _Pollux_, Onomast. bk.

IV. ch. 25. sect. 194., θύμος, ὐπέρυθρος ἔκφυσις, τραχεῖα, ἔναιμος, οὐ

δυσαφαίρετος, μάλιστα περὶ αἰδοῖα καὶ δακτύλιον καὶ παραμήρια· ἔστὶ

δ’ ὅτε καὶ ἐπὶ προσώπῳ. (θύμος,—_thymus_, a reddish outgrowth, rough,

suffused with blood, not difficult to remove, occurring chiefly on the

genital organs and anus and insides of the thighs; but sometimes on the

face too). _Marcellus_, ch. 33. _Myrepsus_, XXXVIII. ch. 157.

[431] _Hippocrates_, De ulcer. Vol. III. p. 319., shows a knowledge of

them very uncommon so early as his time.

[432] _Celsus_, bk. V. ch. 28. ch. 1. _Galen_, Defin. med. (XIX. p.

444.) _Oribasius_, Collect. bk. XLV. ch. 11. ch. 14. (Mai loco cit. 41,

43.) _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch. 3., serm. 4. ch. 105. _Paulus

Aegineta_, bk. IV. ch. 15., bk. VI. ch. 87. _Actuarius_, bk. II. ch.

11., bk. IV. ch. 15., bk. VI. ch. 9. _Pollux_, Onomast. bk. IV. ch. 25,

sect. 195.

[433] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. XIV. ch. 17. (X. p. 1011.).

[434] Perhaps some weight should be attached to the fact that the

ancient physicians recommend as remedies against ulcers of the nose and

mouth exactly the same means as they employed in cases of ulcer of the

genitals. Comp. _Celsus_ bk. VI. ch. 18.

[435] _Celsus_, bk. VI. ch. 8., bk. VII. ch. 11. _Galen_, Synops. med.

sec. loc. bk. III. ch. 3. (XII. 678.). _Oribasius_, De loc. affect.

Vol. IV. chs. 45, 46. _Aëtius_, Tetrab. II. serm. 2. chs. 90, 91, 93.

_Paulus Aegineta_ bk. III. ch. 23. _Alexander of Tralles_ bk. III.

ch. 8. _Caelius Aurelianus_ morb. chron. bk. II. ch. 1. _Actuarius_,

Method. med. bk. II. ch. 8., bk. VI. ch. 4. _Nonnus_, Epit. ch. 93.

_Pollux_, Onomast. bk. IV. ch. 25. sect. 204. The remark of _Galen_,

Isagog. ch. 20. (XIV. p. 792.), is interesting that _falling way of

the nose_ from the palate gives sufferers an apelike look, ἀλλὰ κἂν

ἐξ ὑπερώας μεσίζῃ ἡ ῥὶς, ὥς φησι, σιμοῦνται ἀθεραπεύτως,—(but if the

nose separates from the palate, they get flat-nosed, as they say,

like monkeys,—incurable.) A special _nasal syringe_, rhynenchytes, is

mentioned by _Caelius Aurelianus_, Chron. bk. I. ch. 4., bk. III. ch.

2. Comp. _Calmasius_, Ad Solin p. 274.

[436] _Johannes Moschus_, Pratum spirituale (Meadow of the Soul) ch.

14. in Magna Bibliotheca veterum Patrum (Great Library of the Ancient

Fathers) Vol. XIII. Paris 1644. fol., p. 1062. Ὁ Ἀββᾶς Πολυχρόνιος

πάλιν ἡμῖν διηγήσατο, ἡμῖν λέγων, ὅτι ἐν τῷ κοινοβίω τοῦ Πενθουκλὰ,

ἀδελφὸς ἦν πάνυ προσέχων αὑτὸν καὶ ἀσκητής· ἐπολεμήθη δὲ εἰς πορνείαν,

καὶ μὴ εἰσενεγκὼν τὸν πολέμον, ἐξῆλθεν τοῦ μοναστηρίου καὶ ἀπῆλθεν εἰς

Ἰεριχὼ πληρῶσαι τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν αὐτοῦ· _καὶ ὡς εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸ καταγώγιον

τῆς πορνείας, εὐθέως ἐλεπρούθη ὅλως_· καὶ θεασάμενος ἑαυτὸν ἐν τοιούτῳ

σχήματι, εὐθέως ἐπέστρεψεν εἰς τὸ μοναστήριον αὐτοῦ, εὐχαριστῶν τῷ

θεῷ καὶ λέγων, ὅτι ὁ θεὸς ἐπήγαμέν μοι τὴν τοιαύτην νόσον, ἵνα ἡ ψυχή

μου σωθῇ. (The Abbot Polychronius again related an incident to us,

telling us how in the Monastery of Penthula there was a brother well

self-disciplined and ascetic. But he was sorely tempted to fornication,

and unable to fight the temptation, he went forth from the Monastery

and departed to Jericho to fulfil his desire; and when he _entered into

the common house of fornication, straightway he became leprous all

over_. And when he saw himself in such a case, straightway he returned

to his Monastery, blessing God and saying, “God hath brought down this

disease upon me, that my soul might be saved”).

[437] _Galen_, De locis affect. bk. II. ch. 8. (VIII. pp. 91, 104.).

τοὺς δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν περὶ τὰ ὀστέα προστυπεῖς εὑρήσεις, ὡς αὐτῶν δοκεῖν τῶν

ὀστέων ὄντας· ... ὅτι δ’ οἱ τῶν περικειμένων τοῖς ὀστοῖς ὑμένων πόνοι

βύθιοί τ’ εἰσὶν, τοῦτ’ ἔστι διὰ βάθους τοῦ σώματος ἐπιφέροντες αἴσθησιν,

αὐτῶν τε τῶν ὀστῶν ἐπάγουσιν φαντασίαν ὡς ὀδυνωμένων, οὐδὲν θαυμαστόν·

ὀνομάζουσι γοῦν αὐτοὺς _ὀστοκόπους_ οἱ πλεῖστοι, γίνονται τὰ πολλὰ

μὲν ἐπὶ γυμνασίοις, ἔστιν ὅτι δὲ καὶ διὰ ψύξιν, ἢ πλῆθος. (Now you will

find patients suffering from pains in the parts surrounding the bones

inclined to suppose they are suffering from the bones themselves....

And it is not at all surprising that pains in the membranes that lie

about the bones being deep-seated, that is giving a sensation of

being deep-seated in the body, make patients imagine it is the bones

themselves that suffer. In fact they call them generally bone-racking

pains; and they are set up as a rule after bodily exercises, but also

sometimes as a consequence of cold or heat).

[438] _Natalis Comes_, Mythologia bk. III. p. 383., Deinde dicta

(Cyprus) _Cerastia_, ut inquit Xenagoras in libro secundo de insulis,

quod illam homines habitarent, _qui multos tumores, tanquam cornua

quaedam in capitibus habere_ viderentur, cum cornua κέρατα dicta

sint a Graecis et κεράσται cornuti. (Then it (Cyprus) was also named

_Cerastia_, as Xenagoras says in his second Book “On Islands”, because

its inhabitants _often had protuberances that looked like horns on

their heads_, for horns are called κέρατα in Greek, and those having

horns κεράσται. Comp. _Stephanus_, De urbibus, under word Κύπρος, and

Σφήκεια. _Tzetzes_, in Lycophron. Cassandr. 474. p. 173., ἐκαλεῖτο

δὲ καὶ Κεραστία, ὡς μὲν Ἀνδροκλῆς ἐν τῷ περὶ Κύπρου λέγει, διὰ τὸ

_ἐνοικῆσαι αὐτῇ ἄνδρας, οἳ εἶχον κέρατα_· ὡς δὲ Ξεναγόρας ἐν τῷ περὶ

Νήσων, διὰ _τὸ ἔχειν πολλὰς ἐξοχὰς_, ἃς κέρατα καλοῦσι, Κεραστία

ὠνομάσθη. (And it was also called Κεραστία, according to Androcles

in his Book “On Cyprus”, _because men lived in it who had horns_;

but according to Xenagoras in his “On Islands”, because they had

many protuberances, which they call horns, for this reason it was

named Κεραστία). Even supposing the etymology to be a fable, is

the fact therefore on which it was based bound to be mythical too?

Again _Pollux_, Onomast. bk. IV. ch. 25., says, Κέρατα, ἐν τῷ τόπῳ

τῶν κεράτων περὶ τὸ μέτωπου _πωρώδεις ἐκφύσης_, (horns,—_a sort of

callous outgrowths_ at the place where horns grow on the forehead).

The words succeeding περὶ τὸ δέρμα (on the skin) are no doubt more

appropriately taken with ἕρπης (creeping eruption) that comes next

after them. In _Sextus Placitus Papyriensis_, ch. XI. 5. we read:

Elephantis stercus illitum omnes tumores emendat, et _duritias, quae in

fronte nascuntur_, mire tollit, (Elephant’s dung rubbed on cures all

swellings, and removes in a wonderful way the _callosities that grow on

the forehead_), but this really and truly can only be held applicable

to cutaneous tubercles.)