do not lay the ends of their bricks close together, but lay the
ends of each brick about three inches off each other, to serve
for wind holes till they trim round about: then they lay another
lay of bricks, leaving other such wind holes over the middle of
the last lay of bricks, and so trim as they work round, either
with half bricks or bats, that the wind holes of the last lay may
be covered: and in this manner and order they lay so many lays,
till the walls of the furnace be raised about three bricks higher
than the mouths of the melting pots, still observing to leave
such wind holes over the middle of every brick that lies under
each lay.
“Then they fill the sides of the furnace round about the melting
pots, and over them, with charcoal, and fire it at several wind
holes in the bottom, till it burn up and all over the furnace,
which a moderate wind in about an hour’s time will do: and about
half an hour’s time after, they lay their ears near the ground
and listen to hear a bubbling in the pots; and this they do so
often till they do hear it. When they hear this bubbling, they
conclude the iron is melted: but yet they will let it stand,
perhaps half an hour longer or more, according as they guess the
fire to be hotter or cooler, that they may be the more assured it
is all thoroughly melted. And when it is melted, the melting pot
will not be a quarter full.
“And in or against that time, they make another small furnace
close to the first, (to set an iron pot in, in which they melt
lead,) on that side from whence the wind blows; because the
person that lades the lead out of the iron pot (as shall be
shewed by and by) may be the less annoyed with the fumes of
the metal, in both furnaces. This furnace is made of three or
four course of bricks open to the windward, and wide enough to
contain the designed iron pot, with room between it and the sides
to hold a convenient quantity of charcoal under it, and about it.
“Into this iron pot they put for every three pound of iron, about
five and twenty pounds of lead. And, setting fire to the coals in
this little furnace, they melt and heat this lead red hot.
“Hitherto a man (nay, a boy) might officiate at all this work;
but now comes labour would make Hercules sweat. Now they fall to
pulling down so much of the side of the open furnace as stands
above the mouth of that melting pot next the iron pot, and having
a thick strong iron ladle, whose handle is about two yards long,
and the ladle big enough to hold about ten pounds of lead, and
this ladle red hot that it chill not the metal; they now, I say,
with this ladle, fall to clearing this first melting pot of all
the coals or filth that lie on the top of the melted metal; while
another man at the same time stands provided with a long, strong,
round iron stirring poot, the handle of which stirring poot is
also about two yards long or more, and the poot itself almost
twice the length of the depth of the melting pot: this poot is
nothing but a piece of the same iron turned to a square with the
handle: and this poot is also in a readiness heated red hot.
“Now one man with the ladle lades the lead out of the iron pot
into the melting pot, while the other man with the poot stirs and
labours the lead and metal in the melting pot together, till they
think the lead and metal in the melting pot be well incorporated:
and thus they continue lading and stirring till they have near
filled the melting pot.
“Then they go to another next melting pot, and successively to
all, and lade and stir lead into them as they did into the first.
Which done, the metal is made: and they pull down the walls of
the open furnace, and take away the fire that the metal may cool
in the pots.
“Now (according to custom) is half a pint of sack mingled with
sallad oil, provided for each workman to drink; intended for an
antidote against the poisonous fumes of the antimony, and to
restore the spirits that so violent a fire and hard labour may
have exhausted.”--_Moxon._
Smith, who published his Printer’s Grammar about seventy years after
the appearance of Moxon’s work, says, “In Germany they use more than
three ingredients to their metal, which is there made of steel,
iron, copper, brass, tin, and lead; all which they incorporate with
each other by means of antimony. This metal, if duly prepared, does
not bend, but breaks like glass; it is harder than tin and lead,
something softer than copper, and melts sooner than lead. This
account I have of Mr. Struke, a printer at Lubec.”
“_Observations on the Metallic Mixture made use of for casting
Letters, or Characters, for Printing. By M. Sage. From the
Journal de Physique._
“Lead and regulus of antimony, melted together in various
proportions, form the metal used by letter founders, for casting
their different types or characters. When I say that these metals
are used in various proportions, I mean, that more or less of
the regulus of antimony is mixed with the lead, according to the
degree of hardness the types are required to possess. In general,
eighty pounds of lead are added to twenty pounds of regulus of
antimony, already melted: but, for the small characters, in which
a greater degree of hardness is required, seventy-five pounds of
lead are used to twenty-five pounds of regulus of antimony; and,
for large ones, eighty-five pounds of lead, and fifteen pounds of
regulus of antimony.
“These two substances, though of very different specific
gravities [Lead, 11·35--Antimony 6·70.--_W. S._], remain
perfectly combined, and do not separate from each other by
fusion, unless the fire made use of is so strong as to burn and
volatilize them; in that case, the antimony begins to exhale.
“Letter founders should take care to employ only the purest
regulus of antimony, or that which is the most free from sulphur;
for, when it contains any of that substance, it acts upon the
lead, in the course of time, and forms with it a kind of galena,
which acquires a black colour. The letters cast with a mixed
metal of that kind, instead of preserving their shining and
polished appearance, become dull, and as it were cracked, forming
also a sort of efflorescence. When this spontaneous decomposition
takes place, the letters become brittle, and lose their form. Of
this I have been convinced, by having analysed a mixture of this
kind, with which M. Anisson had cast some Arabic characters.
“Having exposed some of the letters, made with this bad metal,
to a violent fire, the sulphur it contained burnt, and exhaled,
in the form of vitriolic acid. Having then poured the metal
remaining in the crucible into an ingot, it acquired a white
brilliant colour like silver; which colour did not become
sensibly changed, by being left, for the space of six months, in
a damp place.
“Regulus of antimony is prepared, in the large way, by melting
calcined antimony, in a reverberatory furnace, with dried wine
lees; from this is obtained the regulus, which is sold in the
form of round cakes, on the surface of which are seen figures
like the leaves of fern, &c. which figures are produced from the
elements of octoëdral crystals. If the regulus, thus prepared,
appears more grey in colour than when it is prepared according
to Stahl’s process, it is because it still retains a portion of
sulphur.
“At present, there is not found a sufficient quantity of regulus
of antimony in commerce to supply the letter founders. It appears
to me that, in the place of regulus of antimony prepared as
above, we might substitute that which may be prepared with iron.
One-fifth part of iron is sufficient to absorb all the sulphur
with which antimony is mineralized. When this mixture is melted,
it must be poured into a cone: the sulphuretted iron remains upon
the surface of the regulus, and is very easily separated from it.
“This process is less expensive, and produces more regulus, than
the process made use of by those who work the mines of antimony.
“Regulus of antimony, as we have seen, gives hardness to lead;
but a much greater degree of hardness is produced by adding tin
to the mixture. I have analysed some nails which were proposed to
be used in shipbuilding, and found them to contain three parts
of tin, two parts of lead, and one part of regulus of antimony.
These nails were sufficiently hard to penetrate oak wood, without
being blunted; and this metallic mixture is not acted upon by sea
water, which very quickly decomposes iron.”
These observations of M. Sage show the utility of iron in the making
of type metal by our predecessors, from its combining with the
sulphur contained in the antimony.
Stereotype founders vary considerably the proportions of lead and
regulus of antimony in making their metal. The hardest metal made,
is in the proportion of ten pounds of regulus of antimony to forty
pounds of tea lead; but the general proportions are ten pounds of
regulus of antimony to sixty pounds of lead, which are said to make a
mixture of a good quality.
METAL RULES.
Straight lines cast on pieces of metal similar to quadrats, but
higher; they are rarely cast to founts larger than English. They
are used as leaders; to cut off sums of money from the line which
contains the sum total; for transverse lines in columns; sometimes
for column rules, but very seldom; and for blanks, where the names
of persons, &c., are omitted; em metal rules are sometimes used for
divisions in a paragraph instead of a point. They are generally of
one em, two ems, three ems, and four ems, but in English founts
their size does not exceed three ems; sometimes there are en metal
rules cast. Metal rules ought to be cast exactly on the middle of
the body, and be continued precisely to the sides, so as to join
each other at the ends, even if they are placed alternately with the
sides reversed; should this not be the case, the continuity of the
line must be broken, and it will necessarily have a disagreeable
appearance.
MILLED LEAD. _See_ SPACE LINES.
MINION.
The name of a type one size larger than Nonpareil, and one smaller
than Brevier. Moxon does not enumerate this size in his list.
MODERN GOTHIC. _See_ BLACK LETTER.
MONK.
When the pressman has not distributed his balls, some splotches of
ink may lie on one or both of them, which in beating he delivers upon
the form, so that the sheet printed on has a black blotch on it,
which blotch is called a _Monk_--_M._ The same effect will take place
also with rollers, if care be not taken to roll them backwards and
forwards, as well as crossways on the inking table.
MOULD FOR MAKING PAPER.--_See_ FORGERY.
MUSIC.
It is not necessary in this work to define what music is, nor enter
at all into any disquisition on the subject, as the object is the
printing of it only; and all that I shall attempt is to give the plan
of a pair of Music Cases, with the characters, and a specimen.
The English musical types have never to my knowledge undergone any
improvement, till within a few years, when Mr. Hughes cut two new
founts, which are looked upon as the best we have, and the largest of
which I have used for this article.
Mr. E. Cowper devised a plan for printing music, in which one page
was the lines only, and the other page was the notes, &c. only, and
the chase was prepared to turn upon a centre fixed in the table of a
press: thus the first impression was that of the lines without the
notes, &c. on one page, and the notes, &c. without the lines on the
other; the form was then turned half round, and the second impression
was, the lines on the notes on one page, and the notes on the lines
on the other. There is an objection to this plan for good work, which
is, that the page of notes requires a different making ready to the
page of lines, and when the two are completed they will be unequal
in the effect, for either the lines will be too strong, or the notes
have too little impression.
Mr. R. Branston struck out a different mode: he produced his music
by the usual process for printing it with the rolling press, only
the punches were struck deeper in the plate, and he then took a
stereotype plate from it in type metal, and after the white parts
were blocked out the music was sufficiently in relief to be printed
at the type press. Both these plans were adopted to preserve the
continuity of the lines, which in types got rounded off by wear where
they joined, and spoiled the appearance.
In distributing music, the compositor should be careful not to injure
the corners of the lines.
_Music of the Presses._ When a house has sufficient business to
employ all the presses within it, and a master printer walks through
his press room when they are all at work, and hears the creaking of
the heads, the thumping of the balls, the noise of the running in
and out of the carriage, and all the other miscellaneous, and, to
unaccustomed ears, discordant noises, he styles them the music of the
presses, which he declares to be the finest music in the world, as it
brings grist to his mill.
_The Music of the Presses,_ before the introduction of cylindrical
machines worked by steam engines, was a standing toast after dinner
at all parties among printers; and I hope it will never be neglected.
C. HANCOCK’S PLAN OF CASES FOR HUGHES’ MUSIC TYPE.
[Illustration: Layout of a Music case]
_Upper Case._
_Lower Case._
[Illustration: THE NATIONAL ANTHEM.
GOD SAVE THE QUEEN.]
N.
NAKED FORM, or PAGE,
is when the furniture is taken away from all sides of the form or
page. _See_ STRIP A FORM.
NAMES, ANCIENT, OF CITIES AND TOWNS.
The names distinguished by an asterisk * and an obelisk † were taken
from Dr. Adam Clarke’s Bibliographical Miscellany, where they form
two lists. The additional names were collected by myself.
In the towns marked * printing was carried on in the fifteenth
century; and Dr. A. Clarke says--“In this List, great care has been
taken not to omit one place where printing was carried on prior to
the year 1500.”--“In this list, because the name refers to the work
executed there, the genitive case has been retained. Panzer in his
list has followed the same plan. This will be of some use to the mere
English scholar, as he will at once see the same form of the word in
its alphabetical order in this list, which he finds in the title of
his book.”
In the towns marked † printing has been established and carried on
since the fifteenth century, and Dr. A. Clarke observes--“This part
might have been much enlarged, but it was not judged indispensably
necessary. As the most difficult names are here explained, which
usually occur in the titles of books, the residue it is hoped will
occasion little embarrassment to any scholar.”--“It may be necessary
to observe, for the information of the less experienced reader, that
in this Supplement, as the Latin name stands in reference to no
printed work, the nominative case has been always used.”
* Abbatis Villæ Abbeville, France.
† Aberdonia Aberdeen, Scotland.
† Aboa Abo, capital of Swedish Finland.
† Abrincæ Avranches, an ancient town of France.
* Acqui. _See_ Albæ.
* Æssii. _See_ Essii.
Agathopolis Montpelier, France.
Aginum Angoulême, France.
Agneda Edinburgh, Scotland.
Agrigentum Gergenti, Sicily.
* Albæ, or Acqui A town of Montferrat, 25 miles
from Genoa.
Albani Fanum }
* S. Albani Villæ } St. Albans, Hertfordshire.
* Albiæ Albia, Italy.
* Aldenardæ Oudenarde, Flanders.
* Alosti Alost, Flanders.
* Alta villæ Eltville, near Mayence.
† Altorfia Altorf, Germany.
† Amstelodamum--Amst. Amstel. Amsterdam, Holland.
* Andegavi Angers, France.
Andreapolis--Andrea St. Andrews, Scotland.
† Aneda and Edenburgum Edinburgh, Scotland.
* Angolismi Angoulême, France.
† Anseola Ansloe _or_ Opsloe, now Christiania,
Norway.
Antitrajectus Andover, Hampshire.
* Antverpiæ--Ant. Antverp. Antwerp, Netherlands.
* Anvera, Anvers, Anverso Antwerp.
Aquæ Augustæ Bayonne, Gascony.
Aquæ calidæ Bath, Somersetshire.
Aquæ solis Bath.
Aquæ, urbs Helvetiorum Baden, Germany,
† Aquæ Sextiæ Aix, Provence, France.
* Aquilæ Aquila, Naples.
† Aquis-Granum, _or_ Aqua-Grani Aix-la-Chapelle, Westphalia.
Ardinacha Armagh, Ireland.
* Argentinæ and
Argentorati--Argent. Strasburg, on the Lower Rhine.
* Arimini Rimini, Italy.
Armacha Armagh, Ireland.
† Arnoldi Villa Arnheim, Guelderland.
Ascallingium Hildesheim, Germany.
* Asculi Ascoli, Italy.
Atuacutum Antwerp, Netherlands.
Aturensium civitas Aire, France.
Augusta--Aug. August. Tubingen.
* Augustæ Vindelicorum--Aug:
Vind: August: Vindel: Augsburg, Germany.
Augusta Rauracorum Aust, near Basil.
Augusta Tiberii Ratisbon, Germany.
Augusta Trinobantum London.
† Augustodunum Autun, France.
Aureatum Eichstadt.
* Aureliani, _or_ Gabani Orleans, France.
Autricum Chartres, France.
* Avenione Avignon, France.
Axa Axminster, Devonshire.
Axelodunum Hexham, Northumberland.
* Babenberge and Bambergæ Bamberg, Bohemia.
Bada Baden, Switzerland.
Badiza Bath, Somersetshire.
Bajocæ, Bajocassina Baieux, Normandy.
Baiona Bayonne, Gascony.
* Bambergæ and Babenberge Bamberg, Bohemia.
* Barchinone and Barcilone Barcelona, Spain.
* Barci Barco, in the province of Breschia.
* Barcilone and Barchinone Barcelona, Spain.
* Basilæ--Bas: Basil Basil or Bâle, Switzerland.
Bathonia Bath, Somersetshire.
Bennopolis Hildesheim, Westphalia.
* Bergomi Bergamo, Italy.
† Berolininum--Berol: Berlin, Prussia.
* Beronæ, and Beronis Villæ Beraun or Beraum, Bohemia.
Biponti Zweybrucken.
† Bipontium Deux Ponts, Germany.
* Bisuntii Besançon, France.
† Biterræ Beziers, France.
† Biturgiæ Bourges, France.
Bononiæ--Bonon: Bologna, Italy.
Brangonia Worcester.
† Bravum Burgi Burgos, Spain.
Briganti York.
* Brixiæ Bresse _or_ Breschia, Italy.
Brixiæ Brussels, Flanders.
* Brugis Bruges, Flanders.
Brundunum Braunaw.
* Brunnæ Brinn _or_ Brunn, Moravia.
† Brunopolis Brunswick, Lower Saxony.
Brunsvicum Brunswick, Germany.
Brunsvigæ Brunswick.
* Bruxellis Bruxells _or_ Brussels, France.
[Now belonging to Belgium.]
* Budæ Buda, _or_ Offen, Lower Hungary.
† Burdigala Bourdeaux, France.
* Burgdorffii Burgdorf, Switzerland, also a town of
Lower Saxony.
* Burgis (Bravum Burgi) Burgos, Spain.
* Buscoducis Bois-le-Duc, Brabant
† Cabelium Chablies, France
Cadomi Caen, France.
Caerlud London.
* Cæsar Augustæ Saragossa, Spain.
† Cæsarodunum Tours, France.
Caesarverus Salisbury, Wiltshire.
Calaris Cagliari, Sardinia.
Caletum Calais, France.
* Callii Cagli, Italy.
* Camberiaci. _See_ Chamberii.
Camboricum Cambridge.
Camelodunum Doncaster, Yorkshire.
Cameracum Cambray, Netherlands.
Camulodunum Colchester, Essex.
Canonium Chelmsford, Essex.
Cantabrigiæ--Cantab: Cambridge.
Cantuaria Canterbury, Kent.
* Capuæ Capua, Naples.
* Carmagnolæ Carmagniola, Piedmont.
Carodunum Cracow, Poland.
* Carpen. _or_ Carpentorati Carpentras, France.
* Cassale Majori Cassale Maggiore, Milan.
* Cassale _Sancti_ Euaxii Casal of S. Evaxius, Montferrat.
* Cassellæ and Cassellis Cassel, Italy, near Turin.
Cassilia Cashel, Ireland.
Castellum Aquarum Baden, Switzerland.
Castellum Cattorum Cassel, Germany.
† Castellum Nozanum Nizza, Italy, near Lucca.
Castra Alata Edinburgh, Scotland.
Castra Constantia Constance, Switzerland.
Castra Ulpia Cleve, Germany,
† Cecerræ Cervera, Catalonia, Spain.
Cella Zell, Germany.
Celurca Montross, Scotland.
* Chablitz Chablies, France.
* Chamberii Chambery, France.
† Chilonium Kiel, Lower Saxony.
Chrysopolis. _See_ Bisuntii.
Cibinii Hermanstadt, Transylvania.
Cicestria Chichester, Sussex.
Circestria Cirencester, Gloucestershire.
Civitas Chester and Caerleon.
* Civitas Austriæ Not Vienna in Austria, but a city of
Friul in the state of Venice.
Claudia. Claudia castra Gloucester.
Clavasii Chivas _or_ Chivasio and
Chivazzio, Piedmont.
Clivia Cleve, Germany.
Clocheria Clogher, Ireland.
Cluanum Kiloon, Ireland.
Cluniaci Cluni, France.
* Coburgi and Koburgi Coburg, Germany.
* Codaniæ. _See_ Hafniæ.
Colippo St. Sebastian, Portugal.
* Colle _or_ Collis Colle, Tuscany.
Colonia Agrippina.--Col:
Ag: Colon: Agrip: Cologne, Germany.
Colonia Allobrogum--Col:
Allob: Geneva, Switzerland.
Colonia Augusta London.
* Coloniæ--Colon: Cologne, Germany.
† Colonia Julia Romana, and
Colonia Romulensis Seville, Spain.
* Comi Como, Italy.
Complutum Alcala, New Castile, Spain.
Condercum Chester-le-Street, Durham.
† Condivincum-Nannetum Nantes, France.
† Confluentes, _or_
Confluentia Coblentz, France.
† Conimbrica Coimbra, Portugal.
* Constantiæ Constance, Germany.
* Constantinopoli Constantinople, Turkey.
Conventria Coventry, Warwickshire.
Coroagia Cork, Ireland.
† Cortona A town of Tuscany.
* Cracoviæ Cracow, Poland.
† Crema Capital of Cremasco, Italy.
* Cremonæ Cremona, Italy.
Crisopolis Parma, Italy.
Croca Cracow, Poland.
* Monaster. S. Cucufatis Monastery of St. Cucufat, near
Barcelona.
* Culemburgi Culemburg, Dutch Guelderland.
* Cusentiæ Cosenza, _or_ Cosence, Naples,
capital of Calabria.
† Cusurgis Prague, capital of Bohemia.
† Cygnea Zuickaw, _or_ Zwickau, Upper Saxony.
Dantisci Dantzick.
* Daventriæ Deventer, capital of Overyssel.
* Delphis Delft, Holland.
† Derpatum, _or_ Torpatum Derp, Russia.
† Dertosa Tortosa, Spain.
Deunana Doncaster, Yorkshire.
† Dillingia Dillengen, Swabia.
Divione Dijon, France.
Divisæ Devizes, Wiltshire.
† Divona Cadurci Cahors, France.
† Dola apud Sequanos Dole, France.
* Dolæ Dole, France.
* Domus fratrum Communis Vitæ Vallis Sanctæ Mariæ. A society of
monks in the diocese of Rheingau,
near Mentz, Germany.
Dorcestria Dorchester, Oxfordshire.
Dorobernia Canterbury, Kent.
Dorsetia Dorchester, Oxfordshire.
Dresa Dresden, Saxony.
† Duacum Douay, France.
† Dublinum Dublin, Ireland.
† Duisburgum, _or_ Teutoburgum Duisburg, Westphalia.
Dumnoriorum Exeter, Devonshire.
Dunelmum Durham.
Dunum Down, Ireland.
Durnium Dorchester, Oxfordshire.
Durobrovæ Rochester, Kent.
Durobrus Rochester, Kent.
Durocornovium Cirencester, Gloucestershire.
† Durocorturum Reims, _or_ Rheims, France.
Eblana Dublin, Ireland.
† Ebora Evora, Portugal.
Eboracum--Ebor: York.
† Edinburgum. _See_ Aneda.
* Eistetæ. _See_ Eustadiæ.
† Elbenga Elbing, Western Prussia.
† Elna Perpignan, France.
* Eltwilæ. _See_ Alta Villæ.
Elwa St. Asaph, N. Wales.
† Embricum, _or_ Embrica Emmeric, Duchy of Cleves, Germany.
* Engaddi, _or_ Engebal A place in Switzerland.
† Engolismum Angoulême, France.
* Erfordiæ Erfurt, Upper Saxony.
† Erfurtum Erfurt, Upper Saxony.
* Ergoviæ. Same as Beronis Villæ.
* Essii, Æssii, and Œxii Jesi, in Ancona, Italy.
Esslingæ Eslingen, Suabia, Wirtemberg.
* Eustadii, _or_ Eistetæ Neustadt, Germany.
† Exonia--Exon: Exeter, Devonshire.
Falmutum Falmouth, Cornwall.
† Faventia Faenza, _or_ Fayence, Italy.
* Ferrariæ Ferrara, Italy.
Fiorenza--Fior: Florence, Italy.
† Firmium, _or_ Firmum Picenum Ferma, Italy.
* Fivizani A town in Italy.
Flavisbriga Bilboa, Spain.
* Florentiæ--Florent: Florence, Italy.
† Fontanetum Comitis Fontenai-le-Comte, France.
* Forilivii. The ancient
Forum Livii Forli, Italy.
† Forum Cornelii Imola, Italy.
† Franco-Furtum-ad-Mœnum Franckfort on the Maine, Germany.
† Franco-Furtum-ad-Oderam Franckfort on the Oder, Germany.
† Franequera Franeker, Friesland.
† Fransiscopolis Havre-de-Grace, France.
* Friburgi Friburg, Swabia.
* Frisingæ Freysingen, Bavaria.
* Friuli. Anciently
Forojulium and
Forojuliensis Civitas Capital of the Frioul.
* Fulginei Foligni, Italy.