Gades Cadiz, Spain.
* Gaiettæ Gaeta, Naples.
Galliva Galway, Ireland.
* Gandavi Gand or Ghent, Flanders.
† Gandia A sea-port, Valentia, Spain.
Gaunodurum Constantia, Switzerland.
Gavanodurum Saltzburg, Germany.
Gedani Dantzick.
Genabus Orleans, France.
* Genennæ and Genevæ Geneva.
* Genuæ Genoa, Italy.
† Gerunda Gironna, Spain.
* Giennii Gien, France.
† Giessa Giesen, Germany.
Glasconia Glastonbury, Somersetshire.
† Glascua Glasgow, Scotland.
Glasguæ--Glasg: Glasgow, Scotland.
* Gondæ, _or_ Goudæ Turgow, Holland.
† Gotha A town of Upper Saxony.
† Gottinga and Tullifurdum Gottingen, Lower Saxony.
Gottingue Gottenburgh, Sweden.
Gracchopolis Cracow, Poland.
* Grudisca A town in the county of Goritz,
Germany.
† Graiacum Gratz, Germany.
* Granatæ Granada, Spain.
Gratiæ portus Havre-de-Grace, France.
* Gratianopolis Grenoble, France.
† Gravionarium Bamberg, Bohemia.
Grenovicus Greenwich, Kent.
† Gripswaldia Gripswald, Swedish Pomerania.
† Groninga Groningen, United Provinces.
* Hafniæ and Codaniæ Copenhagen, Denmark.
Haga Comitis--H. Com: The Hague.
* Hagenoæ Haguenau, France.
* Halæ Halle, Saxony.
† Hala Magdeburgica, _or_
† Hala Saxonum Harderwick, Holland.
* Hamburgii Hamburg, a free imperial city of
Lower Saxony, in the duchy of
Holstein.
Hannonia Hainault, Low Countries.
* Hanoviæ Probably the same with Hagenoæ.
* Harlemi Harlem, Holland.
* Hasselti Hasselt, Liege, Germany.
Hegetmatia Lignitz, Germany.
Heideba Sleswick, Denmark.
* Heidelbergæ Heidelberg, Germany.
Helenopolis Franckfort upon the Main.
† Helmestadium Helmestadt, Brunswick, Germany.
* Herbipoli Wurtzburg, Franconia, Germany.
† Herbona Herborn, Germany.
Hermannopolis Hermanstadt, Transylvania.
Hildesia Hildesheim, Saxony.
* Hispali Seville, Spain.
* Holmiæ Stockholm, Sweden.
Hypræ Ypres, Flanders.
Ichborough Thetford, Norfolk.
Iciani Thetford, Norfolk.
* Ilardæ Lerida, Catalonia, Spain.
* Ingolstadii Ingolstadt, Bavaria.
* Inspruc A town of Germany, in the Tyrol.
Insulæ Lisle, Flanders.
† Isca Damnoniorum Exeter, Devonshire.
Ischalis Ilchester. Somersetshire.
Isurium Aldborough, Yorkshire, _or_
Boroughbridge, Yorkshire.
* Januæ. _See_ Genuæ.
† Jena A strong town of Upper Saxony,
in Thuringia.
Kilchennia Kilkenny, Ireland.
Kiobenhaffn Copenhagen, Denmark.
* Koburgi. _See_ Coburgi.
* Kuttenbergæ Kuttenberg, Bohemia.
Lagecium Castleford, Yorkshire.
Landava Landaff, Wales.
* Lantenaci and Landenaci Loudeac, France.
* Lantriguieri Treguier, France.
* Laugingæ Laugingen, Swabia.
* Leeuwe A fortified town of Austrian
Brabant.
Legecestria Leicester.
* Leidæ Leyden.
* Leiriæ Leiria, or Leria, Portugal.
Lemgoviæ Limoges? France.
* Castr. Lemovicensi Limoges, France.
Leodium Liege, Netherlands.
Leovardiæ Leuwarden, West Frieseland.
* Leridæ. _See_ Ilardæ.
Lesua Lewes, Sussex.
Leucorea Wittenberg, Saxony.
Leuphana Hanover.
* Licii Lecce, Naples, in Otranto.
* Lignicii Lignitz, Silesia.
Limonum Poictiers, France.
* Lipsiæ--Lips: Leipsic, Saxony.
Liserpalus Liverpool, Lancashire.
Litha Leith, Scotland.
* Lodeaci. _See_ Lantenaci.
* Londini London.
Londonia London.
Longovicum Lanchester, Northumberland.
* Lovanii Louvain, Brabant.
* Lubecæ Lubec, Holstein, Lower Saxony.
Lucæ Lucca, Italy.
* Lugduni Lyons, France.
† Lugdunum Batavorum--
L. Bat:--Lugd: Bat:--
Lugdun: Batav: Leyden, Holland.
Lugubalia Carlisle, Cumberland.
Luguvallum Carlisle, Cumberland.
† Lundinum Scanorum Lunden, Holstein, Lower Saxony.
* Luneburgi Lunenburg, Lower Saxony.
Lupfurdum Leipsic, Germany,
† Lutetia--Lutet: Paris. _See_ Parisiis.
Lutetiæ Parisior:--
Lutet: Par: Paris.
† Macerata A town in the marquisate of Ancona,
Italy.
Machlinia Meckelen, Dutch Brabant.
Malines, French Brabant.
* Madriti Madrid.
Madus Maidstone, Kent.
* Magdeburgi Magdeburg, Germany.
Magontia
Magontiacum Mentz, _or_ Mayence, Germany.
Mancunium Manchester, Lancashire.
† Manhemium Manheim, palatinate of the Rhine,
Germany.
† Mantua Carpetanorum Madrid. _See_ Madriti.
* Mantuæ Mantua, Italy.
Marchenium Roxburgh, Scotland.
Marionis Lunenburg, Germany.
Marionis Lubeck, Pomerland.
† Marpurgum Marpurg, Hesse-Cassel, Germany.
* Marsipoli Merseburg, Saxony.
Martinopolis Tours, France.
† Massilia Marseilles, France.
* Mediolani--Mediol: Milan, Italy.
* Memmingæ Meminingen, Swabia.
* Messanæ Messina, Sicily.
† Metæ Metz, France.
Metelli castrum Middleburg, Zealand.
Metelloburgus Middleburg, Zealand.
* Moguntiæ--Mogunt: Mayence _or_ Mentz, Germany.
* Monachii Munich, Bavaria.
Monacum Munich, Bavaria.
* Monasterii Munster, Westphalia.
* Monast. Montis Serrati Mount Serrat. A very high mountain
in Spain, on which is an ancient
monastery, dedicated to the Virgin
Mary.
† Mons Albanus Montauban, France.
Mons Badonicus Bath, Somersetshire.
Mons Dolorosus Stirling, Scotland.
† Mons-Monachorum A place near Bamberg, Bohemia.
† Mons-Pessulanus Montpellier, France.
† Mons Regalis Mont Real or Mont Royal, Sicily.
† Mons-Regius, _or_ Regiomons Königsberg, Prussia.
Mons Rosarum Montross, Scotland.
Mons Solis Bath, Somersetshire.
Monstrolium Montreuil, France.
† Moscua Moscow, Russia.
* Monteregali Mondovi, Piedmont.
Montes Mons, Low Countries.
* Murciæ Murcia, Spain.
† Mussipontum Pont-à-Mousson, France.
* Mutinæ Modena, Italy.
† Nanceium Nancy, France.
* Nannetibus Nantz or Nantes, France.
* Neapoli Naples, Italy.
† Nemausus Nismes, France.
Neoportus Newport, Isle of Wight.
Nerobergæ Nuremberg, Germany.
† Nidrosia Drontheim, Norway.
* Nonantulæ Nonente? a small town in the duchy
of Modena, Italy.
Nordovicum Norwich, Norfolk.
Noribergæ--Norib: Nuremberg, Germany.
Norica Nuremberg, Germany.
Noricorum Nuremberg, Germany.
* Norimbergæ--Norimb: Nuremberg, Franconia, Germany.
Norvicum Norwich, Norfolk.
* Novæ Pilznæ Pilsen, Bohemia.
Novamœnia Weisenburg.
* Noviomagii Nimeguen, Dutch Guelderland.
* Novis Novi, Genoa, Italy.
Novum Castrum Newcastle-upon-Tine.
* Nozani Nizza, Lucca, Italy.
Oenipons Inspruck, Tyrol.
* Offenburgi Offenburg, Swabia.
* Olomuci Olmutz, Moravia.
† Olysippo, _or_ Ulisippo Lisbon. _See_ Ulyssipone.
† Onate, _or_ Ognatæ In Spain.
* Oppenheimii Oppenheim, Palatinate of the Rhine,
Germany.
* Ortonnæ Ortona del Mare, Sicily.
† Ovietum Oviedo, Spain.
* Oxonii--Oxon: Oxford.
† Paderborna Paderborn, Westphalia.
Padova Padua, Italy.
* Palentiæ, _or_ Palencia A town of Spain, in Leon.
† Palum Pau, France.
* Pampelunæ and Pompeiopoli Pampeluna, Spain.
* Panormi Palermo, Sicily.
* Papiæ and Ticini Pavia, Italy.
* Parisiis Paris.
* Parmæ Parma, Italy.
Parthenopolis Magdeburg.
Pastovia Padstow, Cornwall.
* Pataviæ vel Passavii Passau, Bavaria.
* Patavii Padua, Italy.
Pax Augusta Badajos, Spain.
Pembrochia Pembroke, Wales.
Pendenium Pendennis, Cornwall.
* Perpiniani Perpignan, France.
* Perusiæ Perausa, Italy.
Pessulanus Montpellier, France.
Pestini Pest.
† Petropolis St. Petersburg, Russia.
Pettuaria Beverley, Yorkshire.
Phabiranum Bremen, Westphalia.
* Pheibiæ. _See_ Plebisacii.
Pheugarum Halberstadt, Lower Saxony.
Philyre Lindaw, Germany.
* Phorcæ
Piacenza Placentia, Italy.
* Pictavii Poitiers, France.
* Pinarolii Pignerol, Piedmont.
Pintia Vaccæorum Valladolid, Spain.
* Pisæ Pisa, Tuscany, Italy.
* Pisauri Pesaro, Italy.
* Pisciæ Pescia, Tuscany, Italy.
* Placentiæ Placentia or Placenza, Italy.
* Plebisacii and Pheibiæ Piobe de Sacco, Italy.
* Polliano A town of Italy, in the Veronese.
† Pollianum Rus. _See_ Polliano.
Pompeiopoli. _See_ Pampelunæ.
† Pompelon. _See_ Pampelunæ.
† Pons Oeni Inspruck, Tyrol, Germany.
* Portesii Portici, a village near Naples;
_or_ Portenza, a town of ditto.
Portus magnus Portsmouth.
Posonium Presburgh, Germany.
Povisia Powis, Wales.
Præsidium Warwick.
Prætoria Augusta Cronstadt
* Pragæ Prague, Bohemia.
Probatopolis Schaffhausen, Switzerland.
* Promentour
* Provini Provins, France.
Quercetum Quesnoy, Low Countries.
Quintinopolis S. Quintin, Picardy.
† Quitoa Quito, Peru, South America.
* Ratisbonæ Ratisbon, Bavaria.
† Redones, _or_ Condate Rennes, France.
* Reenen Reinen, Venetian territory.
* Regii Reggio, Italy.
† Regiomons. _See_ Mons Regius.
† Regium Lepidi. _See_ Regii.
† Remi Reims, _or_ Rheims, France.
* Reutlingæ Reutlingen, Swabia, Wirtemberg.
* Rhedonibus Rennes, France.
Rhodopolis Rostock, Lower Saxony.
* Romæ Rome.
Rosarum urbs Rostock, Lower Saxony.
* Rostochii Rostock, Mecklenberg, Lower Saxony.
† Roterodamum Rotterdam, Holland.
* Rothomagi Rouen, France.
† Rubens Mons A Priory of the order of Clugny.
† Rupella Rochelle, France.
† Rutheni Rodez, France.
† Sæna Sienna, Tuscany. _See_ Senia.
† Sætobris Setuval _or_ Setubal, St. Ubes,
Portugal.
† Salernum Salerno, Naples.
† Salinæ Salins, France.
† Salisburgum Saltzburg, Bavaria.
* Salmanticæ Salamanca, Leon, Spain.
† Sanctus Ursius. _See_ Ursius Sanctus.
Sandvicus Sandwich, Kent.
Santonum portus Rochelle, France.
Sarisberia Salisbury, Wiltshire.
* Savilliani Savigliano, Piedmont.
* Savonæ Savona, Genoa, Italy.
* Scandiani Scandiano, Italy.
* Schedami Schiedam, Holland.
* Schœnhoven Schoonhoven, Holland.
* Segobricæ Segorbe, Spain.
† Segodunum. _See_ Rutheni.
† Segontia Siguenza, New Castile, Spain.
* Senis Sens?, France.
Sestiæ Aix, Provence.
Severia Salisbury, Wiltshire.
* Sleswici Sleswick, Denmark.
* Soncini Soncino, in the Cremonese, Italy.
* Soræ, _vel_ Soriæ Whether Sora a town of Naples, or
Soria, a town of Spain, in Old
Castile, is not known.
Sorbiodunum and Sorviodunum Salisbury, Wiltshire.
Monast. Sortem A monastery of the Præmonstrants, in
Suevia, in Germany.
* Spiræ Spire, Germany.
Stereontium Cassel, Germany.
† Stockholmia and Holmia Stockholm, Sweden.
† Subiacus Sublac, or Subbiaco, a monastery in
the Campagna di Roma.
Sundis Straelsund, Pomerania.
† Taraco Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.
Taradunum Friburg, Germany.
* Tarrazonæ Tarazona, Arragon, Spain.
* Tarvisii Treviso, Italy.
* Taurini Turin, Sardinia.
Tava Tinmouth, Devonshire.
† Telo Martius Toulon, France.
Tergestum Trieste, Istria.
Theoci curia Tewksbury, Gloucestershire.
Theonis villa Thionville, Luxemburg.
Theodorodunum and
Theorodunum Wells, Somersetshire.
* Thessalonicæ Salonichi, the ancient Thessalonica,
Macedonia.
† Ticinum. _See_ Papiæ.
† Tigernum Thiers, France.
† Tigurum and Tigurinus Pagus Zuric, Switzerland.
Tileburgum Tilbury, on the Thames.
* Toleti Toledo, New Castile, Spain.
† Tolosa-Palladia-Tectosagum Toulouse, France. It was not at this
town, but a small town of Biscaye,
that the editions printed in the
fifteenth century with the imprint
_Tolosæ_ were executed.
Tornatum Tournay, Netherlands.
* Trajecti. _See_ Ultrajecti.
Trajecti ad Oderam Frankfort upon the Oder.
Trajecti ad Rhenum--
Traj: ad Rhen: Utrecht, Holland.
Trajecti Batavorum--
Traj: Bat: Utrecht, Holland.
† Trajectum ad Mosam Maestricht, Netherlands.
* Trecis Troyes, France.
† Tranquebaria Tranquebar, coast of Coromandel,
Hindostan.
Trento Trent.
Treveri Treves, Germany.
† Trevi apud Ancones. _See_ Trevii.
* Trevii Trevi, Umbria, Italy.
* Tridenti Trent, Germany.
Tripontium Towcester, Northamptonshire.
Tuberum Rotenberg, Germany.
* Tubingæ Tubingen, Swabia, Wirtemberg.
Tuesis Berwick-upon-Tweed.
Tulifurgium Brunswick, Germany.
* Turonis Tours, France.
* Tusculani Lacus Benaci Tusculanum, Lombardy. [? Tusculum,
now Frescati.]
Tybur. Tyburis Tivoli, Italy.
* Tzennæ. _See_ Zinnæ.
† Ulisippo. _See_ Ulyssipone.
* Ulmæ Ulm, Swabia.
* Ultrajecti--Ult: Ultraj: Utrecht, United Provinces.
* Ulyssipone Lisbon, Portugal.
† Upsale In Upland, Sweden.
Uratislavia Breslaw, Silesia.
* Urbini Urbino, Italy.
Uriconium Worcester.
† Ursius Sanctus A place near Vicenza.
† Urso Ossuna, Andalusia, Spain.
Utini Udino, Venetian Friuli, Italy.
Utricesium Utrecht, Holland.
Vagniacum Maidstone, Kent.
† Valentia Valence, France.
* Valentiæ Valentia, Spain.
Valentianæ. Valentinianæ Valenciennes.
* Vallisoleti Valladolid, Old Castile, Spain.
† Varsovia Warsaw, Poland.
Vellocases Baieux.
Venantodunum Huntington.
† Venetia. _See_ Venetiis.
* Venetiis Venice, Italy.
Venta Belgarum Winchester, Hampshire.
* Vercellis Vercelli, Piedmont.
Veredunum. Verodunum Verdun, Lorraine.
* Veronæ Verona, Italy.
Verovicum Warwick.
Versaliæ Versailles, France.
† Vesontio Besançon, France. _See_ Bisuntii.
* Vicentiæ Vicence, Italy.
* Viennæ Austriæ Vienna _or_ Wien, the metropolis of
Austria.
* Viennæ in Delphinatu Vienne, Dauphiny.
Viennæ Pannoniæ Vienna, Austria.
† Vigornia Worcester.
Villa Faustini St Edmond’s Bury.
† Villafranca Villefranche, France.
† Vilna Wilna, Lithuania, Poland.
Vindinum Cenomanum _or_ Subdinum, Mans,
the capital of La Sarthe.
† Vindobona--Vindob: Vienna, Austria.
Vindobonensis--Vindob: Vienna, Austria.
Vindocinum Vendosme, France.
Vindogladia Winburn, Dorsetshire.
Vinegia--Vin: Vineg: Venice, Italy.
* Viqueriæ Viqueria, probably some town in
Italy. Some think that Voghera,
in the duchy of Milan, is meant.
† Virmaranum Guimaraens, Portugal.
* Viterbii Viterbo, Italy.
† Vittemberga, _or_ Vittebarea Wittemberg, Germany.
Voliba Falmouth, Cornwall.
† Vratislavia Breslaw, Silesia, Germany.
Warovie. Warsavia Warsaw, Poland.
Warwicus Warwick.
Wellæ Wells, Somersetshire.
* Westmonasterii--Westmonast: Westminster.
Wigornia Worcester.
Windesora Windsor, Berkshire.
Winterbergæ Winterberg, Bohemia.
Wintonia--Winton: Winchester, Hampshire.
Wittenbergæ Wittenberg, Saxony.
Wormacia Worms, Germany.
* Xericæ “Yerica.--_Oppid. nobili in regno
Valentino._ PANZER. (Serigo?)
I know nothing more of this
place.”--_Dr. A. Clarke._
* Zamoræ Zamora, Leon, Spain.
† Zamoscium Zamoski, a strong town of Poland,
in Red Russia, now the Austrian
kingdom of Lodomeria.
* Zinnæ _or_ Tzennæ A monastery belonging to the order
of Cistercian monks in Saxony.
† Zuvolla. _See_ Zwollis.
* Zwollis Zwoll, Overyssel, United Provinces.
NARROW. The technical name of a piece of furniture equal in width to
a narrow quotation.
NATURAL HISTORY. Explanation of some Terms used in Natural History.
Aculeated. Sharpened.
Amphibious. Capable of living by land or water.
Animalcules. Small animals, generally invisible without the
assistance of the microscope.
Annulated. Marked with rings.
Antlers. Horns overhanging the brows.
Aquatic. Living or growing in the water.
Bifid. Divided into two parts, or cleft.
Bimaculated. With two spots, or two series of spots.
Bivalve. With two shells or openings.
Callosity. A hard lump, an excrescence.
Canine. Belonging to the dog kind.
Carinated. In the shape of a keel.
Carnivorous. Feeding on flesh.
Cartilaginous. Furnished with cartilages.
Cere. A skin over the bill of birds; sometimes movable,
as in parrots.
Cetaceous. Of the whale kind.
Cinereous. Of the colour of ashes.
Columbine. Belonging to the dove kind.
Cordiform. Heart-shaped.
Crustaceous. Covered with a crust; as lobsters, &c.
Digitated. Having the feet divided into parts, like toes or
fingers, as in dogs.
Dorsal. Belonging to the back.
Exsanguineous. Without blood, as worms.
Entomology. A description of insects.
Feline. Belonging to the cat kind.
Ferruginous. Of an iron or rust colour.
Frugivorous. Feeding on seeds.
Furcated. Forked.
Gallinaceous. Belonging to the hen kind.
Gestation. The time of going with young.
Granivorous. Feeding on grain.
Gregarious. Associating together.
Herbivorous. Feeding on grass.
Ichthyology. A description of fishes.
Imbricated. Tiled or plated over each other.
Incubation. The act of a bird sitting on her eggs.
Insectivorous. Feeding on insects.
Lateral. Belonging to the side, placed sideways.
Migratory. Coming and going at certain seasons.
Multivalve. With many shells or openings.
Nascent. Very young, growing.
Nictitating. Winking; applied to a membrane with which birds
cover their eyes at pleasure.
Obfuscated. Of a darkish colour.
Olfactory. Relating to smell.
Ornithology. A description of birds.
Oviparous. Laying eggs.
Parturition. The act of bringing forth young.
Passerine. Belonging to the sparrow kind.
Patulous. Open, wide.
Pectoral. Belonging to the breast.
Pendulous. Hanging.
Piscivorous. Feeding on fishes.
Predaceous. Formed to pursue prey.
Quadrifid. Divided into four parts.
Ruminating. Chewing the cud.
Scabrous. Rough.
Scapulars. Shoulders.
Semilunar. In the form of a half-moon.
Setaceous. Hairy.
Subulated. Formed like an awl.
Testaceous. Covered with a shell; as oysters, &c.
Trifurcated. Three-forked.
Truncated. Appearing as if cut off.
Umbrageous. Spreading.
Univalve. With one shell or opening.
Ventral. Belonging to the belly.
Viviparous. Bringing forth the young alive.
Webbed. Connected with a membrane, as the claws of
aquatic birds.
Zoologists. Writers on animated nature.
Zoology. The history of animated nature.
Zoophite. An animal plant, or sensitive vegetable.
NAUTICAL ALMANACK.
9 Geo. 4. c. 66. s. 2. “And whereas the Publication of the
Nautical Almanack, constructed by proper Persons for the finding
of the Longitude at Sea, is of great Importance to the Safety of
Ships and Persons, and highly conducive to the general Interests
of Commerce and Navigation; be it therefore enacted, That it
shall and may be lawful to and for the Lord High Admiral, or the
Commissioners for executing the Office of Lord High Admiral, of
the United Kingdom of _Great Britain_ and _Ireland_, for the Time
being, to cause such Nautical Almanacks, or other useful Table or
Tables, which he or they shall from Time to Time judge necessary
and useful in order to facilitate the Method of discovering the
Longitude at Sea, to be constructed, printed, published, and
vended, free of all Stamp Duty whatever, in the same Manner as
the Commissioners under the said Act of the Fifty-eighth Year
of His late Majesty’s Reign might or could do; and that every
Person who, without the special Licence and Authority of the
Lord High Admiral or Commissioners for executing the Office of
Lord High Admiral aforesaid for the Time being, to be signified
under the Hand of the Secretary of the Admiralty for the Time
being, shall print, publish, or vend, or cause to be printed,
published, or vended, any such Almanack or Almanacks, or other
Table or Tables, shall, for every Copy of such Almanack or Table
so printed, published, or vended, forfeit and pay the Sum of
Twenty Pounds, to be recovered with Costs of Suit, by any Person
to be authorised for that Purpose by the Lord High Admiral or
Commissioners for executing the Office of Lord High Admiral
aforesaid, (such Authority to be signified under the Hand of the
Secretary of the Admiralty as aforesaid,) by Action of Debt,
Bill, Plaint, or Information, in any of His Majesty’s Courts
of Record at _Westminster_; and that the Proceeds of the said
Penalty, when recovered, shall be paid and applied to the Use of
the Royal Hospital for Seamen at _Greenwich_.”
NEAR CHEEK.
That cheek of the press which is on the side at which the pressmen
stand to beat and pull.
NECK OF A LETTER.
So much of the punch as is sunk into the matrice is called the neck;
and when that letter is cast of metal, it is so much as comes above
the square of the shank, viz. above the beard.--_M._
NEST FRAMES.--_M._ The same as our CASE RACKS, which _see_.
NEWS HOUSE.
A printing office in which newspapers only are printed; a term used
to distinguish them from book houses and job houses.
NEWSPAPERS.
The following report on the regular mode of working on Newspapers,
contains much interesting information respecting this branch of the
printing business.
I feel gratified in being able to give a copy of it, as it is
little known beyond the circle of the newspaper department, and
I am satisfied it will prove serviceable to the trade at large,
for newspapers are now frequently printed in book houses, where
the regulations connected with them are not generally known: and
I also think I am acting in accordance with the motives of the
Committee that drew it up, in giving it more publicity; for they
say, a Committee was appointed “to draw up, and circulate, for the
information of the trade, a statement of the regular mode of working
on newspapers--‘to guide the ignorant, to guard the unwary;’ to
assist them in their labours, and to maintain that harmony which
should ever subsist between two branches in one profession.” And,
“your Committee have extracted from, or inserted at length, every
document relating to regulations or prices since 1785, which they
trust will not be considered uninteresting, and, handed down as
records, may yet be useful.”
“REPORT
“Of a Committee appointed to draw up a Statement of the regular
Mode of working on Newspapers, for the Information of the Trade;
to examine Documents, and to report the same.--_Read July_ 29,
1820.
“THE object which your Committee were directed to accomplish
(that of giving a fair scale of work, mode, time, and price,
on _all Newspapers_, wherever published) has been entered into
with zeal on their parts, and they trust will be found to your
satisfaction. They have examined the bases of all official
agreements, and all acknowledged and understood rules; and
have particularly adhered to their instructions, by keeping in
view, ‘that it was to guide the ignorant, to prevent the evil
intentions of the unprincipled, and, if possible, to form a
closer bond of union among yourselves.’
“Laws are rendered more sacred, more valid, by age; and in
performance of the task assigned them, the Committee commenced
their labours by tracing the Regulations for News Work back to a
certain period, in order to support them in their declaration,
that they had been introduced on fair principles, that they
had been cordially agreed to by the Masters, had been acted
upon by the employed for so great a length of time, and that
any innovation made on those regulations by an employer, or
_set of men_ acting for themselves, without the concurrence of
the general body of News Compositors, should be opposed, and
those concerned in such an attempt treated as enemies to their
fellow-workmen, and marked as acting inimically to the interests
of their profession.
“It was necessary for your Committee, for the maintenance of
the superstructure, to examine its foundation; with this view
they have, from oral testimony, been enabled to collect the size
and price of various Newspapers from 1770. They consisted of 16
small columns, some 18, some 19, and others 20 ems Long Primer
wide. The galley was 130 or 132 lines, and 50 _after-lines_,
Long Primer; Brevier galley 96, _after-lines_ 38. (The only
exception was the old _Daily Advertiser_, which contained 12
columns of 25 ems Long Primer wide, the galley in proportion.)
The prices were, full hands 27_s._; supernumeraries 13_s._;
galley 2_s._ 2_d._; 5_d._ per thousand; and _over hours_ 6_d._
_Supernumeraries_ (a term which explains itself) were not known
ten years prior to this date. Most of the papers were small
folios; and as they were nearly all connected with, or done in
Book-houses, the eldest apprentice, upon a press of matter,
was usually called in to assist. Upon the subdivision of the
labour into galleys, and the size of the papers extending, a man
was employed if any deficiency arose in the quantity required.
Advertisements increased; the use of small type was extended, and
the _Supernumerary_ became a fixture.
“Prior to 1776, controversial essays, domestic news, and extracts
from the official communications in the London Gazette, appear to
have filled the small columns of the Journals; but the American
war commencing this year, they assumed a new consequence,
by first venturing to give daily Reports of the Debates in
Parliament.
“In 1777 there were seven Morning Papers, eight of three times,
one twice a week, and two weekly. The first _Sunday Paper_ came
out in 1778; in a few weeks it was followed by a second: and a
third was brought out in the succeeding year. The weekly Journals
paid 24_s._ In 1780 a new Daily Journal arose, with a different
appearance from the others, which seems to have induced a further
alteration. The prices remained the same, but the employment of
more hands was rendered necessary. The hour of beginning varied,
some commencing business at eleven, others at two, and some so
late as three o’clock.