to any Officer of Excise or Customs to be packed or shipped for
Exportation on Drawback any Paper, Button-board, Mill-board,
Paste-board, or Scale-board, or any Books, not entitled to
Drawback under the Provisions of this Act, or who shall pack or
ship for Exportation on Drawback any such Paper, Button-board,
Mill-board, Paste-board, or Scale-board, or Books, or any
Articles, Matters, or Goods, other than the Paper, Button-board,
Mill-board, Paste-board, or Scale-board, or Books, produced to
the Officer of Excise to be packed, or who shall fraudulently
remove, deposit, or conceal any Paper, Button-board, Mill-board,
Paste-board, or Scale-board, or Books, with Intent unduly to
obtain any Drawback, or any higher Amount of Drawback than he
would otherwise be entitled to, shall, over and above all other
Penalties which he may thereby incur, forfeit Treble the Amount
of the Drawback sought to be obtained, or Two hundred Pounds, at
the Election of the Commissioners of Excise, and all such Paper,
Button-board, Mill-board, Paste-board, and Scale-board, or Books,
or other Articles, Matters, or Goods, shall be forfeited, and may
be seized by any Officer of Excise or Customs.
s. 63. “And be it enacted, That if any Paper, Button-board,
Mill-board, Paste-board, or Scale-board shall, by Fire or by the
sinking, casting away of, or by any inevitable Accident happening
to any Vessel or Barge in which such Paper, Button-board,
Mill-board, Paste-board, or Scale-board shall be transporting
or have been transported from any Part of the United Kingdom
to any other Part thereof, or on board of which such Paper,
Button-board, Mill-board, Paste-board, or Scale-board shall
have been put for that Purpose, be wholly lost or destroyed,
or so far damaged as to be worthless and only fit to be wholly
destroyed, and no longer capable of Use as Paper, Button-board,
Mill-board, Paste-board, or Scale-board unless re-manufactured
and re-charged with Duty, it shall be lawful for the Maker
of such Paper, Button-board, Mill-board, Paste-board, or
Scale-board, being at the Time of such Loss or Damage the
Proprietor or Owner thereof, to make Proof of such Loss or
Damage, and of the Cause thereof, on the Oath or Oaths of One
or more credible Witness or Witnesses, and of the Duty on such
Paper, Button-board, Mill-board, Paste-board, or Scale-board
having been duly charged on and paid by such Maker, and that
he was at the Time of such Loss or Damage the Proprietor or
Owner thereof, before the Justices of the Peace at the Quarter
Sessions for the County, Shire, Division, City, Town, or Place
where such Paper, Button-board, Mill-board, Paste-board, or
Scale-board shall have been made and charged with Duty, or at or
next adjoining to the Place where such Accident shall have taken
place, or shall have been first discovered or made known to such
Maker, or before the Commissioners of Excise, or any Three of
them, if such Paper, Button-board, Mill-board, Paste-board, or
Scale-board shall have been made or charged with Duty, or such
Accident shall have happened or been first discovered or made
known to such Maker, within the Limits of the Chief Office of
Excise; and such Justices at Quarter Sessions and Commissioners
of Excise respectively shall and they are hereby required to
examine any Witness or Witnesses thereupon upon Oath (which Oath
they are hereby authorized to administer), and upon satisfactory
Proof being made before them respectively that such Paper,
Button-board, Mill-board, Paste-board, or Scale-board had been so
wholly lost and destroyed, or so far damaged as aforesaid, by any
of the Causes respectively aforesaid, and that the Duties thereon
had been duly charged and paid, and that such Maker was the
Proprietor or Owner thereof at the Time of such Loss or Damage,
to grant a Certificate thereof, and of the Amount of such Duties,
under their respective Hands; and upon the Production of such
Certificate to the Collector of Excise or other Officer acting
as Collector of Excise of the Collection in which such Paper,
Button-board, Mill-board, Paste-board, or Scale-board shall have
been charged with Duty, such Collector or other Officer shall
and he is hereby authorised and required to pay or allow to such
Maker, out of any Monies arising from the Duties of Excise in his
Hands, so much Money as the Sum specified in such Certificate for
such Duties as aforesaid shall amount to.”
s. 65. “And be it enacted, That the Term ‘Paper’ in this Act
shall include and be deemed to include, except where otherwise
expressed, Glazed Paper, Sheathing Paper, Button Paper, and
every Kind of Paper whatsoever, by whatever Denomination known
or called, save and except that nothing in this Act contained
shall extend or be deemed to extend to authorize the Allowance
or Payment of any Drawback on the Exportation of Glazed Paper;
and that the Term ‘Paper Maker’ shall, except where otherwise
particularly expressed, include and be deemed and taken to
include every Maker of Paper, Button-board, Mill-board,
Paste-board, and Scale-board, and several in Partnership as well
as one Person, and Females as well as Males; and the Term ‘Paper
Mill’ shall, except where otherwise particularly expressed,
include and be deemed and taken to include every Mill, House,
Premises, Room, or Manufactory in which any Paper, Button-board,
Mill-board, Paste-board, or Scale-board shall be made or
manufactured.
s. 66. “And be it enacted, That all Paper, Button-board,
Mill-board, Paste-board, and Scale-board, of whatever Materials
made, and by whatever Denomination known or called, and however
manufactured, whether made by the Materials being reduced to
Pulp and moulded or finished by Machinery, or by being pressed
or intermixed in a dry State, and made to adhere by Pressure or
otherwise, shall be deemed and taken to be Paper, Button-board,
Mill-board, Paste-board, and Scale-board within the Meaning of
this Act, and shall be charged with Duty accordingly; and the
Makers thereof shall be and are hereby declared to be subject
and liable to all the Enactments, Rules, Regulations, Fines,
Penalties, and Forfeitures of this Act, and of the general Laws
for securing the Duties of Excise.
s. 67. “And be it enacted, That from and after the Commencement
of this Act the several Acts and Parts of Acts following shall be
and the same are hereby repealed; (that is to say,) so much of
the Acts 10 Ann. c. 19.; 21 Geo. 3. c. 24.; 24 Geo. 3. sess. 2.
c 18.; 34 Geo. 3. c. 20.; 41 Geo. 3. c. 8.; 42 Geo. 3. c. 94.;
54 Geo. 3. c. 106.; 54 Geo. 3. c. 153.; 56 Geo. 3. c. 103.; 56
Geo. 3. c. 78.; 1 Geo. 4. c. 58.; 5 Geo. 4. c. 55.; and 6 & 7
Will 4. c. 52.; as relates to the Duties on Paper, Button-board,
Mill-board, Paste-board, and Scale-board, and the collecting and
securing the same; save and except so far as any of the said
recited Acts repeal any former Acts or Parts of Acts, and also
save as to any Duties or Arrears of Duties, or any Drawbacks or
Allowances, due or owing or payable, or any Penalties, Fines, or
Forfeitures incurred, under the said recited Acts or Parts of
Acts, or any of them, before the Commencement of this Act, all
which said Duties, Drawbacks, and Allowances, Penalties, Fines,
and Forfeitures, may be demanded, recovered, and paid, sued for,
enforced, and recovered, and condemned, as if this Act had not
been passed.
s. 68. “And be it enacted, That this Act shall commence and
take effect on the Eleventh Day of _October_ One thousand eight
hundred and thirty-nine.”
_Paper_ (Ireland).--4 Geo. 4. c. 72. imposes a Customs Duty on
the Importation of Paper into Ireland, not being the Manufacture
of Great Britain, _viz._
Duty.
£ _s. d._
“Brown Paper made of old Rope or Cordage only, without
separating or extracting the Pitch or Tar therefrom,
and without any Mixture of other Materials therewith,
the lb. 0 0 10
“Paper printed, painted, or stained Paper, or Paper
Hangings, or Flock Paper, the Yard square 0 1 7
“Waste Paper, or Paper of any other Sort, not particularly
enumerated or described, nor otherwise charged with
Duty, the lb. 0 1 7
“The same Duties from the East Indies.
“No Drawback.”
PAPER BENCH.--_M._ _See_ BANK, also HORSE.
PAPER BOARD.
Boards made of deal plank, on which to place paper when wetted for
printing. They have two slips of deal nailed to the bottom of each
to strengthen them, and to prevent the joining from giving way;
these slips are broader and not so thick as those inserted in letter
boards. The general sizes are, demy boards, twenty-six inches by
twenty-two; royal, thirty inches by twenty-six.
PAPER THE CASE.
Lining the bottom of the boxes in the cases with paper.--_M._ This
was formerly done by the compositor; it is now done by the printer’s
joiner before the bottom is nailed on.
PAPER UP LETTER.
To wrap the pages up in paper after a work is finished.--_M._
In all book houses, there are bulks appropriated for the letter that
is cleared away; so that when it is dry it may be papered up. In
small houses this is generally done by the overseer; but in houses
with large establishments, there is a person appointed to take care
of the letter, furniture, chases, &c. which he keeps locked up, and
delivers out as wanted: he also papers up the letter; that is, he
wraps up each piece in the waste of some work, which he procures
from the warehouse, and on which he writes the name of the type;
it also tends to save trouble if he add whether it be open matter,
Italic, or figures, as the case may be, as it prevents the necessity
of opening the pieces out, when particular kinds only are wanted for
distribution.
PAPER STOOL.
A stool with a large square top, on which to lay printed paper after
it has been worked off, while the warehouseman is hanging it up to
dry. There is a notch cut in the top to admit the fingers, for the
greater convenience of moving it about.
PAPER WINDOWS. _See_ ANCIENT CUSTOMS.
PARAGON.
The name of a type, one size larger than Great Primer, and one
smaller than Double Pica. Moxon does not enumerate this size in his
list. It is equal to two Long Primers. _See_ TYPES.
PARAGRAPH.
A paragraph ¶ denotes the beginning of a new subject, or a sentence
not connected with the foregoing. This character is chiefly used in
the Old and in the New Testament.--_Murray._
It is also used as a reference to notes, in printing.
PARAGRAPHS.
As a compositor is sometimes allowed to divide a paragraph in his
manuscript copy, for the convenience of workmanship, the following
observations on the subject, by Lindley Murray, may be serviceable:--
“Different subjects, unless they are very short, or very numerous in
small compass, should be separated into paragraphs.
“When one subject is continued to a considerable length, the larger
divisions of it should be put into paragraphs. And it will have a
good effect to form the breaks, when it can properly be done, at
sentiments of the most weight, or that call for peculiar attention.
“The facts, premises, and conclusions, of a subject, sometimes
naturally point out the separations into paragraphs: and each of
these, when of great length, will again require subdivisions at their
most distinctive parts.
“In cases which require a connected subject to be formed into several
paragraphs, a suitable turn of expression, exhibiting the connexion
of the broken parts, will give beauty and force to the division.”
PARALLEL.
Marked thus ‖, is used as a reference to notes in the margin, or at
the bottom of the page.
PARCHMENT.
Parchment is used for covering the tympans, both inner and outer:
care should be used in selecting it, that the skins are free from any
imperfections or cuts, and that they are of an uniform thickness,
as nearly as possible. The parchment for the inner tympan may be a
little thinner than that for the outer. Dealers in printing materials
generally keep a stock of old deeds, leases, &c. which are cheaper
than new parchment, and are frequently used for common work.
PARENTHESIS. _See_ PUNCTUATION.
PARLIAMENTARY PAPERS.
3 Vict. c. 9. “An Act to give summary Protection to Persons
employed in the Publication of Parliamentary Papers.
“Whereas it is essential to the due and effectual Exercise
and Discharge of the Functions and Duties of Parliament, and
to the Promotion of wise Legislation, that no Obstructions or
Impediments should exist to the Publication of such of the
Reports, Papers, Votes, or Proceedings of either House of
Parliament as such House of Parliament may deem fit or necessary
to be published: And whereas Obstructions or Impediments to
such Publication have arisen, and hereafter may arise, by means
of Civil or Criminal Proceedings being taken against Persons
employed by or acting under the Authority of the Houses of
Parliament, or One of them, in the Publication of such Reports,
Papers, Votes, or Proceedings; by reason and for Remedy whereof
it is expedient that more speedy Protection should be afforded
to all Persons acting under the Authority aforesaid, and that
all such Civil or Criminal Proceedings should be summarily put
an end to and determined in manner herein-after mentioned: Be
it therefore enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty,
by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and
Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and
by the Authority of the same, That it shall and may be lawful for
any Person or Persons who now is or are, or hereafter shall be,
a Defendant or Defendants in any Civil or Criminal Proceeding
commenced or prosecuted in any Manner soever, for or on account
or in respect of the Publication of any such Report, Paper,
Votes, or Proceedings by such Person or Persons, or by his,
her, or their Servant or Servants, by or under the Authority
of either House of Parliament, to bring before the Court in
which such Proceeding shall have been or shall be so commenced
or prosecuted, or before any Judge of the same (if One of the
Superior Courts at _Westminster_), first giving Twenty-four Hours
Notice of his Intention so to do to the Prosecutor or Plaintiff
in such Proceeding, a Certificate under the Hand of the Lord
High Chancellor of _Great Britain_, or the Lord Keeper of the
Great Seal, or of the Speaker of the House of Lords, for the Time
being, or of the Clerk of the Parliaments, or of the Speaker of
the House of Commons, or of the Clerk of the same House, stating
that the Report, Paper, Votes, or Proceedings, as the Case may
be, in respect whereof such Civil or Criminal Proceeding shall
have been commenced or prosecuted, was published by such Person
or Persons, or by his, her, or their Servant or Servants, by
Order or under the Authority of the House of Lords or of the
House of Commons, as the Case may be, together with an Affidavit
verifying such Certificate; and such Court or Judge shall
thereupon immediately stay such Civil or Criminal Proceeding,
and the same, and every Writ or Process issued therein, shall
be and shall be deemed and taken to be finally put an end to,
determined, and superseded by virtue of this Act.
s. 2. “And be it enacted, That in case of any Civil or Criminal
Proceeding hereafter to be commenced or prosecuted for or on
account or in respect of the Publication of any Copy of such
Report, Paper, Votes, or Proceedings, it shall be lawful for
the Defendant or Defendants at any Stage of the Proceedings to
lay before the Court or Judge such Report, Paper, Votes, or
Proceedings, and such Copy, with an Affidavit verifying such
Report, Paper, Votes, or Proceedings, and the Correctness of such
Copy, and the Court or Judge shall immediately stay such Civil
or Criminal Proceeding, and the same, and every Writ or Process
issued therein, shall be and shall be deemed and taken to be
finally put an end to, determined, and superseded by virtue of
this Act.
s. 3. “And be it enacted, That it shall be lawful in any Civil or
Criminal Proceeding to be commenced or prosecuted for printing
any Extract from or Abstract of such Report, Paper, Votes, or
Proceedings, to give in Evidence under the General Issue such
Report, Paper, Votes, or Proceedings, and to show that such
Extract or Abstract was published _bonâ fide_ and without Malice;
and if such shall be the Opinion of the Jury a Verdict of Not
guilty shall be entered for the Defendant or Defendants.
s. 4. “Provided always, and it is hereby expressly declared and
enacted, That nothing herein contained shall be deemed or taken,
or held or construed, directly or indirectly, by Implication or
otherwise, to affect the Privileges of Parliament in any Manner
whatsoever.”
PARLIAMENTARY PROCEEDINGS. _See_ _Newspaper Postage_.
PASTE BOWL.
A small wooden bowl to hold paste for the use of the press room; it
is usually the bowl of an old ball stock.
PEARL.
The name of a type, one size larger than Diamond, and one smaller
than Ruby. It is the smallest size that Moxon mentions.--_See_ TYPES.
PEEL.
[Illustration: A wooden peel]
An article to hang up the wet paper, upon the poles, to dry. The head
is made of thin wainscot, and the upper edge is the thinnest, and
rounded; the handle is of ash, with a groove cut in the upper end, to
receive the head, which is secured to it by wooden pins going through
the whole; and that part of the handle which receives the head is
planed down, so that at the upper end of it, it is rendered quite
thin, that there may be no shoulder to derange the paper. In large
offices they have them with handles of different lengths, to suit the
heights of the rooms in which paper is hung up to dry.
PELT POT.
Generally a large jar, in which urine is kept, to steep the pelts in
previous to making the balls; as also to steep the blankets in, in
which the balls are wrapped up at night. This only refers to pelt
balls, for where composition balls are used, this offensive article
is discarded.
PELTS.
Sheep skins untanned used for ball leathers.--_M._ The pelts that
were used previous to the introduction of composition, were sheep
skins, with the wool taken off, dressed with lime, and dried. They
are nearly superseded by composition balls and rollers.
When they are wanted for use, they are steeped in urine to soften
them, then rubbed through a twisted iron to supple them, and to take
out part of the moisture, which is termed currying; and afterwards
trodden under foot at the press side, by the pressman who is beating,
to expel the superfluous moisture; they are then scraped, to clean
the surface, and made up into balls, stuffed with carded wool, having
a lining made of a pelt taken from an old ball. This lining keeps the
outer skin moist, and makes the ball firmer on the stock.
The softer a pelt is, so long as it is not surcharged with moisture,
the better it will cover the surface of the type or engraving with
ink: and it will also retain on its surface particles of dust, wool,
or other extraneous matter, without parting with them to the letter
or engraving; so that the work will be better and clearer of picks,
than when the pelt is drier and harder.
In knocking-up balls, it is not necessary to tread the pelts, as is
usually done, and which is inconvenient when a man is working at half
press: it will answer equally well if the pelts be well curried, and,
after the balls are made, well scraped; which may be done by placing
the ball on the knees, with its handle against the stomach, to hold
it firm; then taking a sharp table knife, the handle of which is held
with one hand and the point with the other, and scraping from the
stock over the edge of the ball to the centre; by which operation
the superfluous moisture will be got rid of, and the ball will work
equally well as those that have been trod by the pressman.
It is customary for pressmen to throw aside pelts that are greasy,
and not to use them, till the last, in consequence of an opinion
general among them, that they will not take ink: but, from repeated
experiments that I have made, I could not perceive the least
difference between the most greasy pelts and those that were free
from grease; the one taking ink and retaining it on its surface,
equally as well as the other. Since then I have frequently mentioned
the subject to some of the most experienced pressmen, who all allow
that a greasy pelt is more durable than one clear of grease.
A greasy pelt requires more currying than one that is not greasy;
and it is better to let it remain longer in the pelt pot, currying
it occasionally, which act the pressmen term giving it exercise. It
is an advantage also to curry, occasionally, any pelts that are in
the pelt pot; as it improves their condition, and prevents their
spoiling, so soon as they would otherwise do, by being in soak, when
not immediately wanted.
In the country I have found it more convenient to get sheep’s skins
from the skinners, without any other preparation than having the wool
taken off; and these were more durable, and made softer and better
balls, than when dressed and dried in the usual way. _See_ CURRYING.
PENULTIMATE.
The last syllable but one of a word.
PERFECTING.
Printing the second form of a sheet; called also working the
reiteration.
PERFECT PAPER.
Paper sent in to print on, in which there is an extra quantity, to
allow for waste, &c.; thus a bundle consists of 43 quires, or 1032
sheets; and a ream of 21½ quires, or 516 sheets; without any outside
quires, and the whole consists of perfect sheets.
PERIOD. _See_ PUNCTUATION.
PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. _See_ _Newspaper Postage._ PUBLICATIONS.
PERMITS (EXCISE.)
2 W. 4. c. 16. s. 2. “And be it further enacted, That the
Commissioners of Excise shall cause to be provided Moulds or
Frames for the making of Paper to be used in Great Britain and
Ireland for Permits, which Paper shall have the Words “Excise
Office,” with any other Letters, Figures, Marks, or Devices which
the said Commissioners shall direct, visible in the Substance of
such Paper, and shall also cause to be provided Plates engraved
with such Marks, Stamps, and Devices as to them shall seem meet,
and from Time to Time may alter or vary any such Plates, and
may also cause to be provided Types cast in any particular Form
for the printing, stamping, and marking the said Paper; and all
Permits given by the respective Officers of Excise in the United
Kingdom for the Removal or Conveyance of any Commodity for the
Removal of which a Permit is by Law required shall be printed,
stamped, and marked by the said Plate or Plates or Types on Paper
so made as aforesaid; which said Paper shall be made and the said
Plates engraven and Types cast by such Person or Persons as shall
be for that Purpose from Time to Time authorized and appointed by
the Commissioners of Excise under their Hands and Seals; and as
well the said Paper as the said Plates so engraven and Types so
cast shall be kept by such Officer or Officers or other Person as
shall from Time to Time be appointed by the said Commissioners
for keeping the same; and no Permit shall be printed, stamped,
marked, or written, nor shall any Permit be granted, in any Part
of the United Kingdom, by any Officer of Excise, but on Paper so
provided as aforesaid.